Article(id=1320176050705904542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050159, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747584000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684098172, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684098172, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684098172, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684098172, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=235, endPage=245, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176051498628000, articleId=1320176050705904542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation, Isolation and Purification, Characterization and Mechanism of DPP-IV Inhibitory Peptide of Walnut Origin, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study isolated and characterized bioactive peptides with dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity from walnut protein hydrolysates. The hydrolysis process was optimized using response surface methodology with alkaline protease, yielding optimal conditions as follows: Substrate concentration 2.23% (w/v), enzyme dose 9100 U/g, and hydrolysis time 180 min. Under these conditions, the degree of hydrolysis reached 25.47%, and the DPP-IV inhibition rate was 77.85%. The hydrolysate was further separated, purified, and characterized. The fraction with molecular weight <3 kDa (U1) demonstrated the strongest DPP-IV inhibitory activity (IC50=2.81 mg/mL). Subsequent purification of U1 by Sephadex C-25 column chromatography yielded two sub-fractions (F1 and F2), with F2 exhibiting superior activity. A total of 6557 peptides were identified, and five potential hypoglycemic peptides were screened via in silico approaches. Among these, the peptide KFPF showed the highest DPP-IV inhibitory activity (IC50=0.26 mg/mL). Molecular docking simulations revealed that KFPF binds to DPP-IV via six hydrogen bonds and ten hydrophobic interactions. In vitro assays indicated that KFPF acts as a competitive inhibitor. Furthermore, secondary structure analysis by infrared spectroscopy suggested a high content of β-turn (82.03%) and α-helix (15.18%), implying a possible correlation between these structural features and DPP-IV inhibition. These findings demonstrated that KFPF derived from walnut protein has potential as a functional dietary component for blood glucose management.

, authors=Yijian JIANG1, 2, 3, Qingzhi WU1, Jian ZHANG1, 2, 3, Xiaoying MAO1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Yijian JIANG, Qingzhi WU, Jian ZHANG, Xiaoying MAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoying MAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176055848121259, articleId=1320176050705904542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=核桃源DPP-IV抑制肽的制备、分离纯化、鉴定及机制研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文以核桃蛋白为原料制备对二肽基肽酶(Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV,DPP-IV)具有抑制作用的生物活性肽。采用碱性蛋白酶进行酶解,通过单因素及响应面优化试验确定最佳酶解条件:底物浓度2.23%(w/v)、酶添加量9100 U/g、酶解时间180 min,该条件下水解度DH为25.47%,DPP-IV抑制率为77.85%。进一步对核桃蛋白酶解液进行分离纯化、鉴定、分子机制及二级结构等分析。结果表明,分子量<3 kDa的U1组分表现出最高DPP-IV抑制活性(IC50=2.81 mg/mL)。通过Sephadex C-25柱层析分离U1后获得两个组分(F1和F2),其中F2组分活性较高,检测到6557个肽段,经计算机模拟方法筛选出5个潜在降血糖肽。KFPF表现出最高的DPP-IV抑制活性(IC50=0.26 mg/mL)。分子对接表明,KFPF与DPP-IV形成6个氢键和10个疏水相互作用。体外活性验证表明,KFPF表现出竞争性抑制特性。此外,红外光谱结果显示,KFPF二级结构中β-转角(82.03%)和α-螺旋(15.18%)的含量较高。表明肽段的DPP-IV抑制活性可能与其β-转角和α-螺旋的含量有关。这些结果表明,KFPF具有作为潜在辅助降低血糖的功能活性。

, authors=江依建1, 2, 3, 吴庆智1, 张建1, 2, 3, 毛晓英1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=江依建, 吴庆智, 张建, 毛晓英, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=毛晓英, authorNote=

江依建(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:核桃蛋白生物活性肽,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
毛晓英(1976−)(ORCID:0000−0001−8773−2172),女,博士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质氧化,活性肽的功能性,特色谷物副产物高值化,E-mail:。
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Journal of Food Science, 2023, 88(8): 3577−3593., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320176057827832748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320176057836221357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, companyId=1320176057827832748, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320176057844609966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, companyId=1320176057827832748, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1石河子大学食品学院,新疆石河子 832003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320176057899135919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320176057907524528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, companyId=1320176057899135919, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Shihezi 832003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320176057911718833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, companyId=1320176057899135919, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2特色农产品加工与质量控制重点实验室(部省共建),新疆石河子 832003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320176057970439090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320176057978827699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, companyId=1320176057970439090, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320176057987216308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, companyId=1320176057970439090, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3新疆生产建设兵团食品营养与安全控制重点实验室,新疆石河子 832003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320176064844903386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Results of the one-factor test for enzymatic digestion, figureFileSmall=Z3/hMElK+piQ/+OiHQUydw==, figureFileBig=lGRlvJxFdI2axPBXt85qiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176066514236379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=图1, caption=酶解单因素实验结果

注:A. 酶解时间;B. 底物浓度;C. 加酶量;不同小写字母代表组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Z3/hMElK+piQ/+OiHQUydw==, figureFileBig=lGRlvJxFdI2axPBXt85qiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176066732340188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Results of separation, purification and identification of walnut protease hydrolysates, figureFileSmall=qRa3M7LW0EQWl8Qzd7BJJQ==, figureFileBig=ukBsYsLdOL4AYBhWWInrjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176066795254749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=图2, caption=核桃蛋白酶解物的分离纯化及鉴定结果

