Article(id=1320176122055213480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050128, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747324800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684115184, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684115184, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684115184, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684115184, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=428, endPage=436, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176122243957161, articleId=1320176122055213480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Hypoglycemic and Repairing Testes Effects of Soybean Isoflavones on Subacute Aging Diabetic Rats, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To investigate the effect and potential mechanisms of soybean isoflavones (SIF) on the efficacy of lowering blood glucose and repairing testes in rats with subacute aging diabetes mellitus. Methods: After 6 consecutive weeks of administration of SIF by gavage on subacute aging diabetic rats, the fasting blood glucose, body weight, oral glucose tolerance and insulin levels were measured in rats. Also, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to detect the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the morphological changes. Moreover, expression of genes and proteins related to janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway was measured in testes. Results: SIF could significantly reduce fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test-area under the curve (OGTT-AUC), insulin secretion, and increase body mass in rats (P<0.01). All doses of SIF (low, medium, and high doses) reduced oxidative stress, with high-doses SIF had the most significant effect (P<0.01). In addition, SIF significantly down-regulated P53, JAK, STAT3, and BAX at both gene and protein levels, and significantly up-regulated Bcl-2 from both gene and protein levels, in which high-doses SIF showed the most significant effect (P<0.01). Conclusion: SIF significantly ameliorated testicular damage in subacute aging diabetic rats by synergistically regulating blood glucose, attenuating oxidative stress, and inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 pathway, providing a new strategy for the development of functional foods for reproductive dysfunction.

, authors=Xiaoyan GUO1, Xiaoxing CHI1, 2, 3, *, Hangyu CHU1, Helin WANG1, Ying WANG1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Xiaoyan GUO, Xiaoxing CHI, Hangyu CHU, Helin WANG, Ying WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoxing CHI, Ying WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176125138026932, articleId=1320176122055213480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=大豆异黄酮对亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠的降糖及睾丸修复作用, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:探究大豆异黄酮(soybean isoflavones,SIF)对亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠降血糖、睾丸的修复作用和潜在的作用机制。方法:采用SIF灌胃干预亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠6周后,检测大鼠空腹血糖、体质量、口服葡萄糖耐量试验及胰岛素水平;采用酶联免疫试剂盒检测睾丸中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)的水平,观察睾丸组织形态学变化;同时检测睾丸中Janus激酶(janus kinase,JAK)/信号转导和转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)信号通路相关基因和蛋白的表达情况。结果:SIF能显著降低大鼠空腹血糖、口服葡萄糖耐量试验-血糖曲线下面积(oral glucose tolerance test-area under the curve,OGTT-AUC)、胰岛素含量,显著升高体质量(P<0.01),且低、中、高剂量SIF干预均能够调节大鼠氧化应激,其中高剂量SIF干预效果最为显著(P<0.01)。此外,SIF还可以显著下调P53、JAK、STAT3、Bax基因和蛋白表达量,显著上调Bcl-2基因和蛋白表达量,其中高剂量SIF干预效果最为显著(P<0.01)。结论:SIF通过协同调控血糖、减轻氧化应激及抑制JAK/STAT3通路,显著改善亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠的睾丸损伤,为开发生殖功能障碍的功能性食品提供新策略。

, authors=郭笑言1, 迟晓星1, 2, 3, *, 褚航宇1, 王鹤霖1, 王颖1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=郭笑言, 迟晓星, 褚航宇, 王鹤霖, 王颖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=迟晓星, 王颖, authorNote=

郭笑言(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养健康科学与技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
迟晓星(1976−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与质量安全,E-mail:。
王颖(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏工程及食品质量与安全,E-mail:。
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注:与NM组相比,*P<0.05,**P<0.01;与MD组相比,#P<0.05,##P<0.01,图2、图4、图5同。

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Primer sequence for qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称序列(5'→3')
GAPDH正向ACTCTACCCACGGCAAGTTC
反向TGGGTTTCCCGTTGATGACC
P53正向GGTTCGTGTTTGTGCCTGTC
反向GTGCTCTCTTTGCACTCCCT
JAK正向GGAATGTACTGGGCGTCTTGG
反向TGTCAGTGCATCAAATGAGGGC
STAT3正向AGGAGCACCCTGAAGCTGA
反向AGGTCGTTGGTGTCACACAG
Bcl-2正向CGACTTTGCAGATGTCCA
反向ATGCCGGTTCAGGTACTCAG
Bax正向ATCGAGCAGAGAGGATGGCT
