Article(id=1320176086621728825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050280, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748361600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684106736, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684106736, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684106736, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684106736, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=437, endPage=445, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176086848221242, articleId=1320176086621728825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Extraction Process of Pueraria lobata Flavonoids and Its Protective Effect on Aluminum-induced Intestinal Barrier Damage, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Pueraria lobata (TFPL), and evaluate its therapeutic potential in alleviating aluminum-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. Methods: The extraction process was optimized via orthogonal design, with the yield of total flavonoids as the index. An in vitro intestinal barrier injury model was established using aluminum-exposed HT-29 cells. The protective effect of TFPL on the intestine was comprehensively assessed through a multi-parameter evaluation system, which encompassed in vitro antioxidant capacity assays, intestinal epithelial monolayer permeability measurements, quantitative analysis of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and molecular profiling of both inflammatory cytokines and tight junction protein expression. Results: The optimized extraction parameters were established as follows: Ultrasonic power of 400 W, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30 g/mL, extraction duration of 60 min, and ethanol concentration of 60%. Under these optimal conditions, the maximum yield of total flavonoids reached 4.65±0.05 mg/g. The in vitro antioxidant assays indicated TFPL was capable of scavenging DPPH, ABTS+, and hydroxyl radicals. In aluminum-exposed HT-29 cells, TFPL was demonstrated to significantly (P<0.05) improve reduced TEER value, increased FITC-dextran permeability, elevated ROS levels, upregulated secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β, activated NF-κB pathway, and downregulated expression of Claudin-4 and Occludin. Conclusion: TFPL exhibited protective effects on the intestine against aluminum-induced damage. The underlying mechanism might be associated with oxidative stress mitigation, anti-inflammatory actions, and tight junction modulation.

