Article(id=1320176096260248364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060123, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749571200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684109034, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684109034, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684109034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684109034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=446, endPage=454, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176096482546477, articleId=1320176096260248364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comparison of in Vitro Digestibility Characteristics and Regulatory Effects on Infant Intestinal Flora between Different Milk Powders and Soybean Powder, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the digestive characteristics of milk and soybean powders from different sources in the infant gastrointestinal tract and their effects on gut microbiota, this study compared cow milk powder (CM), goat milk powder (GM), sheep milk powder (SM), and soybean powder (SB). An in vitro continuous infant gastrointestinal digestion model combined with fecal fermentation was established to evaluate protein hydrolysis, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and gut microbial composition. Results showed GM and CM exhibited significantly higher in vitro protein hydrolysis rates than SM and SB (P<0.05). During in vitro fecal fermentation, the three animal milk powders increased butyric acid and valeric acid concentrations by 4~7 times and 1~2 times, respectively. Microbiota analysis revealed that CM and SM generated gut microbial profiles more similar to those of breastfed infants, significantly increasing the abundance of Anaerococcus (P<0.05), which was associated with butyrate production. In contrast, SB showed lower protein digestibility, significantly elevated acetic acid levels and disrupted microbial homeostasis. It was characterized by a marked reduction in the abundance of beneficial genera such as Bifidobacterium and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1. Correlation analysis further confirmed a strong negative correlation between acetic acid concentration and Bifidobacterium abundance (P<0.01). In summary, goat-milk powder and sheep-milk powder were more suitable raw materials for infant formula, offering scientific evidence to inform the rational selection of base powders in infant formula development.

, authors=Linzi LI1, Min ZHOU2, Han RONG3, Fayin YE1, 4, Guohua ZHAO1, 4, 5, Lin LEI1, 4, *, authorsList=Linzi LI, Min ZHOU, Han RONG, Fayin YE, Guohua ZHAO, Lin LEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lin LEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176098244154170, articleId=1320176096260248364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同乳粉和大豆粉体外消化特性及对婴儿肠道菌群的调节作用比较, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同来源的乳粉在婴儿胃肠道中的消化特性及其对肠道菌群的影响,本文以牛奶粉(cow milk powder,CM)、山羊奶粉(goat milk powder,GM)、绵羊奶粉(sheep milk powder,SM)和大豆粉(soybean powder,SB)为研究对象,通过体外模拟婴儿连续胃肠消化与体外发酵,分析其蛋白质水解程度、短链脂肪酸及肠道菌群结构的变化。结果表明,GM与CM的体外蛋白质水解程度显著高于SM和SB(P<0.05),且三种动物乳粉在体外发酵过程中使丁酸和戊酸的浓度分别提高4~7倍和1~2倍。肠道菌群分析显示,CM和SM的菌群结构与纯母乳喂养婴儿较为接近,能显著提高厌氧球菌属(Anaerococcus)的丰度(P<0.05),促进丁酸的产生。SB体外蛋白质消化率较低,显著提高乙酸浓度并破坏肠道菌群稳态,降低双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)和梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1)等有益菌的丰度。相关性分析进一步证实,乙酸的产生与Bifidobacterium丰度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。综上,山羊乳粉及绵羊乳粉更宜作为婴儿配方乳粉的原料,为婴幼儿配方基粉的科学选择提供了实验依据。

, authors=李淋滋1, 周敏2, 荣菡3, 叶发银1, 4, 赵国华1, 4, 5, 雷琳1, 4, *, authorsList=李淋滋, 周敏, 荣菡, 叶发银, 赵国华, 雷琳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=雷琳, authorNote=

李淋滋(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品化学与营养学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
雷琳(1986−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品化学与营养学,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=KPfogqHuhmeJc9tAT8ux3g==, magXml=OpE8lCARKUn5L2w/6XTReQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ycYLgp5wNmo8y91qgGypYg==, pdfFileSize=22668952, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=P0I9WRrUD8aUVMkMhA5l5w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=LNzsrh6/myHZJ71cb0nnnQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320176099116569419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lilinzi0920@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320176099213038413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, authorId=1320176099116569419, language=EN, stringName=Linzi LI, firstName=Linzi, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320176099288535886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, authorId=1320176099116569419, language=CN, stringName=李淋滋, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西南大学食品科学学院,重庆 400715, bio={"content":"

李淋滋(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品化学与营养学,E-mail:

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李淋滋(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品化学与营养学,E-mail:

