Article(id=1320175872787722410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684055753, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684055753, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684055753, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684055753, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=372, endPage=381, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175874461249707, articleId=1320175872787722410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Salt Concentrations and Drying Times on the Quality and Bacterial Diversity of Lightly-salted Golden Pomfret, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of salt concentrations and drying times on the quality and microbial community of lightly-salted golden pomfret, changes in quality indices (e.g., biogenic amines and volatile flavor compounds) and bacterial communities in samples subjected to salting with 3%, 4%, and 5% salt concentrations followed by cold air drying for 0, 18, and 36 h, respectively, were analyzed, and the correlation between quality indices and bacterial composition was explored. The results showed that the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content increased with increasing salt concentration and prolonged drying time, and the total viable count (TVC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), TBARS, putrescine, histamine, cadaverine, and total biogenic amines significantly increased (P<0.05). Notably, the histamine content in the 36 h-dried group exceeded the maximum recommended limit (>50 mg/kg), posing a safety risk. Volatile flavor compound analysis revealed that aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones were the primary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in lightly-salted golden pomfret, and 14 differential flavor compounds screened via partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) could be used to effectively distinguish samples with different drying times. High-throughput sequencing indicated that Lactococcus, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter were the dominant genera present during processing. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that Morganella was significantly positively correlated with tryptamine, putrescine, and cadaverine (P<0.05). Pseudomonas was significantly positively correlated with nitrite (P<0.05), and Acinetobacter was significantly positively correlated with 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol and 3-pentanone (P<0.01). In conclusion, the safety and quality of lightly-salted golden pomfret could be effectively improved by shortening the cold-air drying time, thereby providing a theoretical basis and technical support for product development and quality control.

, authors=Kaixin WU1, 2, Junjie WU2, Quanyou GUO2, *, Na LIN2, Jishuo WANG2, authorsList=Kaixin WU, Junjie WU, Quanyou GUO, Na LIN, Jishuo WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Quanyou GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175876122194106, articleId=1320175872787722410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=腌制浓度和干燥时间对轻腌金鲳鱼的品质与细菌多样性的影响, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究腌制浓度和干燥时间对轻腌金鲳鱼的品质与微生物的影响,本研究以金鲳鱼为对象,分别经3%、4%和5%盐浓度腌制后冷风干燥0、18和36 h的轻腌金鲳鱼的生物胺、挥发性风味物质等品质指标以及细菌群落的变化,并对品质指标和细菌组成进行相关性分析。结果表明,硫代巴比妥酸反应物质含量随腌制盐浓度增加而呈上升的趋势。随干燥时间的延长,菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮、硫代巴比妥酸反应物质、腐胺、组胺、尸胺和总胺含量均显著增加(P<0.05),其中干燥36 h组鱼肉组胺含量超过最大推荐限值(>50 mg/kg),存在安全风险。指纹图谱表明,醛类、醇类和酮类是轻腌金鲳鱼主要的挥发性有机化合物,且经偏最小二乘判别分析筛选出14种差异风味物质可用于轻腌金鲳鱼不同干燥时间的区分。高通量测序结果表明乳球菌属(Lactococcus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)是轻腌金鲳鱼加工过程中主要的菌属。Pearson相关性分析表明,摩根菌属(Morganella)与色胺、腐胺和尸胺均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),假单胞菌属与亚硝酸盐呈显著正相关(P<0.05),不动杆菌属与3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇和3-戊酮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。综上,减少冷风干燥时间可有效提高轻腌金鲳鱼的安全品质。本文为轻腌金鲳鱼产品开发及品质控制提供了理论依据与技术支持。

, authors=吴凯鑫1, 2, 吴俊杰2, 郭全友2, *, 林娜2, 王积硕2, authorsList=吴凯鑫, 吴俊杰, 郭全友, 林娜, 王积硕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭全友, authorNote=

吴凯鑫(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:

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郭全友(1974−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
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Food Science, 2020, 41(19): 9−16., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175893490807101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Hang, LIU Xiaochang, ZHANG Yuemei, et al. Spoilage potential of three different bacteria isolated from spoiled grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets during storage at 4 ℃[J]. 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注:不同小写字母表示相同干燥时间,不同腌制浓度下指标差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示相同腌制浓度,不同干燥时间下指标差异显著(P<0.05);表2同。

, figureFileSmall=TeKQDedqLvwvEw5qnhDf0A==, figureFileBig=MX2MkvYZ3DVZKGhQyfSReQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175883428671725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Fingerprint spectra of VOCs in lightly salted golden pomfret under different salt concentrations and drying times (a), PLS-DA score maps of lightly marinated golden pomfret under different drying times (b), PLS-DA model displacement validation map (c), characteristic flavor compounds with VIP values greater than 1 (d) and clustering heatmap (e), figureFileSmall=1sevfbVYou0ZTSBmp5Es+A==, figureFileBig=mhJKk92mz3A9tBX1lIzTZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175883491586286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同腌制浓度和干燥时间下轻腌金鲳鱼的VOCs的指纹图谱(a)、不同干燥时间的轻腌金鲳鱼PLS-DA得分图(b)、PLS-DA 模型置换验证图(c)、VIP值大于1的特征风味物质(d)和聚类热图(e)

注:M:单倍体;D:二倍体;1~9:未知成分。

, figureFileSmall=1sevfbVYou0ZTSBmp5Es+A==, figureFileBig=mhJKk92mz3A9tBX1lIzTZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175883562889455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Rarefaction curves of bacterial community (a) and Venn diagram (b), figureFileSmall=na1/XR8QdcB4m/Qpm0XbxA==, figureFileBig=2PlIpg/P0+4vb66Y7YEQkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175883713884400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=CN, label=图4, caption=细菌稀释曲线(a)与Venn图(b), figureFileSmall=na1/XR8QdcB4m/Qpm0XbxA==, figureFileBig=2PlIpg/P0+4vb66Y7YEQkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175883785187569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=PCoA of lightly salted golden pomfret under different salt concentrations and drying times, figureFileSmall=ntzSHEQGIv7SlOflq6DLWw==, figureFileBig=I4u3b7jEjb38AfY6J9N0/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175883848102130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同腌制浓度和干燥时间下轻腌金鲳鱼的PCoA

注:C3:C3D00、C3D18、C3D36;C4:C4D00、C4D18、C4D36;C5:C5D00、C5D18、C5D36。

, figureFileSmall=ntzSHEQGIv7SlOflq6DLWw==, figureFileBig=I4u3b7jEjb38AfY6J9N0/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175884057817331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Relative abundance of phylum (a) and genus (b) of lightly salted golden pomfret at different salt concentrations and drying times, figureFileSmall=SohsZvUol/X0RciN4TfFaQ==, figureFileBig=T7r/evXUq5/dzOmdab4D8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175884129120500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同腌制浓度和干燥时间下轻腌金鲳鱼的细菌门(a)和属(b)水平相对丰度, figureFileSmall=SohsZvUol/X0RciN4TfFaQ==, figureFileBig=T7r/evXUq5/dzOmdab4D8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175884208812277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Pearson correlation analysis of the top 15 bacterial genera, sensory evaluation, and quality indicators of lightly salted golden pomfret under different salt concentrations and drying times, figureFileSmall=SB7GY4N8JcsAJThpvwwUbg==, figureFileBig=kgdFXMjHLlGBvswn9jz8BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175884485636342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同腌制浓度和干燥时间下轻腌金鲳鱼的Top15细菌属和感官评价、品质指标的Pearson相关性分析

注:**表示P<0.01水平上极显著相关,*表示P<0.05水平上显著相关。

, figureFileSmall=SB7GY4N8JcsAJThpvwwUbg==, figureFileBig=kgdFXMjHLlGBvswn9jz8BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175884565328119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria of lightly-salted golden pomfret