, authors=Meiyan WANG, Meidi SUN, Zhiqiang MA, Ning ZHANG, Jiaye CHEN, Hui ZHAO*, authorsList=Meiyan WANG, Meidi SUN, Zhiqiang MA, Ning ZHANG, Jiaye CHEN, Hui ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hui ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176088794378313, articleId=1320176086621728825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=葛根黄酮提取工艺优化及对铝诱导的肠屏障损伤的保护作用, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:优化葛根黄酮提取工艺并探究其对铝诱导的肠屏障损伤的保护作用。方法:以总黄酮得率为指标,在单因素实验基础上采用正交设计优化葛根总黄酮的提取工艺;以Al3+诱导人结肠腺癌细胞HT-29建立肠屏障损伤细胞模型,通过检测单层肠上皮细胞屏障通透性、胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平、炎症因子分泌、紧密连接蛋白表达量等指标,结合体外抗氧化活性,系统评价葛根总黄酮提取物(extract of total flavonoids from Pueraria lobata,TFPL)对铝诱导的肠屏障损伤的保护作用。结果:葛根总黄酮最优提取工艺为超声功率400 W、料液比1:30 g/mL、提取时间60 min、乙醇体积分数60%,在此条件下总黄酮得率为4.65±0.05 mg/g;体外抗氧化测试结果显示,TFPL对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和羟基自由基均具有良好的清除能力;细胞实验结果显示,TFPL能够显著(P<0.05)改善Al3+诱发的肠上皮细胞单层跨膜电阻(transepithelial electrical resistance,TEER)值降低、FITC-葡聚糖渗透量增加、胞内ROS水平升高、促炎因子TNF-α和IL-1β分泌增加、NF-κB信号通路活化、紧密连接蛋白Claudin-4与Occludin表达量降低。结论:TFPL预处理对Al3+刺激诱导的肠屏障损伤具有显著保护作用,其机制与降低氧化应激、抗炎以及调节紧密连接有关。

, authors=王梅燕, 孙美娣, 马志强, 张宁, 陈家烨, 赵辉*, authorsList=王梅燕, 孙美娣, 马志强, 张宁, 陈家烨, 赵辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵辉, authorNote=

王梅燕(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能食品与生物活性物质,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵辉(1973−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:功能食品研究与开发,E-mail:。
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注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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注:A不同浓度Al3+对HT-29细胞存活率的影响;B不同质量浓度TFPL预处理对Al3+刺激下HT-29细胞存活率的影响。P<0.05有统计学差异,用“*”表示;P<0.01差异显著性较强,用“**”表示;P<0.001差异显著性极强,用“***”表示;“ns”表示统计学差异不显著,图4~图7同。

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注:图A的不同小写字母表示数据差异显著,P<0.05。

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注:A为qPCR 检测TNF-α和IL-1β mRNA表达水平;B和C为WB检测NF-κB p-p65蛋白表达水平。

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Factors and levels of orthogonal design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A超声功率
(W)
B料液比
(g/mL)
C提取时间
(min)
D乙醇体积分数
(%)
12001:206020
23001:257540
34001:309060
), ArticleFig(id=1320176095551402117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176086621728825, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正交试验因素水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A超声功率
(W)
B料液比
(g/mL)
C提取时间
(min)
D乙醇体积分数
(%)
12001:206020
23001:257540
34001:309060