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注:A:CM上清液;B:GM上清液;C:SM上清液;D:SB上清液;E:CM粉渣;F:GM粉渣;G:SM粉渣;H:SB粉渣;αs-CN:αs-酪蛋白;β-CN:β-酪蛋白;κ-CN:κ-酪蛋白;β-LG:β-乳球蛋白;α-LA:α-乳白蛋白;α:α亚基;α':α'亚基;β:β亚基;acidic:酸性多肽链;basic:碱性多肽链。

, figureFileSmall=mZaOgHTnFW0R+AqH1Nto+w==, figureFileBig=P0I9WRrUD8aUVMkMhA5l5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176101658317692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Microstructure of the in vitro digested residue, figureFileSmall=5ygDUiq1rsh48RMnvFJcHg==, figureFileBig=+1lmqiS4/+ERV9RgOgqNIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176101725426557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=CN, label=图2, caption=体外消化粉渣的微观结构

注:绿色代表脂质,红色代表蛋白质。

, figureFileSmall=5ygDUiq1rsh48RMnvFJcHg==, figureFileBig=+1lmqiS4/+ERV9RgOgqNIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176101788341118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in pH and SCFAs of fecal supernatant at different fermentation times, figureFileSmall=JxfrDofhepEBZJux0K8x6A==, figureFileBig=fVfEpnFG9vQmKJ/4UqXiow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176101842867071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=CN, label=图3, caption=体外发酵上清液的pH及SCFAs的变化

注:不同小写上标字母表示不同样品具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=JxfrDofhepEBZJux0K8x6A==, figureFileBig=fVfEpnFG9vQmKJ/4UqXiow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176101951918976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Rarefaction curves, alpha diversity, and beta diversity analyses of the gut microbiota after 24 h of in vitro fermentation, figureFileSmall=Ey8yN51dZFVSvcF6EuJFRg==, figureFileBig=bKOMCsj3M2ezmEFTvojG+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176102069359489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=CN, label=图4, caption=体外发酵24 h肠道菌群的稀释曲线、α-多样性和β-多样性分析

注:不同小写上标字母表示不同样品具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Ey8yN51dZFVSvcF6EuJFRg==, figureFileBig=bKOMCsj3M2ezmEFTvojG+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176102140662658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes at the level of genus for 24 h of in vitro fermentation, figureFileSmall=RN0lIa/6lcTYxCPS7OJhQw==, figureFileBig=s1DCyXEPkV+BnOeOrbN2hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176102203577219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=CN, label=图5, caption=体外发酵24 h肠道菌群的变化

注:不同小写上标字母表示不同样品具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=RN0lIa/6lcTYxCPS7OJhQw==, figureFileBig=s1DCyXEPkV+BnOeOrbN2hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176102274880388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Correlation analysis of microbial composition and SCFAs in 24h in vitro fermentation, figureFileSmall=tcvcZF9Fkico5rv3A2XnXQ==, figureFileBig=M69+7EKFVx5rQhzUIZ6P9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176102341989253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=CN, label=图6, caption=体外发酵24 h微生物组成与SCFAs的相关性分析

注:*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=tcvcZF9Fkico5rv3A2XnXQ==, figureFileBig=M69+7EKFVx5rQhzUIZ6P9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176102425875334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gas chromatography temperature program for short-chain fatty acid determination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
升温速度(℃/min)保留时间(min)温度(℃)
−150
15−150
5−170
15−240
−11.67240
), ArticleFig(id=1320176102501372807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

短链脂肪酸测定的气相升温程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
升温速度(℃/min)保留时间(min)温度(℃)
−150
15−150
5−170
15−240
−11.67240
), ArticleFig(id=1320176102568481672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes of the total amount and release rate of free amino acids during continuous in vitro digestion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品G0游离氨基酸
总量(mmol)
G60游离氨基酸
总量(mmol)
体外胃消化游离氨基酸
释放率(%)
G60+I60游离氨基酸
总量(mmol)
体外连续胃肠消化游离氨基酸
释放率(%)
CM109.68±2.85b214.63±7.04b95.66±2.19a313.94±17.84a186.08±9.05a
GM99.48±5.07c205.88±4.96b107.14±6.10a306.39±9.56a208.33±13.34a
SM145.39±7.39a259.59±7.41a78.79±8.67b336.80±20.30a131.58±2.74b
SB93.49±4.64c158.94±7.70c70.27±11.02b197.43±12.90b111.07±3.48c
), ArticleFig(id=1320176102635590537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176096260248364, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

