Article(id=1320176050215178708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050287, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748361600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684098055, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684098055, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684098055, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684098055, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=382, endPage=392, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176050391339477, articleId=1320176050215178708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of Three Pre-freezing Treatments for Optimal Freezing Suitability of Tricholoma matsutake, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To examine the suitability of different pre-freezing treatments for Tricholoma matsutake frozen storage, three pretreatment methods—refrigerator slow freezing (RSF), immersion quick freezing (ICF), and liquid nitrogen spray freezing (LNF) were applied. Tricholoma matsutake were subsequently stored at −20 ℃ for 180 days, during which the effects of different freezing methods on freezing characteristics, post-thawing sensory quality, enzymatic activities, and other critical parameters were comprehensively assessed. Based on the experimental results, significantly shorter phase transition times and higher freezing rates (P<0.05) were observed in ICF- and LNF-treated Tricholoma matsutake compared with RSF-treated samples, with LNF demonstrating the fastest freezing rate at 0.85 ℃/min. Additionally, superior retention capacity for both moisture and soluble solids content was demonstrated in Tricholoma matsutake treated with LNF during frozen storage. During frozen storage, browning and texture softening were observed in Tricholoma matsutake, with the browning index ranking in descending order as RSF>ICF>LNF. At the same time, hardness values were maintained in the sequence LNF>ICF>RSF. Regarding enzymatic activities, a progressive reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity levels was observed in frozen-stored Tricholoma matsutake throughout the storage period. Among the three methods, the LNF treatment was found to exhibit the optimal retention of SOD activity and the most potent inhibition of PPO activity. With prolonged frozen storage, the total sugars, soluble protein, and total phenolic content were decreasesd in Tricholoma matsutake. The loss of soluble protein was significantly reduced by RSF treatment (P<0.05), while LNF treatment was more effective in retaining total sugars and total phenolic content. In conclusion, LNF treatment was demonstrated to be the most effective approach for maintaining the frozen storage quality of Tricholoma matsutake. It can be considered a novel pretreatment option for Tricholoma matsutake prior to frozen storage.

, authors=Xinyue HUANG, Feifei MA, Daiqin HE, Haidan WANG, Ronghui LI, Xin HU, Huosheng SU*, authorsList=Xinyue HUANG, Feifei MA, Daiqin HE, Haidan WANG, Ronghui LI, Xin HU, Huosheng SU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huosheng SU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176054422065642, articleId=1320176050215178708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=三种预冻处理对松茸冻藏适宜性的分析, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探讨不同冷冻前处理对松茸冻藏的适宜性,本研究采用冰箱缓冻(RSF)、浸渍速冻(ICF)以及液氮喷雾速冻(LNF)对其进行处理,并在−20 ℃下冻藏180 d,评估不同方式对冻藏松茸的冻结特性、解冻后的感官品质及酶活性等方面的影响。结果显示,与缓冻处理相比,ICF和LNF处理的松茸具有更短的相变时间和更高的冻结速率(P<0.05),其中LNF的冻结速率最快(0.85 ℃/min),且LNF处理的松茸在冻藏期间表现出更好的水分和可溶性固形物含量保持性。冻藏期间,松茸出现褐变和质地变软,不同处理组褐变指数由高至低依次为RSF、ICF、LNF,硬度由高至低则为LNF、ICF、RSF。在酶活性方面,冻藏松茸超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性均呈下降趋势。LNF处理在三种方法中表现出最佳的SOD活力及PPO活力抑制能力。随着冻藏时间的延长,松茸的总糖、可溶性蛋白和总酚含量均有所降低,其中RSF处理显著降低了冻藏松茸可溶性蛋白的流失(P<0.05),而LNF处理对总糖及总酚含量的保持效果更佳。感官评估显示,LNF处理的松茸具有更高的感官接受度。综上所述,LNF处理最有利于维持松茸的冻藏品质,可作为松茸冻藏前处理的新选择。

, authors=黄馨阅, 马菲菲, 何代琴, 王海丹, 李荣辉, 胡昕, 苏火生*, authorsList=黄馨阅, 马菲菲, 何代琴, 王海丹, 李荣辉, 胡昕, 苏火生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=苏火生, authorNote=

黄馨阅(1998−),女,硕士,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
苏火生(1980−),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=a/Wzxq7BI5+QX0vsLhwFNQ==, magXml=qDbC3WjM7SOvZLsjj+pcEw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=eCknGqmHbANlNuYZHXRkgA==, pdfFileSize=2162150, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=eT9dXA+ssTg8wE/Q4nVgGQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=p2kxQ+cXcmpqKE9ku6DISA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320176054745027055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=huangxnyue@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320176054841496049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, authorId=1320176054745027055, language=EN, stringName=Xinyue HUANG, firstName=Xinyue, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Agro-products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650221, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320176054900216306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, authorId=1320176054745027055, language=CN, stringName=黄馨阅, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=云南省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,云南昆明 650221, bio={"content":"

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Applied Biological Chemistry, 2018, 61(3): 257−265., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320176054665335275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320176054669529580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, companyId=1320176054665335275, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Agro-products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650221, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320176054677918189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, companyId=1320176054665335275, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=云南省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,云南昆明 650221)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320176062873588253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Freezing curves of Tricholoma matsutake with different freezing treatments, figureFileSmall=aCDHMOcHikUMg5lDqcp/Hw==, figureFileBig=eT9dXA+ssTg8wE/Q4nVgGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176063246881310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同冷冻方式下松茸冻结曲线, figureFileSmall=aCDHMOcHikUMg5lDqcp/Hw==, figureFileBig=eT9dXA+ssTg8wE/Q4nVgGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176064039604767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different freezing methods on the juice loss rate of Tricholoma matsutake during frozen storage, figureFileSmall=1WM5Msxw1UrZRmBcCN3iog==, figureFileBig=UZuQ7Qq5YSVp28zDcN7KRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176064140268064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同冷冻方式对冻藏松茸汁液流失率的影响