反向ACTCGCTCAGCTTCTTGGTG
), ArticleFig(id=1320176130489958898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176122055213480, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

用于qPCR分析的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称序列(5'→3')
GAPDH正向ACTCTACCCACGGCAAGTTC
反向TGGGTTTCCCGTTGATGACC
P53正向GGTTCGTGTTTGTGCCTGTC
反向GTGCTCTCTTTGCACTCCCT
JAK正向GGAATGTACTGGGCGTCTTGG
反向TGTCAGTGCATCAAATGAGGGC
STAT3正向AGGAGCACCCTGAAGCTGA
反向AGGTCGTTGGTGTCACACAG
Bcl-2正向CGACTTTGCAGATGTCCA
反向ATGCCGGTTCAGGTACTCAG
Bax正向ATCGAGCAGAGAGGATGGCT
反向ACTCGCTCAGCTTCTTGGTG
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大豆异黄酮对亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠的降糖及睾丸修复作用
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郭笑言 1 , 迟晓星 1, 2, 3, * , 褚航宇 1 , 王鹤霖 1 , 王颖 1, 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(12): 428-436
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (12) : 428 -436
大豆异黄酮对亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠的降糖及睾丸修复作用
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郭笑言(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养健康科学与技术,E-mail:

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郭笑言1 , 迟晓星1, 2, 3, * , 褚航宇1, 王鹤霖1, 王颖1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319
  • 2黑龙江省农产品加工与质量安全重点实验室,黑龙江大庆 163319
  • 3黑龙江八一农垦大学杂粮工程技术研究中心,黑龙江大庆 163319
通讯作者:
迟晓星(1976−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与质量安全,E-mail:。
王颖(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏工程及食品质量与安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

郭笑言(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养健康科学与技术,E-mail:

Hypoglycemic and Repairing Testes Effects of Soybean Isoflavones on Subacute Aging Diabetic Rats
Xiaoyan GUO1 , Xiaoxing CHI1, 2, 3, * , Hangyu CHU1, Helin WANG1, Ying WANG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
  • 2Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Safety, Daqing 163319, China
  • 3Coarse Grain Engineering Technology Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural Reclamation University, Daqing 163319, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050128
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目的:探究大豆异黄酮(soybean isoflavones,SIF)对亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠降血糖、睾丸的修复作用和潜在的作用机制。方法:采用SIF灌胃干预亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠6周后,检测大鼠空腹血糖、体质量、口服葡萄糖耐量试验及胰岛素水平;采用酶联免疫试剂盒检测睾丸中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)的水平,观察睾丸组织形态学变化;同时检测睾丸中Janus激酶(janus kinase,JAK)/信号转导和转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)信号通路相关基因和蛋白的表达情况。结果:SIF能显著降低大鼠空腹血糖、口服葡萄糖耐量试验-血糖曲线下面积(oral glucose tolerance test-area under the curve,OGTT-AUC)、胰岛素含量,显著升高体质量(P<0.01),且低、中、高剂量SIF干预均能够调节大鼠氧化应激,其中高剂量SIF干预效果最为显著(P<0.01)。此外,SIF还可以显著下调P53、JAK、STAT3、Bax基因和蛋白表达量,显著上调Bcl-2基因和蛋白表达量,其中高剂量SIF干预效果最为显著(P<0.01)。结论:SIF通过协同调控血糖、减轻氧化应激及抑制JAK/STAT3通路,显著改善亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠的睾丸损伤,为开发生殖功能障碍的功能性食品提供新策略。

大豆异黄酮  /  亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠  /  降血糖  /  睾丸损伤  /  JAK/STAT3信号通路

Objective: To investigate the effect and potential mechanisms of soybean isoflavones (SIF) on the efficacy of lowering blood glucose and repairing testes in rats with subacute aging diabetes mellitus. Methods: After 6 consecutive weeks of administration of SIF by gavage on subacute aging diabetic rats, the fasting blood glucose, body weight, oral glucose tolerance and insulin levels were measured in rats. Also, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to detect the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the morphological changes. Moreover, expression of genes and proteins related to janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway was measured in testes. Results: SIF could significantly reduce fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test-area under the curve (OGTT-AUC), insulin secretion, and increase body mass in rats (P<0.01). All doses of SIF (low, medium, and high doses) reduced oxidative stress, with high-doses SIF had the most significant effect (P<0.01). In addition, SIF significantly down-regulated P53, JAK, STAT3, and BAX at both gene and protein levels, and significantly up-regulated Bcl-2 from both gene and protein levels, in which high-doses SIF showed the most significant effect (P<0.01). Conclusion: SIF significantly ameliorated testicular damage in subacute aging diabetic rats by synergistically regulating blood glucose, attenuating oxidative stress, and inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 pathway, providing a new strategy for the development of functional foods for reproductive dysfunction.

