Article(id=1320880162695140230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100098, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760457600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851971553, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851971553, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851971553, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851971553, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=23, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880162946798471, articleId=1320880162695140230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comprehensive Analysis of Quality Characteristics and Evaluation of Processing Suitability of Different Varieties of Chinese Olive (Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.) Fruits, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the differences in comprehensive quality and processing suitability among different varieties of Chinese olive (Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.) fruits, 14 olive varieties were selected as the research subjects. The general traits, texture characteristics, antioxidant activity, and phenolic content of the fruits were analyzed. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were employed to evaluate and classify the comprehensive quality of the 14 olive varieties ('Sannian' 'Huangganlan' 'Yuanwei 2' 'Xiangtian 2' 'Laoshulingfeng' 'Tuzhongqingguo' 'Cui 2' 'Huanglaxiang' 'Xiaogezi' 'Cuilingfeng' 'Nazhong' 'Tanxiang' 'Sucui 2' and 'Huiyuan'). The results showed that the average single fruit weight, edible rate, moisture content, pH, and total soluble solids (TSS) range of the 14 olive varieties were 5.46~12.19 g, 77.74%~84.48%, 77.93%~85.65%, 3.49~4.06, and 9.61~15.43 °Brix, respectively. Among them, the pH value of 'Yuanwei 2' and the TSS content of 'Huanglaxiang' were significantly higher than those of other varieties (P<0.05). The total sugar, total acid, total phenol, and total flavonoid contents ranged from 35.71~151.71 mg/g DW, 224.13~299.20 mg/g DW, 17.18~34.66 mg GAE/g DW, and 7.35~12.46 mg RE/g DW, respectively. Among them, 'Laoshulingfeng' had the highest total sugar content, 'Tanxiang' had the highest total acid content, and 'Huanglaxiang' had the highest total phenol and total flavonoid contents, as well as the strongest DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging abilities, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). High-performance liquid chromatography was used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze eight phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, pyrogallic acid, and chlorogenic acid, in olive fruits. Among them, gallic acid was the most abundant. A principal component analysis was conducted on 33 indicators of olive quality characteristics, indicating that olive quality can be expressed through five principal components (with a cumulative contribution rate of 81.236%). Among them, 'Sannian' had the highest comprehensive evaluation score, while 'Xiaogezi' had the lowest. In addition, cluster analysis mainly divided olive varieties into two categories. The first category includes 'Sannian', 'Huangganlan', and 'Huanglaxiang', which are suitable for processing into juice, fruit pulp, and other products. The second category covers the remaining 11 varieties, among which 'Tanxiang' and others are suitable for whole fruit pickling, processed into preserved fruits and candied fruits; 'Laoshulingfeng' and 'Cuilingfeng' are more suitable for developing fermentation products; 'Nazhong' and 'Tuzhongqingguo' have the potential to be used in the preparation of functional ingredient products.

, authors=Guoying YANG1, 2, Yuanshan YU2, Jing WEN2, Bo ZOU2, Lu LI2, Zhibin BU2, Nanjing ZHONG1, 3, *, Manqin FU2, *, authorsList=Guoying YANG, Yuanshan YU, Jing WEN, Bo ZOU, Lu LI, Zhibin BU, Nanjing ZHONG, Manqin FU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Nanjing ZHONG, Manqin FU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880166621008798, articleId=1320880162695140230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同品种橄榄果实品质特性综合分析及加工适宜性评价, columnId=1320880139102171600, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏—标准化赋能食品及相关产品高质量发展(客座主编:云振宇、史波林、兰韬、刘鹏、赵琳), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究不同品种橄榄果实综合品质的差异及加工适宜性,以14种橄榄为研究对象,分析了果实的一般性状、质构特性、抗氧化活性和酚类物质含量等指标,并采用主成分分析法和聚类分析法对14种橄榄(‘三捻’‘黄橄榄’‘原味二号’‘香甜二号’‘老树灵峰’‘土种青果’‘脆2号’‘黄腊香’‘小个子’‘脆灵峰’‘纳种’‘檀香’‘酥脆2号’和‘惠圆’)进行综合品质的评价和归类。结果表明,14种橄榄的平均单果重、可食率、含水率、pH和可溶性固形物(TSS)范围分别为5.46~12.19 g、77.74%~84.48%、77.93%~85.65%、3.49~4.06和9.61~15.43 °Brix,其中‘原味二号’的pH和‘黄腊香’的TSS含量显著高于其他品种(P<0.05);总糖、总酸、总酚、总黄酮含量分别介于35.71~151.71 mg/g DW、224.13~299.20 mg/g DW、17.18~34.66 mg GAE/g DW、7.35~12.46 mg RE/g DW,其中‘老树灵峰’的总糖含量最高,‘檀香’的总酸含量最高,而‘黄腊香’在总酚、总黄酮含量最高及DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力最强,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。采用高效液相色谱法定性定量分析橄榄果实中没食子酸、焦性没食子酸、绿原酸等8种酚类化合物,其中没食子酸含量最高。将橄榄品质特性的33个指标进行主成分分析,表明橄榄的品质可以用5个主成分表达(累计贡献率达到81.236%),其中‘三捻’综合评价得分最高,‘小个子’得分最低。此外,聚类分析将橄榄品种主要划分为两类,第一类包含‘三捻’‘黄橄榄’‘黄腊香’,这类品种的特性适配果汁、果浆等制品的加工;第二类涵盖其余11个品种,其中‘檀香’等适合整果腌制,加工成果脯、蜜饯;‘老树灵峰’‘脆灵峰’等更适宜开发发酵类产品;‘纳种’‘土种青果’等则具备制备功能性配料产品的潜力。

, authors=杨国英1, 2, 余元善2, 温靖2, 邹波2, 李璐2, 卜智斌2, 钟南京1, 3, *, 傅曼琴2, *, authorsList=杨国英, 余元善, 温靖, 邹波, 李璐, 卜智斌, 钟南京, 傅曼琴, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钟南京, 傅曼琴, authorNote=

杨国英(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:营养与食品卫生学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
钟南京(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:油脂改性,E-mail:。
傅曼琴(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=lLLRzOSQ1+kL/G3WKg2zFQ==, magXml=pvl+DvomkvA5Z7R3QN7pdQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=AXLh2m+tGoBkLOMZIbzwZg==, pdfFileSize=2740961, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=PVrnwl/skcHl/5QBTBFJNw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=3mfjNIcquVm/Zz5gNBh1Gg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880167191434153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2953996939@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880167275320236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, authorId=1320880167191434153, language=EN, stringName=Guoying YANG, firstName=Guoying, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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注:图中不同字母代表显著性差异(P<0.05);图2~图9同。