注:A. 不同超滤组分的二肽基肽酶IV(DPP-IV)抑制率及IC50值;B. 经Sephadex C-25凝胶纯化的U1(<3 kDa)组分色谱图;C. U1(<3 kDa)、F1、F2组分的二肽基肽酶IV(DPP-IV)抑制率及IC50值;D. F2组分总离子流色谱图;E. F2组分中所鉴定肽段的分子量范围分布;F. F2组分中所鉴定肽段的长度分布;不同字母表示统计学显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=qRa3M7LW0EQWl8Qzd7BJJQ==, figureFileBig=ukBsYsLdOL4AYBhWWInrjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176066925278174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Screening flowchart, figureFileSmall=e/Mqbq9pkdIjgIEtjfuKLg==, figureFileBig=cIJh0TZwStOKHiKJOHFRUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176066988192735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=图3, caption=筛选流程图, figureFileSmall=e/Mqbq9pkdIjgIEtjfuKLg==, figureFileBig=cIJh0TZwStOKHiKJOHFRUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176067059495904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Molecular docking results of five DPP-IV inhibitory peptides bound to DPP-IV, figureFileSmall=OnpuCn7fXZ2aAhTVD2Tdug==, figureFileBig=2Hi9rm9prhE48M3zbVWmwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176067134993377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=图4, caption=五种DPP-IV抑制肽与DPP-IV结合的分子对接结果, figureFileSmall=OnpuCn7fXZ2aAhTVD2Tdug==, figureFileBig=2Hi9rm9prhE48M3zbVWmwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176067202102242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Inhibition pattern of KFPF, figureFileSmall=dZGGa+ORBH+PfLs90yH/Ww==, figureFileBig=qIOM4DsPWW8T/CeGVh0ztA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176067353097187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=图5, caption=KFPF的抑制模式, figureFileSmall=dZGGa+ORBH+PfLs90yH/Ww==, figureFileBig=qIOM4DsPWW8T/CeGVh0ztA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176067462149092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Single-factor test factor level table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
酶解时间(min)底物浓度(%)加酶量(U/g)
1600.56000
2901.07000
31201.58000
41502.09000
51802.510000
), ArticleFig(id=1320176067797693413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单因素实验因素水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
酶解时间(min)底物浓度(%)加酶量(U/g)
1600.56000
2901.07000
31201.58000
41502.09000
51802.510000
), ArticleFig(id=1320176067877385190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Three factor and three level response surface experimental design table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A酶解时间(min)120150180
B底物浓度(%)1.522.5
C加酶量(U/g)8000900010000
), ArticleFig(id=1320176068183569383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三因素三水平响应面试验设计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A酶解时间(min)120150180
B底物浓度(%)1.522.5
C加酶量(U/g)8000900010000
), ArticleFig(id=1320176068246483944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design and results of response surface methodology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A酶解时间
(min)
B底物浓度
(%)
C加酶量
(U/g)
水解度
Y1(%)
DPP-IV抑制率
Y2(%)
11201.5900021.1473.89
21801.5900025.4875.77
31202.5900023.4274.71
41802.5900028.0377.2
51202800020.2771.93
61802800025.2275.09
712021000021.2374.31
818021000025.6775.25
91501.5800019.0675.43
101502.5800020.7676.09
111501.51000020.8574.57
121502.51000022.4777.71
131502900023.6480.65
141502900022.5880.51
151502900021.8581.37
161502900022.3380.63
171502900023.5780.73
), ArticleFig(id=1320176068317787113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A酶解时间
(min)
B底物浓度
(%)
C加酶量
(U/g)
水解度
Y1(%)
DPP-IV抑制率
Y2(%)
11201.5900021.1473.89
21801.5900025.4875.77
31202.5900023.4274.71
41802.5900028.0377.2
51202800020.2771.93
61802800025.2275.09
712021000021.2374.31
818021000025.6775.25
91501.5800019.0675.43
101502.5800020.7676.09
111501.51000020.8574.57
121502.51000022.4777.71
131502900023.6480.65
141502900022.5880.51
151502900021.8581.37
161502900022.3380.63
171502900023.5780.73
), ArticleFig(id=1320176068380701674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

ANOVA table based on hydrolysis degree DH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源离差平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型81.8499.0919.140.0004**
A酶解时间42.04142.0488.51<0.0001**
B底物浓度8.3018.3017.480.0041**
C加酶量3.0113.016.340.0399*
AB0.018210.01820.03840.8503
AC0.065010.06500.13690.7223
BC0.001610.00160.00340.9553
A217.15117.1536.090.0005**
B20.365210.36520.76870.4097
C212.38112.3826.050.0014**
残差3.3370.4750
失拟项0.855230.28510.46160.7242
纯误差2.4740.6175
总和85.1716
R2=0.9610R2Adj=0.9108 C.V.%=3.02
), ArticleFig(id=1320176068456199147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基于水解度DH的方差分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源离差平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型81.8499.0919.140.0004**
A酶解时间42.04142.0488.51<0.0001**
B底物浓度8.3018.3017.480.0041**
C加酶量3.0113.016.340.0399*
AB0.018210.01820.03840.8503
AC0.065010.06500.13690.7223
BC0.001610.00160.00340.9553
A217.15117.1536.090.0005**
B20.365210.36520.76870.4097
C212.38112.3826.050.0014**
残差3.3370.4750
失拟项0.855230.28510.46160.7242
纯误差2.4740.6175
总和85.1716
R2=0.9610R2Adj=0.9108 C.V.%=3.02
), ArticleFig(id=1320176068640748524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

ANOVA table based on DPP-IV inhibition rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源离差平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型135.90915.1090.47<0.0001**
A-酶解时间8.9718.9753.730.0002**
B-底物浓度4.5814.5827.410.0012**
C-加酶量1.3611.368.160.0245*
AB0.093010.09300.55730.4797
AC1.2311.237.380.0299*
BC1.5411.549.210.0190*
A254.42154.42326.08<0.0001**
B213.49113.4980.85<0.0001**
C238.85138.85232.79<0.0001**
残差1.1770.1669
失拟项0.705530.23522.030.2520
纯误差0.462940.1157
总和137.0616
R2=0.9915R2Adj=0.9805 C.V.%=0.5319
), ArticleFig(id=1320176069022430189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

基于DPP-IV抑制率的方差分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源离差平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型135.90915.1090.47<0.0001**
A-酶解时间8.9718.9753.730.0002**
B-底物浓度4.5814.5827.410.0012**
C-加酶量1.3611.368.160.0245*
AB0.093010.09300.55730.4797
AC1.2311.237.380.0299*
BC1.5411.549.210.0190*
A254.42154.42326.08<0.0001**
B213.49113.4980.85<0.0001**
C238.85138.85232.79<0.0001**
残差1.1770.1669
失拟项0.705530.23522.030.2520
纯误差0.462940.1157
总和137.0616
R2=0.9915R2Adj=0.9805 C.V.%=0.5319
), ArticleFig(id=1320176069118899182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Physicochemical properties, digestive resistance, transport, absorption and toxicity of walnut protein DPP-IV inhibitory peptide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目IPIKFPFIFRKGFLKIPFKLF
分子量(Da)341.45537.66434.54463.58503.64406.53
生物活性得分0.470.980.90.860.850.81
溶解性良好良好良好良好良好良好
毒性无毒无毒无毒无毒无毒无毒
Caco-2 渗透性(×10−6)3.150.550.540.420.80.54
CYP 2D6 抑制无无无无无无
CYP 3A4 抑制无无无无无无
HIA10.95110.991
HOB(%)471113161422
PPB(%)337043615067
BBBP0.180.080.110.180.070.18
), ArticleFig(id=1320176069450249199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