体外连续胃肠消化过程中的游离氨基酸总量及释放率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品G0游离氨基酸
总量(mmol)
G60游离氨基酸
总量(mmol)
体外胃消化游离氨基酸
释放率(%)
G60+I60游离氨基酸
总量(mmol)
体外连续胃肠消化游离氨基酸
释放率(%)
CM109.68±2.85b214.63±7.04b95.66±2.19a313.94±17.84a186.08±9.05a
GM99.48±5.07c205.88±4.96b107.14±6.10a306.39±9.56a208.33±13.34a
SM145.39±7.39a259.59±7.41a78.79±8.67b336.80±20.30a131.58±2.74b
SB93.49±4.64c158.94±7.70c70.27±11.02b197.43±12.90b111.07±3.48c
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不同乳粉和大豆粉体外消化特性及对婴儿肠道菌群的调节作用比较
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李淋滋 1 , 周敏 2 , 荣菡 3 , 叶发银 1, 4 , 赵国华 1, 4, 5 , 雷琳 1, 4, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(12): 446-454
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (12) : 446 -454
不同乳粉和大豆粉体外消化特性及对婴儿肠道菌群的调节作用比较
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李淋滋1 , 周敏2, 荣菡3, 叶发银1, 4, 赵国华1, 4, 5, 雷琳1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1西南大学食品科学学院,重庆 400715
  • 2陆军军医大学军事预防医学系军队营养与食品卫生学教研室,重庆 400038
  • 3北京理工大学珠海学院材料与环境学院,广东珠海 519088
  • 4川渝共建特色食品重庆市实验室,重庆 400715
  • 5四川师范大学生命科学学院,四川成都 610101
通讯作者:
雷琳(1986−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品化学与营养学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李淋滋(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品化学与营养学,E-mail:

Comparison of in Vitro Digestibility Characteristics and Regulatory Effects on Infant Intestinal Flora between Different Milk Powders and Soybean Powder
Linzi LI1 , Min ZHOU2, Han RONG3, Fayin YE1, 4, Guohua ZHAO1, 4, 5, Lin LEI1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
  • 2Department of Military Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
  • 3School of Materials and Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology Zhuhai College, Zhuhai 519088, China
  • 4Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
  • 5College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060123
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为探究不同来源的乳粉在婴儿胃肠道中的消化特性及其对肠道菌群的影响,本文以牛奶粉(cow milk powder,CM)、山羊奶粉(goat milk powder,GM)、绵羊奶粉(sheep milk powder,SM)和大豆粉(soybean powder,SB)为研究对象,通过体外模拟婴儿连续胃肠消化与体外发酵,分析其蛋白质水解程度、短链脂肪酸及肠道菌群结构的变化。结果表明,GM与CM的体外蛋白质水解程度显著高于SM和SB(P<0.05),且三种动物乳粉在体外发酵过程中使丁酸和戊酸的浓度分别提高4~7倍和1~2倍。肠道菌群分析显示,CM和SM的菌群结构与纯母乳喂养婴儿较为接近,能显著提高厌氧球菌属(Anaerococcus)的丰度(P<0.05),促进丁酸的产生。SB体外蛋白质消化率较低,显著提高乙酸浓度并破坏肠道菌群稳态,降低双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)和梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1)等有益菌的丰度。相关性分析进一步证实,乙酸的产生与Bifidobacterium丰度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。综上,山羊乳粉及绵羊乳粉更宜作为婴儿配方乳粉的原料,为婴幼儿配方基粉的科学选择提供了实验依据。

乳粉  /  大豆粉  /  体外模拟胃肠消化  /  蛋白质消化  /  短链脂肪酸  /  肠道菌群

To investigate the digestive characteristics of milk and soybean powders from different sources in the infant gastrointestinal tract and their effects on gut microbiota, this study compared cow milk powder (CM), goat milk powder (GM), sheep milk powder (SM), and soybean powder (SB). An in vitro continuous infant gastrointestinal digestion model combined with fecal fermentation was established to evaluate protein hydrolysis, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and gut microbial composition. Results showed GM and CM exhibited significantly higher in vitro protein hydrolysis rates than SM and SB (P<0.05). During in vitro fecal fermentation, the three animal milk powders increased butyric acid and valeric acid concentrations by 4~7 times and 1~2 times, respectively. Microbiota analysis revealed that CM and SM generated gut microbial profiles more similar to those of breastfed infants, significantly increasing the abundance of Anaerococcus (P<0.05), which was associated with butyrate production. In contrast, SB showed lower protein digestibility, significantly elevated acetic acid levels and disrupted microbial homeostasis. It was characterized by a marked reduction in the abundance of beneficial genera such as Bifidobacterium and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1. Correlation analysis further confirmed a strong negative correlation between acetic acid concentration and Bifidobacterium abundance (P<0.01). In summary, goat-milk powder and sheep-milk powder were more suitable raw materials for infant formula, offering scientific evidence to inform the rational selection of base powders in infant formula development.