, figureFileSmall=//2AVKDxXnGcDjhi6bIwOQ==, figureFileBig=2TPyfNASJMoHCZ4kvtXNcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880175408075744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Determination results of Chinese olive fruit peel color of different varieties, figureFileSmall=Z6MX/ImTqJWDRCZwMlrWlw==, figureFileBig=fCfG5s63dvpzy3ySgaJ4Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880175487767521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同品种橄榄果皮颜色的测定结果, figureFileSmall=Z6MX/ImTqJWDRCZwMlrWlw==, figureFileBig=fCfG5s63dvpzy3ySgaJ4Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880175580042210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Texture property determination results of Chinese olive fruit of different varieties, figureFileSmall=3nspin11NmTDP4QvDxg5Mw==, figureFileBig=5Irbj/NGWlITpFk+vKAeeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880175663928291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同品种橄榄果实的质构特性测定结果, figureFileSmall=3nspin11NmTDP4QvDxg5Mw==, figureFileBig=5Irbj/NGWlITpFk+vKAeeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880175756202980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=pH and TSS content of Chinese olive fruit of different varieties, figureFileSmall=wn6uk7mgdpJEaYInWy6R2w==, figureFileBig=FAEbpclOA7OU8y8wPBzv7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880175831700453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同品种橄榄果实pH和TSS含量, figureFileSmall=wn6uk7mgdpJEaYInWy6R2w==, figureFileBig=FAEbpclOA7OU8y8wPBzv7w==, tableContent=null), 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figureFileBig=JZWyjdCWWI+ZpGghnQ0Rhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880179619156970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同品种橄榄果实总酚、总黄酮含量比较, figureFileSmall=jzsP02r2Lpp06WdmSSj+vQ==, figureFileBig=JZWyjdCWWI+ZpGghnQ0Rhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880179686265835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Changes in antioxidant capacity of different varieties of Chinese olive fruit, figureFileSmall=HoOOb2IuyQzOnb6EGaPpSA==, figureFileBig=JT25eZ5b0mRDhUo3dPHnxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880179761763308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同品种橄榄果实抗氧化能力的变化, figureFileSmall=HoOOb2IuyQzOnb6EGaPpSA==, figureFileBig=JT25eZ5b0mRDhUo3dPHnxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880179837260781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Types and contents of monomer phenols in different varieties of Chinese olive fruit, figureFileSmall=TIUFX+4OPwV/pAA93EsFNg==, figureFileBig=Y89iInz+bYc5DYR/LCQKTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880179904369646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同品种橄榄果实单体酚种类及含量, figureFileSmall=TIUFX+4OPwV/pAA93EsFNg==, figureFileBig=Y89iInz+bYc5DYR/LCQKTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880179979867119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Correlation between antioxidant properties and active substances of Chinese olive, figureFileSmall=mQJNCiLBlnoXc0hIgvS7Rw==, figureFileBig=kF/R97NqINhQIIswaf1iPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880180055364592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=CN, label=图10, caption=橄榄抗氧化特性与活性物质之间的相关性, figureFileSmall=mQJNCiLBlnoXc0hIgvS7Rw==, figureFileBig=kF/R97NqINhQIIswaf1iPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880180135056369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Heat map of cluster analysis of different varieties of Chinese olive, figureFileSmall=58SR2tymg1anHRWb4O1ArQ==, figureFileBig=9Zoba7TPaZdTeTLmbR10hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880180189582322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同品种橄榄聚类分析热图, figureFileSmall=58SR2tymg1anHRWb4O1ArQ==, figureFileBig=9Zoba7TPaZdTeTLmbR10hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880180269274099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

14 Chinese olive varieties and their respective production areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号品种产地编号品种产地
1三捻广东汕头8黄腊香广东汕头
2黄橄榄广东汕头9小个子广东汕头
3原味二号广东汕头10脆灵峰广东汕头
4香甜二号广东汕头11纳种广东汕头
5老树灵峰广东汕头12檀香福建福州
6土种青果广东汕头13酥脆2号福建福州
7脆2号广东汕头14惠圆福建福州
), ArticleFig(id=1320880180357354484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

14个橄榄品种及产地

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号品种产地编号品种产地
1三捻广东汕头8黄腊香广东汕头
2黄橄榄广东汕头9小个子广东汕头
3原味二号广东汕头10脆灵峰广东汕头
4香甜二号广东汕头11纳种广东汕头
5老树灵峰广东汕头12檀香福建福州
6土种青果广东汕头13酥脆2号福建福州
7脆2号广东汕头14惠圆福建福州
), ArticleFig(id=1320880180441240565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Eigenvalues and variance contribution of the principal component analysis of fruit quality indexes of 14 varieties of Chinese olive

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主成分特征值贡献率(%)累计贡献率(%)
112.62938.27038.270
26.57119.91358.183
33.0109.12067.303
42.4677.47774.780
52.1306.45681.236
61.9115.79287.028
71.2523.79590.823
80.9602.90993.732
90.7202.18295.914
100.6521.97797.891
110.3230.98098.870
120.2570.77999.649
130.1160.351100
), ArticleFig(id=1320880180508349430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

14个品种橄榄果实品质指标主成分分析的特征值及方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分特征值贡献率(%)累计贡献率(%)
112.62938.27038.270
26.57119.91358.183
33.0109.12067.303
42.4677.47774.780
52.1306.45681.236
61.9115.79287.028
71.2523.79590.823
80.9602.90993.732
90.7202.18295.914
100.6521.97797.891
110.3230.98098.870
120.2570.77999.649
130.1160.351100
), ArticleFig(id=1320880180579652599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Principal component loadings matrix of fruit quality indexes of 14 Chinese olive varieties

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品质指标PC1PC2PC3PC4PC5
单果重0.8470.283−0.12−0.130.291
果实纵径0.1150.7870.264−0.2190.295
果实横径0.9060.084−0.182−0.190.226
果形指数−0.7720.4760.3820.023−0.026
可食率0.6670.213−0.487−0.176−0.307
出核率−0.667−0.2130.4870.1760.307
含水率−0.8490.064−0.296−0.1810.262
L*0.6990.4810.226−0.2390.121
a*0.9090.0520.192−0.045−0.321
b*0.6790.613−0.003−0.069−0.209
h0.8770.0680.351−0.052−0.236
C0.6950.5840.001−0.081−0.236
果皮硬度0.30.1230.070.715−0.269
果皮脆性0.65−0.027−0.251−0.318−0.007
果肉硬度0.514−0.0950.0990.757−0.311
果肉脆性0.6730.15−0.210.4230.493
pH−0.5490.2880.6190.23−0.125
TSS0.665−0.1670.2560.0990.063
总糖0.1150.783−0.0120.3840.141
总酸0.5760.040.2720.4140.018
糖酸比−0.0210.761−0.0830.2610.148
总酚0.621−0.0830.526−0.0360.171
总黄酮0.45−0.830.0370.009−0.25
DPPH0.653−0.3940.434−0.252−0.193
ABTS+0.703−0.0360.486−0.2560.115
没食子酸0.8520.053−0.2960.1790.126
焦性没食子酸0.6640.311−0.261−0.136−0.166
绿原酸0.435−0.620.1930.0230.405
咖啡酸0.545−0.3340.2950.0060.584
阿魏酸0.439−0.198−0.5510.3790.379
芦丁0.39−0.8250.018−0.0770.123
槲皮素0.123−0.863−0.1070.067−0.23
柚皮素0.021−0.568−0.1560.2210.019
), ArticleFig(id=1320880180671927288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

14个品种橄榄果实品质指标的主成分载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质指标PC1PC2PC3PC4PC5
单果重0.8470.283−0.12−0.130.291
果实纵径0.1150.7870.264−0.2190.295
果实横径0.9060.084−0.182−0.190.226
果形指数−0.7720.4760.3820.023−0.026
可食率0.6670.213−0.487−0.176−0.307
出核率−0.667−0.2130.4870.1760.307
含水率−0.8490.064−0.296−0.1810.262
L*0.6990.4810.226−0.2390.121
a*0.9090.0520.192−0.045−0.321
b*0.6790.613−0.003−0.069−0.209
h0.8770.0680.351−0.052−0.236
C0.6950.5840.001−0.081−0.236
果皮硬度0.30.1230.070.715−0.269
果皮脆性0.65−0.027−0.251−0.318−0.007
果肉硬度0.514−0.0950.0990.757−0.311
果肉脆性0.6730.15−0.210.4230.493
pH−0.5490.2880.6190.23−0.125
TSS0.665−0.1670.2560.0990.063
总糖0.1150.783−0.0120.3840.141
总酸0.5760.040.2720.4140.018
糖酸比−0.0210.761−0.0830.2610.148
总酚0.621−0.0830.526−0.0360.171
总黄酮0.45−0.830.0370.009−0.25
DPPH0.653−0.3940.434−0.252−0.193
ABTS+0.703−0.0360.486−0.2560.115
没食子酸0.8520.053−0.2960.1790.126
焦性没食子酸0.6640.311−0.261−0.136−0.166
绿原酸0.435−0.620.1930.0230.405
咖啡酸0.545−0.3340.2950.0060.584
阿魏酸0.439−0.198−0.5510.3790.379
芦丁0.39−0.8250.018−0.0770.123
槲皮素0.123−0.863−0.1070.067−0.23
柚皮素0.021−0.568−0.1560.2210.019
), ArticleFig(id=1320880180747424761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Principal component scores, comprehensive scores and ranking of Chinese olive quality indicators