), ArticleFig(id=1320176095912112262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176086621728825, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental design and results for orthogonal test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABCD总黄酮得率(mg/g)
111112.89±0.08
212222.78±0.03
313333.00±0.04
421233.28±0.05
522313.03±0.04
623124.47±0.10
731323.23±0.07
832134.56±0.13
933214.35±0.07
K12.893.133.973.42
K23.593.463.473.49
K34.053.943.093.61
R1.160.810.880.19
), ArticleFig(id=1320176096008581255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176086621728825, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABCD总黄酮得率(mg/g)
111112.89±0.08
212222.78±0.03
313333.00±0.04
421233.28±0.05
522313.03±0.04
623124.47±0.10
731323.23±0.07
832134.56±0.13
933214.35±0.07
K12.893.133.973.42
K23.593.463.473.49
K34.053.943.093.61
R1.160.810.880.19
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葛根黄酮提取工艺优化及对铝诱导的肠屏障损伤的保护作用
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王梅燕 , 孙美娣 , 马志强 , 张宁 , 陈家烨 , 赵辉 *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(12): 437-445
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (12) : 437 -445
葛根黄酮提取工艺优化及对铝诱导的肠屏障损伤的保护作用
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王梅燕 , 孙美娣, 马志强, 张宁, 陈家烨, 赵辉*
作者信息
  • 天津市食品科学与工程国际联合研究中心,天津商业大学生物技术与食品科学学院,天津 300134
通讯作者:
赵辉(1973−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:功能食品研究与开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王梅燕(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能食品与生物活性物质,E-mail:

Optimization of Extraction Process of Pueraria lobata Flavonoids and Its Protective Effect on Aluminum-induced Intestinal Barrier Damage
Meiyan WANG , Meidi SUN, Zhiqiang MA, Ning ZHANG, Jiaye CHEN, Hui ZHAO*
Affiliations
  • Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Food Science, Engineering School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050280
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目的:优化葛根黄酮提取工艺并探究其对铝诱导的肠屏障损伤的保护作用。方法:以总黄酮得率为指标,在单因素实验基础上采用正交设计优化葛根总黄酮的提取工艺;以Al3+诱导人结肠腺癌细胞HT-29建立肠屏障损伤细胞模型,通过检测单层肠上皮细胞屏障通透性、胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平、炎症因子分泌、紧密连接蛋白表达量等指标,结合体外抗氧化活性,系统评价葛根总黄酮提取物(extract of total flavonoids from Pueraria lobata,TFPL)对铝诱导的肠屏障损伤的保护作用。结果:葛根总黄酮最优提取工艺为超声功率400 W、料液比1:30 g/mL、提取时间60 min、乙醇体积分数60%,在此条件下总黄酮得率为4.65±0.05 mg/g;体外抗氧化测试结果显示,TFPL对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和羟基自由基均具有良好的清除能力;细胞实验结果显示,TFPL能够显著(P<0.05)改善Al3+诱发的肠上皮细胞单层跨膜电阻(transepithelial electrical resistance,TEER)值降低、FITC-葡聚糖渗透量增加、胞内ROS水平升高、促炎因子TNF-α和IL-1β分泌增加、NF-κB信号通路活化、紧密连接蛋白Claudin-4与Occludin表达量降低。结论:TFPL预处理对Al3+刺激诱导的肠屏障损伤具有显著保护作用,其机制与降低氧化应激、抗炎以及调节紧密连接有关。

葛根黄酮  /  提取  /  工艺优化  /  铝  /  肠屏障