核桃蛋白DPP-IV抑制肽的理化性质、消化阻力、运输、吸收和毒性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目IPIKFPFIFRKGFLKIPFKLF
分子量(Da)341.45537.66434.54463.58503.64406.53
生物活性得分0.470.980.90.860.850.81
溶解性良好良好良好良好良好良好
毒性无毒无毒无毒无毒无毒无毒
Caco-2 渗透性(×10−6)3.150.550.540.420.80.54
CYP 2D6 抑制无无无无无无
CYP 3A4 抑制无无无无无无
HIA10.95110.991
HOB(%)471113161422
PPB(%)337043615067
BBBP0.180.080.110.180.070.18
), ArticleFig(id=1320176071161525232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Molecular docking results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多肽序列结合能
(kcal/mol)
氢键数量氢键键长(Å)疏水氨基酸
残基
KFPF−7.062.1、2.3、2.4、2.410
IFR−7.381.8、2.0、2.2、2.3、2.3、2.4、2.5、2.8、2.8、3.2、3.36
KGFL−7.3102.1、2.3、2.4、2.5、2.7、2.8、3.2、3.210
KIPF−7.182.2、2.4、2.4、2.8、3.0、3.38
KLF−6.652.1、2.9、3.0、3.39
), ArticleFig(id=1320176071262188529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

分子对接结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多肽序列结合能
(kcal/mol)
氢键数量氢键键长(Å)疏水氨基酸
残基
KFPF−7.062.1、2.3、2.4、2.410
IFR−7.381.8、2.0、2.2、2.3、2.3、2.4、2.5、2.8、2.8、3.2、3.36
KGFL−7.3102.1、2.3、2.4、2.5、2.7、2.8、3.2、3.210
KIPF−7.182.2、2.4、2.4、2.8、3.0、3.38
KLF−6.652.1、2.9、3.0、3.39
), ArticleFig(id=1320176071606121458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

In vitro activity and IC50 values of peptides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多肽序列DPP-IV(%)(2 mg/mL)IC50值(mg/mL)
KFPF96.91±2.09a0.26±0.03d
IFR54.37±3.32d4.74±0.51b
KGFL70.51±2.85c1.46±0.18c
KIPF89.08±1.78b0.49±0.05d
KLF38.67±0.42e9.35±0.36a
), ArticleFig(id=1320176071673230323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

多肽的体外活性和IC50值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多肽序列DPP-IV(%)(2 mg/mL)IC50值(mg/mL)
KFPF96.91±2.09a0.26±0.03d
IFR54.37±3.32d4.74±0.51b
KGFL70.51±2.85c1.46±0.18c
KIPF89.08±1.78b0.49±0.05d
KLF38.67±0.42e9.35±0.36a
), ArticleFig(id=1320176071752922100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Secondary structures of five DPP-IV inhibitory peptides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二级结构KFPFIFRKGFLKIPFKLF
β-折叠(%)2.38±0.02c7.77±0.15b59.54±0.08a−93.64±0.49a
随机线圈(%)−−−−−
α-螺旋(%)15.18±0.49a−−12.48±0.09b6.25±0.34c
β-转角(%)82.03±0.36c92.39±0.70a40.38±0.79d87.40±0.85b−
), ArticleFig(id=1320176071841002485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050705904542, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

五种DPP-IV抑制肽的二级结构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二级结构KFPFIFRKGFLKIPFKLF
β-折叠(%)2.38±0.02c7.77±0.15b59.54±0.08a−93.64±0.49a
随机线圈(%)−−−−−
α-螺旋(%)15.18±0.49a−−12.48±0.09b6.25±0.34c
β-转角(%)82.03±0.36c92.39±0.70a40.38±0.79d87.40±0.85b−
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核桃源DPP-IV抑制肽的制备、分离纯化、鉴定及机制研究
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江依建 1, 2, 3 , 吴庆智 1 , 张建 1, 2, 3 , 毛晓英 1, 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(12): 235-245
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (12) : 235 -245
核桃源DPP-IV抑制肽的制备、分离纯化、鉴定及机制研究
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江依建1, 2, 3 , 吴庆智1, 张建1, 2, 3, 毛晓英1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1石河子大学食品学院,新疆石河子 832003
  • 2特色农产品加工与质量控制重点实验室(部省共建),新疆石河子 832003
  • 3新疆生产建设兵团食品营养与安全控制重点实验室,新疆石河子 832003
通讯作者:
毛晓英(1976−)(ORCID:0000−0001−8773−2172),女,博士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质氧化,活性肽的功能性,特色谷物副产物高值化,E-mail:。
作者简介:

江依建(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:核桃蛋白生物活性肽,E-mail:

Preparation, Isolation and Purification, Characterization and Mechanism of DPP-IV Inhibitory Peptide of Walnut Origin
Yijian JIANG1, 2, 3 , Qingzhi WU1, Jian ZHANG1, 2, 3, Xiaoying MAO1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Shihezi 832003, China
  • 3Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832003, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050159
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本文以核桃蛋白为原料制备对二肽基肽酶(Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV,DPP-IV)具有抑制作用的生物活性肽。采用碱性蛋白酶进行酶解,通过单因素及响应面优化试验确定最佳酶解条件:底物浓度2.23%(w/v)、酶添加量9100 U/g、酶解时间180 min,该条件下水解度DH为25.47%,DPP-IV抑制率为77.85%。进一步对核桃蛋白酶解液进行分离纯化、鉴定、分子机制及二级结构等分析。结果表明,分子量<3 kDa的U1组分表现出最高DPP-IV抑制活性(IC50=2.81 mg/mL)。通过Sephadex C-25柱层析分离U1后获得两个组分(F1和F2),其中F2组分活性较高,检测到6557个肽段,经计算机模拟方法筛选出5个潜在降血糖肽。KFPF表现出最高的DPP-IV抑制活性(IC50=0.26 mg/mL)。分子对接表明,KFPF与DPP-IV形成6个氢键和10个疏水相互作用。体外活性验证表明,KFPF表现出竞争性抑制特性。此外,红外光谱结果显示,KFPF二级结构中β-转角(82.03%)和α-螺旋(15.18%)的含量较高。表明肽段的DPP-IV抑制活性可能与其β-转角和α-螺旋的含量有关。这些结果表明,KFPF具有作为潜在辅助降低血糖的功能活性。

