Article(id=1320175926923604485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120286, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734883200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684068661, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684068661, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684068661, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684068661, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=462, endPage=473, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175928609714695, articleId=1320175926923604485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Synthesis of Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoparticles and Their Application Progress in Pesticide Residue Detection, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pesticide residues in food seriously damage consumers' health, and research on novel detection methods is of great significance for ensuring food safety. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), characterized by high fluorescence intensity, strong anti-interference ability, and ease of modification, have become a research hotspot in the field of food safety detection. This paper systematically reviews the synthesis and modification of UCNPs and their related research in pesticide residue detection, with a focus on the advantages and disadvantages of synthesis methods such as thermal decomposition and co-precipitation, hydrophilicity and targeting surface modification strategies, and the detection performance and sensing mechanisms for pesticide residues including organophosphorus, neonicotinoid, pyrethroid, carbamate, and benzimidazole classes. Future research should focus on signal amplification, real-time detection, and standardization to expand the application scope of UCNPs-based detection methods.

, authors=Ning ZHANG1, 2, Shuaijie GUO1, Xuelian HU1, Yiwei TANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Ning ZHANG, Shuaijie GUO, Xuelian HU, Yiwei TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yiwei TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175936918630932, articleId=1320175926923604485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=上转换荧光纳米粒子的合成及其在农药残留检测中的应用进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

食品中农药残留严重损害消费者身体健康,新型检测方法研究对保障食品安全具有重要意义。上转换荧光纳米粒子(Upconversion nanoparticles,UCNPs)具有荧光强度高、抗干扰能力强、便于修饰等特点,成为当前食品安全检测领域的研究热点。本文系统综述了UCNPs的合成、修饰及其在农药残留检测中的相关研究,重点探讨了热分解、共沉淀等合成方法的优缺点,亲水性与靶向性表面修饰策略以及对有机磷类、新烟碱类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类及苯并咪唑类等农药残留的检测性能与传感机理。未来应聚焦于信号放大、实时检测、标准化等方面研究,以拓展基于UCNPs的检测方法的应用范围。

, authors=张宁1, 2, 郭帅杰1, 胡雪莲1, 汤轶伟1, 2, *, authorsList=张宁, 郭帅杰, 胡雪莲, 汤轶伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=汤轶伟, authorNote=

张宁(1997−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:

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汤轶伟(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
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of pesticides, figureFileSmall=YjFdyjKxJXHMCO8/Z8kH7A==, figureFileBig=ThGgMXmTprgu6fcy6VFAnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175948733985344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=CN, label=图1, caption=农药化学结构式, figureFileSmall=YjFdyjKxJXHMCO8/Z8kH7A==, figureFileBig=ThGgMXmTprgu6fcy6VFAnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175950503981634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic illustration of an UCNPs-based test paper for on-site detection of chlorpyrifos[56], figureFileSmall=atRsPezWZsdbqqhsEwOE8g==, figureFileBig=+9UVmLuLinNfrrMgOWAYzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175950751445571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于UCNPs的毒死蜱现场检测试纸示意图[56], figureFileSmall=atRsPezWZsdbqqhsEwOE8g==, figureFileBig=+9UVmLuLinNfrrMgOWAYzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175950835331652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Bifunctional nanocrystals constructed based on perovskite quantum dots (CPBI) and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)[66], figureFileSmall=mJhAToTa4KjHxO+5dkNrUQ==, figureFileBig=jVjAOeXb8I6UGLwIMx3JgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175950906634821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于钙钛矿量子点(CPBI)与UCNPs构建的双功能纳米晶体[66], figureFileSmall=mJhAToTa4KjHxO+5dkNrUQ==, figureFileBig=jVjAOeXb8I6UGLwIMx3JgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175951162487366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic of the FRET immunoassay between UCNPs and GO for detection of imidacloprid residue[72], 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figureFileBig=u1SEzlP0DbYrBC1w4vQLEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175951649026634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of UCNPs synthesis methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
合成方法优势不足参考
文献
热分解法a. 纳米粒子结晶度高;
b. 尺寸和形貌可控;
c. 分散性良好
a. 反应条件苛刻(需高温
和惰性气体保护);
b. 易产生有毒气体;
c. 需亲水性修饰
[10]
共沉淀法a. 操作简便、设备便宜;
b. 反应条件温和;
c. 易规模化
a. 需要煅烧耗能高;
b. 尺寸、形状不均一;
c. 生物相容性差
[15−17]
水热/溶剂热法a. 粒子晶相、尺寸
和形貌可控;
b. 环境友好
a. 周期较长;
b. 依赖高压釜;
c. 能耗较高
[9]
溶胶-凝胶适合大规模生产,操作简单粒径大,易聚集[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1320175951728718411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

UCNPs合成方法的优缺点比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
合成方法优势不足参考
文献
热分解法a. 纳米粒子结晶度高;
b. 尺寸和形貌可控;
c. 分散性良好
a. 反应条件苛刻(需高温
和惰性气体保护);
b. 易产生有毒气体;
c. 需亲水性修饰
[10]
共沉淀法a. 操作简便、设备便宜;
b. 反应条件温和;
c. 易规模化
a. 需要煅烧耗能高;
b. 尺寸、形状不均一;
c. 生物相容性差
[15−17]
水热/溶剂热法a. 粒子晶相、尺寸
和形貌可控;
b. 环境友好
a. 周期较长;
b. 依赖高压釜;
c. 能耗较高
[9]
溶胶-凝胶适合大规模生产,操作简单粒径大,易聚集[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1320175952429167180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of hydrophilic modification methods on UCNPs surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
修饰方法试剂优点不足参考文献
配体交换法PAA、PEI、柠檬酸盐等a.显著改善纳米颗粒的水分散性和生物相容性;
b. 修饰过程相对简单,操作方便
a. 反应时间长,粒子动态聚集;
b. 需要精确控制配体交换条件和比例
[28]
配体氧化法Lemieux-von Rudloff 试剂、氯过氧苯甲酸和臭氧等修饰过程不引入外部配体,保持纳米颗粒的原始结构和性能a. 修饰后可能需纯化处理以去除氧化产物
和其他杂质;
b. 仅适用未被氧化和表面含有C=C的UCNPs
[33]
配体去除法盐酸、甲酸、NOBF4等a. 粒子形态和尺寸不变;
b. 成本低
a. 易团聚;
b. 配体存在残留;
c. 需进一步水溶性分子修饰提升生物相容性
[27]
逐层组装法聚烯丙胺盐酸盐与聚苯乙烯磺酸钠等a. 精准调控粒子表面的化学微环境;
b. 控制粒子涂层厚度
a. 工艺复杂;
b. 成本高
[9]
两亲聚合物涂层法聚乙二醇-聚 (2-己氧基-2-羰基-1,3,2-二氧磷戊环)、聚(马来酸酐-ALT-1-十八烯)等亲水性增强以及在水溶液中的单分散性和稳定性显著提高a. 成本相对高;
b. 对于小粒径粒子修饰不稳定
[32]
表面硅烷化法硅烷试剂a. 亲水性高;
b. 毒性低
a. 粒径增大;
b. 易聚集
[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1320175952529830477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