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品种Y1Y2Y3Y4Y5综合得分(Y)排名
三捻6.2654.113−2.4820.5611.2963.1161
黄橄榄5.481−0.245−0.364−0.246−2.9971.8042
原味二号−3.2232.7201.154−0.413−0.192−0.6309
香甜二号−4.9100.418−0.952−0.163−0.130−1.90313
老树灵峰0.1122.745−0.9220.2850.3960.5526
土种青果0.652−3.6660.1522.4733.054−0.0858
脆2号−3.329−0.4770.969−0.8770.508−1.31311
黄腊香5.136−4.3091.780−2.3810.5741.1293
小个子−2.072−4.329−3.6230.695−1.676−2.04214
脆灵峰−1.9000.460−0.8210.2620.599−0.65210
纳种1.0021.0960.706−1.8560.3920.5535
檀香0.2060.4723.1253.441−1.8260.5974
酥脆2号−3.6820.1390.026−1.736−0.345−1.53112
惠圆0.2620.8641.253−0.0460.3490.4067
), ArticleFig(id=1320880180810339322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880162695140230, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

橄榄品质指标的主成分得分、综合得分及排序

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品种Y1Y2Y3Y4Y5综合得分(Y)排名
三捻6.2654.113−2.4820.5611.2963.1161
黄橄榄5.481−0.245−0.364−0.246−2.9971.8042
原味二号−3.2232.7201.154−0.413−0.192−0.6309
香甜二号−4.9100.418−0.952−0.163−0.130−1.90313
老树灵峰0.1122.745−0.9220.2850.3960.5526
土种青果0.652−3.6660.1522.4733.054−0.0858
脆2号−3.329−0.4770.969−0.8770.508−1.31311
黄腊香5.136−4.3091.780−2.3810.5741.1293
小个子−2.072−4.329−3.6230.695−1.676−2.04214
脆灵峰−1.9000.460−0.8210.2620.599−0.65210
纳种1.0021.0960.706−1.8560.3920.5535
檀香0.2060.4723.1253.441−1.8260.5974
酥脆2号−3.6820.1390.026−1.736−0.345−1.53112
惠圆0.2620.8641.253−0.0460.3490.4067
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不同品种橄榄果实品质特性综合分析及加工适宜性评价
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杨国英 1, 2 , 余元善 2 , 温靖 2 , 邹波 2 , 李璐 2 , 卜智斌 2 , 钟南京 1, 3, * , 傅曼琴 2, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏—标准化赋能食品及相关产品高质量发展(客座主编:云振宇、史波林、兰韬、刘鹏、赵琳) 2026,47(15): 23-35
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏—标准化赋能食品及相关产品高质量发展(客座主编:云振宇、史波林、兰韬、刘鹏、赵琳) 2026 , 47 (15) : 23 -35
不同品种橄榄果实品质特性综合分析及加工适宜性评价
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杨国英1, 2 , 余元善2, 温靖2, 邹波2, 李璐2, 卜智斌2, 钟南京1, 3, * , 傅曼琴2, *
作者信息
  • 1广东药科大学公共卫生学院,广东广州 510006
  • 2广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,农业农村部功能食品重点实验室,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510610
  • 3广东药科大学食品科学学院,广东中山 528458
通讯作者:
钟南京(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:油脂改性,E-mail:。
傅曼琴(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨国英(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:营养与食品卫生学,E-mail:

Comprehensive Analysis of Quality Characteristics and Evaluation of Processing Suitability of Different Varieties of Chinese Olive (Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.) Fruits
Guoying YANG1, 2 , Yuanshan YU2, Jing WEN2, Bo ZOU2, Lu LI2, Zhibin BU2, Nanjing ZHONG1, 3, * , Manqin FU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
  • 3School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100098
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为研究不同品种橄榄果实综合品质的差异及加工适宜性,以14种橄榄为研究对象,分析了果实的一般性状、质构特性、抗氧化活性和酚类物质含量等指标,并采用主成分分析法和聚类分析法对14种橄榄(‘三捻’‘黄橄榄’‘原味二号’‘香甜二号’‘老树灵峰’‘土种青果’‘脆2号’‘黄腊香’‘小个子’‘脆灵峰’‘纳种’‘檀香’‘酥脆2号’和‘惠圆’)进行综合品质的评价和归类。结果表明,14种橄榄的平均单果重、可食率、含水率、pH和可溶性固形物(TSS)范围分别为5.46~12.19 g、77.74%~84.48%、77.93%~85.65%、3.49~4.06和9.61~15.43 °Brix,其中‘原味二号’的pH和‘黄腊香’的TSS含量显著高于其他品种(P<0.05);总糖、总酸、总酚、总黄酮含量分别介于35.71~151.71 mg/g DW、224.13~299.20 mg/g DW、17.18~34.66 mg GAE/g DW、7.35~12.46 mg RE/g DW,其中‘老树灵峰’的总糖含量最高,‘檀香’的总酸含量最高,而‘黄腊香’在总酚、总黄酮含量最高及DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力最强,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。采用高效液相色谱法定性定量分析橄榄果实中没食子酸、焦性没食子酸、绿原酸等8种酚类化合物,其中没食子酸含量最高。将橄榄品质特性的33个指标进行主成分分析,表明橄榄的品质可以用5个主成分表达(累计贡献率达到81.236%),其中‘三捻’综合评价得分最高,‘小个子’得分最低。此外,聚类分析将橄榄品种主要划分为两类,第一类包含‘三捻’‘黄橄榄’‘黄腊香’,这类品种的特性适配果汁、果浆等制品的加工;第二类涵盖其余11个品种,其中‘檀香’等适合整果腌制,加工成果脯、蜜饯;‘老树灵峰’‘脆灵峰’等更适宜开发发酵类产品;‘纳种’‘土种青果’等则具备制备功能性配料产品的潜力。