核桃蛋白  /  酶解  /  DPP-IV抑制肽  /  分子对接  /  二级结构

This study isolated and characterized bioactive peptides with dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity from walnut protein hydrolysates. The hydrolysis process was optimized using response surface methodology with alkaline protease, yielding optimal conditions as follows: Substrate concentration 2.23% (w/v), enzyme dose 9100 U/g, and hydrolysis time 180 min. Under these conditions, the degree of hydrolysis reached 25.47%, and the DPP-IV inhibition rate was 77.85%. The hydrolysate was further separated, purified, and characterized. The fraction with molecular weight <3 kDa (U1) demonstrated the strongest DPP-IV inhibitory activity (IC50=2.81 mg/mL). Subsequent purification of U1 by Sephadex C-25 column chromatography yielded two sub-fractions (F1 and F2), with F2 exhibiting superior activity. A total of 6557 peptides were identified, and five potential hypoglycemic peptides were screened via in silico approaches. Among these, the peptide KFPF showed the highest DPP-IV inhibitory activity (IC50=0.26 mg/mL). Molecular docking simulations revealed that KFPF binds to DPP-IV via six hydrogen bonds and ten hydrophobic interactions. In vitro assays indicated that KFPF acts as a competitive inhibitor. Furthermore, secondary structure analysis by infrared spectroscopy suggested a high content of β-turn (82.03%) and α-helix (15.18%), implying a possible correlation between these structural features and DPP-IV inhibition. These findings demonstrated that KFPF derived from walnut protein has potential as a functional dietary component for blood glucose management.