UCNPs亲水性修饰方法优缺点比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
修饰方法试剂优点不足参考文献
配体交换法PAA、PEI、柠檬酸盐等a.显著改善纳米颗粒的水分散性和生物相容性;
b. 修饰过程相对简单,操作方便
a. 反应时间长,粒子动态聚集;
b. 需要精确控制配体交换条件和比例
[28]
配体氧化法Lemieux-von Rudloff 试剂、氯过氧苯甲酸和臭氧等修饰过程不引入外部配体,保持纳米颗粒的原始结构和性能a. 修饰后可能需纯化处理以去除氧化产物
和其他杂质;
b. 仅适用未被氧化和表面含有C=C的UCNPs
[33]
配体去除法盐酸、甲酸、NOBF4等a. 粒子形态和尺寸不变;
b. 成本低
a. 易团聚;
b. 配体存在残留;
c. 需进一步水溶性分子修饰提升生物相容性
[27]
逐层组装法聚烯丙胺盐酸盐与聚苯乙烯磺酸钠等a. 精准调控粒子表面的化学微环境;
b. 控制粒子涂层厚度
a. 工艺复杂;
b. 成本高
[9]
两亲聚合物涂层法聚乙二醇-聚 (2-己氧基-2-羰基-1,3,2-二氧磷戊环)、聚(马来酸酐-ALT-1-十八烯)等亲水性增强以及在水溶液中的单分散性和稳定性显著提高a. 成本相对高;
b. 对于小粒径粒子修饰不稳定
[32]
表面硅烷化法硅烷试剂a. 亲水性高;
b. 毒性低
a. 粒径增大;
b. 易聚集
[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1320175952844403278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Research progress of UCNPs fluorescent probes in the detection of OPs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测探针待测物检测平台线性范围 (ng/mL)检测限(ng/mL)实际样品参考
文献
NaErF4:Tm@NaLuF4@
NaYF4:Tm@NaLuF4
毒死蜱荧光分光光度计
智能手机
2.50~250
10~4×103
1.71
14.48
茶[56]
NaYbF4@NaYF4:Yb, Tm/MnO2毒死蜱荧光分光光度计
智能手机
0.12~125
0.17~177.78
0.17大红袍、乌龙茶、苹果汁等[57]
SiO2-NaYF4:Yb, Er@NaYF4三唑磷荧光分光光度计
紫外分光光度计
0.03~3005.20×10−3
2.60×10−3
苹果
柑橘
生菜叶等
[58]
Apt-NaYF4:Yb, Er@SiO2@NH2毒死蜱
二嗪农
荧光分光光度计30~52.60×103210
120
双孢蘑菇、羊肚菌
香菇
[60]
NaY(Gd)F4:Yb, Er杀螟硫磷免疫层析试纸条−12[62]
NaYF4:Yb, Gd, Tm/CdS毒死蜱光电化学自供电传感0.01~1002.7×10−3河水
大白菜
甜橙
[63]
PAA-NaYF4:Yb, Tm/RDP毒死蜱荧光分光光度计35~26.29×1030.01葡萄[64]
SiO2-NaYF4:Yb, Tm@NaYF4乐果荧光分光光度计0.01~508×10−3铁观音
番茄
[65]
CPBI@NaYF4:Yb, Tm/NiMn-LDH/CdS马拉硫磷纸基光电化学装置10−5~54.80×10−9水
卷心菜汁
菠菜汁
[66]
COOH-NaYF4:Yb, Er马拉硫磷荧光分光光度计3.30~33.0360.47水
抹茶
[67]
UCNPs-H2O2-TMB-Cu(II)草甘膦荧光分光光度计8.45×10−3~21.139.80速溶绿茶[69]
), ArticleFig(id=1320175952936677967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

UCNPs荧光探针在有机磷农药检测中的研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测探针待测物检测平台线性范围 (ng/mL)检测限(ng/mL)实际样品参考
文献
NaErF4:Tm@NaLuF4@
NaYF4:Tm@NaLuF4
毒死蜱荧光分光光度计
智能手机
2.50~250
10~4×103
1.71
14.48
茶[56]
NaYbF4@NaYF4:Yb, Tm/MnO2毒死蜱荧光分光光度计
智能手机
0.12~125
0.17~177.78
0.17大红袍、乌龙茶、苹果汁等[57]
SiO2-NaYF4:Yb, Er@NaYF4三唑磷荧光分光光度计
紫外分光光度计
0.03~3005.20×10−3
2.60×10−3
苹果
柑橘
生菜叶等
[58]
Apt-NaYF4:Yb, Er@SiO2@NH2毒死蜱
二嗪农
荧光分光光度计30~52.60×103210
120
双孢蘑菇、羊肚菌
香菇
[60]
NaY(Gd)F4:Yb, Er杀螟硫磷免疫层析试纸条−12[62]
NaYF4:Yb, Gd, Tm/CdS毒死蜱光电化学自供电传感0.01~1002.7×10−3河水
大白菜
甜橙
[63]
PAA-NaYF4:Yb, Tm/RDP毒死蜱荧光分光光度计35~26.29×1030.01葡萄[64]
SiO2-NaYF4:Yb, Tm@NaYF4乐果荧光分光光度计0.01~508×10−3铁观音
番茄
[65]
CPBI@NaYF4:Yb, Tm/NiMn-LDH/CdS马拉硫磷纸基光电化学装置10−5~54.80×10−9水
卷心菜汁
菠菜汁
[66]
COOH-NaYF4:Yb, Er马拉硫磷荧光分光光度计3.30~33.0360.47水
抹茶
[67]
UCNPs-H2O2-TMB-Cu(II)草甘膦荧光分光光度计8.45×10−3~21.139.80速溶绿茶[69]
), ArticleFig(id=1320175953272222288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Research progress of UCNPs fluorescent probes in the detection of neonicotinoid pesticides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测探针待测物线性范围(ng/mL)检测限(ng/mL)实际样品参考
文献
NaYF4:Yb@NaYF4:Ho
NaYF4:Yb, Tm
吡虫啉
噻虫胺
0.032~285.57
0.028~200
0.032
0.028
苹果、橙子、桃子等[70]
NH2-NaYF4:Yb, Er噻虫嗪0.09~2.340.46甘蔗汁[71]
COOH-UCNPs/GO吡虫啉0.08~500.08白菜、黄瓜、蜂蜜等[72]
NaYF4:Yb, Er氯噻啉26.30~363.0871.21田水、土壤
梨等
[73]
PAA-UCNPs-Ab烯啶虫胺1~1041番茄、黄瓜
卷心菜等
[74]
UCNPs/PMOF烯啶虫胺0~21.66×10356.85蔬菜[75]
NaYF4:Yb, Tm噻虫啉0.61~169.820.61梨、橙子、黄瓜等[76]
NH2-NaYF4:Yb, Er@SiO2啶虫脒0.10~1000.015白芷
黄芪
[77]
), ArticleFig(id=1320175953356108369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