橄榄  /  果实品质  /  主成分分析(PCA)  /  聚类分析  /  加工适宜性

To investigate the differences in comprehensive quality and processing suitability among different varieties of Chinese olive (Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.) fruits, 14 olive varieties were selected as the research subjects. The general traits, texture characteristics, antioxidant activity, and phenolic content of the fruits were analyzed. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were employed to evaluate and classify the comprehensive quality of the 14 olive varieties ('Sannian' 'Huangganlan' 'Yuanwei 2' 'Xiangtian 2' 'Laoshulingfeng' 'Tuzhongqingguo' 'Cui 2' 'Huanglaxiang' 'Xiaogezi' 'Cuilingfeng' 'Nazhong' 'Tanxiang' 'Sucui 2' and 'Huiyuan'). The results showed that the average single fruit weight, edible rate, moisture content, pH, and total soluble solids (TSS) range of the 14 olive varieties were 5.46~12.19 g, 77.74%~84.48%, 77.93%~85.65%, 3.49~4.06, and 9.61~15.43 °Brix, respectively. Among them, the pH value of 'Yuanwei 2' and the TSS content of 'Huanglaxiang' were significantly higher than those of other varieties (P<0.05). The total sugar, total acid, total phenol, and total flavonoid contents ranged from 35.71~151.71 mg/g DW, 224.13~299.20 mg/g DW, 17.18~34.66 mg GAE/g DW, and 7.35~12.46 mg RE/g DW, respectively. Among them, 'Laoshulingfeng' had the highest total sugar content, 'Tanxiang' had the highest total acid content, and 'Huanglaxiang' had the highest total phenol and total flavonoid contents, as well as the strongest DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging abilities, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). High-performance liquid chromatography was used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze eight phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, pyrogallic acid, and chlorogenic acid, in olive fruits. Among them, gallic acid was the most abundant. A principal component analysis was conducted on 33 indicators of olive quality characteristics, indicating that olive quality can be expressed through five principal components (with a cumulative contribution rate of 81.236%). Among them, 'Sannian' had the highest comprehensive evaluation score, while 'Xiaogezi' had the lowest. In addition, cluster analysis mainly divided olive varieties into two categories. The first category includes 'Sannian', 'Huangganlan', and 'Huanglaxiang', which are suitable for processing into juice, fruit pulp, and other products. The second category covers the remaining 11 varieties, among which 'Tanxiang' and others are suitable for whole fruit pickling, processed into preserved fruits and candied fruits; 'Laoshulingfeng' and 'Cuilingfeng' are more suitable for developing fermentation products; 'Nazhong' and 'Tuzhongqingguo' have the potential to be used in the preparation of functional ingredient products.

Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch./Chinese olive  /  fruit quality  /  principal component analysis (PCA)  /  cluster analysis  /  processing suitability
杨国英, 余元善, 温靖, 邹波, 李璐, 卜智斌, 钟南京, 傅曼琴. 不同品种橄榄果实品质特性综合分析及加工适宜性评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 23 -35 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100098
Guoying YANG, Yuanshan YU, Jing WEN, Bo ZOU, Lu LI, Zhibin BU, Nanjing ZHONG, Manqin FU. Comprehensive Analysis of Quality Characteristics and Evaluation of Processing Suitability of Different Varieties of Chinese Olive (Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.) Fruits[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 23 -35 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100098
橄榄(Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.)又名青果、黄榄(云南金平)、红榄、青子(广东)、山榄、白榄(两广)、谏果、忠果(古称)[1],属于被子植物门双子叶植物纲橄榄科橄榄属乔木植物,是著名的热带亚热带特产果树。在广东、福建和广西等地广泛栽培,种植品种包括‘三捻’‘脆2号’和‘檀香’等。橄榄内部含有大量多酚、黄酮、必需氨基酸、维生素、矿物质等营养成分,可鲜食或加工为多种相关功能性产品[2],具有较高营养与保健价值。橄榄的传统加工方式以盐渍和糖渍为主,旨在改善风味并延长保质期。此外,果实中富含的碳水化合物及可发酵糖分,也使其成为酿酒的理想原料[3]。随着食品科技的进步,橄榄的加工形式日趋多元化,涌现出如橄榄茶、口服液、咀嚼片等新型加工产品[4−5]。
橄榄果实的研究主要集中在种质资源分析、果实品质评价与生物活性探索等领域。已有研究揭示了橄榄品种间存在的显著差异:例如,赖瑞联等[6]通过单重复序列间隔区和随机扩增DNA多态性技术对福建地区的86份橄榄资源进行了遗传多样性分析,发现橄榄种质资源具有丰富的且与地域相关的遗传多样性;谢倩等[7]对59个品种(系)橄榄果实表型性状(单果质量、纵径、横径、果形指数)进行测定分析,得出4个表型性状的变异丰富,变异系数范围为10.70%~26.67%;Yeh等[8]则鉴定了橄榄果实提取物中具有生物活性的13种酚类化合物;刘芸彤[9]进一步研究了青果中酚类物质的抗氧化与抗衰老活性,凸显了其生物活性潜力。然而,这些丰富的遗传多样性和品质差异,在受到各地区气候与生长环境的复杂影响后,导致了橄榄果实加工特性的不确定性。
目前,哪些品种适宜发酵,或适宜制备为蜜饯、果汁等产品的加工方向尚不明确,造成橄榄资源无法合理利用,因此,系统性地探究不同品种橄榄的加工适宜性十分必要。为此,本研究以14个橄榄品种作为研究对象,分析果实的一般性状、质构特性、抗氧化活性和酚类物质含量等指标,对其进行加工适宜性评价,并运用主成分分析法和聚类分析法,分析橄榄果实的品质特征与差异,为橄榄的综合加工利用提供科学依据。
从广州天平架水果市场购置的成熟度一致、颜色较均匀的果实,购买时与商家确定产地来源及品种,并经仲恺农业工程学院徐玉娟研究员鉴定为14个品种(表1)。每个品种果实不少于2 kg,立即运送至实验室,其中部分果实立即进行相关指标的测定,剩余冷冻并储存于4 ℃冰箱,用于下一步试验。甲醇、乙腈 色谱纯,天津大茂化学试剂公司;苯酚、氢氧化钠、亚硝酸钠、碳酸钠、焦性没食子酸 分析纯,福晨(天津)化学试剂有限公司;硫酸 分析纯,广东广试试剂科技有限公司,硝酸铝 分析纯,天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司;维生素E衍生物(Trolox)、1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2′-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺盐(ABTS)、芦丁、没食子酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸、福林酚(Folin-Ciocalteu) 分析纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;无水乙醇 分析纯,天津市富宇精细化工有限公司;槲皮素 分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;柚皮素 分析纯,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
PBJ-S02E型破壁料理机 江门市贝尔斯顿电器有限公司;HBS-800A多功能粉碎机 东莞市华太电器有限公司;101-3ABS型电热鼓风干燥箱 上海科恒实业发展有限公司;DK-98-1型电热恒温水浴锅 上海精密仪器仪表公司;JW-1042型低速离心机 安徽嘉文仪器装备有限公司;TS7700分光测色仪 广东三恩时科技有限公司;ME204电子分析天平、FE28 pH计 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;JJ1000型电子天平 常熟市双杰测试仪器厂;ZAY-30-900DS超声波清洗器 郑州生元仪器有限公司;LC-20AT高效液相色谱仪、UV-1800紫外可见分光光度计 岛津仪器(苏州)有限公司。
不同品种的橄榄果实分别剔除残次果和外伤果,选取新鲜无腐烂的橄榄果实,清洗、晾干后,手动去核,将橄榄果肉切成小块烘干至恒重,粉碎机粉碎后过40目筛,得到橄榄干粉,4 ℃贮藏备用。
每个品种橄榄随机选取20个,果实(果核)重量采用电子天平测量;果实纵径和横径采用电子数显游标卡尺测定,果形指数是果实纵径与果实横径之比。按公式测定可食率和出核率。
$ 可食率({\text{%}})=\frac{果肉质量}{果实质量}\times 100 $
$ 出核率({\text{%}})=\frac{果核质量}{果实质量}\times 100 $
参考丁云爽等[10]的含水率测定方法。将每个品种的橄榄果肉放入铝箔称量皿中,于105 ℃下烘至恒重为止。含水率的计算公式如(3)所示。
$ \rm 含水率({\text{%}})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{2}-{\text{m}}_{0}}{{\text{m}}_{1}-{\text{m}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:m0表示称量皿重量,g;m1表示烘干前总重量,g;m2表示烘干后重量,g。
每个品种橄榄随机选取10个,使用分光测色仪测定每个果实赤道面上相对4个部位的L*值、a*值、b*值指标,计算综合色度指标色泽比h和饱和度C。
$ h= {a}^{*}/{b}^{*} $
$ C= \sqrt{{{{a}^{*}}}^{2}+{{{b}^{*}}}^{2}} $
参考文献[11]的方法,略作修改。取完整的橄榄果实,每个橄榄品种10个果实,测试时将每个果实放置于TPA质构仪的载物台中心,穿刺位置选取果实最大横径处,使探头贯入时正对果实中部。采用直径2 mm的P/2圆柱形探头,设定测前速度为1.50 mm/s,测中速度1.00 mm/s,测后速度10 mm/s,最小感知力5 g,穿刺深度设为3 mm。测试指标主要有果皮硬度、果皮脆性、果肉硬度、果肉脆性4项。
新鲜橄榄果实洗净、擦干,取可食部分切碎、混匀,放入破壁料理机中,粉碎榨汁后用四层纱布过滤两次,挤出匀浆汁液待测。
pH使用pH计测定;可溶性固形物(TSS)采用数字阿贝折射仪测定。
精确称取0.2 g橄榄干粉,加入5 mL 80%乙醇,进行超声辅助萃取120 mim,常温下4201×g的离心力离心10 min,取上清液,定容至25 mL,即得橄榄提取液待测。
总糖含量采用苯酚硫酸法[12]测定总糖的含量,并略作修改。取适当稀释的提取液1 mL,加入1 mL 5%苯酚溶液,快速加入5 mL 18.4 mol/L的硫酸,振荡溶液,将试管放在30 ℃水浴锅中反应30 min后,在490 nm测定其吸光度值,以葡萄糖浓度为横坐标,以吸光度值为纵坐标,制定葡萄糖标准曲线(y=7.6381x+0.0234,R2=0.9994)。
总酸采用GB 12456-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》的方法中的第二法-pH计电位滴定法,结果以柠檬酸计。
称取1 g橄榄干粉,加入10 mL 80%乙醇,进行超声辅助萃取120 mim,常温下4201×g的离心力离心10 min,取上清液,定容至25 mL,即得橄榄待测液。