walnut protein  /  enzymatic digestion  /  DPP-IV inhibitory peptide  /  molecular docking  /  secondary structure
江依建, 吴庆智, 张建, 毛晓英. 核桃源DPP-IV抑制肽的制备、分离纯化、鉴定及机制研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 235 -245 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050159
Yijian JIANG, Qingzhi WU, Jian ZHANG, Xiaoying MAO. Preparation, Isolation and Purification, Characterization and Mechanism of DPP-IV Inhibitory Peptide of Walnut Origin[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 235 -245 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050159
目前,糖尿病(Diabetes mellitus,DM)已成为世界上最严重、最常见的代谢疾病之一,也是导致死亡的主要原因[1]。根据有关报道,2045年全球20~79岁糖尿病人群的患病率估计将上升至7.832亿人[2]。其中,二型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)占总糖尿病的90%以上[3]。二肽基肽酶IV(DPP-IV)是一种普遍存在的蛋白酶,参与胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)和葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽(GIP)的降解[4]。因此,DPP-IV是治疗DM的重要靶点。通过抑制DPP-IV的活性可以防止肠促胰岛素的降解,从而更好地实现血糖调节。目前,DPP-IV抑制剂包括西格列汀、维格列汀和沙格列汀等。然而,这些化学合成药物往往会产生许多副作用,例如,头痛、鼻咽炎、上呼吸道感染和严重的过敏反应[5]。因此,寻找DPP-IV抑制剂的潜在天然替代品势在必行。
近年来,由于食物来源的生物活性肽(BPs)的低毒性、零毒性、潜在的抗高血压、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抗糖尿病作用,使人们对BPs的研究兴趣日益增加[6]。并且许多食品成分已被发现表现出出色的DPP-IV抑制能力,例如大豆、苦荞、蛋壳膜和牦牛血液等,都是DPP-IV抑制肽的潜在来源,它们几乎没有不良反应,并且显示出帮助控制血糖水平的潜力[7]。ZHAO等[8]发现,通过细胞分析,市售大豆蛋白水解物具有DPP-IV抑制活性。WU等[9]从苦荞蛋白模拟胃肠消化产物中鉴定出两种新型DPP-IV抑制肽,并发现它们显示出较好的降血糖应用潜力。ZHU等[10]从蛋壳膜水解物中鉴定出3种高丰度的新型DPP-IV抑制肽(YPEPPPQ、HDGADVS和VTDGQPH)。ZHANG等[11]也首次从牦牛血红蛋白中筛选并鉴定出2种DPP-IV抑制肽。
核桃(Juglans regia L.)具有很高的药用价值,在传统医学和功能食品中都得到了认可,是中国最有发展前景的绿色营养保健品之一[12]。核桃蛋白含18种氨基酸,其组成非常均衡,是优质蛋白质的重要来源[13]。核桃蛋白(Walnut protein,WP)具有极高的利用价值,由核桃蛋白衍生出的核桃肽具有抗氧化,降血糖,抗高血压及降尿酸等多种生物活性。CHEN等[14]从核桃蛋白水解物(WPHs)中分离出3种新型抗氧化肽,并且这三种肽在细胞水平上表现出优异的抗氧化活性。KONG等[15]首次从WPHs中分离并表征了DPP-IV抑制肽,发现分子量较低、碱性氨基酸残基较高的肽段具有较强的DPP-IV抑制活性。LIU等[16]发现核桃蛋白水解物可通过抑制组织中血管紧张素I-转换酶(ACE)活性来达到降压作用。ZHONG等[17]发现核桃衍生肽可能与嘌呤形成非共价复合物以减少其吸收,从而降低血清尿酸水平。尽管如此,关于核桃肽的DPP-IV抑制作用的研究仍然相对有限。
分子对接可以用于预测小分子与蛋白之间的相互作用,可以为了解生物活性分子的物理和化学性质提供有价值的见解[18]。目前对DPP-IV抑制肽的研究多集中在其活性方面,而对其抑制机制及构效关系的研究较少。因此,本研究的目的是通过酶解技术和计算机辅助筛选,从核桃蛋白中制备DPP-IV抑制肽,评价其生物活性,并通过分子对接、抑制模式和二级结构来探讨DPP-IV抑制肽的作用机制和构效关系。本研究旨在揭示DPP-IV抑制肽的构效关系和降血糖分子机制,并提供一种体外和计算机联合筛选DPP-IV抑制肽的方法,为WP在工业生产中的高值化利用提供理论指导。
新疆薄皮核桃 新疆石河子农贸市场;碱性蛋白酶(200000 U/g)、Gly-Pro-pNA 上海源叶生物公司;DPP-IV酶 Sigma Aldrich(上海)公司;合成肽段KFPF、IFR、KGFL、KIPF、KLF 纯度>98%,上海淘普生物科技有限公司;三羟甲基氨基甲烷 分析纯,上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;浓盐酸、氢氧化钠、氯化钠、冰乙酸 分析纯,天津市鑫铂特化工有限公司;葡聚糖凝胶C-25 北京普西唐生物科技有限公司。
K3 Plus酶标仪 广东丹利科技有限公司;LE204E电子分析天平 上海精密仪器仪表有限公司;多Wks900B/3S频超声设备 江苏五棵松生物科技有限公司;VERTEX 70v傅立叶变换红外光谱仪 德国布鲁克公司;雷磁pHS-3C pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;Stratos高速冷冻离心机 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;HH-S2恒温磁力搅拌水浴锅 江苏金怡仪器科技有限公司;DHP-9082电热恒温培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;Q Exactive质谱仪 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific;Easy-nLC 1200液相色谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司。
参考毛晓英等[19]的方法,略作修改。核桃去壳,置于45 ℃左右烘干后将核桃仁去皮,使用破碎机破碎去皮核桃仁,用正己烷以1:6的比例对核桃脱脂2 h,然后抽滤,反复操作至正己烷澄清,收集残渣于通风处挥干,过80目筛即可得到脱脂核桃粉,将其与去离子水以1:20(w/v)进行混合,使用NaOH溶液将混合液的pH调节到10.5,在室温下搅拌1 h,以7500 r/min转速离心15 min得到上清液;再用HCl溶液将上清液的pH调节到4.5,室温下搅拌1 h,以7500 r/min的转速离心15 min得到沉淀。将沉淀物的pH调节至7.0,冷冻干燥后即为WP,−20 ℃保存。
根据我们前期的实验结果,采用三频超声对核桃蛋白进行预处理,预处理时间为25 min,功率为300 W,碱性蛋白酶为水解用酶。首先,将冻干后的WP溶于蒸馏水(1:25,w/v)中混匀,进行超声预处理,然后,在核桃蛋白溶液中加入碱性蛋白酶(pH9.0,55 ℃)水解180 min。酶解结束后,在沸水浴中灭酶10 min,随后冰水浴冷却,8000 r/min离心20 min,得到上清液,将其冷冻干燥即可得到核桃蛋白水解物(WPHs),−20 ℃下保存备用。