Objective: To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Pueraria lobata (TFPL), and evaluate its therapeutic potential in alleviating aluminum-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. Methods: The extraction process was optimized via orthogonal design, with the yield of total flavonoids as the index. An in vitro intestinal barrier injury model was established using aluminum-exposed HT-29 cells. The protective effect of TFPL on the intestine was comprehensively assessed through a multi-parameter evaluation system, which encompassed in vitro antioxidant capacity assays, intestinal epithelial monolayer permeability measurements, quantitative analysis of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and molecular profiling of both inflammatory cytokines and tight junction protein expression. Results: The optimized extraction parameters were established as follows: Ultrasonic power of 400 W, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30 g/mL, extraction duration of 60 min, and ethanol concentration of 60%. Under these optimal conditions, the maximum yield of total flavonoids reached 4.65±0.05 mg/g. The in vitro antioxidant assays indicated TFPL was capable of scavenging DPPH, ABTS+, and hydroxyl radicals. In aluminum-exposed HT-29 cells, TFPL was demonstrated to significantly (P<0.05) improve reduced TEER value, increased FITC-dextran permeability, elevated ROS levels, upregulated secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β, activated NF-κB pathway, and downregulated expression of Claudin-4 and Occludin. Conclusion: TFPL exhibited protective effects on the intestine against aluminum-induced damage. The underlying mechanism might be associated with oxidative stress mitigation, anti-inflammatory actions, and tight junction modulation.

Pueraria lobata flavonoids  /  extract  /  process optimization  /  aluminum  /  intestinal barrier
王梅燕, 孙美娣, 马志强, 张宁, 陈家烨, 赵辉. 葛根黄酮提取工艺优化及对铝诱导的肠屏障损伤的保护作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 437 -445 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050280
Meiyan WANG, Meidi SUN, Zhiqiang MA, Ning ZHANG, Jiaye CHEN, Hui ZHAO. Optimization of Extraction Process of Pueraria lobata Flavonoids and Its Protective Effect on Aluminum-induced Intestinal Barrier Damage[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 437 -445 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050280
随着现代工业发展,国人平均铝摄入量已严重超标,铝暴露引发的健康问题日趋严峻[1]。膳食铝摄入约38%累积在肠粘膜,通过影响肠道通透性、微生物群和免疫功能导致肠屏障功能障碍,进而与炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)、乳糜泻(coeliac disease,CD)、移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease,GvHD)等疾病密切相关[2−3]。Jeong等[4]报道中高剂量铝暴露会诱发小鼠结肠氧化应激和炎症反应,破坏肠上皮紧密连接结构。目前针对铝致肠损伤的干预手段非常有限[5−6],因此从天然产物中发掘具有肠屏障保护作用的活性成分具有重要意义。