注:大写字母不同表示同一冻藏期内不同处理间具有显著性差异(P<0.05);小写字母不同表示同一处理中不同冻藏天数间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),图3~图9同。

, figureFileSmall=1WM5Msxw1UrZRmBcCN3iog==, figureFileBig=UZuQ7Qq5YSVp28zDcN7KRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176064446452257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different freezing methods on the total soluble solids of Tricholoma matsutake during frozen storage, figureFileSmall=0LXIAEleNlXKv6YiL9sz6g==, figureFileBig=HOiJqok81oCizUUoE5LbUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176064517755426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同冷冻方式对冻藏松茸可溶性固形物含量的影响, figureFileSmall=0LXIAEleNlXKv6YiL9sz6g==, figureFileBig=HOiJqok81oCizUUoE5LbUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176064576475683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different freezing methods on the moisture content of Tricholoma matsutake during frozen storage, figureFileSmall=qgn4iwu6gG/v4bN9zpTupQ==, figureFileBig=UG2ucQ7yIsHq0LueMdabpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176064878465572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同冷冻方式对冻藏松茸水分含量的影响, figureFileSmall=qgn4iwu6gG/v4bN9zpTupQ==, figureFileBig=UG2ucQ7yIsHq0LueMdabpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176066560381479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different freezing methods on the color of Tricholoma matsutake during frozen storage, figureFileSmall=5yWoqVKaC2Yhs+ZagES52A==, figureFileBig=GAbuTxV7a9bhUvfTsbR9TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176066656850473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同冷冻方式对冻藏松茸色泽的影响

注:(a)~(d)分别表示松茸菌盖L*、a*、b*及∆E;(e)~(h)分别表示松茸菌柄L*、a*、b*及∆E。

, figureFileSmall=5yWoqVKaC2Yhs+ZagES52A==, figureFileBig=GAbuTxV7a9bhUvfTsbR9TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176066967228970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of different freezing methods on the browning index of Tricholoma matsutake during frozen storage, figureFileSmall=DeGtjn4mcoo7+vTUhx1nIA==, figureFileBig=fE+gb6hRQbPtileDnTtkOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176067025949227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同冷冻方式对冻藏松茸褐变指数的影响

注:(a)松茸菌盖BI;(b)松茸菌柄BI。

, figureFileSmall=DeGtjn4mcoo7+vTUhx1nIA==, figureFileBig=fE+gb6hRQbPtileDnTtkOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176067114029612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of different freezing methods on the hardness of Tricholoma matsutake during frozen storage, figureFileSmall=rHxjPLVMjTpFcIQ+Mt/0DQ==, figureFileBig=wSNrBc+hwkmSa5/T0b6Brw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176067185332781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同冷冻方式对冻藏松茸硬度的影响

注:(a)松茸菌盖硬度;(b)松茸菌柄硬度。

, figureFileSmall=rHxjPLVMjTpFcIQ+Mt/0DQ==, figureFileBig=wSNrBc+hwkmSa5/T0b6Brw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176067269218862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of different freezing methods on the activities of PPO and SOD of Tricholoma matsutake during frozen storage, figureFileSmall=3zmk7sm9P4AnNNzxqa+WHg==, figureFileBig=bYsdihvH9Kx3RYp+rqCSxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176067428602415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同冷冻方式对冻藏松茸SOD及PPO活性的影响

注:(a)SOD活性;(b)PPO活性。

, figureFileSmall=3zmk7sm9P4AnNNzxqa+WHg==, figureFileBig=bYsdihvH9Kx3RYp+rqCSxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176067512488497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of different freezing methods on the content of bioactive substances of Tricholoma matsutake during frozen storage, figureFileSmall=hcWMXeHz5DpUVUBKenbqmA==, figureFileBig=GSUuKydjKm7yHM4IG1z6sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176067927724593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同冷冻方式对冻藏松茸生物活性物质含量的影响, figureFileSmall=hcWMXeHz5DpUVUBKenbqmA==, figureFileBig=GSUuKydjKm7yHM4IG1z6sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176068221325874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effects of different freezing methods on the sensory scores of Tricholoma matsutake during frozen storage, figureFileSmall=trRJ+Pp4pJtx4YTD4tgBqg==, figureFileBig=DIa43OhZvYSlyEZh+wCsrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176068280046131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同冷冻方式对冻藏松茸感官评分的影响, figureFileSmall=trRJ+Pp4pJtx4YTD4tgBqg==, figureFileBig=DIa43OhZvYSlyEZh+wCsrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176068359737908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental grouping

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别冷冻方式冷冻温度
RSF冰箱缓冻−20 ℃
ICF浸渍速冻−35 ℃
LNF液氮喷雾速冻−80 ℃
), ArticleFig(id=1320176068431041077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验分组

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别冷冻方式冷冻温度
RSF冰箱缓冻−20 ℃
ICF浸渍速冻−35 ℃
LNF液氮喷雾速冻−80 ℃
), ArticleFig(id=1320176068653339190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria of Tricholoma matsutake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
鉴评指标评价标准评分
色泽
(20分)
菌盖呈黑褐色,菌柄微黄色17~20
菌盖呈浅黑褐色,菌柄发黄13~16
菌盖呈浅黑褐色,菌柄出现少量褐变9~12
菌盖呈褐咖色,菌柄超过一半以上出现褐变5~8
菌盖呈白褐色,菌柄褐变程度严重1~4
外观
(15分)
菌体表皮无皱缩13~15
菌体表皮微微皱缩10~12
菌体表皮有近一半皱缩7~9
菌体表皮一半以上皱缩4~6
菌体表皮大面积皱缩1~3
气味
(30分)
浓郁松茸特有气味25~30
较明显松茸气味19~24
松茸气味较淡,有些微酸味13~18
松茸气味不明显,有淡淡酸味7~12
无松茸气味,腐败味明显1~6
组织结构
(35分)
紧实,无汁液流出29~35
紧实,有少量汁液流出22~28
略松软,有汁液流出15~21
松软,有大量汁液流出8~14
无明显组织结构1~7
), ArticleFig(id=1320176068795945527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