soybean isoflavones  /  subacute aging diabetic rats  /  hypoglycemia  /  testicular injury  /  JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway
郭笑言, 迟晓星, 褚航宇, 王鹤霖, 王颖. 大豆异黄酮对亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠的降糖及睾丸修复作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 428 -436 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050128
Xiaoyan GUO, Xiaoxing CHI, Hangyu CHU, Helin WANG, Ying WANG. Hypoglycemic and Repairing Testes Effects of Soybean Isoflavones on Subacute Aging Diabetic Rats[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 428 -436 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050128
糖尿病是一种慢性全身代谢性疾病,由遗传和环境因素的长期组合引起[1]。随着世界人口逐渐走向老龄化,衰老也逐渐成为学术界研究与讨论的焦点。目前约有4.63亿成年人患有糖尿病[2],据估计,2045年糖尿病患者将达到7亿[3],65岁以上的糖尿病患者将达到2.76亿[4]。目前大量研究发现,衰老与糖尿病存在密切联系,且睾丸损伤的衰老对老年男性的生活质量有严重的影响,其中糖尿病也是引起男性生殖损伤的重要并发症之一。男性糖尿病患者中23%~60%都存在生殖损伤,并常造成男性睾丸生精功能障碍,其发病率是正常人的5~10倍[5]。市场上出现了一些可以发挥降血糖作用的药物,其中二甲双胍是临床用于治疗2型糖尿病(T2D)的代表性药物[6]。虽然其临床降血糖效应很明显,但长期口服给药会对胃肠道、皮肤、神经和肝脏等几个系统产生负面影响,而且很容易发展依赖性[7]。因此,寻找毒副作用小,依赖性小的植物生物活性物质用于老年糖尿病群体的预防和治疗成为目前的研究热点。
大豆异黄酮(soybean isoflavones,SlF)是从豆科植物中提取出来的一种次生代谢产物,因其结构与雌二醇相似而被归类为植物雌激素[8]。大豆异黄酮也是一种植物来源的多酚,可以提高抗氧化酶活性、降低氧化应激损伤,在调节血糖、抗氧化、抗衰、抗炎、抗癌、降血脂方面发挥功效[9−13]。体内实验证实,口服或静脉注射大豆异黄酮对活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)诱导的一系列慢性疾病有一定的保护作用[14−15]。且已有研究证明,大豆异黄酮被认为是具有抗神经退行性疾病作用的生物活性成分。临床研究表明,SIF可显著改善绝经后妇女及阿尔茨海默病患者的认知能力[16−17]。然而,目前国内外对大豆异黄酮的研究多聚焦于女性激素调节及男性生殖毒性评估,关于大豆异黄酮对亚急性衰老糖尿病引发睾丸损伤的保护作用及机制研究的报道较少。
基于此,本研究通过D-半乳糖联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠模型,系统评估SIF对大鼠空腹血糖、体质量、口服葡萄糖耐量等指标的影响,初步探讨其是否具有降血糖作用,并观察SIF对亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠睾丸损伤的修复作用并探讨其作用机制。研究成果将为SIF应用于亚急性衰老糖尿病睾丸损伤的干预提供理论依据,并为开发兼具降糖与生殖保护功能的食药两用产品奠定科学基础。