葛根是豆科葛属植物葛(Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.)的干燥根,是我国传统药食同源物质之一。葛根黄酮类成分已被证实具有抗氧化、抗炎及调节细胞信号通路的潜力[7−10],然而其对铝诱导肠屏障损伤的保护效应及机制尚未阐明。基于本课题组前期构建的天然产物分析分离平台及活性筛选体系[11−14],本研究创新性地选取葛根黄酮作为研究对象,旨在从药食同源视角探索防治铝致肠黏膜损伤的新策略。葛根黄酮的提取工艺优化是保障其生物活性研究的基础,故本研究首先通过正交设计优化葛根总黄酮的提取工艺,继而以AlCl3作为诱导剂,在人结肠腺癌细胞HT-29基础上建立肠屏障损伤模型,旨在评价葛根总黄酮提取物(extract of total flavonoids from Pueraria lobata,TFPL)对Al3+诱导的肠屏障损伤的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。本研究不仅为葛根资源及其黄酮成分的深度开发提供了理论依据,也为铝致肠道疾病的防治策略拓展了新思路。
葛根 由江西省上饶市生态花农产品开发有限公司提供;芦丁、槲皮素、葛根素、大豆苷、大豆苷元、染料木素等标准品 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;甲醇、甲酸、乙腈等色谱纯试剂 天津市康科德科技有限公司;DPPH、ABTS+ 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;人类结肠癌HT-29细胞 江苏齐氏生物科技有限公司;FITC-葡聚糖、蛋白裂解液等 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;TNF-α、Il-1β、p65、p-p65、Occludin、Claudin-4等 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;其他试剂均为分析纯。
KQ-100DE数控超声波清洗机 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;11260II高效液相色谱仪 美国Agilent Technologies公司;VERSA max酶标仪 Molecular Devices(上海)有限公司;LC96荧光定量PCR仪 美国Roche公司;EVOM2跨膜细胞电阻仪 美国WPI公司;CKX31倒置显微镜 日本Olympus公司;Milli-Q Advantange A10 超纯水系统 美国Millipore公司。
将葛根外皮去除,切成条状,烘干,粉碎,过0.425 mm筛,置于干燥器中备用。称取葛根粉末1.0 g,按料液比1:20 g/mL加入体积分数40%乙醇溶液,于温度60 ℃、功率300 W条件下超声辅助提取60 min,冷却至室温,8000 r/min离心10 min,抽滤,滤液浓缩干燥,所得冻干粉末即为TFPL。
参照课题组先前建立的黄酮含量测定方法[15],总黄酮得率以芦丁当量RE(rutin equivalent)表示。以吸光度A为纵坐标、芦丁质量浓度ρ(mg/mL)为横坐标,绘制标准曲线,得到标准曲线方程为A=0.5956ρ+0.0278,R2=0.9980。根据标准曲线计算葛根总黄酮得率。
以料液比1:20 g/mL、乙醇体积分数40%、超声功率300 W、提取时间60 min为初始条件,葛根总黄酮得率为指标,依次对四个因素乙醇体积分数(20%、40%、60%、80%、100%)、料液比(1:10、1:15、1:20、1:25、1:30 g/mL)、超声功率(200、300、400、500、600 W)、提取时间(30、45、60、75、90 min)进行优化。
在单因素实验基础上,以超声功率(A)、料液比(B)、提取时间(C)、乙醇体积分数(D)为考察因素,以总黄酮得率为考察指标,设计L9(34)正交试验。因素水平见表1。
参照文献[16]方法测定并计算TFPL对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基及羟基自由基清除率,以抗坏血酸作为阳性对照。
分别取2 mL系列浓度为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/mL TFPL溶液,加入0.1 mmol/L DPPH溶液2 mL充分混匀,37 ℃下避光处理30 min,在517 nm波长处测定吸光度值。以抗坏血酸作阳性对照,按公式(1)计算DPPH自由基清除率。
$\rm 自由基清除率(\text{%})= \left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0表示空白对照吸光度值;A1表示样品组吸光度值;A2表示样品本底吸光度值。
分别取1 mL系列浓度为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/mL TFPL溶液,加入0.2 mmol/L ABTS+溶液3 mL充分混匀,室温暗处反应10 min,在734 nm波长处测定吸光度值。以抗坏血酸作阳性对照,按公式(1)计算ABTS+自由基清除率。
分别取2 mL系列浓度为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/mL TFPL溶液,加入5 mmol/L 硫酸亚铁溶液、5 mmol/L过氧化氢溶液、5 mmol/L水杨酸溶液各2 mL,37 ℃下反应1 h,在517 nm波长处测定吸光度值。以抗坏血酸作阳性对照,按公式(1)计算羟基自由基清除率。