松茸感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
鉴评指标评价标准评分
色泽
(20分)
菌盖呈黑褐色,菌柄微黄色17~20
菌盖呈浅黑褐色,菌柄发黄13~16
菌盖呈浅黑褐色,菌柄出现少量褐变9~12
菌盖呈褐咖色,菌柄超过一半以上出现褐变5~8
菌盖呈白褐色,菌柄褐变程度严重1~4
外观
(15分)
菌体表皮无皱缩13~15
菌体表皮微微皱缩10~12
菌体表皮有近一半皱缩7~9
菌体表皮一半以上皱缩4~6
菌体表皮大面积皱缩1~3
气味
(30分)
浓郁松茸特有气味25~30
较明显松茸气味19~24
松茸气味较淡,有些微酸味13~18
松茸气味不明显,有淡淡酸味7~12
无松茸气味,腐败味明显1~6
组织结构
(35分)
紧实,无汁液流出29~35
紧实,有少量汁液流出22~28
略松软,有汁液流出15~21
松软,有大量汁液流出8~14
无明显组织结构1~7
), ArticleFig(id=1320176069152461368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Freezing parameters of Tricholoma matsutake with different freezing treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别t0(min)t1(min)t2(min)FR(℃/min)
RSF17.61±1.70a153.05±9.23a84.11±3.84b0.09±0.01c
ICF5.05±0.25c9.72±1.00b102.61±5.69a0.19±0.01b
LNF7.61±0.79b13.67±2.17b4.83±0.29c0.85±0.07a
), ArticleFig(id=1320176069488005689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176050215178708, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同冷冻方式下松茸冻结参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别t0(min)t1(min)t2(min)FR(℃/min)
RSF17.61±1.70a153.05±9.23a84.11±3.84b0.09±0.01c
ICF5.05±0.25c9.72±1.00b102.61±5.69a0.19±0.01b
LNF7.61±0.79b13.67±2.17b4.83±0.29c0.85±0.07a
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三种预冻处理对松茸冻藏适宜性的分析
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黄馨阅 , 马菲菲 , 何代琴 , 王海丹 , 李荣辉 , 胡昕 , 苏火生 *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(12): 382-392
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (12) : 382 -392
三种预冻处理对松茸冻藏适宜性的分析
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黄馨阅 , 马菲菲, 何代琴, 王海丹, 李荣辉, 胡昕, 苏火生*
作者信息
  • 云南省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,云南昆明 650221
通讯作者:
苏火生(1980−),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

黄馨阅(1998−),女,硕士,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

Analysis of Three Pre-freezing Treatments for Optimal Freezing Suitability of Tricholoma matsutake
Xinyue HUANG , Feifei MA, Daiqin HE, Haidan WANG, Ronghui LI, Xin HU, Huosheng SU*
Affiliations
  • Agro-products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650221, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050287
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为探讨不同冷冻前处理对松茸冻藏的适宜性,本研究采用冰箱缓冻(RSF)、浸渍速冻(ICF)以及液氮喷雾速冻(LNF)对其进行处理,并在−20 ℃下冻藏180 d,评估不同方式对冻藏松茸的冻结特性、解冻后的感官品质及酶活性等方面的影响。结果显示,与缓冻处理相比,ICF和LNF处理的松茸具有更短的相变时间和更高的冻结速率(P<0.05),其中LNF的冻结速率最快(0.85 ℃/min),且LNF处理的松茸在冻藏期间表现出更好的水分和可溶性固形物含量保持性。冻藏期间,松茸出现褐变和质地变软,不同处理组褐变指数由高至低依次为RSF、ICF、LNF,硬度由高至低则为LNF、ICF、RSF。在酶活性方面,冻藏松茸超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性均呈下降趋势。LNF处理在三种方法中表现出最佳的SOD活力及PPO活力抑制能力。随着冻藏时间的延长,松茸的总糖、可溶性蛋白和总酚含量均有所降低,其中RSF处理显著降低了冻藏松茸可溶性蛋白的流失(P<0.05),而LNF处理对总糖及总酚含量的保持效果更佳。感官评估显示,LNF处理的松茸具有更高的感官接受度。综上所述,LNF处理最有利于维持松茸的冻藏品质,可作为松茸冻藏前处理的新选择。

浸渍速冻  /  液氮速冻  /  松茸  /  冻结特性  /  酶活性  /  生物活性物质

To examine the suitability of different pre-freezing treatments for Tricholoma matsutake frozen storage, three pretreatment methods—refrigerator slow freezing (RSF), immersion quick freezing (ICF), and liquid nitrogen spray freezing (LNF) were applied. Tricholoma matsutake were subsequently stored at −20 ℃ for 180 days, during which the effects of different freezing methods on freezing characteristics, post-thawing sensory quality, enzymatic activities, and other critical parameters were comprehensively assessed. Based on the experimental results, significantly shorter phase transition times and higher freezing rates (P<0.05) were observed in ICF- and LNF-treated Tricholoma matsutake compared with RSF-treated samples, with LNF demonstrating the fastest freezing rate at 0.85 ℃/min. Additionally, superior retention capacity for both moisture and soluble solids content was demonstrated in Tricholoma matsutake treated with LNF during frozen storage. During frozen storage, browning and texture softening were observed in Tricholoma matsutake, with the browning index ranking in descending order as RSF>ICF>LNF. At the same time, hardness values were maintained in the sequence LNF>ICF>RSF. Regarding enzymatic activities, a progressive reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity levels was observed in frozen-stored Tricholoma matsutake throughout the storage period. Among the three methods, the LNF treatment was found to exhibit the optimal retention of SOD activity and the most potent inhibition of PPO activity. With prolonged frozen storage, the total sugars, soluble protein, and total phenolic content were decreasesd in Tricholoma matsutake. The loss of soluble protein was significantly reduced by RSF treatment (P<0.05), while LNF treatment was more effective in retaining total sugars and total phenolic content. In conclusion, LNF treatment was demonstrated to be the most effective approach for maintaining the frozen storage quality of Tricholoma matsutake. It can be considered a novel pretreatment option for Tricholoma matsutake prior to frozen storage.