milk powder  /  soybean powder  /  in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion  /  protein digestion  /  short-chain fatty acids  /  gut microbiota
李淋滋, 周敏, 荣菡, 叶发银, 赵国华, 雷琳. 不同乳粉和大豆粉体外消化特性及对婴儿肠道菌群的调节作用比较. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 446 -454 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060123
Linzi LI, Min ZHOU, Han RONG, Fayin YE, Guohua ZHAO, Lin LEI. Comparison of in Vitro Digestibility Characteristics and Regulatory Effects on Infant Intestinal Flora between Different Milk Powders and Soybean Powder[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 446 -454 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060123
婴儿期是肠道功能与肠道微生态系统建立和发育的关键窗口期,此阶段合理的营养摄入不仅直接关系到婴儿的生长发育,也对其免疫系统的构建和肠道健康具有长远影响。母乳作为天然食物含有丰富的生物活性成分和免疫因子,被广泛认可为婴儿最适合的营养来源。然而,实际中由于母乳供应不足或母亲健康因素的限制,婴儿配方奶粉成为了临床实践中不可或缺的母乳替代营养来源。根据GB/T 10765-2021《食品安全国家标准 婴儿配方食品》,婴儿配方奶粉主要以牛奶、山羊奶、绵羊奶和大豆为主要基料,通过补充维生素、矿物质、益生元等功能性成分实现其营养价值的优化。然而,不同基料来源的蛋白质类型及其组成特征可能显著影响婴儿对配方奶粉的消化吸收效率,并进一步调节肠道微生态结构与代谢功能。
研究表明,婴儿配方粉中蛋白质的组成与含量差异可直接影响其胃肠道内的消化速率与消化产物类型。Ye等[1]通过体外动态婴儿胃消化模型发现,以山羊奶为基础的配方奶粉由于酪蛋白与乳清蛋白比例不同,其蛋白质在胃部的水解速度显著快于牛奶基奶粉。此外,蛋白质在肠道中的消化产物不仅可作为婴儿营养的直接来源,还可通过改变肠道菌群的组成和功能,调节短链脂肪酸(Short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)等肠道代谢产物的生成,影响婴儿肠道健康状态[2]。目前,基于不同基粉蛋白质消化特性对肠道微生态系统调控作用的研究尚不系统,亟待通过更全面的分析进一步揭示其机制。
本研究以纯牛奶粉(cow milk powder,CM)、纯山羊奶粉(goat milk powder,GM)、纯绵羊奶粉(sheep milk powder,SM)和纯大豆粉(soybean powder,SB)四种典型婴儿配方粉基料,通过体外模拟婴儿连续胃肠消化与体外发酵,探讨各配方基粉蛋白质的水解程度、SCFAs生成特征及肠道菌群多样性变化。本研究旨在从蛋白质消化特性与肠道菌群调控两个角度,评价不同基料婴儿配方粉的营养生理效应,为婴儿配方粉的科学优化与精准开发提供理论基础与实践指导。
CM(脂肪含量29%,碳水化合物含量35%,蛋白质含量25%) 内蒙古欧世蒙牛乳制品有限公司;GM(脂肪含量26%,碳水化合物含量39%,蛋白质含量26%)、SM(脂肪含量32%,碳水化合物含量28%,蛋白质含量30%) 菲仕兰食品配料(北京)有限公司;SB(脂肪含量23%,碳水化合物含量25%,蛋白质含量40%) 永和食品(中国)股份有限公司;尼罗红、固绿、胃蛋白酶(S10027,≥30000 U/g) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;米根脂肪酶(80612,≥30 U/mg)、胰脂肪酶(L3126,≥125 U/mg) 美国Sigma公司;胰蛋白酶(T105532,≥250 U/mg) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;Bradford蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(P0006) 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;考马斯亮蓝快速染色液 安徽白鲨生物科技有限公司;其他试剂均为国产分析纯。