UCNPs荧光探针在新烟碱类农药检测中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测探针待测物线性范围(ng/mL)检测限(ng/mL)实际样品参考
文献
NaYF4:Yb@NaYF4:Ho
NaYF4:Yb, Tm
吡虫啉
噻虫胺
0.032~285.57
0.028~200
0.032
0.028
苹果、橙子、桃子等[70]
NH2-NaYF4:Yb, Er噻虫嗪0.09~2.340.46甘蔗汁[71]
COOH-UCNPs/GO吡虫啉0.08~500.08白菜、黄瓜、蜂蜜等[72]
NaYF4:Yb, Er氯噻啉26.30~363.0871.21田水、土壤
梨等
[73]
PAA-UCNPs-Ab烯啶虫胺1~1041番茄、黄瓜
卷心菜等
[74]
UCNPs/PMOF烯啶虫胺0~21.66×10356.85蔬菜[75]
NaYF4:Yb, Tm噻虫啉0.61~169.820.61梨、橙子、黄瓜等[76]
NH2-NaYF4:Yb, Er@SiO2啶虫脒0.10~1000.015白芷
黄芪
[77]
), ArticleFig(id=1320175955369374290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Research progress of UCNPs fluorescent probes in the detection of other pesticides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测探针待测物线性范围(ng/mL)检测限(ng/mL)实际样品参考文献
NH2-NaGdF4@NaGdF4:Yb, Tm@NaGdF4:Yb, Nd@SiO2
NH2-NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb, Er@NaYF4@SiO2
甲氰菊酯
腐霉利
0.02~62.50.114
0.082
黄瓜
番茄
卷心菜
[78]
NH2-NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb, Er@NaYF4@SiO2甲氰菊酯
氯氰菊酯
杀灭菊酯
−0.01
0.015
0.01
苹果
梨
白菜
黄瓜
[79]
NaYF4:Yb, Er-Ab
NaYF4:Yb, Er@(Au/Ag)-Ab-Ag-MNPs
NaYF4:Yb, Er@(Au/Ag)-Ab-Fe3O4-Ag
氯氰菊酯0.1~100
0.1~100
0~100
0.0054
0.003/0.011
0.016/0.011
小麦[80]
NaYF4:Yb, Er @ZIF-8@MIPs氯氰菊酯0.1~120.03苹果
梨
卷心菜
[81]
NaYF4:Yb, Er@MNPs@MIPs溴氰菊酯1~1030.749葡萄
卷心菜
[82]
NaErF4:Tm@NaYF4西维因0.5~1000.05茶[83]
NaYF4:Yb, Tm
NaYF4:Yb, Er
噻菌灵
多菌灵
1~1000.083
0.075
平菇
香菇
橙子
[84]
COOH- NaYF4:Yb, Tm
COOH-NaYF4:Yb, Er
百草枯
多菌灵
1.0~1050.18
0.45
茶
抹茶粉
[85]
NaYF4: Yb, Er@SiO2@MIP多菌灵10~1033.6茶
抹茶粉
[86]
NaYF4:Er@NaYF4@SiO2福美双10~1066.75苹果[87]
NaYbF4:Gd, Y, Tm@NaYbF4@NaYF4/HEP2,6-二氯-4-硝基苯胺1.04×103~6.21×10484.87苹果
黄瓜
葡萄
[88]
), ArticleFig(id=1320175955872690773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175926923604485, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

UCNPs荧光纳米探针在拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯、苯并咪唑类、其他类农药检测中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测探针待测物线性范围(ng/mL)检测限(ng/mL)实际样品参考文献
NH2-NaGdF4@NaGdF4:Yb, Tm@NaGdF4:Yb, Nd@SiO2
NH2-NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb, Er@NaYF4@SiO2
甲氰菊酯
腐霉利
0.02~62.50.114
0.082
黄瓜
番茄
卷心菜
[78]
NH2-NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb, Er@NaYF4@SiO2甲氰菊酯
氯氰菊酯
杀灭菊酯
−0.01
0.015
0.01
苹果
梨
白菜
黄瓜
[79]
NaYF4:Yb, Er-Ab
NaYF4:Yb, Er@(Au/Ag)-Ab-Ag-MNPs
NaYF4:Yb, Er@(Au/Ag)-Ab-Fe3O4-Ag
氯氰菊酯0.1~100
0.1~100
0~100
0.0054
0.003/0.011
0.016/0.011
小麦[80]
NaYF4:Yb, Er @ZIF-8@MIPs氯氰菊酯0.1~120.03苹果
梨
卷心菜
[81]
NaYF4:Yb, Er@MNPs@MIPs溴氰菊酯1~1030.749葡萄
卷心菜
[82]
NaErF4:Tm@NaYF4西维因0.5~1000.05茶[83]
NaYF4:Yb, Tm
NaYF4:Yb, Er
噻菌灵
多菌灵
1~1000.083
0.075
平菇
香菇
橙子
[84]
COOH- NaYF4:Yb, Tm
COOH-NaYF4:Yb, Er
百草枯
多菌灵
1.0~1050.18
0.45
茶
抹茶粉
[85]
NaYF4: Yb, Er@SiO2@MIP多菌灵10~1033.6茶
抹茶粉
[86]
NaYF4:Er@NaYF4@SiO2福美双10~1066.75苹果[87]
NaYbF4:Gd, Y, Tm@NaYbF4@NaYF4/HEP2,6-二氯-4-硝基苯胺1.04×103~6.21×10484.87苹果
黄瓜
葡萄
[88]
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上转换荧光纳米粒子的合成及其在农药残留检测中的应用进展
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张宁 1, 2 , 郭帅杰 1 , 胡雪莲 1 , 汤轶伟 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(12): 462-473
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (12) : 462 -473
上转换荧光纳米粒子的合成及其在农药残留检测中的应用进展
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张宁1, 2 , 郭帅杰1, 胡雪莲1, 汤轶伟1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071001
  • 2河北省膳食组分互作与精准营养重点实验室,河北保定 071001
通讯作者:
汤轶伟(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张宁(1997−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:

Synthesis of Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoparticles and Their Application Progress in Pesticide Residue Detection
Ning ZHANG1, 2 , Shuaijie GUO1, Xuelian HU1, Yiwei TANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 2Laboratory of Dietary Component Interactions and Precision Nutrition of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120286
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食品中农药残留严重损害消费者身体健康,新型检测方法研究对保障食品安全具有重要意义。上转换荧光纳米粒子(Upconversion nanoparticles,UCNPs)具有荧光强度高、抗干扰能力强、便于修饰等特点,成为当前食品安全检测领域的研究热点。本文系统综述了UCNPs的合成、修饰及其在农药残留检测中的相关研究,重点探讨了热分解、共沉淀等合成方法的优缺点,亲水性与靶向性表面修饰策略以及对有机磷类、新烟碱类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类及苯并咪唑类等农药残留的检测性能与传感机理。未来应聚焦于信号放大、实时检测、标准化等方面研究,以拓展基于UCNPs的检测方法的应用范围。

上转换纳米粒子  /  功能化修饰  /  荧光探针  /  农药残留  /  安全检测  /  食品分析

Pesticide residues in food seriously damage consumers' health, and research on novel detection methods is of great significance for ensuring food safety. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), characterized by high fluorescence intensity, strong anti-interference ability, and ease of modification, have become a research hotspot in the field of food safety detection. This paper systematically reviews the synthesis and modification of UCNPs and their related research in pesticide residue detection, with a focus on the advantages and disadvantages of synthesis methods such as thermal decomposition and co-precipitation, hydrophilicity and targeting surface modification strategies, and the detection performance and sensing mechanisms for pesticide residues including organophosphorus, neonicotinoid, pyrethroid, carbamate, and benzimidazole classes. Future research should focus on signal amplification, real-time detection, and standardization to expand the application scope of UCNPs-based detection methods.