immersion quick freezing  /  liquid nitrogen quick freezing  /  Tricholoma matsutake  /  freezing characteristics  /  enzyme activity  /  bioactive substances
黄馨阅, 马菲菲, 何代琴, 王海丹, 李荣辉, 胡昕, 苏火生. 三种预冻处理对松茸冻藏适宜性的分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 382 -392 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050287
Xinyue HUANG, Feifei MA, Daiqin HE, Haidan WANG, Ronghui LI, Xin HU, Huosheng SU. Analysis of Three Pre-freezing Treatments for Optimal Freezing Suitability of Tricholoma matsutake[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 382 -392 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050287
松茸(Tricholoma matsutake)是一类生长于松树周围的外生菌根真菌,又名松菌、松口蘑等,隶属于伞菌目(Agaricales)、口蘑科(Tricholomataceae)、口蘑属(Tricholoma)[1]。松茸味道鲜美,富含多肽、多糖、麦角甾醇等多种生物活性物质[2],因此在食品工业中常被作为食品原料及调味料使用,深受广大消费者青睐。
松茸多生长于温带及寒带森林中,我国主要分布于吉林、四川、西藏、云南等地。松茸生长条件苛刻,目前尚未实现人工培育,在野外每年又仅在秋季生长,且生长速度缓慢,因此其销售流通过程极其依赖贮藏和运输[3]。松茸表皮结构薄软,且具有较高的水分含量及呼吸速率,若不采取适宜的保护措施,极易在贮藏运输过程中发生腐败变质现象,大大降低其食用价值及商业价值[4]。冷冻是食品行业中一类常见的食品保存方式,通常在商业中与冷藏技术相结合,来达到延长商品保质期的目的。冷冻冷藏主要是通过低温抑制食品中微生物生长、酶作用等生化过程,在一定程度上保留食品原有的营养成分及风味[5],以此实现食品保鲜。冷冻虽然能延缓食品变质的过程,但其导致的食品品质下降现象仍然存在,如水分流失、色泽变差、组织损伤等[6]。因此在采取冷冻技术对食品进行保存时,如何在保证保鲜效果的前提下,挑选对食品品质损害较小的冷冻方式变得尤为重要。目前商业常用的冷冻方式有接触式冷冻、鼓风式冷冻、浸入式冷冻等[7],但上述方式仍存在冻结速率低、对食品质量破坏程度大等缺点。目前已提出提高冻结效率,加快冰成核进程的策略来控制冰晶尺寸及分布,以应对冷冻对食品品质损害较大的问题[7]。基于该策略,涌现出多种新兴冷冻技术,如微波辅助冷冻、高压辅助冷冻、超声辅助冷冻等[8],其中液态CO2速冻[9]、隧道式速冻[10]、液氮喷雾速冻[11]等方式被运用于食用菌的保存。Jaworska等[9]利用液态CO2对牛肝菌进行速冻处理,研究表明经初步加工的牛肝菌在长达12个月的冻藏期内均保持了良好的感官品质。李耀[10]探究了粉黄牛肝菌适宜的冷冻工艺,研究发现普通冷库缓冻、隧道式速冻、液氮浸渍速冻三种方式中,隧道式速冻处理的粉黄牛肝菌色泽及硬度保持性最好。樊建等[11]利用液氮喷雾技术对松茸进行了速冻处理,结果表明相较于缓冻,在同样冻藏6个月条件下,速冻组样品汁液流失率显著降低,其中−60 ℃处理的松茸水分流失最少。石芳等[12]探究了缓冻缓融次数对松茸品质的影响,研究发现随着冻融次数的增多,松茸的色泽、硬度等指标呈下降趋势,松茸品质显著降低。Islam等[13]以双孢蘑菇、杏鲍菇及香菇为实验对象,探究超声辅助浸渍速冻对三种食用菌理化特性的影响,结果表明与缓冻处理相比,超声辅助浸渍速冻能显著缩短三种蘑菇冷冻时的冰成核时间,减少汁液流失,抑制多酚氧化酶及过氧化物酶的活性,更好地保持子实体色泽及硬度。Fallah-Joshaqani等[14]采用高压静电场冷冻对双孢蘑菇进行处理,研究发现与传统缓冻处理相比,静电场作用能使冻结过程中生成的冰晶尺寸缩小,汁液流失及质构性能下降等问题也能得到改善。
总体而言,速冻处理虽被广泛应用于食用菌的保存,但有关松茸适宜冷冻保藏技术的研究还尚不多见。因此,本研究以松茸作为研究对象,采用冰箱缓冻(refrigerator slow freezing,RSF)、浸渍速冻(immersion chilling and freezing,ICF)、液氮喷雾速冻(liquid nitrogen spray quick-freezing,LNF)三种方式对其进行冷冻处理,探究不同处理对松茸冻藏期间品质的影响,明晰松茸最适宜的预冻方式,旨在为松茸保鲜领域研究提供理论支持。