采用Folin-Ciocalteu法[13]测定总酚的含量,并略作修改。取适当稀释的提取液1 mL,加入2 mL Folin-Ciocalteu试剂,振荡混匀后静置5 min,加入2 mL 10%碳酸钠溶液,室温下避光放置120 min后,4201×g的离心力离心5 min后于760 nm吸光度下测定其吸光度值。以没食子酸浓度为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制没食子酸标准曲线(y=16.18x+0.0876,R2=0.9994),总酚含量以没食子酸当量(mg GAE/g DW)表示。总酚含量的计算公式如(6)所示。
$ \rm{总酚含量}(\mathrm{mg\;GAE}/\mathrm{g\;DW})=\frac{c\times D \times V}{{m}} $
式中:c表示根据吸光度值代入标准曲线计算出的提取液质量浓度,mg/mL;D表示提取液稀释倍数;V表示待测液体积,mL;m表示橄榄干粉取样量,g。
采用分光光度法[14]测总黄酮含量,并略作修改。取适当稀释后1.2.8制备的橄榄提取液1 mL,加入0.3 mL的5%亚硝酸钠溶液,振荡混匀后静置5 min,加入0.3 mL的10%硝酸铝溶液振荡混匀后放置6 min,加入2 mL 4%氢氧化钠溶液,振荡混匀后静置30 min,4201×g的离心力离心10 min,取上清液测定510 nm处的吸光值。以芦丁为标准品,绘制标准曲线(y=1.6575x+0.0588,R2=0.9993),总黄酮含量以芦丁的当量(mg RE/g DW)表示。总黄酮含量的计算公式如(7)所示。
$ \rm{总黄酮含量}(\mathrm{mg}\;\mathrm{RE}/\mathrm{g\;DW})=\frac{{c\times D\times V}}{\text{m}} $
式中:c表示根据吸光度值代入标准曲线计算出的提取液质量浓度,mg/mL;D表示提取液稀释倍数;V表示待测液体积,mL;m表示橄榄干粉取样量,g。
DPPH法[15]:取1 mL适度稀释的提取液加入2 mL DPPH溶液(0.2 mmol/L),混匀后在室温条件下避光反应20 min,4201×g的离心力离心10 min后于517 nm处的吸光度,以Trolox为标准品,测定不同浓度Trolox对DPPH自由基的清除能力并绘制标准曲线(y=−19.8160x+0.9575,R2=0.9993,其中y是吸光度值,x为Trolox浓度),结果以Trolox当量(mg TE/g DW)表示。DPPH自由基清除能力的计算公式如(8)所示。
$ \rm{DPPH自由基清除能力}(\mathrm{mg\;TE}/\mathrm{g\;DW})=\frac{{c\times D\times V}}{\text{m}}$
式中:c表示根据吸光度值代入标准曲线计算出的提取液质量浓度,mg/mL;D表示提取液稀释倍数;V表示待测液体积,mL;m表示橄榄干粉取样量,g。
ABTS法[16]:将7 mmol/L的ABTS溶液(50 mL)与140 mmol/L的过硫酸钾溶液(0.88 mL)混合,在室温、避光的条件下静置过夜,形成ABTS储备液。使用前用无水乙醇稀释至734 nm波长处吸光度为0.7±0.02,为ABTS工作液。取0.10 mL适度稀释的提取液加入2 mL ABTS工作液,摇匀后避光反应20 min,于734 nm下测定吸光度;以Trolox为标准品,绘制标准曲线(y=−3.3944x+0.6278,R2=0.9993,其中y是吸光度值,x为Trolox浓度),结果以Trolox当量(mg TE/g DW)表示。ABTS+自由基清除能力的计算公式如(9)所示。
$\rm {{ABTS}}^+\mathrm{自由基清除能力}(\mathrm{mg}\;\mathrm{TE}/\mathrm{g\;DW})=\frac{{c\times D\times V}}{\text{m}}$
式中:c表示根据吸光度值代入标准曲线计算出的提取液质量浓度,mg/mL;D表示提取液稀释倍数;V表示待测液体积,mL;m表示橄榄干粉取样量,g。
精确称取2 g橄榄干粉,加入5 mL 80%乙醇,进行超声辅助萃取120 mim,常温下4201×g的离心力离心10 min,取上清液,获得橄榄待测液。
采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)[17]测定,取1 mL待测液经0.22 μm的有机相滤膜过滤备用。色谱条件:Waters C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);二极管阵列(PDA)检测器;流动相A:0.4%乙酸溶液,流动相B:色谱级乙腈;柱温30 ℃;流速0.8 mL/min;进样量10 μL;梯度洗脱程序:0~40 min,95% A,5% B;40~45min,75%A,25%B;45~50min,50% A,50% B;50~60 min,10% A,90% B;280 nm。以标准品的峰面积和浓度绘制标准曲线,橄榄中酚类物质的含量根据标准曲线进行计算。
每个实验处理均重复3次,结果以平均值±标准偏差表示,样品间的显著性差异检验用Duncan's test进行分析,使用 Microsoft office Excel 2021和Origin 2022进行数据统计分析和绘图。
由图1可发现,橄榄作为一种核果,其果核两端锐尖呈梭形,暗红棕色。果肉颜色多为黄白色,果实的形状有纺锤形、椭圆形、卵圆形、梭形和不规则形等[18],形状多样。
单果重是评价果实品质的最基本指标。由图2A、图2B可知,14个品种橄榄的平均单果重范围为5.46~12.19 g,平均果实纵径、横径范围分别为2.79~3.66 cm、1.83~2.49 cm;其中‘三捻’的单果重、果实纵径、果实横径,明显大于其余13个品种,‘三捻’的单果重是‘小个子’的2.23倍,果实纵径、果实横径最短的分别是‘小个子’‘香甜二号’。果形指数表示果实的形状特征,由图2C可知,14个品种橄榄的平均果形指数在1.40~1.84之间,‘原味二号’和‘脆2号’的果实狭长,‘黄腊香’‘小个子’的果实较圆。果实的可食率和果肉、果核质量有直接关系,由图2D可知,平均可食率在77.74%~84.48%之间,最大相差倍数为1.09,变异系数为3.30%,离散程度较小,说明不同品种橄榄的可食率差异较小;平均出核率为15.52%~22.26%,最大相差倍数为1.43,‘三捻’的出核率最低,‘土种青果’出核率最高;含水率与橄榄果实是否适合制汁有关,平均含水率范围在77.93%~85.65%,含水率最高的是‘酥脆2号’,最低的是‘黄橄榄’。谢倩等[7]研究发现‘惠圆’‘灵峰’和‘青果’等59个橄榄品种的单果重量为3.87~12.40 g,果实纵径范围为22.60~42.65 mm,果实横径范围为15.29~25.47 mm,果形指数在1.32~2.40之间,本研究结果与之相接近。
果大、肉多(高可食率、低出核率)、外形端正的果实,如‘三捻’,是制作整果蜜饯、盐渍或发酵橄榄的上佳之选;多汁(高含水率)的橄榄适宜加工成橄榄汁或果浆制品,如‘酥脆2号’,能最大化其食用价值和经济价值。
果皮颜色是水果外在品质与成熟度的重要指标,会极大影响消费者的选择。本研究广东、福建的14个品种橄榄在外观上与地中海橄榄相似,成熟时呈现黄绿色转变,但与欧洲新鲜橄榄‘Carolea’和‘Leucocarpa’的颜色不同,完全成熟的‘Carolea’果实呈紫黑色,而‘Leucocarpa’果实呈象牙白色[19]。
L*值为明度,反映色泽的亮度;a*值为红绿值,正数代表红色,负数代表绿色;b*值为黄蓝值,正数代表黄色,负数代表绿色;h代表色泽比,值越大,所测得绿色越浅;C值代表色彩饱和度,值越大,颜色越纯[20]。色彩饱和度描述颜色的鲜艳程度,即颜色的纯度,果实具有高饱和度的颜色更能吸引消费者的注意力,提升购买欲。由图3可知,14个品种橄榄果皮的色度指标值均存在一定的差异(P<0.05),L*、b*和C值均是正值,a*和h值有正有负。‘三捻’的L*、b*和C值最大,说明其颜色最亮、最黄、饱和度最高,分别为63.55±0.51、46.12±0.84、46.53±0.84;‘小个子’的L*、b*和C值最小,分别为50.31±0.70、18.53±0.65、18.80±0.66;a*和h值最小的是‘香甜二号’,说明其颜色最绿,分别为−4.75±0.46、-0.22±0.04。与之前报道的‘檀香’‘惠圆’‘两头尖’等10个橄榄品种果皮的亮度值L*、a*、b*与C值范围分别为46.9~56.7、-4.4~-13.5、31.0~45.1与31.7~45.5结果相符合[21],呈现出橄榄果实的黄绿色特征。
果实颜色主要由叶绿素(绿)、类胡萝卜素(黄橙)和花青素(紫黑)三种色素调控[22]。橄榄具有黄绿色果皮,表明果实富含叶绿素与类胡萝卜素,尤其是像‘三捻’‘黄橄榄’这类亮度高、饱和度突出的品种,其内在色素品质优异,这使得它们在加工中能更好地保留鲜艳、稳定的天然色泽,该类果实是加工色泽鲜亮、品质稳定的果汁、果浆等制品的理想原料。
由图4可知,14个品种橄榄果实的果皮硬度、果皮脆性、果肉硬度、果肉脆性均存在差异(P<0.05),平均范围分别为1783.53~2721.32 g、17.57~22.82 mm、1481.37~2245.96 g、836.37~2075.93 g·sec;其中‘檀香’的果皮、果肉硬度最大,与其他13个品种之间差异显著(P<0.05),果皮、果肉硬度最小的分别是‘纳种’‘香甜二号’;果皮脆性最大的为‘三捻’和‘纳种’,两者之间无显著差异,果皮脆性最小的为‘脆灵峰’;‘三捻’的果肉脆性最大,‘酥脆2号’的果肉脆性最小。肖维强等[23]发现广东省的‘三棱’‘青皮’和‘香种’等不同橄榄品种的果肉硬度为1531.88~2172.47 g,变异系数为13.34%,与本研究结果一致。
质构特性是反映食品内部组织结构和口感的重要指标[24]。硬度可以反映出对压力的抵抗能力,硬度值也可以用于判断橄榄果实的成熟程度,对于橄榄的采摘、加工、收获储存和出口运输等方面有重要的参考价值。脆性则反映橄榄果实在外力下断裂而非变形的特性,通常情况下,脆性越高,橄榄果实的口感越脆爽。高硬度、高脆性果实,如‘檀香’和‘三捻’,适宜加工为整果腌制/发酵的餐用橄榄、果脯、高档蜜饯(如凉果);低硬度、低脆性果实,如‘纳种’和‘酥脆2号’,适用于制作软质果酱。