upconversion nanoparticles  /  functional modification  /  fluorescence probe  /  pesticide residue  /  safety detection  /  food analysis
张宁, 郭帅杰, 胡雪莲, 汤轶伟. 上转换荧光纳米粒子的合成及其在农药残留检测中的应用进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 462 -473 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120286
Ning ZHANG, Shuaijie GUO, Xuelian HU, Yiwei TANG. Synthesis of Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoparticles and Their Application Progress in Pesticide Residue Detection[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 462 -473 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120286
在农业现代化进程快速发展推动下,农药的使用一定程度上提升了农产品的产量和质量。然而,农药的不当使用极易造成药物残留,危害人体健康。近年来,农产品食品中有机磷类、新烟碱类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类、苯并咪唑类等农药残留检出频率较高,严重影响了消费者对食品安全的信心[1]。现有的农药残留检测技术如高效液相色谱法(High performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)、气相色谱法(Gas chromatography,GC)、气相色谱-质谱联用法(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)等仪器检测技术具有较高灵敏度,但同时存在检测成本高、时间长、需专业操作人员等不足[2];酶抑制法检测快速、操作简单,但其易受基质干扰、灵敏度低以及检测农药种类有限[3];免疫分析法灵敏度高、特异性强,适合快速筛查,但也存在抗体制备复杂、易出现假阳性或假阴性等问题[4],严重制约了其在基层监管和实时监测中的应用效能。因此,发展高效、灵敏的快速检测技术对监测食品中农药残留安全,保障消费者身体健康具有重要意义。
近年来,研究者开发了多种基于纳米材料的农药检测方法,包括荧光法、比色法和电化学分析法等,这些方法具有检测效率高、操作简便和灵敏度高等优点[5−7]。上转换纳米材料(Upconversion fluorescence nanoparticles,UCFNs)因其优异的理化性质和光学性能在食品安全检测领域备受关注。该材料可通过低能量辐射激发,发射高能量的短波长光,实现反斯托克斯位移,且还具有稳定的荧光性能,较强的抗基质干扰能力,较小的光漂白作用、较高的灵敏度和易于修饰等特点[8],极大促进了上转换荧光检测方法在食品农药残留检测中的应用。本论文介绍了UCNPs的合成方法及表面修饰途径,综述了UCNPs荧光探针在农药残留检测中的应用,并进行了展望分析,以期为食品中农药残留的快速、准确检测提供技术支撑。
形貌可控和尺寸可调是设计具有独特理化性质和光学性能UCNPs的关键策略之一。不同的制备方法和合成工艺会显著影响纳米粒子的尺寸、形貌、晶体结构以及表面性质,而这些因素与纳米材料的荧光性能密切相关。目前,UCNPs的合成方法主要包括热分解法、共沉淀法、水/溶剂热法和溶胶-凝胶法[9],这些方法的优缺点比较见表1。
热分解法是湿化学方法合成纳米粒子的常用方法。该方法以高沸点溶剂1-十八烯(1-octadecence,ODE)提供的高温环境,诱导金属有机前体(稀土有机化合物,如三氟乙酸盐)热解与钠源和氟源结合形成氟化物晶格。表面活性剂油酸(Oleic acid,OA)或油胺(Oleylamine,OM)通过配位作用调控粒子成核与生长动力学,在抑制团聚的同时实现晶体尺寸、形貌及晶相的可控合成[10]。Ye等[11]通过调节钠盐与前体的比例、反应时间和温度等参数,可定向制备球形、六方板及棒状多级结构。Huang等[12]进一步发现优化OA/ODE溶剂比例和Na+/F−比有助于六方相纳米盘结构的均一化合成。而通过调控反应温度和Na+/Ln3+/F−比例,同时控制NaOA和NH4F浓度,将纳米粒子尺寸拓展至亚10 nm[13]。但该方法存在工艺需高温惰性气体保护、疏水配体需二次功能化改造、副产物毒性及规模化稳定性不足等应用瓶颈。
共沉淀法具有操作简便、成本低且易于规模化等特性是合成稀土掺杂UCNPs材料的常用技术之一[14]。该方法通过混合多稀土离子溶液与沉淀剂反应生成前驱体,经干燥、煅烧后获得产物。研究表明,乙二胺四乙酸作为配体可合成α-NaYF4:Yb, Er上转换荧光材料,但合成的UCNPs尺寸分散较大[15]。李知来等[16]指出后续的退火工艺可提升纳米粒子质量,但条件控制不当可引起粒子团聚。Deng等[17]突破了氟化物体系限制,通过Lu3+/Ga3+共掺杂调控GdAlO3:Er3+, Yb3+晶格参数,实现多离子协同掺杂路径。然而,该方法仍面临高温煅烧依赖性、疏水配体(OA/OM)生物相容性差,以及尺寸/形貌均一性不足等限制,阻碍了其规模化合成与应用开发。
水/溶剂热法是一种以水或有机溶剂为反应介质,在密闭高压体系中通过高温高压利用溶剂的亚临界特性(如介电常数降低和过饱和度提升)促进反应,使前驱体溶解并重结晶的液相合成技术。该方法借助表面活性剂可精准调控纳米晶的尺寸和形貌,具有成本低、形貌可控等优势[9]。Wang等[18]基于液-固-溶液三相界面机制实现单分散NaYF4纳米粒子;Zhang等[19]构建了管状、板状及花状复杂结构;Liu等[20]引入油胺制备出亚10 nm的NaLuF4:Gd3+, Yb3+, Tm3+纳米晶;Zhou等[21]通过添加谷氨酸钠与二乙烯三胺五乙酸增强水分散稳定性。该方法依赖高压反应设备,具有实时监测反应过程困难,高能耗与设备复杂性等不足。
凝胶-溶胶法是利用金属盐在溶剂中水解聚合形成溶胶,经凝胶化及热处理制备无机或复合材料的低温合成技术,具有掺杂均匀、工艺简单且适于量产等优势[22]。Kaczorowska等[23]采用800 ℃高温煅烧获得高纯长寿命UCNPs,证实晶体结构对性能的决定性作用;在基质与掺杂粒子的研究中,马雁[24]基于Y2O3:Yb3+, Tm3+体系揭示了Ag+掺杂对形貌及发光强度的调控规律;Liang等[25]通过Li+/K+共掺杂使UCNPs的发光强度提升7~10倍,凸显离子协同效应的高效增益。