新鲜松茸(Tricholoma matsutake) 市售,产地云南;无水葡萄糖、苯酚 广东光华科技股份有限公司;浓硫酸 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;考马斯亮蓝 北京兰杰柯科技有限公司;牛血清白蛋白 北京鼎国昌盛生物技术有限公司;福林酚、无水乙醇 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;碳酸钠 天津市风船化学试剂科技有限公司;没食子酸、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性检测试剂盒、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性检测试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;所用试剂均为国产分析纯。
DW-40L5冰箱 青岛澳柯玛控股集团有限公司;SKR-SDJ浸渍速冻机 深圳市圣凯瑞科技有限公司;DJL-QF液氮喷雾机 深圳市德捷力低温技术有限公司;RC-4HC冷藏冷链温湿度记录仪 江苏省精创电气股份有限公司;HLR-310F实验室冷藏箱 青岛海尔生物医疗股份有限公司;M E204电子分析天平 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;PR-101α折光仪 日本ATAGO控股株式会社;101-2AB电热鼓风干燥箱 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;CR-10手持色差仪 日本柯尼卡美能达控股株式会社;TM-Touch食品质构测定仪 美国Food Technology Corporation公司;Multiskan GO酶标仪 美国Thermo公司。
选取个体差异小,外观无明显机械损伤及病虫害,菌体完整的松茸进行实验。在流水下用软刷洗净菌体上的污渍,吸水纸擦净水分后,抽真空包装,放置于4 ℃冰箱中预冷24 h备用。
将预冷好的松茸均匀平铺至仪器内,并按表1进行冷冻处理,冷冻温度选取参照前人松茸冷冻研究,并进行一定调整[11−12,15]。以松茸子实体中心温度达到−18 ℃作为冻结终点,冷冻结束后将不同处理组松茸统一放入−20 ℃冷库中贮存0、45、90、135、180 d。
冷冻处理前,将温湿度记录仪插入松茸中心。冷冻过程中,每10 s记录一次温度随时间的变化,直至菌体中心温度达到−18 ℃结束记录。根据记录数据绘制不同冷冻处理下松茸的冻结曲线。
食品冻结过程分为预冷、相变、回火三个阶段[16],三个阶段时间记为t0、t1、t2。总冻结时间t及冻结速率(freezing rate,FR)的计算方法参照Bonilla等[17]研究,按照式(1)、式(2)进行计算。
$ \text{t}={\text{t}}_{0}+{\text{t}}_{\text{1}}+{\text{t}}_{\text{2}} $
$\rm \text{FR}({^{{\circ}} {\rm{C}} /min})\frac{{T-(-18)}}{\text{t}} $
式中,t0表示预冷时间,min;t1表示相变时间,min;t2表示回火时间,min;t表示总冻结时间,min;T表示冻结初始温度,℃。
将冷冻松茸放入4 ℃冰箱中解冻12 h直至松茸菌体中心温度达到4 ℃。
汁液流失率的计算参照Yang等[18]方法。冷冻前对松茸进行称重,质量记为m0;解冻后再次称重,质量记为m,按照式(3)进行计算:
$ 汁液流失率\text{(\%)}=\frac{({\text{m}}_{0}-\text{m)}}{{\text{m}}_{0}}\text{×10}0 $
参照Li等[19]方法,使用手持折光仪测定不同冻藏时间内松茸可溶性固形物(total soluble solids,TSS)含量,结果以%表示。
松茸水分含量测定参照GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》进行,计算公式如式(4):
$ 水分含量\text{(\%)}=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}\text{×100} $
式中,m1表示烘干前松茸质量,g;m2表示烘干后松茸质量,g。
因松茸子实体菌盖及菌柄部分色泽差异较大,故使用手持色差仪分开测定菌盖及菌柄的L*值(亮度)、a*值(红/绿度)及b*值(黄/蓝度)。总色差∆E及褐变指数(browning index,BI)的计算参照Wang等[20]方法,计算公式如下:
$ \Delta {E}\text=\sqrt{{({{{L}}^{\text{*}}}-{{L}_{0}^{\text{*}}})}^{\text{2}}+{({{a}^{*}}-{{a}_{0}^{*}})}^{\text{2}}+{({{b}^{*}}-{{b}_{0}^{*}})}^{\text{2}}} $
${\mathrm{x}}=\dfrac{{(a^{\text{*}}+1.75L^{\text{*}})}}{({5.645L^{\text{*}}}){+(a^{\text{*}}-3.012b^{\text{*}})}} $
$\rm \text{BI}=\frac{{100(x-0.31)}}{\text{0.17}} $
式中,L*、a*、b*为解冻后松茸色度;L0*、a0*、b0*为新鲜松茸色度。
将松茸菌盖及菌柄修整为2 cm×2 cm×2 cm块状,采用食品质构测定仪进行松茸质构特性测定。实验参数设置参照Vardanjani等[21]方法,并进行了修改:TPA模式,探头P/0.5R,感应元件50 N,测试高度20 mm,检测速率60 mm/min,起始力0.15 N,形变量25%。
SOD及PPO活性测定采用对应活性检测试剂盒进行。