从液氮罐中取出HT-29细胞,将冻存管迅速置于37 ℃水浴中复苏细胞。离心收集细胞,加入5 mL高糖DMEM培养液(含体积分数10%热灭活胎牛血清、1%青霉素-链霉素),置于37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养,每天更换培养液,待细胞生长状况良好(70%~80%融合)时,按实验所需浓度接种于细胞培养板进行实验。
将HT-29接种到96孔板,分为空白对照组和TFPL组。TFPL组设置6个浓度,以60%乙醇溶解TFPL使其终质量浓度分别为0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 μg/mL,作用4 h,每孔加入20 μL MTT,4 h后弃上清液,每孔加入200 μL DMSO,振荡5 min溶解结晶物。空白对照组以完全培养基代替TFPL,其他处理相同。用酶标仪在波长570 nm处测定吸光度并计算各质量浓度TFPL作用下的HT-29细胞存活率。
实验分为AlCl3组和空白对照组。AlCl3组设置5个物质的量浓度,分别为1、2、4、8、16 mmol/L。同1.2.7.1方法进行后续处理。计算Al3+处理下的细胞存活率以及AlCl3的半数抑制浓度。
实验分为空白对照组、模型组和TFPL组。TFPL组设置6个质量浓度,分别为0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.0 μg/mL。经不同质量浓度TFPL预处理2 h后,除空白对照组外,其余各组均加入AlCl3,使其终浓度为6 mmol/L,作用8 h。同1.2.7.1方法进行后续处理,检测各组吸光度并计算细胞存活率。
HT-29细胞接种于带有聚酯膜的Transwell培养板(膜孔径0.4 μm,面积0.33 cm2),细胞密度为8×104个/孔,小室基底侧(basolateral,BL)加入600 μL DMEM培养基,肠腔侧(apical,AP)加入10 μL细胞悬液,接种后隔天换液,一周后每天换液,培养21 d建立细胞紧密连接模型,待用。
HT-29细胞分化21 d后,无血清培养24 h,在Transwell小室AP层加入2 µL 0.8 μg/mL TFPL预处理4 h,再加入6 mmol/L AlCl3处理,参考文献[17]方法分别在处理后12、24、36、48 h用Millicell-ERS电阻仪测定跨内皮阻抗TEER值。
HT-29细胞分化21 d后,用PBS轻轻冲洗Transwell小室2遍,在小室AP层加入0.1 mg/mL FITC-葡聚糖100 µL,BL层加入600 µL PBS,在培养箱中孵育2 h,从BL层取100 µL液体于全黑96孔板上样,用多功能酶标仪检测吸光度并计算FITC-葡聚糖渗透量。
HT-29细胞以密度为4×104个/孔接种于六孔板,贴壁后加入0.8 μg/mL TFPL预处理4 h,再加入终浓度为6 mmol/L AlCl3处理8 h。加入2',7'-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(DCFH-DA,10 μmol/L)孵育30 min。参考实验室已建立方法[18],检测胞内荧光强度并分析ROS水平。
用TRIzol试剂从HT-29细胞中提取总RNA,用反转录试剂盒(Roche)反转录成cDNA,使用ROCHE LightCycler® 96 PCR仪进行qPCR。引物如下:TNF-α:5′-CCTCTCTCTAATCAG CCCTCTG -3′ (forward) and 5′-GAGGACCTGGGAGTAGATGAG-3′ (reverse);IL-1β:5′-AGCTACGAATCTCCGACCAC-3′ (forward) and 5′-CGTTATCCCATGTGTCGAAGAA-3′ (reverse)。采用qPCR检测Al3+刺激及TFPL预保护后肠上皮细胞中TNF-α和IL-1β mRNA的表达水平。
提取细胞总蛋白,采用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定总蛋白浓度。取蛋白样品经SDS-PAGE电泳后转移到PVDF膜上,5%脱脂奶粉封闭1 h,孵育一抗,TBST洗涤,加入抗一抗种属来源的二抗,孵育1 h,ECL显影,化学发光成像系统对条带进行检测与分析。采用WB检测Al3+刺激及TFPL预保护后NF-κB信号通路中p65与p-p65蛋白的表达水平。
采用qPCR与WB 检测Al3+刺激及TFPL预保护后肠上皮细胞紧密连接蛋白的表达水平,其步骤同1.2.10。qPCR所用引物如下:Occludin:5′-CGGCGAGTCCTGTGATGAG -3′ (forward) and 5′-TCTTGTATTCCTGTAGGCCAGT-3′ (reverse);Claudin-4:5′-ACTGCCTGGAGGATGAAAGC-3′ (forward) and 5′-GCGGAGTAAGTCGTCCTGATCC-3′ (reverse)。
数据均为3至5次独立实验所得,数据以平均值±标准差表示,采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件绘图。采用SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行统计分析,通过方差分析(ANOVA)、t检验等进行组间差异性比较,P<0.05认为有统计学差异。
由图1A可知,葛根总黄酮得率随乙醇体积分数的增加呈现典型的单峰变化趋势。当乙醇体积分数为40%时,提取效率达到峰值(2.42±0.11 mg/g),这可能是由于该浓度下溶剂的极性与葛根黄酮类物质的极性匹配较好,符合“相似相溶”基本原理[19]。但当乙醇体积分数超过40%后,溶剂极性降低导致与目标成分的极性差异增大,从而显著影响提取效率(P<0.05)。此结果与郑沛等[20]在半枝莲总黄酮提取中的发现具有一致性,表明提取溶剂极性变化能直接影响黄酮类天然产物的萃取效率。基于上述结果,乙醇体积分数选取20%、40%、60%三个水平,通过正交试验进一步优化提取工艺参数。