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目很好(10~8)较好(7~6)一般(5~3)差(2~1)
色泽鱼体表面透明,光泽度好肉色呈现微黄,透明度一般肉色呈现黄褐色,透明度差肉色呈现暗黄,不透明
组织状态组织紧密且均匀,鱼骨有一定
程度的软化,无霉变
组织较为紧密,鱼骨存在一定
程度的软化,无霉变
组织均匀性和紧密性一般,鱼骨软化明显,出现霉变组织形态不均匀,表面干燥,内部脱水不足,霉变严重
气味具有腌腊鱼特有醇香味,无异味香味较好,无腥味香味较一般,有腥味香味较差,有腐败气味
), ArticleFig(id=1320175884640825592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

轻腌金鲳鱼的感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目很好(10~8)较好(7~6)一般(5~3)差(2~1)
色泽鱼体表面透明,光泽度好肉色呈现微黄,透明度一般肉色呈现黄褐色,透明度差肉色呈现暗黄,不透明
组织状态组织紧密且均匀,鱼骨有一定
程度的软化,无霉变
组织较为紧密,鱼骨存在一定
程度的软化,无霉变
组织均匀性和紧密性一般,鱼骨软化明显,出现霉变组织形态不均匀,表面干燥,内部脱水不足,霉变严重
气味具有腌腊鱼特有醇香味,无异味香味较好,无腥味香味较一般,有腥味香味较差,有腐败气味
), ArticleFig(id=1320175884720517370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Nitrite and biogenic amines content in lightly salted golden pomfret with different salt concentrations and drying times (mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标C3D00C4D00C5D00C3D18C4D18C5D18C3D36C4D36C5D36
亚硝酸盐2.07±0.04aA1.44±0.06bA1.19±0.07cB1.07±0.11bB0.88±0.08cC1.46±0.06aA1.15±0.08aB1.05±0.04aB0.64±0.01bC
色胺6.43±0.25bC5.24±0.32cC9.79±0.65aC8.73±1.66cB15.30±0.99bA19.51±0.89aA25.98±0.15aA7.04±0.34cB14.41±0.16bB
苯乙胺4.34±0.12aC3.70±0.76aC3.20±0.36aB17.57±0.37bA28.15±0.62aA12.21±0.31cA15.20±2.09bB17.38±2.47aB12.19±0.65cA
腐胺25.31±0.56aC20.53±1.21bC18.68±0.91cC88.65±0.63aB78.61±0.32bB69.15±0.53cB154.41±0.26aA112.80±0.92bA93.39±0.08cA
尸胺9.43±0.32aC8.71±0.64cC9.20±0.56bC31.34±0.21aB19.67±0.21bB19.72±0.77bB50.96±0.31aA30.22±0.14cA39.61±1.53bA
组胺11.33±0.71aC10.04±1.36bC9.83±0.39cC39.46±0.19aB38.98±0.16aB30.07±0.03bB90.31±1.50aA79.67±0.36bA60.05±1.58cA
酪胺21.04±0.66aC14.87±0.78cC20.07±0.48bC35.35±0.13aB35.15±0.05aB33.60±1.03bB52.68±0.15aA48.91±0.18bA41.44±0.05cA
亚精胺9.33±0.63bA9.85±0.92bB11.38±0.32aA7.88±1.21bC9.59±0.50aB7.40±0.61bB8.18±0.03cB16.22±0.03aA11.35±0.22bA
精胺14.99±0.97bC19.31±0.21aB18.97±0.24aB15.30±0.98aB8.49±0.20bC9.01±0.23bC19.12±0.18cA22.05±0.18bA27.49±0.15aA
总胺102.20±4.16aC92.25±6.20bC101.12±3.91aC244.28±5.38aB233.94±3.05bB200.67±4.20cB416.84±4.53aA314.29±4.62bA299.93±4.42cA
), ArticleFig(id=1320175884812792059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同腌制浓度和干燥时间下轻腌金鲳鱼的亚硝酸盐和生物胺含量(mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标C3D00C4D00C5D00C3D18C4D18C5D18C3D36C4D36C5D36
亚硝酸盐2.07±0.04aA1.44±0.06bA1.19±0.07cB1.07±0.11bB0.88±0.08cC1.46±0.06aA1.15±0.08aB1.05±0.04aB0.64±0.01bC
色胺6.43±0.25bC5.24±0.32cC9.79±0.65aC8.73±1.66cB15.30±0.99bA19.51±0.89aA25.98±0.15aA7.04±0.34cB14.41±0.16bB
苯乙胺4.34±0.12aC3.70±0.76aC3.20±0.36aB17.57±0.37bA28.15±0.62aA12.21±0.31cA15.20±2.09bB17.38±2.47aB12.19±0.65cA
腐胺25.31±0.56aC20.53±1.21bC18.68±0.91cC88.65±0.63aB78.61±0.32bB69.15±0.53cB154.41±0.26aA112.80±0.92bA93.39±0.08cA
尸胺9.43±0.32aC8.71±0.64cC9.20±0.56bC31.34±0.21aB19.67±0.21bB19.72±0.77bB50.96±0.31aA30.22±0.14cA39.61±1.53bA
组胺11.33±0.71aC10.04±1.36bC9.83±0.39cC39.46±0.19aB38.98±0.16aB30.07±0.03bB90.31±1.50aA79.67±0.36bA60.05±1.58cA
酪胺21.04±0.66aC14.87±0.78cC20.07±0.48bC35.35±0.13aB35.15±0.05aB33.60±1.03bB52.68±0.15aA48.91±0.18bA41.44±0.05cA
亚精胺9.33±0.63bA9.85±0.92bB11.38±0.32aA7.88±1.21bC9.59±0.50aB7.40±0.61bB8.18±0.03cB16.22±0.03aA11.35±0.22bA
精胺14.99±0.97bC19.31±0.21aB18.97±0.24aB15.30±0.98aB8.49±0.20bC9.01±0.23bC19.12±0.18cA22.05±0.18bA27.49±0.15aA
总胺102.20±4.16aC92.25±6.20bC101.12±3.91aC244.28±5.38aB233.94±3.05bB200.67±4.20cB416.84±4.53aA314.29±4.62bA299.93±4.42cA
), ArticleFig(id=1320175884963787004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