H1850R高速台式冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;DHG-9240A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司;TU-1950双光束紫外分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;LSM 800激光共聚焦显微镜 德国卡尔蔡司公司;Scientz-10ND真空冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;ZWY-2102C恒温振荡培养箱 上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司;GIPP-DCY-36Y氮吹仪 上海继谱电子科技有限公司;GC-6890N气相色谱仪 美国安捷伦公司;Phenom Pro10102扫描电镜 复纳科学仪器(上海)有限公司。
体外模拟胃消化参考Ménard等[3]的方法并进行适当调整。将样品以50 ℃蒸馏水充分溶解(15 g/100 mL),并于37 ℃水浴中预热10 min。取5 mL乳液于50 mL离心管中,加入2.94 mL模拟胃液(含24.1 mg/mL胃蛋白酶和1.7 mg/mL米根脂肪酶),涡旋混匀后,使用1 mol/L HCl溶液调整pH至5.3。随后将混合物置于37 ℃恒温摇床(50 r/min)消化60 min,模拟婴儿胃部消化过程。在胃消化0 min(不含酶)和60 min分别取样,记为G0和G60,立即沸水浴灭酶5 min终止反应。消化液随后在4 ℃以4700×g离心20 min,上清液和粉渣分别收集后,置−20 ℃保存待测。
体外模拟连续胃肠消化参考Ménard等[3]的方法并进行适当调整。称取3 g样品,按照1.2.1.1节所述方法进行体外模拟胃消化60 min后,用NaOH溶液(1 mol/L)将消化液pH调节至7.0,再加入4.87 mL模拟肠液(含1.9 mg/mL胰脂肪酶、0.17 mg/mL胰蛋白酶和3.1 mmol/L猪胆盐),涡旋混匀。随后用NaOH溶液(1 mol/L)将混合体系pH调节至6.6,于37 ℃恒温摇床中(50 r/min)消化60 min,以模拟婴儿肠道消化过程。在肠消化进行60 min后取样,记为G60+I60,迅速置于沸水浴中灭酶5 min终止反应。随后将消化液在4 ℃条件下以4700×g离心20 min,分别收集上清液和粉渣,于−20 ℃保存,待后续检测。
采用邻苯二甲醛法(OPA)测定连续胃肠消化过程中不同时间点(G0、G60和G60+I60)样品中上清液游离氨基酸含量[4]。取消化上清液样品20 µL,与OPA试剂200 µL充分混合反应后,利用紫外分光光度计在340 nm波长处测定其吸光度值。以甘氨酸为标准物质绘制标准曲线,所得标准曲线为y=0.2478x-0.0018,(R2=0.9997)。根据标准曲线算出不同消化阶段样品上清液的游离氨基酸含量,并按以下公式计算不同消化阶段样品上清液的游离氨基酸总量及释放率:
$ \text{游离氨基酸总量}(\text{mmol})=\text{C×V} $
$ \text{游离氨基酸释放率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{M}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{M}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{M}}_{\text{0}}}\text{×100} $
式中:C为不同消化阶段样品上清液的游离氨基酸含量,mmol/mL;V为不同消化阶段样品上清液的体积(G0和G60阶段为7.94 mL,G60+I60阶段为12.81 mL),mL;M1为G60或G60+I60阶段样品上清液中游离氨基酸的总量,mmol;M0为G0阶段样品上清液中游离氨基酸的总量,mmol。
参考Ren等[5]的方法,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析消化后样品上清液和粉渣中的主要蛋白质组成。对消化后的上清液,首先采用Bradford法蛋白质测定试剂盒测定各样品的蛋白质浓度,然后将胃消化阶段上清液稀释至与肠消化阶段上清液相同的蛋白浓度。取稀释后的上清液样品2 µL,加入NuPAGE LDS样品缓冲液5 µL、NuPAGE样品还原剂2 µL及去离子水13 µL混合均匀,于70 ℃加热处理10 min,取10 µL处理后的样品进行电泳。将消化后的粉渣冷冻干燥48 h,称0.3 mg样品加入25 µL NuPAGE LDS样品缓冲液、10 µL NuPAGE样品还原剂和65 µL去离子水,室温下以2000 r/min离心1 min,于70 ℃加热10 min,取10 µL上清液进行电泳分析。
电泳分离胶浓度为12%,浓缩胶浓度为5%,电泳条件设置为120 V恒压,电泳时间90 min。电泳结束后,将凝胶置于考马斯亮蓝快速染色液中染色30 min,随后用蒸馏水充分脱色,最后利用凝胶成像分析系统进行拍照并记录结果。
