Article(id=1320175944980091765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050093, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684072966, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684072966, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684072966, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684072966, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=214, endPage=222, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175946297103222, articleId=1320175944980091765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Microwave Vacuum Freeze-drying on the Properties of Tremella Polysaccharide-Egg White Protein-Corn Starch Composite Gel Based on 3D Printing Solidification, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations (0, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16 g/mL) of corn starch (CS) on the 3D printing accuracy of tremella polysaccharide-egg white protein (TFP-EWP) composite gels, as well as the influence of varying microwave vacuum freeze-drying times (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 min) on the solidification properties of the printed products. TFP-EWP-CS gels with different CS concentrations were used as the raw material, and the printing accuracy of the products was characterized. Microwave vacuum freeze-drying was applied as the drying method, and the products were systematically evaluated for moisture content, drying rate, geometric shape, texture, color difference, and moisture distribution. The results indicated that at a CS concentration of 0.12 g/mL, the 3D printing deviation of the TFP-EWP-CS composite gel was the lowest, with a deviation value of 0.75%. As the drying time increased, the proportion of free water significantly decreased, while some weakly bound water converted to free water and subsequently evaporated, leading to a decline in both moisture content and drying rate. During the processing times of 20, 40, 60 and 80 min, the shape of the printed products remained relatively stable, with a solidification fidelity greater than 90%; However, both the diameter and height significantly decreased (P<0.05). Surface cracking was observed at 100 min of drying. As drying time increased, the hardness, adhesiveness, and chewiness of the products significantly enhanced, while the microwave vacuum freeze-drying treatment increased the whiteness and reduced the yellowness of the products (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study provides valuable references for optimizing the drying process of TFP-EWP-CS composite gel printing products.

, authors=Jingyao DUAN1, Lili LIU1, 2, 3, 4, *, Beibei SHAO1, Junhui YANG1, authorsList=Jingyao DUAN, Lili LIU, Beibei SHAO, Junhui YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lili LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175948004184967, articleId=1320175944980091765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=微波真空冷冻干燥对基于3D打印固型的银耳多糖-蛋清蛋白-玉米淀粉复合凝胶特性的影响, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探讨不同浓度(0、0.06、0.08、0.10、0.12、0.14、0.16 g/mL)的玉米淀粉(CS)对银耳多糖-蛋清蛋白(TFP-EWP)复合凝胶3D打印精确度的影响,以及不同微波真空冷冻干燥时间(0、20、40、60、80、100、120和140 min)对打印产品固型效果的影响。以TFP-EWP-CS凝胶为原料,对不同浓度CS打印产品的打印精确度进行表征,采用微波真空冷冻干燥技术对其进行干燥处理,并对打印产品的水分含量、干燥速率、几何形状、质构、色差及水分分布等进行系统性评估。结果表明,CS添加量为0.12 g/mL时,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶3D打印偏差最低,打印偏差值为0.75%,随着干燥时间的延长,自由水比例显著下降,同时部分弱结合水转化为自由水并随之蒸发,产品的水分含量和干燥速率均呈下降趋势。在20、40、60和80 min的处理时间内,打印产品的形状基本保持稳定,固型保真度均大于90%,但直径和高度显著减少(P<0.05)。当干燥时间达到100 min时,产品表面出现裂缝。随着干燥时间的增加,产品的硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼性均显著增强,微波真空冷冻干燥处理使得产品的白度增加而黄度降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,本研究为优化TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的干燥工艺提供了方案参考。

, authors=段京瑶1, 刘丽莉1, 2, 3, 4, *, 邵贝贝1, 杨君慧1, authorsList=段京瑶, 刘丽莉, 邵贝贝, 杨君慧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘丽莉, authorNote=

段京瑶(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品科学与食品生物技术,E-mail:

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刘丽莉(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品科学与食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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Food Hydrocolloids, 2015, 45: 196−202., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320175948234871688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175948247454601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, companyId=1320175948234871688, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175948255843210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, companyId=1320175948234871688, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320175948339729291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175948348117900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, companyId=1320175948339729291, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Processing and Security, Luoyang 471023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175948352312205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, companyId=1320175948339729291, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2食品加工与安全国家级教学示范中心,河南洛阳 471023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320175948419421070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175948427809679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, companyId=1320175948419421070, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality and Safety Control, Luoyang 471023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175948436198288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, companyId=1320175948419421070, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3食品加工与质量安全控制河南省国际联合实验室,河南洛阳 471023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320175948486529937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175948499112850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, companyId=1320175948486529937, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Microbiology, Luoyang 471023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175948511695763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, companyId=1320175948486529937, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4食品微生物河南省工程技术研究中心,河南洛阳 471023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320175955545543608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Structural diagram of microwave vacuum freeze-drying equipment, figureFileSmall=O4Wqx3odlh6hyOXRgGp++g==, figureFileBig=SFBtTythOMyLLroborGW3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175955600069561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=CN, label=图1, caption=微波真空冷冻干燥设备结构图, figureFileSmall=O4Wqx3odlh6hyOXRgGp++g==, figureFileBig=SFBtTythOMyLLroborGW3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175955839144890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Average deviation of TFP-EWP-CS composite gel 3D printed products under different CS concentrations, figureFileSmall=13NHR/nen2Q3JYYFFN55Sg==, figureFileBig=rpR2EuIrONZOE5mDqawunQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175955906253755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同CS浓度下TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶3D打印产品平均偏差