上转换荧光纳米粒子功能化修饰是指通过理化方法在材料表面修饰有机、无机或生物分子,以达到改善材料性能、赋予特定功能的目的。目前,UCNPs修饰可分为亲水性修饰和靶向性修饰,前者用于改进材料在水相环境中的稳定性,后者赋予其特异性识别能力,为构建高效灵敏生物传感器奠定基础[26]。
油相合成的UCNPs材料表面通常被疏水性配体(如OA、OM等)覆盖,需通过表面亲水性修饰使其具有良好的水溶性和生物相容性,为食品安全检测等领域的研究和应用提供有力支持。亲水性修饰常用方法包括配体交换法、配体氧化法、配体去除法、逐层组装法、两亲聚合物涂层法和表面硅烷化法等[27],这些方法的优缺点比较见表2。
配体交换法通过引入功能性官能团(-COOH、-NH2等)实现纳米粒子水相分散性与荧光稳定性的改善[28]。Bastian等[29]基于贻贝蛋白构建了两亲性聚合物,该聚合物表面的氨基充当交联剂将上转换纳米粒子表面的疏水阳离子置换下来,提高了合成材料的亲水性。此外,含有多配位点的聚合物(如聚丙烯酸 [30]、聚乙烯亚胺[31]等)通过多点锚定机制也可强化配体-颗粒界面结合力,实现上转换材料亲水性能的提升[32]。
Chen等[33]首次利用Lemieux-von Rudloff试剂对配体氧化实现疏水UCNPs的水分散性改性,但存在副产物抑制发光、反应效率低等问题。为此,Zhou等[34]提出了臭氧氧化策略,通过选择性裂解C=C键定向引入羧酸/醛基官能团,有效规避副反应发生。配体去除法是采用酸处理剥离UCNPs表面疏水配体,暴露活性位点实现材料的亲水性转变。Karmegam等[35]利用盐酸(0.1 mol/L)对UCNPs表面的油酸配体进行去除,获得亲水性无配体粒子。Dong等[36]研究发现四氟硼酸亚硝(NOBF4)处理UCNPs后不仅能提高材料的分散性,还能提高荧光性能。Sun等[37]以甲酸作为剥离剂,通过简单涡旋操作实现了上转换纳米材料表面油酸配体的脱离。
逐层组装法是基于聚电解质的静电吸附作用,在UCNPs表面交替沉积带相反电荷的聚合物,构建亲水性核壳结构以实现功能化[9]。Wang等[38]通过层层组装法成功将聚苯乙烯磺酸钠和聚烯丙基胺盐酸盐修饰于UCNPs材料表面,大大提高了其在水中的分散性。Wang等[39]通过柠檬酸与双层聚乙烯亚胺的层层自组装构建了亲水性UCNPs材料,该材料在磷酸盐缓冲液和血清中具有优异的稳定性。
两亲聚合物涂层法利用两亲性分子的疏水链与UCNPs表面油酸配体通过疏水作用结合,而表面的亲水基团外露,实现材料的亲水性和生物相容性[40]。Nikolaeva等[41]通过半胱氨酸-聚乙二醇-甘油酯包覆UCNPs增强了其在水性介质中的稳定时间。Černič等[42]对两亲聚合物进行了优化,将聚(马来酸酐-ALT-1-十八烯)和双(六亚甲基)三胺进行交联,提升了UCNPs在不同pH水溶液及缓冲液中的稳定性。
表面硅烷化法通过硅氧烷单体水解缩合在UCNPs表面合成SiO2外壳,提升材料的亲水性,主要分为两种Stöber法和反相微乳液法[26]。Sun等[43]利用Stöber法成功在UCNPs表面修饰二氧化硅,改善了粒子的水相分散性。Ureña-Horno等[44]通过反相微乳液法实现了材料表面的二氧化硅修饰。
上转换荧光纳米材料的靶向性修饰能够显著增强纳米材料对目标物的识别与结合能力,降低食品基质和结构类似物干扰,提高检测方法的准确性和灵敏度[45]。
生物抗体是目前UCNPs靶向性修饰常用的分子元件之一。Jin等[46]将3种霉菌毒素生物抗体分别偶联于蓝绿红3种UCNPs纳米粒子表面构建多色信号探针,以偶联该3种霉菌毒素抗原的磁性聚苯乙烯微球作为捕获探针,建立了基于竞争形式的谷物中霉菌毒素特异性快速检测方法。与生物抗体昂贵的制备成本相比,适配体是通过指数富集配体的系统进化在体外产生的单链DNA或RNA分子,具有制备简单、化学稳定性好、成本较低等优点[47]。Li等[48]使用三维上转换纳米簇和适配体调节的胸腺嘧啶-Hg2+-胸腺嘧啶策略开发了一种超灵敏荧光传感器,其中适配体用作Hg2+的识别标签提高了检测方法的特异性、准确度和灵敏度。分子印迹仿生抗体是利用分子印迹技术合成对特定目标分子(模板分子)及其结构类似物具有特异性识别和选择性吸附的聚合物,其具有理化性质稳定,制备简单、选择性好等特点。Ren等[49]以单增李斯特菌分子印迹仿生抗体为识别元件,通过乳液聚合方法构建了上转换荧光探针,建立了上转换荧光检测单增李斯特菌快速检测方法,并在肌肉和鱼肉样品基质中进行了应用,为食品中微生物污染监测提供了新的方法。
上转换荧光材料通过抗体、适配体和分子印迹聚合物的靶向性修饰取得了很大进展,但依然存在不足,如抗体稳定性差、成本高、适配体化学稳定性不足、分子印迹聚合物的选择性低等。因此,结合多种修饰方法的复合靶向策略有望进一步提升UCNPs性能和应用范围。
根据农药主要元素构成及核心结构特征,可将其分为有机磷农药、新烟碱类农药和拟除虫菊酯农药、氨基甲酸酯农药、苯并咪唑类农药等(化学结构式见图1)。有机磷农药的化学结构通常以磷原子为中心,根据磷酸中取代的元素不同可分为:一硫代磷酸酯、二硫代磷酸酯和膦酸酯等(图1a)[50]。新烟碱类农药从其药效基团(功能基团)的不同,可分为硝基胍类、硝基烯胺基类和氯代吡啶类(图1b)[51]。拟除虫菊酯类主要分为含α-氰基的Ⅱ型拟除虫菊酯和不含α-氰基的Ⅰ型拟除虫菊酯(图1c)[52]。氨基甲酸酯类农药的核心结构为氨基甲酸(NH2COOH)的酯衍生物,常用的农药主要有西维因(图1d)[53]。苯并咪唑类农药以苯并咪唑环为母核,通过取代其咪唑环上的位置而得到各种有着不同作用的杀菌剂,如多菌灵、噻菌灵等(图1e)[54]。
磷酸酯基团(PO43-)中的一个氧原子被硫原子取代,即形成一硫代磷酸酯结构。常见的一硫代磷酸酯类有机磷农药包括毒死蜱、三唑磷、杀螟硫磷等,广泛应用于农业领域,主要用于防治各种害虫、螨类和某些植物病原菌[50]。
基于酶活性抑制的生物传感器是检测有机磷农药的经典策略。毒死蜱具有抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase,AChE)特性[55]。Zhao等[56]利用AChE催化乙酰硫代胆碱(Acetylthiocholine,ATCh)水解产生的硫代胆碱(Thiocholine,TCh)可以分解5,5’-二硫代-(2-硝基苯甲酸)生成2-硝基-5-巯基苯甲酸(2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid,TNB),TNB猝灭UCNPs蓝色荧光(448 nm),652 nm红色荧光作为校准信号,构建了自比率上转换荧光检测毒死蜱试纸条(图2),结合智能手机和图像处理算法,建立了毒死蜱农药的现场定量检测,检出限为14.48 ng/mL。基于该原理,Kong等[57]首先将UCNPs/二氧化锰(Manganese dioxide,MnO2)复合材料固定于海藻酸钙水凝胶中,构建了一种用于现场检测毒死蜱的灵敏试剂盒,当加入含有AChE、ATCh和不同浓度毒死蜱溶液后,水凝胶呈现出不同强度的蓝色上转换荧光。将该试剂盒与智能手机、Python辅助分析平台结合建立了梨汁等食品中毒死蜱残留检测方法。三唑磷是一种广谱一硫代磷酸酯杀虫剂,主要用于水果、粮食等农产品生产过程中鳞翅目害虫的防治。Chen等[58]设计了UCNPs/AuNPs(胶体金纳米颗粒,Gold nanospirals)复合体系,通过胰蛋白酶调控鱼精蛋白水解抑制AuNPs聚集,荧光增强与三唑磷浓度正相关,该检测策略为保障食品安全提供了新的技术支撑。通过体外筛选技术获得的适配体是一个对目标分子具有高亲和力和特异性的分子识别元件[59]。Hu等[60]基于适配体竞争结合机制,利用UCNPs与AuNPs构建了荧光共振能量转移(Fluorescence resonance energy transfer,FRET)传感器,实现了在食用菌中毒死蜱和二嗪农的快速检测。