参照Grasso等[6]的方法并进行适当调整,采用激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)观察样品的微观结构,尼罗红用于标记脂质,固绿用于标记蛋白质。CLSM观察前,将10 mL尼罗红溶液(质量浓度为0.01%,溶解于异丙醇中)和30 mL固绿溶液(质量浓度为0.01%,溶解于蒸馏水中)混合均匀。将50 µL混合染液滴加于预先置有样品的载玻片上,于室温条件下静置染色15 min。染色完成后,使用蒸馏水洗涤3次,去除多余染料。尼罗红和固绿分别在488 nm和633 nm波长下进行激发并成像。采用20×物镜对样品进行观察,并利用Imaris Viewer图像分析软件(9.5.1,Bitplane AG公司)对获取的图像进行结构分析。
实验所用婴儿粪便样本来源于4名健康婴儿(年龄1~6个月,2名男婴、2名女婴),均为顺产且纯母乳喂养。所有受试婴儿在采样前至少1个月内无胃肠道疾病史,且未摄入抗生素、益生元或益生菌。粪便样本均征得婴儿法定监护人同意后采集,并在实验前签署书面知情同意书,实验内容遵守相关法律法规及伦理准则(伦理审核批准号HF20240501)。新鲜粪便样本在排出后立即从尿布中采集,尽快转移至实验室−80 ℃冰箱中冷冻保存。实验前将粪便样本在室温下解冻后,按3:10(W/V)比例加入无菌磷酸盐缓冲液(0.1 mol/mL,pH7.4),充分混匀后通过四层灭菌纱布过滤,收集滤液供体外发酵实验使用。基础培养基配制参考Yao等[7]的方法进行。将连续体外胃肠消化后的粉渣冻干48 h,取0.1 g粉渣,加入至50 mL灭菌离心管中,再依次加入9 mL基础生长培养基和1 mL粪浆滤液,涡旋混匀15 s后通氮气30 s进行厌氧处理,密封后置于37 ℃、125 r/min恒温摇床中进行厌氧发酵培养。分别在0、6、12和24 h取样,立即于4 ℃条件下以12000 r/min离心5 min,收集上清液用于pH和短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)测定。取体外发酵24 h的沉淀物(含肠道菌群)迅速保存于−80 ℃冷冻箱中,用于后续16S rDNA测序分析。
参考Zhao等[8]的方法并稍作改进,对发酵上清液SCFAs进行测定,色谱柱为CP-FFAP-CB,检测器和进样口温度均设置为240 ℃,氮气、氢气、空气的流量分别为20、30、300 mL/min,进样量为5 μL,混标定性,以内标法(2-乙基丁酸)定量。升温程序如表1所示。
使用E.Z.N.A.TMMag-Bind soil DNA试剂盒从1.2.2节中发酵24 h获得的肠道菌群沉淀中提取DNA。采用引物338F(5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和806R(5′-GGACTACHVGGGT-WTCTAAT-3′)扩增16S rRNA基因V3~V4区域的高变异区。PCR扩增条件:95 ℃预变性3 min,95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,27个循环,然后72 ℃稳定延伸10 min,最后在4 ℃进行保存。PCR反应体系:模板DNA 10 ng,5×TransStart FastPfu 缓冲液4 µL,2.5mM dNTPs 2 µL,上、下游引物各0.8 µL,TransStart FastPfu DNA聚合酶0.4 µL,后补足至20 µL。所有扩增产物均由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司分析,并在其生物信息平台上进行Illumina Miseq PE300测序数据的处理与分析。对肠道菌群的结构和相对丰度进行定量分析,并使用QIIME 2中的Naive Bayes分类器对获得的ASVs进行物种分类学分析。此外,利用Mothur(版本1.30.2)软件计算样品的α-多样性指数,包括Shannon、Simpson、Ace、Chao1和Sobs指数。β-多样性基于Binary-Euclidean距离进行主坐标分析。通过线性判别分析效应大小(LEfSe,LDA≥3.0),在5组肠道菌群中筛选出27个差异显著的物种。
除肠道细菌分析外,其余数据均表示为“平均值±标准差”(n=3),且实验结果均使用Origin 8.0和SPSS 27.0软件,进行数据处理和分析。采用单因素方差分析和Duncan’s multiple-range检验对不同组间的α-多样性指数、SCFAs进行显著性差异统计。利用Spearman的相关性分析27个关键的ASV与各种代谢参数之间的相关性。P<0.05认为差异显著,P<0.01认为差异极显著。