注:不同小写字母表示各组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),图3、图6同。

, figureFileSmall=13NHR/nen2Q3JYYFFN55Sg==, figureFileBig=rpR2EuIrONZOE5mDqawunQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175955973362620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dry basis moisture content (A) and moisture ratio (B) of TFP-EWP-CS composite gel under different drying times, figureFileSmall=NbNQ28DTw9etWdm7ayzslQ==, figureFileBig=VXNP9rgIY0Q8WoIrbAMTlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175956048860093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同干燥时间下TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶的干基含水率(A)和水分比(B), figureFileSmall=NbNQ28DTw9etWdm7ayzslQ==, figureFileBig=VXNP9rgIY0Q8WoIrbAMTlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175956124357566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Drying rate curves of TFP-EWP-CS composite gel, figureFileSmall=/zZJm4oJLffCgmjsHojyFA==, figureFileBig=uKCPqiXkxXqWP6Mg9gRGUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175956187272127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=CN, label=图4, caption=TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶的干燥速率曲线, figureFileSmall=/zZJm4oJLffCgmjsHojyFA==, figureFileBig=uKCPqiXkxXqWP6Mg9gRGUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175956254380992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Geometry of TFP-EWP-CS composite gel-printed products under different drying times, figureFileSmall=/mMbFHSqDttokkO0hRxEeg==, figureFileBig=NO+YJtKKsh00sZlmDehWgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175956346655681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同干燥时间下TFP-EWP-CS 复合凝胶打印产品的几何形状

注:A1~F1与A2~F2分别是TFP-EWP-OJ复合凝胶的俯视图和主视图;A1、A2为0 min;B1、B2为20 min;C1、C2为40 min;D1、D2为60 min;E1、E2为80 min;F1、F2为100 min。

, figureFileSmall=/mMbFHSqDttokkO0hRxEeg==, figureFileBig=NO+YJtKKsh00sZlmDehWgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175956405375938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of different drying times on the textural properties of TFP-EWP-CS composite gel printed products, figureFileSmall=GpuDFKyPspsZMzPwVLYN6A==, figureFileBig=sihdAn6po+P4M0wm1xdVdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175956476679107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同干燥时间对TFP-EWP-CS 复合凝胶打印产品的质构特性的影响, figureFileSmall=GpuDFKyPspsZMzPwVLYN6A==, figureFileBig=sihdAn6po+P4M0wm1xdVdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175956539593668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of different drying times on the moisture distribution of TFP-EWP-CS composite gel printed products, figureFileSmall=kOwaYLD3NbMKs3Z1stYRUQ==, figureFileBig=mAACzbL4TqHpcQmu7oLh9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175956602508229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同干燥时间对TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的水分分布的影响, figureFileSmall=kOwaYLD3NbMKs3Z1stYRUQ==, figureFileBig=mAACzbL4TqHpcQmu7oLh9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175956661228486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Drying mechanism of TFP-EWP-CS composite gel printed products, figureFileSmall=Xv3wYD28gFHj3namDeNcFQ==, figureFileBig=wMyilwdw3+h7Ep56HnKO4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175956732531655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=CN, label=图8, caption=TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品干燥机制, figureFileSmall=Xv3wYD28gFHj3namDeNcFQ==, figureFileBig=wMyilwdw3+h7Ep56HnKO4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175956791251912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Solid-state fidelity of TFP-EWP-CS composite gel prints with different drying times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥时间(min)直径(mm)高度(mm)固型保真度(%)
024.94±0.03a14.97±0.05a99.76±0.12a
2024.60±0.05b14.67±0.08b98.26±0.20b
4024.39±0.04c14.53±0.02bc97.40±0.13c
6023.97±0.08d14.41±0.08c95.92±0.28d
8023.62±0.06e14.17±0.04d94.47±0.19e
10023.51±0.07e14.07±0.03d93.98±0.22e
), ArticleFig(id=1320175956862555081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同干燥时间下TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的固型保真度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥时间(min)直径(mm)高度(mm)固型保真度(%)
024.94±0.03a14.97±0.05a99.76±0.12a
2024.60±0.05b14.67±0.08b98.26±0.20b
4024.39±0.04c14.53±0.02bc97.40±0.13c
6023.97±0.08d14.41±0.08c95.92±0.28d
8023.62±0.06e14.17±0.04d94.47±0.19e
10023.51±0.07e14.07±0.03d93.98±0.22e
), ArticleFig(id=1320175956938052554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of different drying times on the color difference of TFP-EWP-CS composite gel printed products