使用碱性蛋白酶(pH9.0,55 ℃)进行酶解,选取酶解时间、底物浓度和加酶量为考察因素,以DH%和DPP-IV抑制率为指标设计试验。首先,在底物浓度为2%、加酶量为8000 U/g的条件下,研究不同酶解时间(60、90、120、150、180 min)对核桃蛋白酶解物DH%和DPP-IV抑制率的影响。接着,在酶解时间为120 min、加酶量为8000 U/g的条件下,研究不同底物浓度(0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和2.5%)对核桃蛋白酶解物DH%和DPP-IV抑制率的影响。最后,在酶解时间为120 min、底物浓度为2%的条件下,研究不同加酶量(6000、7000、8000、9000、10000 U/g)对核桃蛋白酶解物DH%和DPP-IV抑制率的影响。单因素实验设计因素与水平见表1。
在单因素实验的基础上,固定超声辅助酶解条件:超声功率300 W,超声时间25 min,以酶解时间(A)、底物浓度(B)和加酶量(C)为自变量,以水解度DH(Y1)和DPP-IV抑制率(Y2)为响应值,使用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件进行三因素三水平的Box-Behnken试验设计,优化酶解工艺,确定制备DPP-IV抑制肽的最佳酶解工艺条件。因素水平设计见表2。
根据DONG等[20]所描述的pH-stat法,略作修改,在酶解前,调节溶液的pH至酶的最适pH,并且在水解过程中不断滴加0.1 mol/L的NaOH溶液,以保持溶液的pH稳定,反应结束后记录所用的碱液量。计算公式如下:
$\rm \text{DH}(\text{%}) =\frac{\text{c}\times \text{V}\times \text{100}}{\alpha \times \text{m}\times {\text{h}}_{tot}} $
式中:c为NaOH的浓度(mol/L);V是NaOH的消耗量(mL);α指α-NH2的解离度,1/α为校准因子,其中碱性蛋白酶为1.01;中性蛋白酶为2.27;复合蛋白酶为1.40;胰蛋白酶为3.60;风味蛋白酶为1.52。m是核桃蛋白质量(g);htot为核桃蛋白的肽键数(mmol/g),7.35 mmol/g。
根据KOJIMA等[21]的方法,略作修改。将样品溶解在Tris-HCl缓冲液(0.1 mol/L,pH8.0)中作为样品溶液,使终浓度为2 mg/mL。50 μL DPP-IV(15 U/L)和25 μL样品在96孔板37 ℃孵育10 min。随后加入25 μL Gly-Pro-pNA(1.6 mmol/L)底物溶液,并在37 ℃孵育60 min,随后加入100 μL乙酸钠缓冲液(1 mol/L,pH4.0)终止反应,用96孔酶标板在405 nm处测量吸光度。DPP-IV抑制率计算公式如下式:
$ \rm \text{DPP-IV}抑制率(\text{%}) =\frac{{{F}}_{\text{control}}-({\mathrm{F}}_{\text{sample}}-{\mathrm{F}}_{\text{blank}})}{{{F}}_{\text{control}}}\times 100 $
式中:Fcontrol指对照组在405 nm处的吸光值;Fsample指样品组在405 nm处的吸光值;Fblank指空白组在405 nm处的吸光值。
在不同的样品浓度下,分别测定纯化步骤中不同分子量的部分和纯肽的抑制活性,并使用GraphPad Prism10.4.1从水解产物或肽浓度(mg/mL)与抑制活性(%)的s形剂量反应图中计算IC50值。
抑制模式的测定参考LI等[22]的方法,略作修改。采用Lineweaver-Buck方法分析KFPF的抑制类型。样品浓度为0、0.26和0.52 mg/mL,底物浓度为1~5 μmol/L。将样品与Gly-Pro-pNA在37 ℃下孵育30 min,使用酶标仪测定405 nm处的吸光值。
根据张丽娜[23]的方法,略作修改。将得到的核桃蛋白酶解液(WPHs)冷却至室温后依次加入10 kDa、5 kDa和3 kDa的超滤管,在4 ℃、8000×g、20 min条件下进行超滤,收集得到U1(<3 kDa)、U2(3~5 kDa)、U3(5~10 kDa)和U4(>10 kDa)四个组分,冷冻干燥后保存在−20 ℃用于后续实验。
根据KONG等[15]的方法,略作修改。采用去离子水对Sephadex C-25阳离子交换树脂平衡,之后将相对分子质量<3 kDa的肽溶液上样。收集的组分记为F1、F2,将两个组分分别浓缩、冷冻干燥并保存在−20 ℃下备用。
将样品溶于50 mmol/L的NH4HCO3,向溶液中添加二硫苏糖醇(DTT)溶液,使其最终浓度达到10 mmol/L,然后将溶液在56 ℃的条件下水浴1 h。接着,加入碘乙酰胺(IAM)溶液,让其最终浓度为55 mmol/L,并在避光的条件下进行40 min的反应。对反应后所得到的产物实施脱盐处理,之后将产物放置在45 ℃的真空离心浓缩仪中,使溶剂在真空环境下挥发至干。
用Easy-nLC 1200液相色谱仪分析样品多肽序列,将5 μL样品上样至RPLC C18(Acclaim PepMap,150 μm×180 mm,3 μm)中。0.1%甲酸水溶液和20%甲酸水溶液-80%乙腈作为溶剂B。流速600 nL/min,4%~8% B 0~2 min,8%~28% B 2~45 min,28%~40% B 45~55 min,40%~95% B 55~56 min,95% B 56~66 min。水解物经高效液相色谱分离后通过Q Exactive质谱仪进行质谱分析,喷雾电压:2.2 kV,毛细管温度:270 ℃,MS参数:分辨率:70000,400 m/z,扫描范围:100.0~1500.0 m/z。MS/MS的参数:分辨率17500,400 m/z,TopN:20,NCE/steppedNCE:28。对质谱原始文件使用Byonic根据固定修饰(Fixed modifications):Carbamidomethyl(C),可变修饰(Variable modifications):Oxidation(M),Acetyl(N-term)等条件检索目标蛋白数据库。
根据WEI等[24]的方法,略作修改。对纯化并鉴定后的活性肽进行有关毒性和生物利用度的计算机筛选。首先,使用分子对接进行结合能计算,确定所鉴定的肽的可能存在的DPP-IV抑制活性。然后将获得的多肽序列与BIOPEP数据库和文献中报道过的多肽序列相比较、去除。使用PeptideRanker对肽进行分析,计算肽的潜在生物活性,使用PepDraw预测肽的疏水性、等电点和净电荷,使用Proteomics工具预测肽的水溶性,使用ToxinPred和admetSAR@LMMD(https://lmmd.ecust.edu.cn/admetsar1)预测肽的毒性。此外,在SwissADME平台(http://www.swissadme.ch/)和iDrug(https://drug.ai.tecent.com/console/cn/admet)上进行了多肽的药代动力学测试。其中,在admetSAR@LMMD网站上,当Druglikeness中的Lipinski显示为“Yes”时,即可以保留作为DPP-IV抑制肽的潜在活性多肽。
采用固相法对筛选所得肽段进行人工合成(纯度>98%),通过LC-MS和HPLC法确定肽段分子量和纯度(委托上海淘普生物科技有限公司完成)。首先将树脂溶胀,然后接第一个氨基酸,经过脱保护、检测、洗、缩合等步骤后,从树脂上切割多肽、吹干洗涤,并用HPLC纯化多肽,最后将纯化后的溶液冷冻干燥,得到粉末状多肽,密封包装,于−20 ℃保存备用。
根据HUO等[25]的方法,略作修改。以DPP-IV(PDB ID:5J3J)作为分子对接的受体蛋白,以KFPF、IFR、KGFL、KIPF、KLF、IPI作为分子对接的配体分子。在蛋白晶体结构数据库(PDB)寻找对应的标准基因名,查询对应的受体蛋白,物种选择为“homo sapiens”,下载受体蛋白的pdb格式文件,用pymol软件对其进行去水、删除配体及离子处理;借助PubChem数据库,通过查询配体分子IPI的3D模型图,下载为SDF格式文件,同时对所有SDF格式文件的配体分子导入到Chem3D软件中进行能量最小化处理(mm2)并转变为pdb格式文件,将受体蛋白和配体分子的pdb格式文件导入AutoDockVina中进行分子对接前处理(转化为pdbqt),之后开展半柔性(分子构象可以扭转、蛋白保持不变)分子对接,根据共结晶配体的位置定义对接网格:网格盒尺寸为x=90.0,尺寸y=80.0,尺寸z=126.0,网格盒中心为x=28.879,y=−2.763,z=72.412。将分子对接的结果数据保存,并在PyMOL软件(3D绘图)与Ligplus软件(2D绘图)中进行可视化处理。