由图1B可知,在料液比1:10~1:25 g/mL范围内,葛根总黄酮得率呈显著剂量依赖性增长趋势,峰值得率为4.36±0.03 mg/g,表明适当增加溶剂用量可有效促进黄酮类物质的溶出。可能是由于提取溶剂体积的增加改善了传质效率,使黄酮化合物更充分地与溶剂接触[21]。然而,当料液比超过1:25 g/mL后,得率曲线进入平台期(P>0.05),表明此时溶质-溶剂体系已达到溶解平衡。这一规律与裴龙英等[22]在羊肚菌多糖的提取中观察到的“饱和效应”具有一致性,反映了料液比对植物活性成分提取过程中的共性作用。因此,本研究选取1:20、1:25、1:30 g/mL三个水平作为正交试验中液料比参数。
由图1C和图1D可知,随着超声功率或超声时间的增加,葛根总黄酮得率呈现先升高后降低的趋势。这可能是因为,适当增加超声功率或延长超声时间有助于通过空化效应促进植物细胞壁破裂,从而显著增加总黄酮的溶出量[23]。然而,当超声参数超过临界值后,可能因过度破碎导致细胞内容物中杂质大量释放,与黄酮形成竞争性溶出环境;此外,超声产生的局部高温也可能引发黄酮类天然产物的热不稳定和降解。该变化趋势与徐璐瑶等[24]在超声辅助提取玫瑰茄黄酮工艺优化中的结果基本一致,进一步证实了超声辅助提取过程中“溶出—降解”动态平衡的普遍性,也为工艺参数优化提供了理论依据。因此,本研究选取200、300、400 W三个功率梯度与60、75、90 min三个时间梯度进行正交试验设计,以期系统考察超声参数对葛根总黄酮得率的影响。
采用极差分析法对正交试验数据进行分析,结果见表2。
由表2可知,各因素对葛根总黄酮得率的影响由大到小依次为A超声功率>C提取时间>B料液比>D乙醇体积分数;最优工艺条件为A3B3C1D3,即超声功率400 W、料液比1:30 g/mL、提取时间60 min、乙醇体积分数60%。在此最佳工艺条件下进行验证实验,测得葛根总黄酮得率分别为4.58、4.71、4.67 mg/g,平均值为4.65±0.05 mg/g,高于正交试验各处理组的总黄酮得率,证实了优化工艺的可靠性和重现性。与文献报道相比,本研究采用的超声辅助提取法展现出明显优势:曾祥群[25]的研究证实醇提法对葛根黄酮的提取效率较水提法和铅盐法更高;朱德艳等[26]虽采用超声辅助提取,但因未优化超声参数,得率仅为2.91 mg/g;虽然占晨等[27]的水浴回流法得率较高(5.3 mg/g),但该法能耗较大且有机溶剂用量多。综合比较表明,本研究基于正交设计建立的超声辅助提取工艺在保持较高提取率的同时,兼具操作便捷,稳定性良好,绿色环保等优势,适用于葛根黄酮的提取。
由图2可知,在质量浓度为0.2~1.0 mg/mL范围内,TFPL对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基、羟基自由基的清除率分别从20.2%、33.6%、53.3%升高至60.2%、91.5%、71.2%,其清除效果均呈一定质量浓度依赖性。与阳性对照相比,TFPL对以上三种自由基的清除能力在本研究测试浓度范围内整体弱于抗坏血酸。其中,在质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,TFPL对ABTS+自由基的清除率相对较强,与抗坏血酸接近。自由基清除试验结果表明TFPL具有一定的体外抗氧化能力,故进一步通过细胞实验考察其是否具有肠道保护功效。
由图3A可知,与对照组(AlCl3浓度为0 mmol/L)相比,浓度为1 mmol/L AlCl3刺激对细胞存活率没有显著影响(P>0.05),之后随着AlCl3浓度由2 mmol/L逐渐升高至16 mmol/L,HT-29细胞存活率显著降低(P<0.05)。经半数抑制浓度公式计算[28],选用浓度为6 mmol/L的AlCl3建立肠上皮细胞损伤模型。
MTT实验结果显示,TFPL质量浓度分别为0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 μg/mL时,细胞存活率均不低于100%。因此,在质量浓度0.05~1.6 μg/mL范围内,TFPL预处理对HT-29细胞没有显著毒性。由图3B可知,与AlCl3模型组相比,低浓度TFPL(0.05~0.2 μg/mL)预处理对细胞存活率无显著改善(P>0.05),而当浓度提升至0.4~1.6 μg/mL时,HT-29细胞存活率显著升高(P<0.05)。基于以上结果,本研究选取0.4、0.8、1.6 μg/mL三个浓度进行预实验,结果显示0.4 μg/mL保护效果有限,而0.8与1.6 μg/mL组均有显著作用,但二者之间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。考虑到药物经济性和潜在副作用,最终选用质量浓度为0.8 μg/mL TFPL进行后续实验。
如图4A所示,与对照组相比,Al3+组的TEER值在铝刺激12 h出现明显下降且在24、36、48 h呈现持续下降,而TFPL组TEER值在相同时间节点均显著高于Al3+组(P<0.05),表明铝刺激可破坏HT-29单层细胞屏障,使其电阻值下降,而TFPL预处理可显著抑制由铝刺激诱导的TEER值下降。如图4B所示,与对照组比较,Al3+组共培养模型HT-29细胞的FITC-葡聚糖渗透量显著增加(P<0.05);与Al3+组相比,TFPL组的FITC-葡聚糖渗透量显著下降(P<0.05),表明Al3+刺激可使HT-29细胞通透性增高,而TFPL预处理可显著抑制该通透性的增加。
单层肠上皮细胞屏障损伤是引起肠道屏障功能障碍重要的一环,细菌及其毒素等会易位进入血液循环,刺激自身免疫系统引起多种免疫性疾病[29−30]。TEER和FITC-葡聚糖渗透量(图4)实验结果表明,铝刺激会导致肠上皮通透性增加,诱发肠屏障损伤,而TFPL预处理可显著缓解铝诱发的肠通透性增加,对单层肠上皮细胞屏障有一定保护作用。