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干燥时间(min)L*a*b*
070.59±0.66d4.47±0.33a51.99±2.66a
2072.31±0.45d4.30±0.08a51.08±1.48ab
4072.90±1.51cd3.71±0.10b46.97±1.93bc
6075.25±0.91c3.25±0.07c44.56±1.25c
8078.12±0.98b2.77±0.09d39.75±1.55d
10082.10±0.81a1.73±0.10e38.32±1.13d
), ArticleFig(id=1320175957013550028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175944980091765, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同干燥时间对TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的色差的影响

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干燥时间(min)L*a*b*
070.59±0.66d4.47±0.33a51.99±2.66a
2072.31±0.45d4.30±0.08a51.08±1.48ab
4072.90±1.51cd3.71±0.10b46.97±1.93bc
6075.25±0.91c3.25±0.07c44.56±1.25c
8078.12±0.98b2.77±0.09d39.75±1.55d
10082.10±0.81a1.73±0.10e38.32±1.13d
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微波真空冷冻干燥对基于3D打印固型的银耳多糖-蛋清蛋白-玉米淀粉复合凝胶特性的影响
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段京瑶 1 , 刘丽莉 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 邵贝贝 1 , 杨君慧 1
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(12): 214-222
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (12) : 214 -222
微波真空冷冻干燥对基于3D打印固型的银耳多糖-蛋清蛋白-玉米淀粉复合凝胶特性的影响
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段京瑶1 , 刘丽莉1, 2, 3, 4, * , 邵贝贝1, 杨君慧1
作者信息
  • 1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023
  • 2食品加工与安全国家级教学示范中心,河南洛阳 471023
  • 3食品加工与质量安全控制河南省国际联合实验室,河南洛阳 471023
  • 4食品微生物河南省工程技术研究中心,河南洛阳 471023
通讯作者:
刘丽莉(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品科学与食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

段京瑶(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品科学与食品生物技术,E-mail:

Effects of Microwave Vacuum Freeze-drying on the Properties of Tremella Polysaccharide-Egg White Protein-Corn Starch Composite Gel Based on 3D Printing Solidification
Jingyao DUAN1 , Lili LIU1, 2, 3, 4, * , Beibei SHAO1, Junhui YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 2National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Processing and Security, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 3Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality and Safety Control, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 4Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Microbiology, Luoyang 471023, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050093
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本研究旨在探讨不同浓度(0、0.06、0.08、0.10、0.12、0.14、0.16 g/mL)的玉米淀粉(CS)对银耳多糖-蛋清蛋白(TFP-EWP)复合凝胶3D打印精确度的影响,以及不同微波真空冷冻干燥时间(0、20、40、60、80、100、120和140 min)对打印产品固型效果的影响。以TFP-EWP-CS凝胶为原料,对不同浓度CS打印产品的打印精确度进行表征,采用微波真空冷冻干燥技术对其进行干燥处理,并对打印产品的水分含量、干燥速率、几何形状、质构、色差及水分分布等进行系统性评估。结果表明,CS添加量为0.12 g/mL时,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶3D打印偏差最低,打印偏差值为0.75%,随着干燥时间的延长,自由水比例显著下降,同时部分弱结合水转化为自由水并随之蒸发,产品的水分含量和干燥速率均呈下降趋势。在20、40、60和80 min的处理时间内,打印产品的形状基本保持稳定,固型保真度均大于90%,但直径和高度显著减少(P<0.05)。当干燥时间达到100 min时,产品表面出现裂缝。随着干燥时间的增加,产品的硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼性均显著增强,微波真空冷冻干燥处理使得产品的白度增加而黄度降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,本研究为优化TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的干燥工艺提供了方案参考。