根据ZHAO等[26]的方法,略作修改。将冻干后的多肽样品与溴化钾压制成1~2 mm厚的薄片后进行扫描,FTIR光谱记录范围为400~4000 cm−1,分辨率为4 cm−1。使用PeakFit 4.12和Omnic软件进行分析。
使用SPSS 27.0.1软件在P<0.05的显著性水平下对数据做单因素方差分析(ANOVA),使用GraphPad Prism 10.4.1进行IC50值分析。所有试验均重复三次,数据显示为标准差±平均值。
酶解可以很好的将蛋白质中的DPP-IV抑制肽释放[27]。酶解时间对WP水解度DH和DPP-IV抑制活性的影响结果如图1A所示,水解度随着酶解时间的增加表现出逐渐增加的趋势,而DPP-IV抑制率随着酶解时间的增加表现出先增加后减少的趋势,并在150 min的时候达到最大值69.46%。酶解程度随着酶解时间的增加而加大,因此水解度DH和DPP-IV抑制率逐渐增加。然而,随着酶解时间的延长,核桃蛋白的酶切位点逐渐减少,产生的具有DPP-IV抑制活性的多肽也相应减少,因此DPP-IV抑制率有所降低。综合考虑酶解时间对WPHs的DPP-IV抑制活性的影响,选择120~180 min的酶解时间进一步试验。
图1B为底物浓度对WP水解度DH和DPP-IV抑制率的影响。结果表明,过低的底物浓度会使酶和底物结合不充分从而导致水解反应速度降低,而底物浓度过高时,酶的活性位点基本已和底物结合,酶解反应趋于极限[28–29]。如图1B所示,总体上水解度DH和DPP-IV抑制率随底物浓度的增大而上升,当底物浓度为2%时,DPP-IV抑制率达到最大值71.17%,此时水解度也达到最大值24.64%。然而当继续增加底物浓度时,水解度DH和DPP-IV抑制率则都有所下降。综合考虑底物浓度对WPHs的DPP-IV抑制率的影响,选择1.5%~2.5%的底物浓度进一步试验。
加酶量对WP水解度DH和DPP-IV抑制率的影响结果见图1C。水解度DH和DPP-IV抑制率随加酶量的增加均表现出先增加后减少的趋势,并分别在8000 U/g(21.36%)和9000 U/g(71.95%)的时候达到最大值。加酶量增加导致核桃蛋白和酶的接触机率增大,具有DPP-IV抑制活性的多肽也随之增加[30]。然而继续增加加酶量会导致多肽过度酶解为分子量更小的活性减少或无活性的肽段甚至是游离氨基酸,DPP-IV抑制率就会有所降低[31]。综合考虑加酶量对WPHs的DPP-IV抑制活性的影响,选择8000~10000 U/g的加酶量进一步试验。
在单因素实验的基础上,以水解度DH和DPP-IV抑制率为双响应值,运用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件进行响应面试验,试验结果见表3,方差分析见表4、表5。
将表3试验结果通过Design-Expert 8.0.6软件经多元回归拟合及方差分析,得到实验因素对Y1(水解度DH)和Y2(DPP-IV抑制率)的拟合方程分别为:
Y1=−96.51−0.57A+6.44B+0.03C+0.45×10−2AB−4.25×10−6AC−0.04×10−3BC+0.22×10−2A2−1.18B2−1.72×10−6C2
Y2=−295.44+1.38A+17.47B+0.06C+0.01AB+0.18×10−4AC+0.12×10−2BC−0.40×10−2A2−7.16B2−3.04×10−6C2
以A(酶解时间)、B(底物浓度)、C(加酶量)为自变量,以DH和DPP-IV抑制率为响应值,利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件进行方差分析,结果见表4和表5。两个模型的P值均小于0.05,说明两个模型均显著,两个模型失拟项P值均不显著,表示回归模型预测值与实测值的拟合水平较高,可靠性强[32]。由表4和表5可知,两个模型的相关系数R2均>0.95,说明相关度好。因此,该模型可用于预测和分析WP酶解工艺。各因素对DH的响应:A、B、A2、C2达到极显著(P<0.01),C为显著(P<0.05),表明酶解时间、底物浓度和加酶量对WPHs的DH影响显著;对DPP-IV抑制率的响应:A、B、A2、B2、C2达到极显著(P<0.01),C、AC、BC为显著(P<0.05),表明酶解时间、底物浓度、加酶量、酶解时间和加酶量的交互作用以及底物浓度和加酶量的交互作用对WPHs的DPP-IV抑制活性影响显著[33]。F值可以反映出各因素对试验指标的重要性,F越大表明此因素对试验指标的影响越大[34]。由F值可以看出,各因素对DH响应值影响的顺序为:酶解时间>底物浓度>加酶量,对DPP-IV响应值影响的顺序为:酶解时间>底物浓度>加酶量。
由方差分析可知,各因素对WPHs的DH与DPP-IV抑制率的影响效果一致,而本文主要是制备DPP-IV抑制肽,因此以DPP-IV抑制率为主要指标得到最优酶解条件,利用软件对响应面结果分析,我们得到酶解的最佳理论条件为:底物浓度2.23%(w/v),加酶量9100 U/g,酶解时间180 min,其理论DPP-IV抑制率为78.93%,该条件下的理论水解度DH为26.84%。对WP酶解最佳工艺参数进行验证实验,测得水解度DH为25.47%,DPP-IV抑制率为77.85%,与理论值差异不显著,说明有较好的拟合性。
将2.1.2.3中碱性蛋白酶水解180 min得到的WPHs进行超滤,得到U1(<3 kDa)、U2(3~5 kDa)、U3(5~10 kDa)、U4(>10 kDa)四个组分,图2A显示了各组分的DPP-IV抑制率及IC50值。超滤结果显示,U1组分的DPP-IV抑制活性显著优于其他各组(IC50=2.81±0.1 mg/mL)。说明相对分子量较低的DPP-IV抑制肽的生物活性较高[35]。ZHANG等[36]也报道了相同的结果。图2B为离子交换分离洗脱图。用Sephadex C-25分离U1后,共得到两个组分:F1和F2,其DPP-IV抑制率与IC50值见图2C。F2组分(IC50=1.47±0.23 mg/mL)明显优于F1组分(IC50=2.01±0.31 mg/mL),也明显优于U1组分,说明离子交换分离的效果较好[37]。因此,我们选择F2组分进行肽序列鉴定。
从F2组分中检测到6557个肽序列,图2D为F2组分的总离子流图。图2E显示F2中肽段的分子量主要集中在小于1 kDa的部分(88.80%)。WANG等[38]和LIU等[39]也得出了同样的结论,他们发现分子量<1 kDa的DPP-IV抑制肽具有相对较好的生物活性。图2F显示了F2 中的多肽的长度主要集中在3~6肽[40]。这与CHEN等[41]和GUAN等[42]的报道一致,他们发现降血糖肽的结构通常由2~25个蛋白残基组成。
肽的筛选流程如图3所示。首先,将分离纯化、鉴定后的多肽序列,使用分子对接进行结合能计算,以确定可能存在的DPP-IV抑制活性的多肽,筛选出1401条可能具有极高DPP-IV抑制活性的多肽[43]。再利用BIO-UWM数据库和相关文献,从1401个肽中鉴定出1379个新的、未报道的肽,用于后续筛选[44]。随后,利用PeptideRanker和PepDraw网站预测1379个多肽的生物活性和疏水性。已知的最高生物活性评分为1.0,水溶性高的多肽更容易被吸收[45]。筛选出539个生物活性大于0.8的多肽,然后对这些多肽的水溶性进行预测,得到78个具有良好的水溶性和显著生物活性的多肽。当预测其肽毒性时,将具有毒性的肽剔除[18]。在比较剩余肽的人体肠道吸收(HIA)、口服生物利用度(HOB)、Caco-2细胞通透性、血浆蛋白结合(PPB)和血脑屏障通透性(BBBP)水平后[12],最终选择了5条具有潜在的良好生物活性的肽。表6显示了与肽相对应的具体信息。
筛选得到的5个DPP-IV抑制肽具有良好的水溶性,说明容易被肠道快速吸收。这5种DPP-IV抑制肽的序列长度均在3~5个氨基酸范围内。这与GUAN等[42]的研究结果一致,他们发现短链肽在体内更稳定,更容易被吸收,且可能会有更好的DPP-IV抑制活性。此外,所有化合物都显示出对人体肠道有益。它们均显示出良好的药代动力学,这预示着筛选出来的五个肽可能在药物开发和利用中有更好的应用潜力。