金属离子是体内氧化应激的重要诱因之一[31]。氧化应激会促进ROS产生,直接或间接氧化损伤蛋白质、DNA等生物大分子,增加炎症反应,还可能通过“feed-forward loop”机制进一步刺激ROS产生,被认为是导致细胞衰老和死亡的重要诱因[32−33]。
TFPL预处理对铝刺激HT-29细胞内ROS积累的影响如图5所示。Al3+细胞内ROS水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而TFPL细胞内ROS水平显著低于Al3+组(P<0.01)。由此可见,Al3+刺激可促进HT-29细胞内ROS积累,而TFPL预处理可显著拮抗Al3+诱导的胞内ROS水平升高。
肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白介素-1β(IL-1β)等促炎细胞因子对肠道机械屏障具有重要的调节作用[34]。最近研究表明,IL-1β引起肠屏障通透性增加可进一步激活核转录因子核因子-κB(NF-κB),该过程是肠绒毛损伤和肠道炎症的重要诱因之一[35]。故本研究采用qPCR和WB分别检测了炎症因子TNF-α和IL-1β,以及NF-κB p-p65的表达情况,结果见图6。
从图6A可见,与对照组相比,Al3+刺激使HT-29细胞TNF-α和IL-1β mRNA的表达水平分别升高至1.5倍和3.2倍,而TFPL预处理显著降低了TNF-α和IL-1β mRNA的表达水平(P<0.001)。由图6B可见,Al3+刺激使NF-κB信号通路中p-p65表达量上调至对照组的1.4倍,而TFPL预处理使p-p65表达量显著下调至Al3+组的0.2倍(P<0.01)。以上结果表明,TFPL可以通过降低TNF-α和IL-1β促炎因子的表达且抑制NF-κB信号通路改善肠上皮细胞的炎性损伤。肠道局部炎性反应加剧会引起肠屏障损伤,TFPL对肠上皮细胞炎性损伤具有修复作用,进而维持肠上皮屏障的完整性。刘琦等[36]的研究发现毛蕊异黄酮改善肝硬化大鼠肠黏膜屏障损伤的作用机制同样涉及炎症因子表达的调控和NF-κB信号通路的抑制。这些研究共同提示,通过调控炎症反应和信号通路可能是保护肠屏障功能的潜在治疗策略。
肠上皮细胞间隙的连接,特别是位于上皮细胞侧面顶端的紧密连接在维持肠道屏障完整性中发挥着关键作用。紧密连接主要由Claudins和Occludin等蛋白组成,当这些蛋白表达量降低时,会使紧密连接的屏障功能受损,进一步导致肠道通透性增加,从而引发IBD等症状[37−38]。因此,本研究选取Claudin-4与Occludin作为检测指标,评价Al3+刺激对肠上皮细胞紧密连接的影响及TFPL的保护作用,结果见图7。
如图7A所示,与对照组相比,Al3+刺激使HT-29细胞Claudin-4与Occludin mRNA的表达水平分别下调至0.3倍和0.2倍;TFPL预处理显著上调Claudin-4的表达水平(P<0.01),而TFPL组Occludin mRNA表达量的增加与Al3+组相比没有统计学意义(P=0.075)。为了进一步确定紧密连接蛋白的表达情况,本研究又采用WB方法检测Claudin-4与Occludin的表达。由图7B可见,Al3+组Claudin-4与Occludin的表达量明显下调,而TFPL预处理显著改善了Al3+刺激下Claudin-4(P<0.01)与Occludin(P<0.05)的表达下调。WB与qPCR检测结果一致表明,TFPL能有效改善Al3+诱导的共培养体系中HT-29细胞紧密连接蛋白表达水平的降低,调节肠上皮细胞旁通透性,从而维持肠道上皮屏障稳态。这一发现与本研究团队前期的研究结果相吻合,橘皮黄酮通过特异性调控紧密连接蛋白Claudin-7的表达来促进肠道屏障功能的修复[39]。此外,Wang等[40]的研究进一步支持了这一机制,蓝莓提取物缓解IBD的作用与其上调闭锁小带蛋白-1(Zonula occludens-1, ZO-1)、Claudin-1、Occludin等调节紧密连接蛋白的表达密切相关。
本研究采用正交试验设计优化葛根总黄酮提取工艺,确定最佳参数组合为:超声功率400 W、料液比1:30(g/mL)、提取时间60 min、乙醇浓度60%,在此条件下葛根总黄酮得率为4.65 mg/g。创新性地在细胞水平证实葛根总黄酮可显著改善Al3+诱导的肠屏障功能障碍,其作用机制与降低氧化应激水平,抑制炎症因子释放及相关信号通路激活,上调紧密连接蛋白Claudin-4和Occludin的表达有关。该研究基于药食同源理念为开发具有防治铝致肠损伤的功能性食品或现代植物药提供了科学依据,特别适用于铝厂工人、肾病患者等高危人群。然而,本研究尚存在以下局限性,如动物实验数据缺失、活性单体成分作用机制不明、临床研究空白等。未来研究拟通过a.建立铝负荷动物模型进行体内验证;b.分离鉴定活性单体化合物;c.设计规范的临床试验,进一步验证葛根黄酮的肠道保护作用,同时获得更具说服力的循证医学证据。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050280
  • 接收时间:2025-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-28
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    天津市食品科学与工程国际联合研究中心,天津商业大学生物技术与食品科学学院,天津 300134

通讯作者:

赵辉(1973−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:功能食品研究与开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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