蛋白质在体外连续胃肠消化过程中的水解程度可通过游离氨基酸含量变化进行评估[9]。由表2所示,体外胃消化60 min后(G60),GM和CM的游离氨基酸释放率显著高于SM和SB(P<0.05),表明GM和CM的蛋白质在婴儿胃阶段具有较高的消化效率。体外连续胃肠消化120 min后(G60+I60),CM和GM的游离氨基酸释放率无显著差异,但均显著高于SM和SB(P<0.05),其中SM又显著高于SB(P<0.05),这可能与样品在胃部低pH环境中的凝乳行为密切相关[10]。酪蛋白在酸性条件下易形成较坚硬、稠密的凝块,不利于胃蛋白酶的深入作用,而乳清蛋白在消化过程中形成的凝乳结构较为松软,具有更高的消化可及性[10]。相较于CM和GM,SM中酪蛋白和乳清蛋白含量最高,可能在一定程度上降低其蛋白质的消化速率[11]。大豆粉游离氨基酸释放量最低,其消化效率受限的原因可能有两方面:一是大豆蛋白与动物乳蛋白在结构上存在显著差异,其二级结构中含有更多疏水结构,易发生聚集,降低了蛋白酶的识别与切割效率;二是大豆中天然存在的抗营养因子(如胰蛋白酶抑制剂等)可能会抑制相关消化酶的活性,从而降低蛋白质的消化程度[12−13]。
图1展示了各样品经过体外模拟婴儿胃肠消化不同阶段后,消化上清液和粉渣的蛋白质组分差异。未经消化处理的上清液(A~D)和粉渣(E~H),蛋白质组成存在明显差异。CM中酪蛋白主要以αs-酪蛋白(αs-CN)和β-酪蛋白(β-CN)为主;GM中β-CN比例更高;SM中同时富含αs-CN与β-CN。大豆粉中蛋白质主要包括β-伴大豆球蛋白的三个亚基:α(76 kDa)、α'(72 kDa)、β(53 kDa)以及酸性多肽链(31~45 kDa)和碱性多肽链(18~20 kDa)。60 min体外胃消化后(G60),酪蛋白(包括αs-CN、β-CN和κ-CN)基本被完全水解,条带几乎消失,这是因为酪蛋白对胃蛋白酶高度敏感,在胃消化阶段被迅速降解[14]。相反,α-乳清蛋白(α-LA)与β-乳球蛋白(β-LG)条带仍较为清晰,表明球状构象的乳清蛋白对胃蛋白酶具有较强抵抗力[15]。经体外模拟连续胃肠消化后(G60+I60),CM、GM和SM中乳清蛋白的条带强度进一步减弱,表明其在肠道阶段持续被水解。图1D和图1H显示,SB主要组分——β-伴大豆球蛋白及其酸性/碱性亚基在胃肠消化过程中条带强度逐渐减弱[16]。
图2展示了各样品在体外模拟胃肠消化各阶段所得粉渣的微观结构变化。图像中绿色代表脂质,红色代表蛋白质[6]。在体外胃消化前(G0),样品中蛋白质与脂质含量均较高,二者以较大颗粒形式分布。经过60 min胃蛋白酶作用后(G60),CM与GM中的红色荧光信号明显减弱,表明大部分蛋白质已被消化。相比之下,SM与SB中仍可观察到大量蛋白质残留。在脂质方面,CM、GM、SM与SB中脂肪含量均减少。经过体外连续胃肠消化后(G60+I60),除大豆粉外,其余三种样品中的蛋白质荧光信号几乎完全消失,说明蛋白质已基本被完全消化。大豆粉中仍可见部分蛋白质残留,进一步证实大豆蛋白在婴儿体外模拟消化体系中水解程度最低,消化效率最差。上述结果与2.1节中游离氨基酸释放率所反映的蛋白质消化趋势一致。
由图3A和图3B可知,SB在发酵24 h后产生了大量的乙酸,导致发酵体系pH最低。研究证明,SB富含的低聚糖如棉籽糖、水苏糖和蔗糖可进入大肠,被肠道菌群快速发酵,主要产生乙酸[17−18]。肠道中过量乙酸会增强致病性大肠杆菌的黏附性与运动性,提高其致病力,同时刺激产生免疫球蛋白A,改变其对肠道菌群的识别与调控,可能干扰肠道菌群的组成与平衡[19−20]。由图3C和图3E可知,在发酵24 h后,各组样品均可显著促进丙酸及戊酸生成(P<0.05),从而导致pH整体呈下降趋势,提示其对肠道益生菌代谢活性具有促进作用。丙酸具有抗结肠炎生理活性,而戊酸具有抗癌、抗糖尿病、抗高血压、抗炎和免疫调节等功能[21−22]。由图3D可知,从发酵0 h到发酵24 h,各组样品的丁酸含量增长幅度较小,且CM、GM和SM的丁酸含量均显著高于SB(P<0.05)。由图3C和图3E可知,GM和SM在体外发酵过程中更有利于促进丙酸和戊酸的生成,对维护肠道健康具有潜在积极作用。
肠道菌群高通量测序分析得到1620236条优化序列,使用QIIME 2中的Naive bayes分类器进行物种分类学分析,得到228个ASVs。由图4A和图4B可知,本研究的α-稀释曲线趋于平缓,说明测序数据量和测序深度已足够覆盖样品中的主要微生物群落,确保了数据分析的准确性和代表性。由图4C~图4G可知,与Control相比,SB显著增加了Simpson指数(P<0.05),降低了Shannon、Ace、Chao1和Sobs指数(P<0.05),表明其肠道菌群的多样性低于母乳喂养的婴儿,丰度减少。相较而言,CM、GM和SM的Shannon、Simpson、Ace、Chao1和Sobs指数与Control相似,表明动物乳粉对肠道菌群的多样性和丰富度影响较小,与母乳喂养组保持相似水平。β-多样性分析中,PCoA主坐标分析结果如图4H所示,Control与SB的群落结构存在明显分离,群落组成差异明显,而与动物乳粉组,特别是GM组和SM组之间的菌群结构表现出明显重叠,说明后两者在调节婴儿肠道菌群方面更接近于母乳。