松茸总糖含量测定参照Wang等[22]方法,并进行一定修改。准确称取0.1 g松茸粉末,溶于5 mL去离子水中。涡旋混匀后放入95 ℃水浴中浸提2 h。提取悬浊液离心(8000 r/min,15 min),取上清液放置于4 ℃下待测。试管中分别加入体积比为1:1:5的提取上清液、5%苯酚溶液及浓硫酸,静置10 min,于490 nm处测定吸光值。
松茸可溶性蛋白含量测定参照Li等[23]方法,进行了一定修改。准确称取1.0 g松茸粉末,溶于5 mL去离子水中,充分混匀后60 ℃下水浴2 h。提取悬浊液进行离心(8000 r/min,15 min),取上清液存于4 ℃下待测。试管中加入1:5(v/v)的上清液及考马斯亮蓝G-250溶液,于595 nm处测定吸光值。
松茸总酚含量测定参照Bolesławsk等[24]方法,进行了一定修改。准确称取1.0 g松茸粉末,溶于5 mL 60%(v/v)乙醇中,70 ℃下超声提取1 h。将提取悬浊液进行离心(8000 r/min, 20 min),上清液存于4 ℃下待测。分别向试管中加入0.5 mL提取上清液、5 mL去离子水、0.5 mL 1 mol/L福林酚溶液及2 mL 0.7 mol/L Na2CO3溶液,充分混匀后,避光放置40 min,于760 nm处测定吸光值。
感官评定小组由10名食品科学与工程领域专业人员构成,所有成员均接受系统感官评价培训,且具备两年以上食品感官分析工作经验。各处理组松茸样品进行随机编号,提供给评定人员。松茸感官评价标准见表2。
每组实验重复三次,结果以x±s表示,数据分析采用SPSS Statistics 26.0软件进行(ANOVA分析,Duncan检验),P<0.05表示差异显著。绘图采用Origin 2024b软件进行。
食品冻结分为预冷、相变、回火三个阶段进行。预冷阶段,食品中显热被大量去除,导致热能散失,因此该阶段的主要特征是温度急速下降,到达冰点[25]。相变阶段,在达到一定过冷度时会触发相变,过冷水开始结冰成核,此时会释放出相变潜热,导致食品温度回升,并且在该阶段内80%以上的水都冻结成冰[26−27]。回火阶段,随着显热的不断去除,食品中的水分全部转化为冰晶,其中心温度迅速下降至冻结终点[25]。如图1所示,三种冷冻方式下松茸的冻结曲线均符合食品冻结特征。预冷阶段,冻结曲线呈现出明显的下降趋势;相变阶段,各组冻结曲线均出现明显“平台期”,但无温度回升现象,与Farshbaf等[28]的研究结果一致,这可能是由于固体食品结构抑制了热传导[29];回火阶段,冻结曲线急剧下降,直至到达−18 ℃。
冻结三个阶段中,相变阶段尤为重要,因为该阶段涉及结晶过程,通过最大冰晶生成带的时间关系着冰晶的生成、分布情况以及冻结速率,而冰晶和冻结速率又关乎冷冻食品质量。一般认为,越迅速通过相变阶段,越能减少水分的迁移,从而在提高冻结速率的同时,生成对食品品质损害较小的分布均匀、形状规则致密的冰晶[30]。将松茸冻结过程中预冷、相变及回火三个阶段消耗时间分别定义为t0、t1及t2,如表3所示,RSF组t1显著长于ICF组及LNF组(P<0.05),分别为二者的15.75倍、11.20倍;而FR显著低于两个速冻处理组,较二者分别下降了52.63%及89.41%。上述结果表明,ICF及LNF处理均能显著降低松茸冻结过程中通过最大冰晶生成带的时间,提升冻结速率。在回火阶段,食品内部不稳定的冰晶会因环境温度波动,发生形状、数量、大小等方面的改变,这种现象被称为冰的再结晶,再结晶现象同样会对食品品质造成不可逆损伤[31]。比较两种速冻处理,ICF处理虽能使松茸更快通过相变阶段,但回火阶段消耗的时间却显著长于LNF处理(P<0.05),这可能是由于随着冷冻不断进行,浸渍液热物理特性出现波动,促进了冰的再结晶,延缓了回火进程[32−33]。
汁液流失率是衡量冷冻食品水分保持性的重要指标之一,常与冻结过程中生成的冰晶有关。分布均匀、体积较小的冰晶能降低冻结对细胞的破坏,减少汁液流失[34]。如图2所示,各处理组松茸汁液流失率均随冻藏时间的延长而增加,与董红兵等[35]在竹笋冻藏过程中发现的规律相近。这可能是由于随着冻藏时间的增加,食品内部水分迁移、冰晶破坏等方面的累积效应也愈发显著,导致内部结构因冷冻造成的不可逆损伤加重,汁液流失率升高[35]。而比较三种冷冻方式,同一冻藏时间内,LNF处理的松茸汁液流失率显著低于RSF及ICF处理,这与范振梅等[36]得出的结果类似,这是因为LNF处理较高的冻结速率使松茸内部生成了体积小的冰晶,减少了冻结对松茸组织的破坏,降低水分流失[11]。
TSS含量变化可以反映食品贮藏品质。如图3所示,随着冻藏时间的延长,各冷冻处理的松茸TSS含量均呈下降趋势。直至冻藏结束,RSF、ICF、LNF三种方式处理的松茸TSS含量较冻藏开始时分别降低了34.13%、40.38%、32.46%,这归因于冰晶对细胞结构造成破坏,致使胞内容物流失[37]。三种冷冻方式中,在冻藏0~135 d内,TSS含量由高至低依次为LNF、ICF、RSF,表明该冻藏时段内速冻处理较缓冻处理表现出较好的TSS含量保持性;而在整个冻藏期内,LNF处理较其余两种处理表现出显著的TSS含量保持性(P<0.05),这可能与LNF处理较低的细胞破坏率有关。