微波真空冷冻干燥  /  复合凝胶  /  3D打印  /  水分比  /  干燥速率  /  水分分布

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations (0, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16 g/mL) of corn starch (CS) on the 3D printing accuracy of tremella polysaccharide-egg white protein (TFP-EWP) composite gels, as well as the influence of varying microwave vacuum freeze-drying times (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 min) on the solidification properties of the printed products. TFP-EWP-CS gels with different CS concentrations were used as the raw material, and the printing accuracy of the products was characterized. Microwave vacuum freeze-drying was applied as the drying method, and the products were systematically evaluated for moisture content, drying rate, geometric shape, texture, color difference, and moisture distribution. The results indicated that at a CS concentration of 0.12 g/mL, the 3D printing deviation of the TFP-EWP-CS composite gel was the lowest, with a deviation value of 0.75%. As the drying time increased, the proportion of free water significantly decreased, while some weakly bound water converted to free water and subsequently evaporated, leading to a decline in both moisture content and drying rate. During the processing times of 20, 40, 60 and 80 min, the shape of the printed products remained relatively stable, with a solidification fidelity greater than 90%; However, both the diameter and height significantly decreased (P<0.05). Surface cracking was observed at 100 min of drying. As drying time increased, the hardness, adhesiveness, and chewiness of the products significantly enhanced, while the microwave vacuum freeze-drying treatment increased the whiteness and reduced the yellowness of the products (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study provides valuable references for optimizing the drying process of TFP-EWP-CS composite gel printing products.