SD雄性大鼠(10周龄,200±10 g) 购自哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院,生产许可证号:SCXK-(黑)2024-002;大豆异黄酮(纯度:90%) 西安旭全生物技术有限公司;大鼠繁殖饲料 长春市亿斯实验动物有限公司;D-半乳糖 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;链霉佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ) 北京兰杰柯科技有限公司;磷酸盐缓冲液(Phosphate Buffered Saline,PBS)、柠檬酸钠缓冲溶液 Solarbio公司;超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)测试盒、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)试剂盒、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)测试盒、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX)试剂盒 苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司;胰岛素(Insulin,INS)试剂盒 武汉伊莱瑞特生物科技有限公司。
安稳+型血糖仪 三诺生物传感股份有限公司;SPECTRO star Nano全波长酶标仪 德国BMG LABTECH公司;DGA-9080A电热恒温培养箱 海森信公司;DK-8D型水浴锅 上海博迅医疗生物有限公司;5424高速离心机、LC-LX-LRF50D高速离心机 美国Eppendorf公司;VORTEX-5漩涡震荡仪 上海书培实验设备有限公司;SLK-O3000-S脱色摇床仪 SCILOGEX公司;SVE-2 型垂直电泳仪 Servicebio公司;NanoVue Plus超微量分光光度计 Cytiva公司;ABI QuantStudio 1荧光定量PCR仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司。
经黑龙江八一农垦大学动物伦理委员会批准(审批号:SPXY2024017),所有大鼠在符合GB 14925-2023《实验动物环境及设施》标准的SPF级动物房(温度25±1 ℃、湿度55%±5%)中饲养,全程遵循动物福利伦理准则。7 d适应性喂养后,将它们随机分为正常组(NM)和糖尿病组。NM组喂食正常饮食,而糖尿病组喂食高脂肪饮食42 d,颈背注射D-半乳糖(125 mg/kg),构建亚急性衰老模型。随后注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)溶液(40 mg/kg)建立亚急性衰老糖尿病模型。一周后,空腹10 h测定空腹血糖(FBG),FBG大于16.7 mmol/L被认为糖尿病模型成功[18]。衰老糖尿病组进一步细分为五组:疾病模型(MD)组、二甲双胍组(MET)、SIF低剂量(L-SIF)组、SIF中剂量(M-SIF)组和SIF高剂量(H-SIF)组。NM和MD组每天给予生理盐水,MET组给予100 mg/kg二甲双胍,L-SIF、M-SIF、H-SIF组分别给予100、200、300 mg/kg大豆异黄酮灌胃。42 d后空腹12 h,采用乙醚麻醉,对大鼠解剖取血,收集血清,并取出睾丸组织,一部分冻存于−80 ℃,一部分用4%多聚甲醛固定液固定。
每两周空腹10 h测定大鼠FBG,观察大鼠的生长并测定大鼠体质量。实验结束前一天对大鼠进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)。在禁食12 h后,从大鼠尾静脉采集血液,在0 h测定FBG。灌胃给予2 g/kg葡萄糖溶液,在30、60和120 min分别测定血糖,试验结束后计算血糖曲线下面积(Area under the curve,AUC)。
$\rm \text{AUC(mmol/L}\cdot \text{h)}=\sum\left[\frac{(B{G}_{n}+B{G}_{n+1})}{2}\times ({t}_{n+1}-{t}_{n})\right] $
式中:AUC表示血糖曲线下面积,mmol/L·h;BG表示不同时间点的血糖值,mmol/L;t表示时间,h。
在4 ℃下,血液样本以3000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液,按照酶联免疫试剂盒说明书,测定血清中胰岛素(insulin,INS)含量。
称取1 g大鼠睾丸组织,加入10 mL PBS缓冲液用研磨机研磨,5000 r/min、4 ℃离心10 min,取上清液待用。按照酶联免疫试剂盒说明书,取上清液测定睾丸组织中SOD、MDA、CAT和GSH-Px的含量。