水参与机体内多种生化反应,与食品原料贮藏品质息息相关。如图4所示,不同冷冻处理的松茸水分流失随冻藏期的延长而增大,RSF、ICF、LNF三种处理冻藏180 d时水分含量分别较冻藏初期降低了8.3%、9.31%及7.92%,这归因于松茸中冰晶的生成破坏了细胞结构,并使组织结构排列松散,导致结合水的能力下降[38]。其中,LNF处理较其余两种处理改善了冷冻松茸冻藏期间的水分保持性,与Luo等[38]研究结果相似,这可能归因于高冻结速率下形成的冰晶更均匀、更致密,造成的机械损伤程度更小,因而能够维持较高的水分含量[39]。而ICF组在冻藏期间表现出的水分含量波动性可能归因于不稳定的冰晶在回火阶段的再结晶现象,使得冰晶尺寸、分布面积进一步增长,破坏松茸组织结构,导致大部分游离水迁移至胞外[40]。
如图5所示,冻藏期间松茸主要的色泽变化为:L*值降低,RSF、ICF及LNF三组样品冻藏180 d时,菌盖/柄L*值分别为23.27/30.71、25.9/32.29、29.41/32.07,较冻藏初期显著降低(P<0.05);a*、b*值及∆E升高。其中,冻藏结束时,RSF、ICF及LNF三个处理组菌盖/柄∆E较冻藏第0 d时分别增加了4.59倍/1.83倍、3.35倍/2.57倍、4.48倍/3.49倍。类似现象在蓝莓及玉米冻藏过程中同样存在[41−42],这可能是由于冷冻过程中细胞内外冰晶的生成会对细胞膜、细胞壁造成破坏,胞内褐变底物流出,与部分氧化酶结合生成褐色的醌类化合物,并且长期贮存过程中的环境因素波动也可导致松茸中的色素氧化分解[41]。对比三种冷冻处理,LNF处理表现出较好的松茸色泽保持性,具体表现为:整个冻藏期内较高的L*值及较小的∆E变化,特别地,在冻藏结束时,LNF组松茸菌盖L*值显著高于ICF组及RSF组(P<0.05),而∆E显著低于二者(P<0.05)。褐变是食品原料贮藏运输过程中发生的正常现象,常分为酶促褐变和非酶促褐变。如图6所示,随着冻藏时间的延长,不同冷冻处理过的松茸菌盖及菌柄褐变指数均有所提升,表明松茸的褐变程度随冻藏时间增加而不断加深,与庄远红等[43]在双孢蘑菇冻藏过程中发现的褐变规律一致,推测为随着冻藏的不断推进,松茸中冰的再结晶现象加重,导致冰晶对细胞结构的破坏程度加深,促进氧化酶与底物的接触,加剧了松茸的褐变程度[43]。在整个冻藏期内,对比三种冷冻方式,RSF处理的松茸褐变程度最高。
硬度是评估冻藏食品品质的重要指标,关系着食品的食用口感、加工适用性等方面。如图7所示,随着冻藏时间的不断延长,三种冷冻方式处理的松茸硬度均不断降低,这是由于冷冻易使水分大量流失,蛋白质变性,并且细胞完整性被冰晶破坏,使得解冻后的细胞无法恢复原有状态,导致组织软化[44]。相较于缓冻处理,两种速冻技术(ICF与LNF)处理的松茸在180 d冻藏期内始终维持更高硬度值。这表明低温快速冷冻可通过抑制冰晶生长有效维持松茸质地完整性,该规律与Islam等[9]在美味牛肝菌冻藏研究中发现的速冻保质效应类似。对比两种速冻方式,LNF处理的松茸软化程度均显著低于ICF处理(P<0.05),特别在冻藏结束时,ICF处理的松茸菌盖、菌柄硬度分别为1.61 N及2.01 N,较LNF处理下降了32.69%及23.05%,推测原因为LNF处理较ICF具有更高的冻结速率,冻结过程中生成的冰晶体积更小、更致密,对组织损害更小,水分流失现象更轻微[45];ICF处理回火阶段因载冷剂热特性的波动,导致冷冻时间延长,再结晶现象加重,冰晶对组织破坏程度加深,增加了水分流失[33,46]。
冷冻虽然会在一定程度上抑制食品中内源酶的活性,降低酶促反应速率,但却无法使酶完全失活[47]。因此,在冻藏过程中,部分酶仍会作用于食品中发生的各类生化反应,引起食品贮藏品质变化。对相关酶活性进行监测,能够有效进行冻藏方式对某类食品的适宜性分析。食品贮藏运输过程中,环境因素、代谢活动等会诱使大量超氧阴离子自由基产生,从而导致食品中蛋白质、脂质等营养成分的氧化。SOD是一类具有清除O2−·功能的抗氧化酶,能够有效防止因过氧化引发的食品品质劣变[48]。如图8(a)所示,不同处理组松茸在冻藏期间SOD活性均呈下降趋势,冻藏180 d时RSF、ICF及LNF三个处理组松茸SOD活性分别为45.27、46.61及56.19 U/g,较冻藏0 d时分别下降了57.68%、61.8%及54.02%,表明长期低温冻藏对松茸SOD活性具有抑制作用,这可能是由于冰晶造成的机械损伤及长期处于低温环境导致酶结构被破坏[49]。对比三种冷冻方式,RSF及ICF处理组SOD活性除冻藏0 d外,其余冻藏时间内无显著性差异(P>0.05);LNF处理的SOD活性优于其他两组,与Tian等[49]在冬虫夏草冻结过程中得到的规律相近,表明冻结速率越高,越有利于冻藏过程中SOD活性的保持。这可能是因为高冻结速率促进致密冰晶生成,在减少组织机械损伤的同时,也减少了对SOD高阶结构的破坏[49]。PPO是一类催化食品发生酶促褐变的关键含铜酚酶,主要催化食品中多酚类氧化的两个重要反应:单酚羟基化为邻二酚及邻二酚进一步氧化为邻醌,生成的醌类物质又与蛋白质缩合形成棕褐色产物,从而诱发食品发生颜色变化[50]。如图8(b)所示,不同冷冻处理下的松茸PPO活性均随冻藏时间的延长而下降。对比三种冷冻方式,PPO活性由高至低分别为RSF、ICF及LNF,这与松茸褐变指数呈现出相同趋势,表明PPO确实能在一定程度上影响松茸褐变进程。其中,LNF处理松茸PPO活性显著低于RSF及ICF(P<0.05),冻藏第0 d时活性较二者下降17.19%、14.78%,冻藏第180 d时活性较二者下降38.36%、15.52%,这与范振梅等[36]在竹笋冻结过程中得出的结果相近,表明LNF处理有利于抑制松茸中PPO活性,减缓酶促褐变过程的推进,这可能归因于LNF处理减少了对松茸细胞结构的损伤,从而抑制了游离态PPO的产生[51]。