如图5A所示,Control、CM、GM和SM肠道菌群在属水平上主要包括双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)和梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1)。与Control相比,SB显著增加了未分类肠杆菌科(unclassified_f_Enterobacteriaceae)和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)的相对丰度图(P<0.05)。这可能是大豆蛋白在胃肠道中消化不完全,进入大肠后被肠道菌群进一步发酵,导致菌群结构失调[23]。值得注意的是,unclassified_f_Enterobacteriaceae和Enterobacter已被认为是克罗恩病及肥胖等疾病的潜在生物标志物[24]。由图5B~图5D可知,与Control相比,SB显著降低了Bifidobacterium、Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1和厌氧球菌属(Anaerococcus)相对丰度(P<0.05)。Bifidobacterium为婴儿肠道中最具代表性的有益菌属,能增强肠道免疫力、抑制有害菌生长、保护肠道上皮屏障、降低炎症水平[25]。Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1能发酵膳食纤维产生丁酸,并参与L-谷氨酸的降解,对维持宿主能量代谢与肠道稳态具有积极作用,这与图3D中SB发酵24 h后丁酸产量较低的结果一致[26−27]。相反,由图5D得,CM、GM和SM使Anaerococcus的相对丰度增加了20%~75%。该菌具备产丁酸能力,与动物乳粉发酵24 h后丁酸产量提升4~7倍的结果一致[28]。综上所述,动物乳粉(特别是CM和SM)在调节肠道菌群结构、促进有益菌生长及丁酸生成方面更接近母乳,具备潜在益生作用,而大豆蛋白可能因消化率较低、代谢产物变化等因素,不利于维持婴儿肠道菌群稳定。
进一步探究肠道菌群在属水平上与SCFAs的相关性。如图6所示,Bifidobacterium的相对丰度与乙酸和总SCFAs浓度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);Anaerococcus的相对丰度与丁酸浓度呈呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。结合图5和图3B的结果表明,CM、GM和SM在调节母乳喂养婴儿的肠道菌群结构方面影响较小,菌群构成与Control相似,有助于维持肠道菌群稳态。相比之下,SB显著扰乱肠道菌群结构,抑制Bifidobacterium等有益菌生长,并过度促进乙酸产生,可能对婴儿肠道健康造成不利影响。
本研究通过体外模拟婴儿胃肠消化与体外发酵模型,系统比较了CM、GM、SM与SB在蛋白质消化特性、SCFAs代谢产物及肠道菌群结构方面的差异。结果表明,动物乳粉尤其是GM和SM在胃肠道中具有较高的蛋白质水解效率,能有效促进丁酸和戊酸等有益SCFAs的生成,并维持与母乳喂养婴儿相似的肠道菌群结构,具备良好的消化性能与潜在益生调节作用。相反,SB的蛋白质消化效率最低,易导致肠道中乙酸过量累积,显著扰乱肠道菌群组成,抑制Bifidobacterium等有益菌的生长,可能对婴儿肠道微生态平衡产生不利影响。相关性分析进一步揭示了Bifidobacterium的相对丰度与乙酸和总SCFAs呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),而Anaerococcus的相对丰度与丁酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),强调了关键菌属在SCFAs代谢调控中的重要作用。综上所述,GM和SM在婴儿肠道消化适应性和微生态稳态方面表现出优良特性,为婴幼儿乳源蛋白配方的优化与开发提供了重要的理论依据与实验参考。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060123
  • 接收时间:2025-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-11
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    1西南大学食品科学学院,重庆 400715
    2陆军军医大学军事预防医学系军队营养与食品卫生学教研室,重庆 400038
    3北京理工大学珠海学院材料与环境学院,广东珠海 519088
    4川渝共建特色食品重庆市实验室,重庆 400715
    5四川师范大学生命科学学院,四川成都 610101

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雷琳(1986−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品化学与营养学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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