由图5可知,橄榄果实的平均pH范围在3.49~4.06之间,‘原味二号’的pH最高,显著高于其他橄榄品种(P<0.05),‘三捻’的最低,变异系数为4.64%。叶倩倩  [25] 研究发现福州橄榄‘灵峰’‘檀香’‘惠圆’果实呈高酸性,总酸含量分别为1.06%、1.13%、1.43%,与本研究结果接近。‘黄腊香’的TSS含量最高,为15.43±0.01 °Brix,显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),其次是‘檀香’,为15.19±0.03 °Brix,而‘原味二号’的含量最低,为9.61±0.03 °Brix,变异系数为13.82%。池毓斌等 [26] 发现12个品种橄榄果实的TSS含量在8.13%~11.97%之间,本研究结果与之接近。
pH和TSS含量的大小会直接影响橄榄果实的滋味和口感[27],都是影响消费者对橄榄果实可接受度的因素。低pH或高pH且低TSS品种(如‘原味二号’和‘脆2号’)酸涩味重,需通过清水浸泡、加糖中和等预处理改善,适配果脯、蜜饯加工;低pH或高pH且高TSS品种(如‘檀香’和‘黄腊香’),酸甜适口,既可直接鲜食,亦可加工成橄榄汁或发酵产品。pH越高(酸度越低)、TSS越高(糖度越高)的“低酸高糖”型果实,更符合消费口味,加工适宜性更广。
总糖、总酸和糖酸比反映了果实的甜度和酸度,高糖酸比赋予水果更佳的口感,更受消费者的喜爱[28]。由图6A可知,14个品种橄榄的总糖、总酸含量存在显著的差异,‘老树灵峰’总糖最高,为151.71±1.07 mg/g DW,显著高于其他橄榄品种(P<0.05),是‘黄腊香’的4.25倍;‘檀香’总酸含量显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),含量为299.20±3.20 mg/g DW,‘香甜二号’的含量最低,为224.13±3.72 mg/g DW。由图6B可知,‘老树灵峰’的糖酸比最高,为67.41%,‘黄腊香’的最低,为13.32%。赖瑞联等  [29] 发现‘灵峰’‘闽清2号’和‘清榄1号’总糖含量为4.43%~5.13%,总酸含量1.18%~1.37%,‘三棱榄’‘惠圆’等10个品种橄榄的糖酸比范围为0.133~0.227 [30],与本研究结果有较大差别,这可能是品种、产地和生长环境的差异或提取方法的不同造成的。
总糖含量直接关联橄榄果实的甜味强度,并为发酵类产品(如果酒、醋)提供必需的底物  [3];总酸含量则主导酸味,并在加工过程中起到以稳定产品色泽的多重作用;糖酸比则直观反映甜酸平衡关系,成为指导加工路径选择的依据。例如,低糖酸比品种(‘黄腊香’)适于加工成果脯、蜜饯,高糖酸比品种(‘老树灵峰’)利于鲜食或发酵。
不同品种橄榄的总酚含量存在显著性差异(P<0.05)(图7),变异系数为15.85%,其中‘黄腊香’的总酚含量显著高于其它品种(P<0.05),为34.66±0.12 mg GAE/g DW,其次是‘檀香’和‘三捻’,分别是29.16±0.24 mg GAE/g DW和27.19±0.26 mg GAE/g DW,‘小个子’总酚含量最低,为17.18±0.21 mg GAE/g DW。14个品种橄榄中测得总酚的最大值是最小值的2.02倍。总黄酮含量变异系数为16.19%,其中‘黄腊香’的总黄酮含量高于其它品种,是12.46±0.15 mg RE/g DW,‘原味二号’最低,为7.35±0.12 mg RE/g DW。本研究结果与文献[31]报道的总酚(26.26~104.74 mg GAE/g DW)和总黄酮(6.26~17.47 mg RE/g DW)含量接近。
采用DPPH、ABTS两种方法测定橄榄果实的抗氧化能力,结果如图8所示,14个品种橄榄果实的DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS+自由基清除能力变化范围分别为50.99~101.27 mg TE/g DW和3.56~53.62 mg TE/g DW,变异系数分别为19.89%和56.15%,而且DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS+自由基清除能力变化趋势基本一致,均为‘黄腊香’最高,其次是‘黄橄榄’和‘纳种’,‘香甜二号’和‘小个子’最低。本研究结果与文献[32]报道的‘Tan xiang’‘Xiang zhong’和‘Na zhong’橄榄品种的DPPH自由基清除活性(158.20~171.62 mg TE/g DW)和ABTS+自由基清除活性(93.93~113.66 mg TE/g DW)相接近。
采用高效液相色谱法定性定量分析酚类化合物,通过标准品比对结合参考文献,从14个品种橄榄果实中共检测出8个酚类化合物(图9),分别为没食子酸、焦性没食子酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸、芦丁、槲皮素和柚皮素。其中没食子酸的平均含量为101.48 mg/100 g DW,显著高于其他单体酚的含量(P<0.05);咖啡酸的平均含量最低,只有5.24 mg/100 g DW。‘三捻’的没食子酸和阿魏酸含量最高,分别为229.03±12.82 mg/100 g DW、22.44±2.28 mg/100 g DW;焦性没食子酸含量最高的是‘黄橄榄’,为253.42±19.45 mg/100 g DW,含量最低是‘檀香’,为22.50±5.45 mg/100 g DW;绿原酸和柚皮素含量最高的是‘土种青果’,分别为31.72±6.55 mg/100 g DW和38.34±5.74 mg/100 g DW,含量最低的分别是‘小个子’和‘三捻’。‘黄腊香’的咖啡酸和芦丁含量最高,分别为12.53±4.68 mg/100 g DW和170.08±27.81 mg/100 g DW,明显高于其他品种;槲皮素含量最高的是‘小个子’,为12.91±0.60 mg/100 g DW,含量最低是‘三捻’。林玉芳 [33] 报道20个品种橄榄果实中含有12种单体酚,本研究结果与其中的没食子酸(1.92~14.67 mg/100 g DW)、绿原酸(7.45~135.31 mg/100 g DW)、咖啡酸(2.86~27.55 mg/100 g DW)、芦丁(96.39~490.14 mg/100 g DW)、阿魏酸(2.41~119.71 mg/100 g DW)、槲皮素(0.00~5.22 mg/100 g DW)含量相接近。
由图10可知,不同品种橄榄果实中的总酚和总黄酮含量以及没食子酸、绿原酸和咖啡酸的含量与DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),总酚含量与DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力的相关系数分别是0.529、0.523;总黄酮含量与DPPH自由基清除能力呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数是0.676,与ABTS+自由基清除能力呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数是0.311;没食子酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸、芦丁和槲皮素的含量与DPPH自由基清除能力均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别是0.309、0.398、0.366、0.486和0.376;没食子酸、焦性没食子酸、绿原酸和咖啡酸的含量与ABTS+自由基清除能力均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别是0.414、0.317、0.446和0.515,说明酚类物质是橄榄果实抗氧化能力的主要物质。橄榄果实提取物的总多酚和总黄酮含量与DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力表现出良好的相关性[34−35]。
酚类物质是植物重要的次生代谢产物,与水果的成熟衰老、色泽变化以及抗氧化活性密切相关,是水果中一种主要的天然抗氧化剂[36]。酚类物质与抗氧化能力的动态协同变化对其加工功能特性具有关键调控作用[37]。例如‘黄腊香’‘檀香’和‘纳种’等品种,总酚、总黄酮含量较高及富含没食子酸、绿原酸等多种酚类活性成分,且抗氧化性较强,可针对性提取活性成分制备功能性配料产品。
由于不同品种橄榄的品质指标之间存在差异,为了消除各数据之间量纲和相对大小差异对结果产生的影响,需要对各数据进行标准化处理[38],以14个样品的33个品质指标构成33×14矩阵进行主成分分析,根据特征值大于1.0、累积方差贡献率大于80%的原则确定主成分的个数  [39] 。由表2可知,主成分1、2、3、4、5的特征值均大于1.0,主成分5的特征值为2.130,累计方差贡献率达到81.236%,综合了橄榄品质指标的大部分信息,因此可以选取前5个主成分(PC)代替上述的33个品质指标对不同品种橄榄品质进行评价。