microwave vacuum freeze-drying  /  composite gel  /  3D printing  /  moisture ratio  /  drying rate  /  moisture distribution
段京瑶, 刘丽莉, 邵贝贝, 杨君慧. 微波真空冷冻干燥对基于3D打印固型的银耳多糖-蛋清蛋白-玉米淀粉复合凝胶特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 214 -222 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050093
Jingyao DUAN, Lili LIU, Beibei SHAO, Junhui YANG. Effects of Microwave Vacuum Freeze-drying on the Properties of Tremella Polysaccharide-Egg White Protein-Corn Starch Composite Gel Based on 3D Printing Solidification[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 214 -222 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050093
3D打印技术在食品行业中展现出独特的优势,特别是在满足消费者对食品外观定制需求方面。这种技术不仅允许用户根据个人喜好和需求设计独特的食品形状,还能够实现复杂的细节和多样化的风味组合,从而提升消费者的整体体验[1]。在食品3D打印材料的开发中,原料的营养价值与成型性能同样受到广泛关注。蛋白质作为人体必需的重要营养素,具有良好的凝胶化和结构构建能力,因此以植物蛋白和动物蛋白为基础的3D打印食品已成为研究热点。前期研究表明,银耳多糖(TFP)可以改善蛋清蛋白(EWP)的凝胶特性[2]。与此同时,随着健康饮食理念的不断深化,消费者对食品中维生素和膳食纤维含量的关注日益增加,富含这些营养成分的水果和蔬菜也逐渐被引入食品3D打印体系中。CHEN等[3]使用不同蛋白质和果蔬粉的复合材料进行打印,并对打印结果和感官特性进行了评价。XU等[4]利用改性豌豆蛋白和草莓粉开发了一种新型食品3D打印油墨,以满足吞咽困难人群的饮食需求。基于此,为进一步提升TFP-EWP复合凝胶的营养品质并丰富其风味,本研究在3D打印材料制备过程中选用橙汁(OJ)作为液体组分。然而,TFP-EWP复合凝胶本身不能直接用于3D打印,打印制品难以保持精细的几何形态,且支撑性能不足。天然淀粉具有无毒、环保、可再生、易得等优点,它也是一种优秀的胶凝剂和增稠剂,可以为食品提供所需的质地、粘度、结构性能和储存稳定性。夏国峰等[5]以马铃薯淀粉为原料成功实现3D打印。玉米淀粉(CS)因其良好的粘弹性、低老化性能和剪切减薄性能而经常用于3D打印[6]。因此,选择CS作为TFP-EWP复合凝胶的胶凝剂,使其更适合3D打印。
3D打印产品内部的水分有利于打印时物料从喷嘴中挤出,但却不利于打印产品长时间保持形状。良好的形状保持能力不仅影响到食品的外观和质量,还关系到产品的市场竞争力。去除打印产品内部的水分不仅可以抑制微生物的生长而且可以固定打印产品的形状,脱水食品因其在储存和运输中能够有效维持形状与外观,越来越被视为3D打印食品固化的一个具有竞争力的方案[7]。这种方式不仅增强了食品的保质期,还确保了其外观的吸引力。然而,相当多的研究表明,传统高温常压条件下的脱水或热处理过程容易引起产品结构和形貌的显著变化。例如,SEVERIN等[8]发现烘焙会导致面团的理化特性发生变化,如蛋白质变性和淀粉糊化,导致烘焙样品表面粗糙。真空冷冻干燥的原理是将冷冻后的物料置于负压环境,水分在负压时其熔点及沸点均降低并升华为水蒸气排出,然而此干燥方法虽然可以有效避免物料氧化,能够维持物料的营养、颜色及结构,但干燥用时长、能耗大、效益低。近年来微波真空冷冻干燥在食品行业中受到越来越多地重视,具有较大的应用发展潜力。微波真空冷冻干燥是将微波干燥和真空冷冻干燥两种方法的优势结合起来研制出的一种联合干燥方式,物料的整个过程都是在真空条件下进行的,其水分可通过升华快速除去,且与真空冷冻干燥生产的产品质量相似。相比传统真空冷冻干燥设备,微波真空冷冻干燥设备在内部加入了微波加热单元;物料中的水分直接吸收微波能大大提高了干燥速率,进而降低能耗。BAO等[9]采用微波真空冷冻干燥技术对菠萝凝胶打印产品进行干燥固形,发现产品的固形度良好。微波真空冷冻干燥作为一种有效的干燥方式,已经广泛地应用到香菇、杏鲍菇、胡萝卜等果蔬脱水干燥领域中[10]。目前,科研工作者对蛋清蛋白基3D打印产品干燥的研究极少,且仅限在单一干燥方面,对蛋清蛋白基3D打印产品的联合干燥尚未见报道。
本研究以TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶3D打印产品为研究对象,选择微波真空冷冻干燥作为后固化处理方法。研究不同CS含量对TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印精度的影响,以及不同微波真空冷冻干燥时间对最佳TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶3D打印产品的固型特性的影响。首先通过测定不同CS含量的TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印精度确定最佳打印产品,然后对不同微波真空冷冻干燥时间的打印产品进行水分比、干燥速率和精度测定,最后测定不同微波真空冷冻干燥时间的TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的质构特性、色差和水分分布。本文旨在为TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶3D打印产品的干燥固型提供理论依据,为TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的应用提供参考。
EWP(蛋白质含量80%) 亳州市海川蛋制品有限公司;橙汁(无果肉,含量100%) 北京汇源食品饮料有限公司;CS(直链淀粉含量27.54%,支链淀粉含量72.46%) 上海瑞永生物科技有限公司;TFP(含量90%) 山西南坝生物化工有限公司;溴化钾 天津光复精细化工研究所。
1/1000 JY2002电子天平 上海精密科学仪器有限公司;Food Bot-D1-3D打印机 杭州时印科技有限公司;85-2A数显恒温磁力搅拌器 郑州卓成科技有限公司;DZKW-S-4数显恒温水浴锅 常州诺基仪器有限公司;Color I5色差计 深圳市三恩驰科技有限公司;自制微波真空冷冻干燥机 南京亚泰微波能研究所;TA.XT食品物性分析仪 美国Stable Micro Systems公司;NMI20-015V-I核磁共振成像分析仪 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司。
TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶的制备参考XU等[11]的方法,并稍作修改。用橙汁分别溶解EWP和TFP,在25 ℃下搅拌2 h。然后于4 ℃下放置12 h,以确保TFP和EWP完全水化。水化后,将EWP和TFP溶液混合搅拌1 h。EWP和TFP的最终浓度分别为0.20 g/mL和0.03 g/mL。将制备好的复合溶液在90 ℃下水浴40 min,水浴完成后立即在冰水浴中冷却,获得TFP-EWP复合凝胶。在TFP-EWP复合凝胶中加入CS(0.00、0.06、0.08、0.10、0.12、0.14、0.16 g/mL),400 r/min搅拌5 min,使其混合均匀。最后,将含有不同CS浓度的TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶在90 ℃下水浴30 min,使CS充分糊化,提高TFP-EWP-WS复合凝胶的性能。水浴过程中,在烧杯口覆盖一层食品级保鲜膜,以防止水分因蒸发而流失。水浴结束后,将制备好的TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶样品倒入印刷筒中,在25 ℃下冷却1 h。
TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶各样品采用3D打印机进行打印。喷嘴直径为1.20 mm,打印速度为25 mm/s,温度为25 ℃。此外,参考吴寒枫等[12]的方法,通过比较打印产品的直径和高度与模型之间的差异,评价不同CS浓度的TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶3D打印产品的打印精度。其中,打印模型是一个填充密度为50%,直径为25 mm,高度为15 mm的圆柱体。平均偏差越小,打印样品的精度越高。计算公式如下:
$\rm {E}_{r}=| ({\mathrm{S}}_{\text{r}}- {\mathrm{T}}_{\text{r}}{\text{)/T}}_{\text{r}}| \times 100 $
$\rm {E}_{h}=| ({\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{h}}- {\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{h}})/{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{h}}| \times 100 $
$\rm {E}_{\text{a}}=({\text{E}}_{\text{r}}+{\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{h}})\text{/2} $
式中:Er和Eh分别为直径和高度的相对偏差,%;Sr和Sh分别为打印样品的直径和高度,mm;Tr和Th分别为模型的直径和高度的设定值,mm;Ea为平均偏差,%。公式适用范围:Ea<100%。
参考张乐道等[13]的方法,将打印产品均匀放在干燥托盘上,进行微波真空冷冻干燥,自行研制的微波真空冷冻干燥机设备结构如图1所示,物料预冻至共晶点以下,真空环境下利用微波介电加热使冰晶直接升华,水蒸气于冷阱表面凝华捕获,实现低温高效干燥。根据初步实验,确定的干燥参数为:微波密度为2 W/g,冷阱温度为−45 ℃。不同组打印产品分别在干燥20、40、60、80、100、120和140 min后从微波真空冷冻干燥机中取出。测定干燥后的打印产品的直径和高度,计算其精度并拍照。
TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品干基含水率的测定参考李彬等[14]的方法并稍作修改,干基含水率计算公式如下:
$\rm {M}_{d}=\frac{{m}_{1}-{m}_{2}}{{m}_{2}} $
式中:Md为某时刻TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的干基含水率,g/g;m1为某时刻产品的质量,g;m2为产品绝干的质量,g。
TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品水分比的测定参考赵雅婷等[15]的方法并稍作修改。水分比(Moisture Ratio,MR)是指样品干燥后剩余的未被干燥去除的水分,计算公式如下:
$\rm MR=\frac{{M}_{d}-{M}_{g}}{{M}_{0}-{M}_{g}} $
式中:Md为某时刻TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的干基含水率,g/g;Mg为干燥结束时TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的干基含水率,g/g;M0为初始时刻TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的干基含水率,g/g。
当打印产品干燥结束时,其干基含水率远远小于打印产品初始干基含水率。因此可以忽略影响,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品水分比的计算公式可以简化为:
$\rm MR=\frac{{M}_{d}}{{M}_{0}} $
TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品干燥速率的测定参照程晶晶等[16]的方法。计算公式如下:
$\rm DR=\frac{{M}_{1}-{M}_{2}}{{t}_{1}-{t}_{2}} $
式中:DR为干燥速率,g/(g·min);M1、M2分别为t1、t2时刻TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的干基含水率,g/g。
TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品固型保真度的计算公式如下:
$\rm 固型保真度=\left(\frac{{2D}_{2}+{H}_{2}}{{2D}_{1}+{H}_{1}}\right)\times 100$
式中:D1、H1分别为3D打印样品的直径(mm)、高度(mm);D2、H2为打印样品干燥后的直径(mm)、高度(mm)。
根据FERNANDES等[17]的方法,使用物性分析仪测定干燥样品的质地特性。探头采用P/75,试验参数为:前速和后速均为2 mm/s,试验速度为1 mm/s,触发点为5 g,距离为4 mm。
TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品干燥后的色差用色差仪来测定,并记录L*、a*和b*的值。