α-Diversity of bacterial community in lightly salted golden pomfret under different salt concentrations and drying times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称Chao1指数Ace指数Shannon指数Simpson指数覆盖率
C0D00185.00185.002.390.331.00
C3D00201.15201.003.260.10>0.99
C4D00528.95529.021.950.52>0.99
C5D00217.00217.002.740.221.00
C3D18100.0499.251.220.60>0.99
C4D18174.33173.712.040.38>0.99
C5D18251.97252.333.300.12>0.99
C3D3683.6282.751.660.39>0.99
C4D36258.40257.442.810.21>0.99
C5D36309.67307.752.980.14>0.99
), ArticleFig(id=1320175885030895869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175872787722410, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同腌制浓度和干燥时间下轻腌金鲳鱼细菌群落的α-多样性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称Chao1指数Ace指数Shannon指数Simpson指数覆盖率
C0D00185.00185.002.390.331.00
C3D00201.15201.003.260.10>0.99
C4D00528.95529.021.950.52>0.99
C5D00217.00217.002.740.221.00
C3D18100.0499.251.220.60>0.99
C4D18174.33173.712.040.38>0.99
C5D18251.97252.333.300.12>0.99
C3D3683.6282.751.660.39>0.99
C4D36258.40257.442.810.21>0.99
C5D36309.67307.752.980.14>0.99
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腌制浓度和干燥时间对轻腌金鲳鱼的品质与细菌多样性的影响
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吴凯鑫 1, 2 , 吴俊杰 2 , 郭全友 2, * , 林娜 2 , 王积硕 2
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(12): 372-381
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (12) : 372 -381
腌制浓度和干燥时间对轻腌金鲳鱼的品质与细菌多样性的影响
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吴凯鑫1, 2 , 吴俊杰2, 郭全友2, * , 林娜2, 王积硕2
作者信息
  • 1上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306
  • 2中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所,上海 200090
通讯作者:
郭全友(1974−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴凯鑫(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:

Effects of Different Salt Concentrations and Drying Times on the Quality and Bacterial Diversity of Lightly-salted Golden Pomfret
Kaixin WU1, 2 , Junjie WU2, Quanyou GUO2, * , Na LIN2, Jishuo WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050105
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为研究腌制浓度和干燥时间对轻腌金鲳鱼的品质与微生物的影响,本研究以金鲳鱼为对象,分别经3%、4%和5%盐浓度腌制后冷风干燥0、18和36 h的轻腌金鲳鱼的生物胺、挥发性风味物质等品质指标以及细菌群落的变化,并对品质指标和细菌组成进行相关性分析。结果表明,硫代巴比妥酸反应物质含量随腌制盐浓度增加而呈上升的趋势。随干燥时间的延长,菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮、硫代巴比妥酸反应物质、腐胺、组胺、尸胺和总胺含量均显著增加(P<0.05),其中干燥36 h组鱼肉组胺含量超过最大推荐限值(>50 mg/kg),存在安全风险。指纹图谱表明,醛类、醇类和酮类是轻腌金鲳鱼主要的挥发性有机化合物,且经偏最小二乘判别分析筛选出14种差异风味物质可用于轻腌金鲳鱼不同干燥时间的区分。高通量测序结果表明乳球菌属(Lactococcus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)是轻腌金鲳鱼加工过程中主要的菌属。Pearson相关性分析表明,摩根菌属(Morganella)与色胺、腐胺和尸胺均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),假单胞菌属与亚硝酸盐呈显著正相关(P<0.05),不动杆菌属与3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇和3-戊酮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。综上,减少冷风干燥时间可有效提高轻腌金鲳鱼的安全品质。本文为轻腌金鲳鱼产品开发及品质控制提供了理论依据与技术支持。

金鲳鱼  /  腌制浓度  /  干燥时间  /  品质  /  细菌多样性  /  生物胺

To investigate the effects of salt concentrations and drying times on the quality and microbial community of lightly-salted golden pomfret, changes in quality indices (e.g., biogenic amines and volatile flavor compounds) and bacterial communities in samples subjected to salting with 3%, 4%, and 5% salt concentrations followed by cold air drying for 0, 18, and 36 h, respectively, were analyzed, and the correlation between quality indices and bacterial composition was explored. The results showed that the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content increased with increasing salt concentration and prolonged drying time, and the total viable count (TVC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), TBARS, putrescine, histamine, cadaverine, and total biogenic amines significantly increased (P<0.05). Notably, the histamine content in the 36 h-dried group exceeded the maximum recommended limit (>50 mg/kg), posing a safety risk. Volatile flavor compound analysis revealed that aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones were the primary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in lightly-salted golden pomfret, and 14 differential flavor compounds screened via partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) could be used to effectively distinguish samples with different drying times. High-throughput sequencing indicated that Lactococcus, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter were the dominant genera present during processing. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that Morganella was significantly positively correlated with tryptamine, putrescine, and cadaverine (P<0.05). Pseudomonas was significantly positively correlated with nitrite (P<0.05), and Acinetobacter was significantly positively correlated with 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol and 3-pentanone (P<0.01). In conclusion, the safety and quality of lightly-salted golden pomfret could be effectively improved by shortening the cold-air drying time, thereby providing a theoretical basis and technical support for product development and quality control.