松茸含有丰富的功能性成分,如多糖、蛋白、黄酮类化合物等,是重要的功能性食品原料[1]。然而,在其流通过程中,会因生理代谢、环境因素等引起生物活性物质含量变化,从而导致品质劣变,因此有必要对相关物质含量进行定期检测。如图9所示,不同冷冻处理的松茸中三种活性物质含量均随冻藏时间的延长而下降,并且在冻藏中后期时(90~180 d)下降现象明显,这与Bernaś等[52]在双孢蘑菇冻藏过程中发现的规律相近,推测原因为冻结过程中产生的冰晶,以及冻藏阶段因环境温度波动导致的冰再结晶现象对松茸细胞膜及细胞壁造成不可逆的机械损伤,使得解冻时内容物从胞内流出,并且损伤程度越深,导致的营养成分流失现象越严重[52]。比较三种冷冻处理,对于总糖含量,两种速冻方式(ICF及LNF)处理的松茸总糖含量在冻藏期内显著高于RSF处理(P<0.05),这归因于二者较短的通过最大冰晶生成带时间减少了松茸中糖类组分的流失;LNF处理对松茸总糖的保留性高于ICF处理,特别在冻藏90 d及135 d时含量显著高于后者(P<0.05),分别为ICF处理组的1.05倍及1.11倍,这可能归因于较高的冻结速率更有利于生成对松茸细胞壁损伤更小的冰晶。对于可溶性蛋白质含量,RSF处理的松茸该组分含量显著高于ICF、LNF处理(P<0.05),这是较低温度易使蛋白质变性的结果[53];在整个冻藏期间,ICF处理的松茸可溶性蛋白质含量略高于LNF处理,这可能归因于LNF较高的冻结速率加快了蛋白分子中氢键、疏水键及二硫键的聚集,促进了蛋白质的变性[53]。对于总酚含量,冻藏0 d时,两个速冻处理组(ICF及LNF)松茸总酚含量显著高于RSF处理组(P<0.05);但随着冻藏时间的延长,RSF及ICF处理组松茸总酚含量显著下降(P<0.05),LNF处理的松茸总酚含量显著高于二者(P<0.05),直到冻藏结束,LNF处理松茸总酚含量分别为RSF及ICF处理的1.27倍及1.37倍,这可能归因于LNF处理生成的致密冰晶对松茸细胞结构造成的损伤较小,使得PPO溶出较少,进而减少了PPO与酚类物质的结合率[51]。综合而言,LNF处理较RSF、ICF处理具有更好的生物活性物质保留性。
感官评价是通过人的感官对食品质量与安全进行评价的方法,能够有效反映出消费者对食品的可接受程度。如图10所示,不同冷冻处理的松茸感官评价总得分均随着冻藏时间的延长而下降,冻藏0 d时,RSF、ICF、LNF处理总得分为84.4、87.2及89.1;冻藏180 d时,三个处理组总得分较0 d时下降了32.64%、32.57%及31.31%,分别为56.8、58.9及61.2分,表明随着冻藏时间的增加,评价者对冷冻松茸的可接受度也在不断下降,这可能与前文中所探讨的松茸冻藏期间出现的水分及生物活性物质流失、褐变程度加重、质地软化等现象有关。在整个冻藏期内,三种冷冻处理组中,LNF处理的松茸感官评分最高,冻藏0 d时,总分为RSF及ICF处理组的1.06倍及1.02倍;冻藏180 d时,总分为RSF及ICF处理组的1.08倍及1.04倍,表明LNF处理的松茸感官接受度最高。
冻藏能够在一定程度上保持松茸的品质,但不同冷冻处理方法对松茸冻藏期间的品质变化有显著影响。在三种冷冻处理中,冰箱缓冻处理的松茸冻结速率最低,汁液流失最大,褐变程度最严重,且在营养物质含量、酶活性等方面的保持性较差,因此其综合品质最差。浸渍速冻处理能使松茸在冻结过程中较迅速通过最大冰晶生成带,并能够较好地保持松茸的多糖和可溶性蛋白含量。然而,冷冻回火阶段中载冷剂热特性的波动显著加剧了冰晶再结晶现象,这在松茸冻藏期间引发了一系列负面效应,包括汁液流失、质地软化及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性丧失等问题,因此不适合用于松茸的冻藏前处理。液氮喷雾速冻组松茸具有最高的冻结速率(P<0.05),并在整个冻藏期间展现出最佳的品质保持性,具体表现为汁液流失率(P<0.05)和褐变程度最低;质地软化现象显著低于另两种处理(P<0.05);冻藏结束时SOD活性为56.19 U/g,总糖及总酚含量显著高于其余两种冷冻处理的松茸(P<0.05),表现出最优的生物活性物质含量及酶活性保持性;并且感官接受度最高。因此,液氮喷雾速冻可作为松茸冻藏最适宜的前处理冷冻技术。本研究围绕松茸冻藏期间外观形态、营养物质含量、酶活性等方面开展适宜的前处理冷冻技术评价,为松茸保鲜贮藏领域提供了理论依据。未来的研究应聚焦于冻藏条件的进一步优化、多组学方法分析冻藏保鲜机制等方面,以推动松茸冻藏保鲜技术的创新与发展。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050287
  • 接收时间:2025-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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    云南省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,云南昆明 650221

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苏火生(1980−),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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