参考ZENG等[18]的方法,采用低场核磁共振分析仪对凝胶样品进行测定,将凝胶(3 g)置于玻璃管中,设置参数为:脉冲宽度P1=7.4 μs,P2=11.44 μs,射频延迟0.02 ms,回波时间0.12 ms,回波数18000,累计采样次数32次。
所有实验均进行3次平行重复,实验数据以平均值±标准偏差的形式表示,利用OriginPro8.5软件绘图,使用SPSS对数据进行显著性分析(P<0.05)。
TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的精确度如图2所示。未添加CS的TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶未能成功打印出完整的圆柱体形状,因此无法计算其精确度。在添加CS的各组中,打印样品的打印偏差存在显著差异(P<0.05)。其中,添加0.12 g/mL CS的打印产品表现出最低的打印偏差(P<0.05)。然而,当CS的浓度增加至0.14 g/mL和0.16 g/mL时,打印样品的打印偏差升高,这可能与高硬度和粘弹性的打印材料在挤出过程中更难以控制有关[19]。因此,添加0.12 g/mL CS的TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶在3D打印中效果最佳。基于这一结果,后续将对添加0.12 g/mL CS的TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶的打印产品进行干燥固型处理,探究其干燥过程中的性质变化。
如图3所示,在微波真空冷冻干燥过程中,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶的干基含水率和水分比呈现出明显的下降趋势,这不仅反映了物料内部水分的逐步去除,还揭示了干燥过程的复杂性。初期阶段(0~10 min),物料表面的水分蒸发速率较快,导致干基含水率显著下降。此阶段水分比也迅速降低,表明表面水分蒸发较快,主要受温度和微波辐射的影响。然而,随着干燥时间的延长,干基含水率的变化逐渐趋于平稳,这一现象与内部水分迁移速度的减缓密切相关。在这一阶段,水分的释放受到凝胶网络结构的限制,尤其是在内层水分被锁定或包裹时,迁移变得更加缓慢[20],因此后期干基含水率和水分比的下降速率均明显减缓。在干燥过程中,微波能量能够快速加热物料,使得水分以蒸汽形式迅速逸出,从而加速干燥过程。然而,过快的水分去除也可能对复合凝胶的结构稳定性产生一定影响,导致在最终产品中出现气孔或裂缝,进而影响其功能性和应用性能。在南瓜干燥中也发现了相似的趋势[21]。此外,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶的网络结构对水分迁移有显著影响。随着干燥过程进行,凝胶内部结构可能会收缩或形成更紧密的网络,进一步阻碍水分的流动。这与HABOURIA等[22]关于桉木在干燥过程中的水分变化的研究结果相似。
图4显示了TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的干燥速率曲线。一般来说,物料的干燥速率分为3个阶段,分别为升速阶段、恒速阶段和降速阶段[23]。初期,产品中的自由水因受热迅速蒸发,导致干燥速率较高。随着干燥时间的延长,干燥速率逐渐降低,打印产品内部的弱结合水开始蒸发[24]。弱结合水的蒸发过程与自由水的蒸发不同,后者可以通过简单的流动和扩散实现,而弱结合水则需要通过更复杂的转变过程。弱结合水通过氢键与凝胶网络紧密结合,流动性较差,这使得其蒸发需要更高的能量和更长的时间。这一现象导致干燥过程中的温度梯度变化,使得凝胶内部的热分布不均匀,进而影响水分的迁移速率[25]。此外,随着水分的蒸发,凝胶的物理结构可能会收缩或形成更紧密的网络,这样的结构变化不仅降低了干燥速率,还可能影响最终产品的机械性能和质地[26]。杨清慧等[27]研究发现,随着干燥的继续,青椒中剩下的结合水被蒸发,挥发速率远远小于自由水,导致干燥速率降低,本研究结果与之一致。
从图5中可以观察到,随着微波真空冷冻干燥时间的增加,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的外观变化并不显著。然而,当干燥时间达到100 min时,产品表面出现了明显的裂缝。这一现象可能与长时间干燥导致内部水分逐渐蒸发有关[28]。在初期阶段,产品表面的水分蒸发较快,维持了材料的完整性。然而,随着干燥时间的延长,内部的结合水不断减少。此时,凝胶的结构开始收缩,失去原有的柔软性,从而容易出现裂缝[29]。裂缝的形成不仅是由于水分不足,还可能与内部应力的积累有关。长时间的干燥使得凝胶内部的应力分布不均,最终导致表面产生裂纹。此外,微波真空冷冻干燥过程中,温度和压力的变化也可能影响凝胶的物理性质。当内部水分过少时,凝胶的弹性和塑性下降,从而更容易受到外界环境的影响。结合水的蒸发使得凝胶失去润滑作用,加剧了干裂现象的发生。因此,虽然整体外观在干燥初期变化不大,但长时间的干燥却会对TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的结构完整性产生明显影响。
从表1中可以看出,随着微波真空冷冻干燥时间的增加,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的直径和高度逐渐减小。这一变化与干燥过程中水分的蒸发密切相关。随着内部水分的减少,材料的收缩现象逐渐显现,导致产品的直径和高度都随之降低。尤其值得注意的是,在80 min和100 min的干燥时间下,直径和高度并无显著性差别(P>0.05),表明在这个时间范围内,进一步的干燥对产品尺寸的影响减弱。这可能是因为在达到一定的干燥程度后,凝胶内部的结构已经稳定,尽管内部水分仍在减少,但收缩的幅度和速率已趋于平稳。因此,尽管干燥时间的延长会导致TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的尺寸逐渐减小,但在特定的时间段内,尺寸变化的速度会减缓并趋于稳定。此外,可以观察到,干燥过程中样品固型保真度均超过90%,表明该干燥过程有效地维持了样品的结构和成分[30],不仅确保了最终产品的性能和应用效果,也为今后类似材料的干燥工艺优化提供了重要参考。