表3为不同品种橄榄果实品质指标的主成分载荷矩阵,数据表示的是所提取的各主成分对原始变量的影响程度。结合表2和表3,第一主成分的方差贡献率为38.270%,单果重、果实横径、a*、h在第一主成分上有较大的载荷,其权重系数分别为0.847、0.906、0.909、0.877,主要包含了果实外形特征、果皮颜色等方面的信息;第二主成分的方差贡献率为19.913%,总糖、糖酸比、总黄酮含量在第二主成分上有较大的载荷,主要包含了总糖、黄酮类物质等方面的信息;第三主成分的方差贡献率为9.120%,pH、可食率、总酚、DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力在第三主成分上有较大的载荷,主要包含了果实可食率和抗氧化能力等方面的信息;第四主成分的方差贡献率为7.477%,果皮硬度、果肉硬度在第四主成分上有较大的载荷,主要包含了果实质构特性等方面的信息;第五主成分的方差贡献率为6.456%,绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸含量在第五主成分上有较大的载荷,主要包含了果实酚类活性物质等方面的信息。在上述分析结果表明,前5个主成分综合反映了橄榄果实大部分品质指标的信息,在橄榄加工适宜性品质筛选工作中作为重要参考依据。
利用主成分载荷矩阵(表3)中各指标数据除以主成分相对应的特征值的算术平方根,得到5个主成分中各指标所对应的系数即特征向量,设5个主成分得分依次为Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4、Y5,以特征向量为权重,根据标准化后的各指标计算各主成分得分,5个主成分的得分表达式如下所示:
Y1=0.238×Z单果重+0.032×Z果实纵径+0.255×Z果实横径−0.217×Z果形指数+0.188×Z可食率−0.188×Z出核率−0.239×Z含水率+0.197×ZL*+0.256×Za*+0.191×Zb*+0.247×Zh+0.196×ZC+0.084×Z果皮硬度+0.183×Z果皮脆性+0.145×Z果肉硬度+0.189×Z果肉脆性−0.154×ZpH+0.187×ZTSS+0.032×Z总糖+0.162×Z总酸−0.006×Z糖酸比+0.175×Z总酚+0.127×Z总黄酮+0.184×ZDPPH+0.198×ZABTS++0.240×Z没食子酸+0.187×Z焦性没食子酸+0.122×Z绿原酸+0.153×Z咖啡酸+0.124×Z阿魏酸+0.110×Z芦丁+0.035×Z槲皮素+0.006×Z柚皮素
Y2=0.110×Z单果重+0.307×Z果实纵径+0.033×Z果实横径+0.186×Z果形指数+0.083×Z可食率−0.083×Z出核率+0.025×Z含水率+0.188×ZL*+0.020×Za*+0.239×Zb*+0.027×Zh+0.228×ZC+0.048×Z果皮硬度−0.011×Z果皮脆性−0.037×Z果肉硬度+0.059×Z果肉脆性+0.112×ZpH−0.065×ZTSS+0.305×Z总糖+0.016×Z总酸+0.297×Z糖酸比−0.032×Z总酚−0.324×Z总黄酮−0.154×ZDPPH−0.014×ZABTS++0.021×Z没食子酸+0.121×Z焦性没食子酸−0.242×Z绿原酸−0.130×Z咖啡酸−0.077×Z阿魏酸−0.322×Z芦丁−0.337×Z槲皮素−0.222×Z柚皮素
Y3=−0.069×Z单果重+0.152×Z果实纵径−0.105×Z果实横径+0.220×Z果形指数−0.281×Z可食率+0.281×Z出核率−0.171×Z含水率+0.130×ZL*+0.111×Za*−0.002×Zb*+0.202×Zh+0.001×ZC+0.040×Z果皮硬度−0.145×Z果皮脆性+0.057×Z果肉硬度−0.121×Z果肉脆性+0.357×ZpH+0.148×ZTSS−0.007×Z总糖+0.157×Z总酸−0.048×Z糖酸比+0.303×Z总酚+0.021×Z总黄酮+0.250×ZDPPH+0.280×ZABTS+−0.171×Z没食子酸−0.150×Z焦性没食子酸+0.111×Z绿原酸+0.170×Z咖啡酸−0.318×Z阿魏酸+0.010×Z芦丁−0.062×Z槲皮素−0.090×Z柚皮素
Y4=−0.083×Z单果重−0.139×Z果实纵径−0.121×Z果实横径+0.015×Z果形指数−0.112×Z可食率+0.112×Z出核率−0.115×Z含水率−0.152×ZL*−0.029×Za*−0.044×Zb*−0.033×Zh−0.052×ZC+0.455×Z果皮硬度−0.202×Z果皮脆性+0.482×Z果肉硬度+0.269×Z果肉脆性+0.146×ZpH+0.063×ZTSS+0.244×Z总糖+0.264×Z总酸+0.166×Z糖酸比−0.023×Z总酚+0.006×Z总黄酮−0.160×ZDPPH−0.163×ZABTS++0.114×Z没食子酸−0.087×Z焦性没食子酸+0.015×Z绿原酸+0.004×Z咖啡酸+0.241×Z阿魏酸−0.049×Z芦丁+0.043×Z槲皮素+0.141×Z柚皮素
Y5=0.199×Z单果重+0.202×Z果实纵径+0.155×Z果实横径−0.018×Z果形指数−0.210×Z可食率+0.210×Z出核率+0.180×Z含水率+0.083×ZL*−0.220×Za*−0.143×Zb*−0.162×Zh−0.162×ZC−0.184×Z果皮硬度−0.005×Z果皮脆性−0.213×Z果肉硬度+0.338×Z果肉脆性−0.086×ZpH+0.043×ZTSS+0.097×Z总糖+0.012×Z总酸+0.101×Z糖酸比+0.117×Z总酚−0.171×Z总黄酮−0.132×ZDPPH+0.079×ZABTS++0.086×Z没食子酸−0.114×Z焦性没食子酸+0.277×Z绿原酸+0.400×Z咖啡酸+0.260×Z阿魏酸+0.084×Z芦丁−0.158×Z槲皮素+0.013×Z柚皮素
以各主成分对应的方差贡献率为权重,可得到综合评价函数为:Y=0.38270×Y1+0.19913×Y2+0.09120×Y3+0.07477×Y4+0.06456×Y5,根据主成分综合得分模型,
计算出14个品种橄榄的综合得分和排序结果如表4所示。分析发现,‘三捻’‘黄橄榄’和‘黄腊香’在单果重、果实横径、a*、h等指标上表现较佳;‘三捻’和‘老树灵峰’的总糖含量、糖酸比、总黄酮含量较高;‘檀香’‘黄腊香’和‘惠圆’在pH、总酚、DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力等指标上表现突出;‘檀香’和‘土种青果’的果皮硬度、果肉硬度较高;‘三捻’‘土种青果’和‘脆灵峰’的绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸含量较高。综合评价结果表明,‘三捻’评分最高,表明其综合品质优于其他品种。
对橄榄33项品质指标数据进行Z-score标准化处理,采用Ward法对橄榄品种进行系统聚类分析,结果如图11所示,14个品种橄榄主要聚为两类:‘三捻’‘黄橄榄’和‘黄腊香’为第一类,特点是果实较大、色泽鲜亮、可食率较高,适宜加工成橄榄果汁、果浆等制品;‘原味二号’‘香甜二号’和‘脆2号’等11个品种为第二类,果实较小、可食率较低,其中‘檀香’高硬度、高脆性、高酸度适宜于整果腌制,制作果脯、蜜饯等,高糖酸比品种(如‘老树灵峰’和‘脆灵峰’)适宜鲜食或发酵(如果酒、醋)等;‘纳种’和‘土种青果’等品种,总酚、总黄酮含量较高,富含绿原酸、槲皮素等多种酚类活性成分,且抗氧化活性较强,可针对性提取活性成分制备功能性配料产品。
本研究系统分析了14个品种橄榄的一般性状、质构特性、酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性等品质指标,发现不同品种橄榄果实在品质指标上存在显著差异。主成分分析法共提取出5个主成分,累计方差贡献率达到 81.236%,其中第1主成分(果实性状和色泽)和第2主成分(总糖和糖酸比)在橄榄品种评价方面占据着主要作用,得出14个橄榄品种的综合品质评价排序从高到低依次为:‘三捻’‘黄橄榄’‘黄腊香’‘檀香’‘纳种’‘老树灵峰’‘惠圆’‘土种青果’‘原味二号’‘脆灵峰’‘脆2号’‘酥脆2号’‘香甜二号’和‘小个子’。聚类分析法将橄榄品种划分为两大类:第一类品种的特性适宜鲜食或加工成果汁、果浆等制品;第二类品种则呈现多样化加工潜力,其中‘檀香’等适宜于整果腌制,制作果脯、蜜饯等,‘老树灵峰’和‘脆灵峰’等同样可鲜食,也能加工为发酵制品;‘纳种’和‘土种青果’等,可用于提取活性成分制备功能性配料产品。本研究结果可为橄榄鲜食或加工品种的筛选提供参考,为我国橄榄资源的综合开发利用提供科学的依据。但是,对橄榄原料以及加工制品的风味形成机理还不清楚,需进一步深入研究。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100098
  • 接收时间:2025-10-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-15
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    1广东药科大学公共卫生学院,广东广州 510006
    2广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,农业农村部功能食品重点实验室,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510610
    3广东药科大学食品科学学院,广东中山 528458

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钟南京(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:油脂改性,E-mail:。
傅曼琴(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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