取睾丸组织,以质量分数4%多聚甲醛固定液固定,用石蜡包埋,切为5 μm厚度的切片,脱蜡复水后,进行苏木素伊红(HE)染色,于显微镜下观察睾丸组织的病理学变化。
qPCR参照舒欣等[19]的试验方法并稍加修改,将50 mg睾丸组织放入2 mL无酶研磨管中并尽量剪碎,置于液氮中冷却2~3 s,取出后加入1 mL裂解液和研磨珠进行研磨。室温放置5 min,加入0.2 mL氯仿,振荡器上充分振荡混匀30 s,室温放置2~3 min。放于12000 r/min,4 ℃离心10 min,然后吸取含总RNA的上层至一新的离心管中。加入0.5 mL异丙醇,颠倒数次混匀,室温沉淀10 min。12000 r/min,4 ℃离心10 min,得到RNA沉淀。弃去上清液,加入1 mL 75%乙醇,轻轻颠倒混匀,以清洗RNA沉淀。12000 r/min,4 ℃离心2 min,弃去液体。室温倒置晾干5~10 min。加入适量DEPC处理水使RNA沉淀溶解,并用分光光度计测定RNA浓度和纯度,使用逆转录试剂盒将其转为cDNA,42 ℃孵育15 min,85 ℃加热5 s失活。qPCR扩增采用如下步骤:95 ℃预变形2 min,二步循环法反应(95 ℃变性2 s,60 ℃退火延伸30 s),40个循环,得到P53、JAK、STAT3、Bcl-2和Bax的Ct值,GAPDH为内参,通过RQ=2−ΔΔCt计算mRNA表达量。目的基因及引物序列见表1。
Western blot参照HE等[20]的试验方法并稍加修改,大鼠睾丸组织加入放射免疫沉淀试验缓冲液(RIPA)和苯甲磺酰氟(PMSF)。根据BCA方法确定蛋白质浓度,并将四分之一体积的蛋白质负载缓冲液加入离心管中,然后沸水浴10 min,得到睾丸样本蛋白。在十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分离后,转移模型。稀释一抗(TBST溶解的5%脱脂牛奶),4 ℃孵育过夜。用TBST在室温下脱色摇床上洗三次,每次5 min。将二抗用TBST稀释5000倍,室温下孵育30 min后,用TBST在室温下脱色摇床上洗三次,每次5 min用增强化学发光(ECL-A和ECL-B)对蛋白质带进行色处理,用荧光成像仪观察结果,用Alpha软件定量分析Western blot的灰度值。
采用SPSS 26.0和GraphPad Prism 8.0统计软件对实验数据进行分析、处理和绘制。实验结果表示为平均值±标准差。采用单因素方差分析One-way ANOVA的Tukey's检验检测差异的显著性,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。
由图1a可知,给药前,STZ诱导的亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠显示更高的FBG水平,与NM组相比,MD组的FBG极显著提高6.71倍(P<0.01),表明T2D大鼠造模成功。经6周给药处理后,与MD组相比,MET、L-SIF、M-SIF和H-SIF组FBG水平均极显著降低63.88%、38.61%、42.51%、59.11%(P<0.01),存在剂量依赖性,其中H-SIF组对亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠FBG的降低效果与MET组效果相当,表明SIF可以降低亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠的血糖,缓解糖尿病症状。苑慧敏等[21]研究发现,经过大豆异黄酮治疗后,T2DM小鼠的FBG可以明显降低,与本实验结果一致。
体重的降低被认为是糖尿病的典型特征,与葡萄糖代谢缺陷和组织蛋白过度分解有关[22]。由图1b可知,给药前(0周),MD组体质量显著高于MET,M-SIF和H-SIF组(P<0.05),这可能与个体对造模药物(STZ/D-半乳糖)敏感性差异有关,属于随机分组后的偶然现象;6周后,与NM组相比,MD组大鼠体质量下降49.45%,差异极其显著(P<0.01),表明亚急性衰老糖尿病模型导致大鼠体质量严重减轻。经二甲双胍和SIF饮食干预后,与MD组相比,MET、L-SIF、M-SIF和H-SIF组大鼠体质量分别极显著增加38.03%、36.83%、35.66%、46.24%(P<0.01),其中H-SIF组体重增加最多,且存在剂量依赖性,表明SIF可缓解亚急性衰老糖尿病引起的体质量减轻。这种改善作用可能是大豆异黄酮干预后上调GLUT-4葡萄糖转运体的表达,促进肌肉和脂肪组织对葡萄糖的摄取,从而改善糖代谢,间接减少因糖尿病导致的异常体重下降[23],这一结果与MISIAKIEWICZ-HAS等[24]的发现相符。