golden pomfret  /  salt concentration  /  drying time  /  quality  /  bacterial communities  /  biogenic amines
吴凯鑫, 吴俊杰, 郭全友, 林娜, 王积硕. 腌制浓度和干燥时间对轻腌金鲳鱼的品质与细菌多样性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 372 -381 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050105
Kaixin WU, Junjie WU, Quanyou GUO, Na LIN, Jishuo WANG. Effects of Different Salt Concentrations and Drying Times on the Quality and Bacterial Diversity of Lightly-salted Golden Pomfret[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 372 -381 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050105
金鲳鱼,学名卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus),2023年我国养殖金鲳鱼产量达29.2万吨,是我国重要的海洋经济鱼类[1]。金鲳鱼营养丰富、肉质细嫩且味道鲜美,深受消费者欢迎。金鲳鱼的捕捞具有季节性,因此需采用合适的加工方法(如腌制和干燥)来保存鱼类。轻腌(盐含量≤6%,水分含量≥40%)水产品不但具有良好的适口性,而且符合人们对健康低盐食品的消费需求[2]。目前,腌制水产品多由小作坊通过经验进行腌制加工,缺乏标准化流程,导致产品质量不稳定。Mohdaly等[3]对5种不同产地的腌鱼进行pH、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N)和硫代巴比妥酸反应物质(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)以及微生物进行分析,结果表明,不同产地腌鱼的品质存在显著差异,其主要成因可能是产地环境与加工工艺的不同。
腌制过程主要通过食盐抑制腐败菌生长并改善产品特性。与干腌法相比,湿腌法具有腌制时间更短,盐在整个鱼体内分布均匀,对产品质量影响较小的优点[4],Chen等[5]研究了低盐湿腌发酵金鲳鱼在加工过程中品质和挥发性风味物质的变化,发现湿腌促进蛋白质的水解和氧化,加工后的金鲳鱼风味物质含量显著增加。在鱼类加工中,除腌制外,干燥也是调控产品品质的关键环节,干燥工艺可降低鱼肉的水分活度,抑制腐败菌的增殖,使酶失活[6]。邓祎等[7]研究了不同风干工艺处理的武昌鱼鱼肉品质和风味的变化,发现相较于热风干燥,冷风干燥处理的武昌鱼TBARS值较低,脂肪氧化程度较低。在腌制和干燥的加工过程中,由于微生物和酶的作用,发生硝酸盐的还原、蛋白降解和脂质氧化等生化反应,一方面使得大量挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)产生,有利于干腌鱼风味的形成[8];另一方面导致鱼体亚硝酸盐、生物胺及脂质氧化产物大量累积。目前,轻腌金鲳鱼采用低盐湿腌结合冷风干燥的加工方式研究较少,因此,有必要探究轻腌金鲳鱼湿腌-冷风干燥过程中品质及微生物的变化。
本文以金鲳鱼为研究对象,探究在不同腌制浓度(3%、4%、5%)和干燥时间(0、18、36 h)的交互作用下,鱼肉感官特性、水分、盐含量、pH、菌落总数(total viable count,TVC)、TVB-N、TBARS、亚硝酸盐、生物胺和VOCs的动态变化规律,并且通过高通量测序技术,分析轻腌金鲳鱼中微生物菌群变化,探究感官和品质变化与微生物菌群之间的关联,以此解析轻腌金鲳鱼在不同加工阶段中品质和微生物菌群之间关系,为提高轻腌金鲳鱼产品品质和改良加工方式提供科学性的理论与实践依据。
冷冻金鲳鱼 购于淘宝烟台虎鲸电子商务有限公司,规格为(350±30)g/条,冷链2 d运送到实验室,保存于−18 ℃冷库;食盐 上海市杨浦区大润发流通事业股份有限公司;硝酸银标准滴定溶液(0.1 mol/L)、铬酸钾、高氯酸、硼酸、酚酞、氯化钠、甲基蓝、亚甲基红、三氯乙酸、生物胺标准品、硼酸钠、亚铁氰化钾、乙酸锌、亚硝酸钠、对氨基苯磺酸、冰乙酸 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;平板计数琼脂培养基 青岛海博生物技术有限公司;E.Z.N.A.® Soil DNA Kit DNA抽提试剂盒 美国Omega公司。