基于抗原和抗体特异性组合的免疫分析法具有较高的灵敏度和特异性。Zou等[61]制备了UCNP和广谱识别对硫磷、甲基对硫磷和杀螟硫磷的单克隆抗体(mAb),构建了基于UCNPs的竞争型上转换荧光侧流免疫层析(Lateral-Flow Immunochromatographic,LFIC)试纸条,建立了对该三种有机磷农药快速定量检测方法。Yu等[62]基于杀螟硫磷抗原与UCNPs生物探针标记的多克隆抗体之间的竞争,开发了一种上转换荧光免疫层析试纸条检测方法,该方法检测成本低,可实现现场检测。
除生物传感器外,高性能非生物传感器也具有较好的识别性、高热稳定性。范欣雅[63]基于UCNPs/CdS复合材料,设计了一种近红外轻型自供电的毒死蜱检测传感器。为了提高传感器的选择性,添加分子印迹聚合物(Molecularly imprinted polymer,MIP)作为分子识别元件。Wu等[64]制备了一种基于UCNPs共价偶联罗丹明衍生物(Rhodamine derivatives,RDP)的具有酚类功能并且存在FRET效应的纳米荧光探针,当毒死蜱存在时,酚基功能化的RDP转化为螺内酯结构,阻断了体系中的FRET效应,该探针成功用于葡萄中毒死蜱残留的快速检测。
磷酸酯基团(PO43−)中的两个氧原子被硫原子取代,即形成二硫代磷酸酯结构[50]。常见的具有二硫代磷酸酯结构的有机磷农药有乐果、马拉硫磷等。
Li等[65]基于乐果酶抑制特性和铜触发苯二胺(Phenylenediamine,OPD)氧化的原理,开发了一种采用UCNPs的灵敏荧光方法来检测农药。Cu2+介导OPD氧化生成2,3-二氨基吩嗪(2,3-diaminophenazineox,oxOPD),通过FRET猝灭UCNPs荧光,Cu2+对TCh的高亲和力降低了oxOPD的水平,导致几乎没有荧光猝灭。乐果抑制AChE活性,减少TCh生成,导致oxOPD积累,荧光信号降低,检测限达0.008 ng/mL。
马拉硫磷是一种高效低毒的杀虫剂,常用于农产品生产过程中的病虫防治。Wang等[66]将钙钛矿量子点(CPBI)与UCNPs结合合成双功能纳米晶体,构建纸基光电电极,显著提升光电效率,实现马拉硫磷超灵敏检测(图3)。Chen等[67]设计UCNPs/AuNPs/聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(Polymer poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride,PDDA)/适配体马拉硫磷检测体系。马拉硫磷存在时,适配体优先与其结合发生结构变化,PDDA与AuNPs静电结合后正电荷化,进而与UCNPs结合发生荧光猝灭,检测体系的荧光强度与马拉硫磷浓度呈负相关关系。该研究提供了一种快速、绿色检测方案。
草甘膦是常见具有膦酸酯结构的农药之一,是一种极性、低毒、高效广谱的内吸性除草剂[68]。杨兰[69]利用上转换荧光纳米材料结合Cu2+类酶的催化性能催化H2O2-TMB发生颜色反应,加入草甘膦后,Cu2+与其形成配合物,抑制Cu2+的猝灭能力和催化活性,建立了速溶茶中草甘膦残留上转换荧光法检测方法。上述研究结果总结见表3。
新烟碱类农药主要包括:吡虫啉、噻虫胺、噻虫嗪、氯噻啉等[51]。Zhu等[70]基于戊二醛交联法将NaYF4: Yb@NaYF4: Ho和NaYF4: Yb, Tm分别与吡虫啉和噻虫胺单克隆抗体偶联为上转换荧光信号元件,通过其与抗原偶联的氨基四氧化三铁(Ferrosoferric oxide,Fe3O4)磁性纳米材料竞争结合信号探针建立了可同时检测该两种农药的上转换荧光免疫测定法,该方法具有特异性强、操作简单等特点。Li等[71]采取相同的检测策略,通过磁性纳米材料与双UCNPs探针竞争结合,实现噻虫嗪和葡聚糖同步检测,噻虫嗪的线性范围为0.09~2.34 ng/mL,该方法具有一定的灵敏度和选择性。Guo等[72]建立了一种基于FRET的上转换荧光免疫分析方法用于检测食品中吡虫啉残留。如图4所示,该方法以偶联抗原的氧化石墨烯(Graphene oxide,GO)为能量受体、抗体标记的UCNPs为能量供体,通过吡虫啉阻断能量转移增强荧光,检测限低至0.08 ng/mL。华修德等[73]利用氯噻啉单克隆抗体标记的UCNPs建立了一种简单、快速、灵敏的氯噻啉上转换荧光免疫层析方法,具有操作简单、检测时间短和抗样品基质干扰能力强等优点。
硝基烯胺类农药的典型代表为烯啶虫胺[51]。张旋旋[74]通过偶联烯啶虫胺多克隆抗体于水溶性UCNPs表面,构建高特异性免疫探针,该探针交叉反应率极低,适用于烟碱类农药烯啶虫胺的精准检测。Chen等[75]建立了一种基于金属-卟啉有机骨架(Porphyrinic metal-organic frameworks,PMOF)和UCNPs的烯啶虫胺比率型上转换发光传感器(UCNPs-PMOF)。烯啶虫胺与PMOF之间反应释放出5,10,15,20-四羧基苯基卟啉配体,并通过FRET机制降低了传感器在654 nm处的上转换发射强度,同时801 nm信号稳定,利用双发射强度比值(I654/I801)实现比率检测,检测限为86.85 ng/mL。该传感器选择性高、抗干扰强,实际样品回收率良好,可靠性突出。
噻虫啉和啶虫脒均是以吡虫啉为先导化合物,将其药效团硝基替换为氰基合成的新烟碱类杀虫剂[51]。Tao等[76]使用UCNP与抗噻虫啉mAb作为信号标记偶联,同时将MNP与噻虫啉的抗原偶联作为分离元件。基于竞争性免疫测定法确定通过抗原结合的MNP分离的结合mAb的UCNP的数量。Liu等[77]基于UCNPs@SiO2-NH2与AuNPs构建的FRET体系建立了啶虫脒检测方法。该方法将抗体-UCNPs和抗原-AuNPs分别作为荧光源和荧光猝灭试剂。在啶虫脒存在下,由于单抗和啶虫脒相互作用,荧光强度增大,通过荧光强度变化实现对食品中啶虫脒的检测。上述研究结果总结见表4。
拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂以Ⅱ型使用较多,该杀虫剂具有光稳定性强、广谱高效、持效期长、应用灵活等优势[52]。Song等[78]基于抗原与抗体特异性结合原理以及磁分离技术,建立了一种可同时检测甲氰菊酯和腐霉利的荧光免疫检测方法。该方法将两种UCNPs分别与甲氰菊酯和腐霉利的抗体偶联,结合磁性抗原探针,通过竞争免疫反应与荧光变化(ΔI542/ΔI802)建立标准曲线,检测限分别为0.114 ng/g和0.082 ng/g,对西红柿、黄瓜和卷心菜中甲氰菊酯和腐霉利的检测回收率为86.5%~102.4%。基于同种检测原理,Zhao等[79]建立了可同时检测甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯等3种拟除虫菊酯类农药的上转换荧光检测方法,实现了食品中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的定量分析。尹利桃[80]设计构建了三种荧光拉曼生物传感器的分析方法:UCNPs-AuNPs荧光分析法、UCNPs@(Au/Ag)-MNPs荧光拉曼双信号传感分析法和基于微流控装置的UCNPs@(Au/Ag)双信号生物传感分析法,并成功用于小麦中氯氰菊酯残留检测。与传统单通道相比,双信号传感器在大大提高了检测结果的准确性。
Hu等[81]首次开发了基于沸石咪唑酯骨架-8(ZIF-8)和UCNPs的分子印迹荧光传感器用于检测样品中的氯氰菊酯痕量残留。Guo等[82]基于核壳UCNPs@磁性纳米颗粒和分子印迹聚合物构建了近红外多功能荧光传感器用于溴氰菊酯快速检测,该传感材料具有较高的选择性,成功应用于葡萄和白菜中溴氰菊酯残留的灵敏检测。研究结果总结见表 5。
复杂基质中氨基甲酸酯农药的现场监测是食品安全实时控制和环境质量监督方面的一个挑战。Su等[83]制造了坚固的UCNPs/聚多巴胺(PDA)基水凝胶便携式套装平台,该套装使用智能手机检测器精确定量复杂茶叶样品中的西维因(图5)。UCNPs/PDA纳米探针是通过静电相互作用在NaErF4:0.5%Tm3+@NaYF4表面聚合多巴胺单体开发而成,在近红外光激发下可有效淬灭UCNPs的红色发光,从而避免了复杂环境中自发荧光和背景干扰。该平台对茶叶样品中西维因残留检测的线性范围为0.5~100 ng/mL,检测限为0.05 ng/mL。基于UCNPs和水凝胶特有的功能,该模块化平台在复杂的基质分析中具有响应灵敏、便携性和抗干扰能力,具有巨大的实际应用潜力。
苯并咪唑类农药是高效、广谱的果蔬病害杀菌剂,具有一定的生殖毒性和胚胎发育毒性[54]。Wang等[84]基于磁性纳米微球和双色UCNPs开发了一种快速灵敏的免疫检测方法,该方法将噻菌灵和多菌灵抗体分别与多色UCNPs偶联作为信号探针,将包被抗原偶联磁性微球作为捕获探针,通过竞争结合方式实现食品中噻菌灵和多菌灵的同步检测。Wang等[85]成功开发了一种基于FRET原理的多通道生物传感器用于同时检测百草枯和多菌灵农药,该传感器中适配体修饰的多色UCNP与单个黑磷纳米片(Black phosphorus nanosheets,BPNS)通过π-π堆积作用力猝灭上转换荧光。目标物存在情况下,适配体优先与其相应靶标结合,从而改变适配体构象,上转换荧光恢复,该研究为同时监测多个目标提供了新的思路。
Wang等[86]基于UCNPs@MIP开发了多菌灵残留荧光检测方法,该方法中多菌灵与MIP空腔特异性结合后引发电子转移,导致UCNPs荧光强度显著下降,最优条件下该方法的线性范围为10~1000 ng/mL,检出限为3.6 ng/mL,适用于茶、抹茶粉样品中多菌灵残留的快速检测 (表5)。
Li等[87]开发了一种基于内滤效应(Inner filter effect,IFE)检测福美双的策略,该方法中双硫腙-镉配合物(DZ-Cd2+)通过静电引力吸附于UCNPs表面,导致荧光猝灭,当福美双存在时,目标物与Cd2+形成新的配合物,UCNPs荧光恢复。该方法灵敏度高、稳定性好,在苹果样品中的检测回收率为73.03%~112.39%。
Chen等[88]基于肝素(Heparin,HEP)功能化的UCNPs构建了一种用于检测2,6-二氯-4-硝基苯胺农药的比率荧光纳米传感器(UCNP@HEP)。当目标物存在时,UCNPs@HEP的紫外发射(~350 nm)被选择性猝灭,而800 nm的近红外发射峰作为内参信号保持稳定。该方法对目标物的检测限低至84.87 ng/mL,为复杂食品基质中农药痕量残留的快速分析提供了新策略。上述研究结果总结见表5。
本文综述了UCNPs的合成方法、表面功能化修饰及其在农药残留检测中的应用研究进展。当前,通过酶抑制法、适配体竞争、免疫层析、分子印迹技术等策略,UCNPs已实现对多种农药的特异性检测,基于UCNPs反斯托克斯发光特性有效降低了食品样品基质的背景荧光干扰,磁分离、纳米材料增效、水凝胶固化等技术的融合大大提高了检测方法的灵敏度和稳定性。
基于UCNPs建立的农药残留检测技术虽已显现独特优势,但仍然面临以下挑战:a.尽管上转换荧光纳米材料具有独特的反斯托克斯发光特性,可减少背景荧光干扰,但在复杂食品基质(如含色素、蛋白质的样本)中,其信号可能被掩盖,导致检测限难以满足痕量农药残留(如ppb级以下)的需求;b.食品中农药种类繁多且结构相似(如有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类),现有检测方法常依赖单一抗体或适配体,易与其他类似物发生交叉反应,导致假阳性或假阴性结果;c.食品样本(如蔬果、谷物)中的色素、脂类、多糖等成分可能吸附于纳米材料表面,阻碍靶标分子的识别或引发非特异性信号,降低检测准确性;d.现有研究多集中于实验室验证,缺乏统一的标准化检测流程。同时,集成上转换材料的便携式设备(如试纸条、手持式仪器)在成本、操作简便性和批量生产方面仍存在瓶颈。
为进一步提高UCNPs探针在农药残留检测中的应用性能,可从以下方面开展研究:a.结合酶催化反应、DNA链置换扩增等技术,放大检测信号,降低检测限,提高检测方法的灵敏度;b.将上转换荧光与表面增强拉曼散射或电化学传感联用,构建多信号输出系统,提升检测方法的可靠性;c.设计基于智能手机的荧光检测模块,结合图像识别、人工智能、大数据分析实现实时准确的定量分析;d.探索低成本、可批量生产的纳米材料合成技术,建立针对不同食品基质的标准化前处理方法及检测流程,推动检测技术从实验室向市场转化。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120286
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
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    1河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071001
    2河北省膳食组分互作与精准营养重点实验室,河北保定 071001

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汤轶伟(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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