口服葡萄糖耐量是检测胰腺β细胞调节血液中葡萄糖的能力的重要指标[25]。由图1c可知,MET与H-SIF组大鼠血糖恢复能力较好。由图1d可知,与NM组相比,MD组大鼠AUC值极显著升高3.86倍(P<0.01),表明MD组大鼠存在严重的糖代谢异常。经二甲双胍和SIF饮食干预后,与MD组相比,MET组和H-SIF组大鼠OGTT-AUC值分别极显著降低55.68%和29.34%(P<0.01);L-SIF组和M-SIF组虽分别降低5.59%和19.26%,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。H-SIF组的下降程度虽未优于MET组,但在SIF组中呈现剂量依赖性,H-SIF组AUC值下降最明显,表明SIF干预对亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠的糖耐量异常有一定的改善作用。这种改善的原因可能是大豆异黄酮通过激活胰腺β细胞的雌激素受体β,增强葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌,并减少β细胞凋亡,与XIAO等[26]研究结果一致。
当机体出现胰岛素抵抗时,机体无法利用正常量的胰岛素达到降低高血糖的效果,会分泌更多的胰岛素,使体内胰岛素增加,糖尿病加重[27]。由图1e可知,与NM组相比,MD组大鼠胰岛素水平极显著升高2.52倍(P<0.01),说明MD组大鼠出现胰岛素抵抗。与MD组相比,MET、L-SIF、M-SIF和H-SIF组胰岛素含量均极显著降低67.27%、36.64%、55.19%、63.55%(P<0.01),且SIF组呈现剂量依赖性,其中H-SIF组对亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠INS含量的降低效果与MET组效果相似,说明SIF可以有效改善亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗。这一发现与严静等[28]报道的白耙齿菌提取物的作用相似,进一步证实SIF可通过改善胰岛素抵抗缓解糖尿病症状。
氧化应激被认为是T2D及其相关并发症的基本生理机制[29],也是组织和器官功能逐渐衰老的作用机制的主流学说之一,抑制氧化应激和炎症反应能够有效改善糖尿病雄性大鼠生殖功能[30−31]。衰老大鼠睾丸中SOD、CAT和GSH-Px之间相互作用,无法抑制ROS的水平,从而导致蛋白质、脂质和DNA的氧化,加重氧化应激损伤[32]。SOD和CAT是哺乳动物中常见的抗氧化酶,在减少体内氧化应激方面发挥着重要作用[33],而MDA是生物体内自由基作用于脂质发生过氧化反应的氧化终产物,其含量可以间接反映自由基的产生情况和机体组织细胞的脂质过氧化程度。CAT和SOD是机体内极其关键的细胞保护酶,广泛存在于精浆和精子中[34]。
由图2可知,与NM组相比,MD组大鼠睾丸组织中SOD、CAT和GSH-Px含量极显著降低64.55%、67.08%、47.14%,MDA含量极显著升高72.93%(P<0.01),表明亚急性衰老糖尿病导致睾丸的氧化应激增强。与MD组相比,MET组大鼠睾丸组织中SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性分别极显著提高149.84%、129.85%、145.92%,MDA含量极显著下降38.33%(P<0.01);L-SIF组大鼠睾丸组织中SOD和GSH-Px活性分别显著提高61.45%和51.36%(P<0.01,P<0.05),MDA含量极显著下降30.74%(P<0.01);M-SIF组大鼠睾丸组织中SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性分别极显著提高82.10%、79.42%、100.91%,MDA含量极显著下降38.52%(P<0.01);H-SIF组大鼠睾丸组织中SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性分别极显著提高160.65%、132.95%、286.40%,MDA含量极显著下降47.33%(P<0.01),其中H-SIF组效果最好。