SW-CJ-1FB超净台 上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂;MIR-153高精密度低温培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;KDN-103F自动定氮仪 上海纤检仪器有限公司;HE53/02水分测定仪 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;Spark 10 mol/L多功能酶标仪 瑞士Tenca公司;Avanti J-301高性能离心机 美国Beckman Coulter公司;FlavourSpecc®气相-色谱离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)联用仪 德国G.A.S.公司;T100 Thermal Cycler PCR仪 美国BIO-RAD公司;JY600C电泳仪 北京君意东方电泳设备有限公司。
经前期市场调研和工艺条件模拟,轻腌金鲳鱼样品制备共分为前处理、腌制和干燥3个阶段,冷冻金鲳鱼(n=80)经(9.0±2.0) ℃流水解冻后,背刨,去鳃去内脏,沥干称重,分别置于3%、4%、5%盐水中浸渍,料液比1:3(m/m),在(4.0±0.1)℃下腌制12 h。将腌制完成的金鲳鱼于(22.0±0.2)℃下分别冷风干燥0、18、36 h。将轻腌金鲳鱼按照腌制浓度和干燥时间分为10组,每组8条鱼。分别为C0D00(金鲳鱼原料);C3D00、C4D00、C5D00分别为3%、4%、5%盐浓度下腌制12 h;C3D18、C4D18、C5D18分别为3%、4%、5%盐浓度下腌制12 h后冷风干燥18 h;C3D36、C4D36、C5D36分别为3%、4%、5%盐浓度下腌制12 h后冷风干燥36 h,其中水分含量、TVC、pH和TVB-N指标分别在样品干燥0、18、36 h结束后立即测定,剩余样品置于−80 ℃冰箱保存直至分析。
由八位经过专业培训的感官评定人员组成评定小组,从气味、组织状态和色泽三个方面对不同加工条件的轻腌金鲳鱼进行感官评价,感官评价标准参考王睿等[9]的方法,具体评价标准如表1所示。
水分含量测定:取背肌肉去皮,搅碎后取(1.00±0.05)g均匀涂抹于仪器配套的托盘中,扣紧仪器盖,在(105.0±0.1)℃下测定,当读数稳定时从显示屏上直接读出样品的水分含量;盐含量测定:参照SC 3011-2001《水产品中盐分的测定》中的直接滴定法测定;pH测定:称取5 g搅碎的鱼肉加入蒸馏水45 mL,摇匀,静置30 min后过滤取滤液,用pH计进行测定;TVC测定:参考张曦鹏等[10]的方法,并适当修改。在无菌超净台中,取(10.0±0.1)g剪碎的鱼肉,置于90 mL无菌生理盐水中,振摇30 min,按照一定的梯度稀释,取100 µL涂布于平板计数琼脂培养基,置于30 ℃恒温培养箱中培养72 h后进行菌落计数;TVB-N测定:参照GB 5009.228-2016《食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》中的半微量凯氏定氮法测定;TBARS测定:参照GB 5009.181-2016《食品中丙二醛的测定》;亚硝酸盐含量:参照GB 5009.33-2016《食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》;生物胺含量测定:参照GB 5009.28-2016《食品中生物胺的测定》中的高效液相色谱法。
自动进样条件:称取(1.0±0.2)g样品置于20 mL顶空瓶中,孵育温度40 ℃,孵化转速500 r/min,孵育时间15 min,采用顶空自动进样的方式,进样量500 μL,进样针温度65 ℃,不分流模式进样。GC-IMS条件:采用强极性色谱柱MXT-WAX(30 m×0.53 mm,1 μm),柱温60 ℃,载气为氮气(≥99.999%),载气流速程序:起始流速2 mL/min,保持2 min,8 min内升至10 mL/min,然后10 min内升至100 mL/min并保持10 min,运行时间30 min。迁移管温度45 ℃,分析时间30 min,载气/漂移气为N2。