测量干燥后打印产品的质构特性可以用来反映消费者对产品的接受程度。如图6显示了不同微波真空冷冻干燥时间下TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的质构特性。可以看出,不同微波真空冷冻干燥时间下TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的质构特性有着明显的变化。随着微波真空冷冻干燥时间的增加,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼度逐渐增大,这极大地提高了TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品保持形状的能力。这可能是因为随着微波真空冷冻干燥时间的增加,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品内部的水分逐步被去除,使样品变得更加固体性。这也导致了TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品内部网络结构更加致密,并且其硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼度也得到了提高,从而改善了打印产品形状的保持能力。肖曼玉等[31]对青椒进行微波-真空冷冻联合干燥,发现干燥后其硬度显著增大,本文的研究结果与之相似。然而,从TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品几何形状的照片上可以看出,过于干燥的产品表面会产生裂缝,导致打印产品的精美度降低。因此,为了保持打印产品的精美度和提高保持打印形状的能力,干燥时间不能过长。
色差是评估TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品经过微波真空冷冻干燥后的颜色变化的重要指标,而且产品颜色的不同也会影响消费者对干燥产品的接受程度。从表2中可以看到,微波真空冷冻干燥对TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的L*、a*和b*有一定程度的影响。随着干燥时间的增加,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的L*值增大,而a*和b*值减小。这表明,随着干燥时间的延长,产品的亮度提升,黄度和红度均有所降低。L*值的增加意味着产品的白度增强,这可能与水分的减少和内部结构的变化有关[32]。水分的蒸发使得材料中的色素浓度改变,某些色素可能在高温或长时间干燥条件下发生降解,导致颜色变浅。这与MENG等[33]关于干燥过程中面条的色度变化的研究结果相似。这些颜色的变化不仅反映了产品的物理和化学变化,还可能影响消费者对产品的新鲜度和质量的感知。因此,干燥过程中应监控色差的变化,以确保最终产品在外观上符合市场需求。
低场核磁共振能够有效测量TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品中的水分分布情况[34]。这一水分分布与材料的物理化学性质及微观结构密切相关。图7显示了TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的水分分布特征,每个产品均表现出三个峰,表明存在三种不同状态的水分[35],分别为结合水、弱结合水和自由水。在未经过微波真空冷冻干燥的TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品中,自由水的比例较高,说明凝胶中含有大量可自由流动的水分。经过微波真空冷冻干燥后,自由水的比例明显下降,但不同样品间的差异并不明显。此外,随着微波真空冷冻干燥时间的延长,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品中弱结合水的比例逐渐降低。这一现象是因为在干燥过程中,弱结合水在热和真空的作用下转化为自由水并被去除。弱结合水的减少有助于提高产品的形状保持能力,因为它减少了材料内部的水分含量,从而降低了材料的柔软性和变形风险[36]。
图8展示了TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品在干燥过程中的机制。在微波真空冷冻干燥过程中,初始状态下,3D打印复合凝胶产品含有大量自由水和弱结合水,整体湿度较高。经过20 min的干燥,自由水开始快速蒸发,弱结合水仍然存在,产品形状略微收缩,表面开始变干。到40 min时,自由水进一步减少,弱结合水开始蒸发,产品的硬度增加,粘性下降。经过60 min,大部分自由水已经蒸发,剩余的水主要为弱结合水,产品形状保持稳定,仍然具有一定的柔韧性。到了80 min,产品仅剩少量弱结合水,接近干燥状态,硬度继续增加,表面变得更加坚硬。最终在100 min时,大部分水分蒸发,表面出现裂缝,产品变得非常坚硬,但可能出现脆性,从而影响口感(如咀嚼性)。整个过程显著提升了产品的硬度,每个阶段的水分变化与物理性质的改变直接影响到最终产品的质量。
本研究探讨了不同CS浓度的TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶的打印特性以及不同微波真空冷冻干燥时间对TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品固型效果的影响,CS添加量为0.12 g/mL时,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶3D打印偏差最低,随着微波真空冷冻干燥时间的延长,TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的水分比和干燥速率逐渐降低,产品的硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼度逐渐增强,进而提高了其形状保持能力。此外,色差分析结果显示,微波真空冷冻干燥处理使得TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的白度增加,而黄度则降低,这表明干燥过程对产品的视觉特性有积极影响。低场核磁共振分析揭示,产品内部存在三种不同状态的水分,并且随着干燥时间的增加,首先失去的是自由水,然后是弱结合水。在整个干燥过程中,样品的固型保真度均大于90%,说明干燥结果良好。综上所述,微波真空冷冻干燥的时间对TFP-EWP-CS复合凝胶打印产品的固型效果、物理性质以及颜色特征均有显著影响,为进一步优化干燥工艺提供了重要依据。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050093
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-14
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    1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023
    2食品加工与安全国家级教学示范中心,河南洛阳 471023
    3食品加工与质量安全控制河南省国际联合实验室,河南洛阳 471023
    4食品微生物河南省工程技术研究中心,河南洛阳 471023

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刘丽莉(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品科学与食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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