采用分子对接方法分析DPP-IV抑制肽与DPP-IV的作用机制,同时也可以验证肽筛选的结果是否可靠。分子对接可视化见图4,其中,最左侧图中,二肽基肽酶IV(DPP-IV)的三维蛋白结构以粉色显示,多肽的小分子结构以绿色呈现。中间的图代表DPP-IV通过黄线连接的氨基酸残基和蓝线表示的氢键与多肽结合。最右侧图表示多肽通过氢键和疏水作用与DPP-IV结合的氨基酸残基位点名称,绿色虚线及绿色氨基酸残基位点名称代表氢键,红色睫毛图及其黑色氨基酸残基位点名称代表疏水相互作用。MENG等[46]的研究结果表明,氢键相互作用对肽的DPP-IV抑制活性有重要贡献,键数量越多,表明DPP-IV 与肽的结合越有效,抑制作用也就越显著。YANG等[47]也得到了相同的结果,他们发现具有较多氢键的DPP-IV抑制肽具有更高的抑制活性。如图4A所示,KFPF与DPP-IV的氨基酸残基Phe695(键长:2.3 Å)、Asp729(键长:2.4 Å)和Gln731(键长:2.1 Å、2.4 Å)形成了6个氢键。通过Glu699、His757和Gln761等10个氨基酸残基与DPP-IV形成疏水相互作用。
IFR(图4B)与DPP-IV的氨基酸残基Gln761(键长:2.8 Å)、Lys696(键长:2.2 Å、2.3 Å)和Phe695(键长:2.0 Å、2.5 Å)结合,形成8个氢键和6个疏水作用。KGFL(图4C)与DPP-IV的氨基酸残基His740(键长3.2 Å)、Tyr547(键长2.4 Å)、Asn710(键长2.8 Å)和Arg125(键长:3.2 Å)结合,形成10个氢键和10个疏水作用。KIPF(图4D)与DPP-IV的氨基酸残基His754(键长:2.4 Å)、Gln761(键长:2.8 Å)和Gln731(键长:3.0 Å)结合,形成8个氢键和8个疏水作用。KLF(图4E)与DPP-IV的氨基酸残基Glu205(键长:2.1 Å)、Arg669(键长:3.0 Å、3.3 Å)和Arg358(键长:2.9 Å)结合,形成5个氢键和9个疏水作用。对接结果见表7。一般情况下,结合能<−4 kcal/mol则表明其结合的较好[48]。如表所示,5个肽的结合能均为负值(−6.6~−7.3 kcal/mol),表明它们均能与DPP-IV紧密的结合[49]。其中KFPF、IFR、KGFL、KIPF与DPP-IV对接后的结合能均≤−7 kcal/mol,表明对接强烈,其活性较好,且构象稳定[18]。这些结果表明,计算机筛选出来的5个肽具有较好的潜在DPP-IV抑制活性,但其实际抑制能力需要通过实验验证。
体外活性实验(表8)显示,KFPF的抑制活性最高,IC50值为0.26 mg/mL,并且显著优于ZHENG等[50]从牛奶中鉴定出的DPP-IV抑制肽GPFPIIV(IC50=0.30 mg/mL)和DAI等[51]从高粱中获得的DPP-IV抑制肽(IC50=0.48 mg/mL)。其次是KIPF(IC50=0.49 mg/mL)、KGFL(IC50=1.46 mg/mL)、IFR(IC50=4.74 mg/mL)、KLF(IC50=9.35 mg/mL)。这与基于分子对接结合能评分的预测结果不一致。出现这种现象的原因可能是该软件对抑制肽的空间构型进行了自动优化。ASHOK等[52]同样发现来自牛乳蛋白的DPP-IV抑制肽的分子对接评分与多肽实际的活性之间没有相关性。DHAOUAFI等[53]揭示了DPP-IV的大多数肽抑制序列中存在一种或多种疏水氨基酸。这是因为疏水氨基酸在结合时能够更紧密地与DPP-IV的相关活性口袋结合,从而表现出更好地抑制活性。并且ZHANG等[11]发现,肽段序列中带有Pro或Ala残基的肽可以作为强DPP-IV抑制剂。所筛选出的5条肽段中,KFPF和KIPF均含有3个疏水氨基酸,且均含有脯氨酸,这可能是KFPF和KIPF抑制活性较高的原因。
肽的生理活性与其结构有着密不可分的关系。FTIR光谱法适用于所有氨基酸残基,是研究肽的二级结构的有力手段[22]。酰胺I波段(1600~1700 cm−1)主要是C=O的伸缩振动,对研究肽的二级结构具有重要意义。如表9所示,通过对酰胺I带的分析发现,DPP-IV抑制活性最高的KFPF由β-转角(82.03%±0.36%)、α-螺旋(15.18%±0.49%)和β-折叠(2.38%±0.02%)组成。其中,β-转角和α-螺旋结构的总含量KFPF与KIPF较高。这表明β-转角和α-螺旋结构可能与DPP-IV抑制活性相关。KGFL的β-转角含量低于KFPF和KIPF,其DPP-IV抑制活性也低于KFPF和KIPF。IFR中主要由β-转角(92.39%±0.70%)构成,未检出α-螺旋,其DPP-IV抑制活性明显低于KFPF和KIPF。KLF中的α-螺旋与β-转角的总含量最低(6.25%±0.34%),其DPP-IV抑制活性也最低。ZHANG等[54]发现从薏苡仁蛋白中分离的DPP-IV抑制肽的活性与其β-转角结构直接相关。HE等[55]研究了牛皮肤胶原DPP-IV抑制肽的二级结构,也得到了相同的发现。本研究通过合成5种DPP-IV抑制肽的二级结构,发现β-转角和α-螺旋结构是核桃蛋白中DPP-IV抑制肽的重要组成部分。
通过Lineweaver-Buck图谱法测定了KFPF的抑制模式。如图5所示,随着KFPF的质量浓度增加,斜率逐渐增大,但与纵轴的交点位置保持不变,这表明抑制剂浓度升高、Km值增大而Vmax保持恒定,属于典型竞争性抑制类型。该现象表明KFPF通过与DPP-IV活性位点相互作用,抑制了DPP-IV与底物的反应。ZHAO等[8]从豌豆蛋白中分离的多肽 YPR也通过竞争性抑制作用表现出较高的DPP-IV抑制活性。DU等[56]也在从羊奶乳清蛋白中发现的高活性DPP-IV抑制肽SPPEFLR对DPP-IV表现出竞争性抑制。
本研究以核桃蛋白为对象,结合酶解条件优化、分离纯化、筛选以及活性验证鉴定出5条DPP-IV抑制肽:KFPF、IFR、KGFL、KIPF和KLF。通过单因素结合响应面优化试验,得到碱性蛋白酶水解核桃蛋白的最优条件:底物浓度2.23%(w/v)、酶添加量9100 U/g、酶解时间180 min,该条件下水解度DH为25.47%,DPP-IV抑制率为77.85%。分子对接分析表明,这些肽段主要通过氢键和疏水相互作用与DPP-IV结合,产生DPP-IV抑制作用。随后通过红外光谱分析,探讨了多肽二级结构与DPP-IV抑制活性的关系。分析发现β-转角和α-螺旋结构与其DPP-IV抑制活性紧密相关。此外,还发现KFPF通过与底物竞争结合DPP-IV,具有最好的DPP-IV抑制活性,其IC50值为0.26 mg/mL。这些结果将为核桃蛋白DPP-IV抑制肽作为功能性食品成分预防和辅助治疗2型糖尿病提供一些见解,但本研究仍存在一些不足,KFPF的生物稳定性和体内降血糖效果有待进一步研究。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050159
  • 接收时间:2025-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-19
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    1石河子大学食品学院,新疆石河子 832003
    2特色农产品加工与质量控制重点实验室(部省共建),新疆石河子 832003
    3新疆生产建设兵团食品营养与安全控制重点实验室,新疆石河子 832003

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毛晓英(1976−)(ORCID:0000−0001−8773−2172),女,博士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质氧化,活性肽的功能性,特色谷物副产物高值化,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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