结果表明,SIF可以通过提高SOD、CAT和GSH-Px的活性以及降低MDA含量,来提高糖尿病大鼠的抗氧化能力,降低衰老和高血糖引起的氧化应激,改善睾丸损伤。马文欣等[35]研究发现,通过D-半乳糖诱导衰老大鼠睾丸损伤,探讨枸杞糖肽对大鼠睾丸损伤的保护作用,发现了枸杞糖肽减轻了睾丸的氧化应激,证明了枸杞糖肽减轻因衰老导致的大鼠睾丸损伤,这与本研究的结果相似。大豆异黄酮改善氧化应激的原因可能是其酚羟基通过直接供氢清除ROS,或间接激活抗氧化通路,从而改善睾丸氧化应激[36−37]。
根据图3可知,NM组睾丸组织整体结构正常,可见生精小管管腔结构基本正常,内部各生精细胞丰富,层次分明,未见局部生精细胞变性坏死,结构未见缺失(黑色箭头所示为生精细胞)。而MD组睾丸组织整体结构异常,可见局部生精小管内上皮生精细胞排列紊乱,精原、精母、精子细胞伴随不同程度的变性坏死,细胞核萎缩,层次紊乱;局部管腔内可见坏死精子细胞残留的蛋白纤维素(红色箭头)。但MET和H-SIF组中,衰老糖尿病大鼠的组织学缺陷明显修复,特别是精原细胞、原代精母细胞和Sertoli细胞的数量。本研究中,通过对睾丸组织形态的分析发现,亚急性衰老糖尿病导致睾丸组织病变,而SIF改善了大鼠睾丸组织形态,说明SIF可能具有缓解糖尿病引起的睾丸组织病变的效果,对睾丸具有良好的修复和保护作用。
研究表明,D-半乳糖诱导使亚急性衰老大鼠mRNA发生变化,P53的表达与衰老程度呈正相关[38]。由图4可知,与NM组相比,MD组P53基因mRNA相对表达量极显著升高9.52倍(P<0.01),证实亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠睾丸严重衰老。与MD组相比,MET和H-SIF组P53基因mRNA相对表达量分别极显著降低78.2%、59.6%(P<0.01),表明SIF能够改善亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠睾丸组织老化。JAK/STAT3通路在代谢性疾病的发病机制中起着重要作用[39−40]。在慢性糖尿病状态下,糖基化晚期最终产物的积累和JAK/STAT3的上调促进炎症和细胞凋亡。与NM组相比,MD组JAK和STAT3基因mRNA相对表达量水平极显著升高12.72倍、9.73倍(P<0.01)。与MD组相比,MET组JAK和STAT3基因mRNA相对表达量极显著下降80.7%、77.4%;H-SIF组JAK和STAT3基因mRNA相对表达量极显著下降70.7%、62.1%,表明SIF抑制JAK/STAT3的表达,延缓糖尿病的发展。目前已有研究表明,高血糖引起生精细胞凋亡,其中线粒体凋亡通路是主要通过Bcl-2蛋白家族完成[41−42]。Bcl-2为抑制细胞凋亡的发生基因,Bax为诱导细胞凋亡的发生基因,并且Bcl-2是STAT3的底物之一。Bcl-2蛋白家族包括众多凋亡诱导因子和凋亡抑制因子,其中Bcl-2和Bax是促进生精细胞凋亡的2个关键因子,Bcl-2的主要作用是增加细胞对各种诱导凋亡刺激的抵抗能力,延长细胞寿命,而Bax使细胞对凋亡刺激更敏感,加速细胞凋亡,二者可相互形成二聚体发挥作用[43−44]。与NM组相比,MD组睾丸组织中Bcl-2基因mRNA相对表达量极显著下降96.9%(P<0.01),Bax基因mRNA相对表达量极显著升高9.54倍(P<0.01),表明亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠睾丸细胞严重凋亡。而相比于MD组,MET组睾丸组织中Bcl-2基因mRNA相对表达量极显著升高15.4倍(P<0.01),Bax基因mRNA相对表达量极显著下降78.7%(P<0.01);给予H-SIF组睾丸组织中Bcl-2基因mRNA相对表达量极显著升高4.74倍(P<0.01),Bax基因mRNA相对表达量极显著下降55.1%(P<0.01),表明SIF改善亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠睾丸损伤。
为了进一步探讨SIF对血糖调节和睾丸修复的影响,利用Western blot验证qPCR的结果(图5)。LI等[45]研究发现,衰老小鼠P53蛋白表达量升高加速睾丸衰老,而经过BZBS调节后衰老小鼠P53表达量下降,改善小鼠的精子质量。在亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠睾丸蛋白表达的变化中,与NM组相比,MD组P53的表达极显著升高11.95倍(P<0.01)。与MD组相比,MET和H-SIF饮食干预后,P53表达呈现出极显著下调趋势,分别下降50.7%、39.6%(P<0.01)。该研究结果与LI等[45]研究结果相似。RUAN等[46]研究发现,糖尿病模型小鼠JAK/STAT3信号通路被激活,而可食用藻类Ulva lactuca多糖干预后可抑制该信号通路,提示可食用藻类Ulva lactuca多糖可能通过JAK/STAT3信号通路来减少胰岛素抵抗,进而改善T2D。与NM组相比,MD组JAK和STAT3表达量极显著升高2.71倍、3.33倍(P<0.01),表明睾丸组织中JAK和STAT3被激活。与MD组相比,经过二甲双胍和高剂量SIF饮食干预后,MET组睾丸组织中JAK和STAT3蛋白表达量极显著降低41.7%、52.2%,H-SIF组睾丸组织中JAK和STAT3蛋白表达量极显著降低31.6%、38.8%(P<0.01),这表明SIF抑制亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠JAK和STAT3蛋白的活性。DU等[47]研究发现,SIF对T2D小鼠睾丸细胞凋亡有抑制作用,这种影响可以通过Bax蛋白表达降低和Bcl-2蛋白的表达增加来实现。与MD组相比,MET组睾丸组织中Bcl-2蛋白表达量极显著上升2.45倍(P<0.01),Bax蛋白表达量极显著下降52.9%(P<0.01),H-SIF组睾丸组织中Bcl-2蛋白表达量极显著上升1.91倍(P<0.01),Bax蛋白表达量极显著下降26.7%(P<0.01),该研究结果与DU等[47]研究结果相似。结果说明,SIF可以抑制亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠的衰老,刺激胰岛素对葡萄糖的吸收和利用,改善睾丸损伤。蛋白质印迹和实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,SIF处理后,亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠睾丸中相关蛋白的表达水平与mRNA表达水平的变化趋势一致。已有文献表明,在糖尿病及相关并发症中,JAK/STAT3通路的总蛋白表达与其磷酸化激活水平常呈正相关趋势[48−49]。同时,结合细胞凋亡指标(Bcl-2/Bax)的显著改善,间接推测SIF可能通过抑制JAK/STAT3通路的过度激活来发挥保护作用。因此,SIF修复亚急性衰老糖尿病睾丸损伤的机制可能是其通过抑制JAK/STAT3信号通路,调节能量代谢紊乱和睾丸损伤,其中H-SIF组效果最好。
在本研究中,通过检测空腹血糖指数、体质量、OGTT、胰岛素等不同参数,综合评估了不同剂量SIF对亚急性衰老糖尿病大鼠降血糖的干预能力。其中H-SIF组的大鼠在控制空腹血糖和胰岛素方面表现出与MET相似性能。SIF组大鼠中睾丸的SOD、CAT、GSH-Px含量增加及MDA含量降低,表明了SIF具有抗氧化活性,可以减轻亚急性衰老糖尿病引起的睾丸氧化应激损伤。P53及JAK/STAT3信号通路的改善,表明SIF可以抑制衰老,刺激胰岛素和葡萄糖的吸收和利用,改善睾丸损伤。综上所述,SIF作为大豆活性物质,具有降低血糖、改善衰老、修复睾丸损伤的功能,其作用机制可能涉及对JAK/STAT3信号通路的调控,但该结论尚需通过直接检测通路关键磷酸化水平等研究加以证实。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050128
  • 接收时间:2025-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-16
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    1黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319
    2黑龙江省农产品加工与质量安全重点实验室,黑龙江大庆 163319
    3黑龙江八一农垦大学杂粮工程技术研究中心,黑龙江大庆 163319

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迟晓星(1976−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与质量安全,E-mail:。
王颖(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏工程及食品质量与安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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