采用E.Z.N.A.® soil DNA kit试剂盒进行DNA提取,使用338F(5’-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3’)和806R(5’-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3’)引物扩增细菌16S rRNA基因,在V3~V4可变区进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系为:5×TransStart FastPfu缓冲液4 μL,2.5 mmol/L dNTPs 2 μL,上游引物(5 µmol/L)0.8 μL,下游引物(5 µmol/L)0.8 μL,TransStart FastPfu DNA聚合酶0.4 μL,模板DNA 10 ng,补足至20 μL。扩增程序如下:95 ℃预变性3 min,27个循环(95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s),然后72 ℃稳定延伸10 min,最后在4 ℃进行保存[11]。高通量测序由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成。
使用SPSS 20.0软件进行差异显著性分析,所有数据进行方差分析,P<0.05表示差异显著。使用GC-IMS仪器内置的NIST数据库和IMS数据库对VOCs进行定性分析,运用Gallery Plot插件生成指纹图谱。α-多样性分析、主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis,PCoA)、微生物菌落相对丰度分析均在美吉生物平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com)上完成。使用Pearson进行相关性分析,利用软件Origin 2022和GraphPad Prism 9绘图。
感官评价作为一种科学客观的评价方法,可以在一定程度上较为直观地反映鱼肉品质优劣[12]。由图1感官评分和实物图可知,C0D00组鱼体表面透明,光泽度较佳,鱼肉组织紧密且均匀,为大多数人所接受。色泽得分随干燥时间的延长呈降低的趋势,这是因为风干过程加速鱼肉氧化,使轻腌金鲳鱼呈现美拉德反应的黄褐色,干燥36 h较干燥18 h组颜色偏深[9]。气味得分随着鱼肉盐浓度的增加而降低,这可能是因为食盐促进鱼肉的脂质氧化,进而加重不良风味(如腥味)的产生。腌制后(相较于C0D00组)组织状态得分降低,且感官评分随干燥时间的延长而呈下降的趋势,这是因为腌制结束后(干燥0 h组),由于鱼肉长时间浸泡于盐水中,肉质较C0D00组松散;而干燥36 h组较18 h组质地较硬,组织形态不均匀,鱼肉表面干燥,内部脱水严重,因此,干燥18 h组鱼肉感官指标整体优于干燥36 h组。
腌制品的加工过程本质上是渗盐脱水的过程。图2(a)和图2(b)分别为金鲳鱼加工过程中水分含量和盐含量的变化。干燥时间从18 h增至36 h的过程中,4%盐浓度组鱼肉水分含量降低了4.07%,盐含量增加了0.78%,而鱼肉色泽、组织状态和气味感官评分均呈下降的趋势,这说明水分含量和盐含量间接影响鱼肉的感官特性。
pH和TVC值分别反映鱼肉腐败变质程度和受微生物污染程度。图2(c)和图2(d)分别为金鲳鱼加工过程中pH和TVC的变化。相同干燥时间下,TVC值随腌制浓度的增加呈显著降低的趋势(P<0.05),这表明腌制在一定程度上能够抑制微生物的生长,并且盐浓度越高,对细菌抑制作用越强,这与郭雅[13]的研究结果一致。干燥36 h组pH显著高于干燥18 h组(P<0.05),这是因为鱼肉中蛋白质在微生物作用下被分解产生胺类等碱性物质增多[14]。因此,增加腌制浓度和减少干燥时间能有效抑制微生物的生长,抑制鱼肉腐败变质。
TVB-N和TBARS含量分别反映鱼肉新鲜度和脂肪氧化程度[15]。图2(e)和图2(f)分别为金鲳鱼加工过程中TVB-N和TBARS的变化。相同干燥时间下,TVB-N含量随腌制浓度的增加而显著降低(P<0.05),这是因为较高的盐浓度可以抑制鱼肉中内源酶和微生物的生长,减缓蛋白质的分解速度,减缓鱼肉的变质[16]。干燥36 h组TVB-N值显著(P<0.05)高于干燥18 h组,是干燥18 h组的1.52~1.65倍,这可能是由于长时间的干燥过程,鱼肉中蛋白质分解后产生三甲胺等胺类物质积存,导致TVB-N含量增加。TBARS值随盐浓度增加而呈上升的趋势,这表明食盐促进鱼肉的脂质氧化,这与姜晶丹等[17]研究结果一致,这是因为氯化钠可作为脂质的促氧化剂,在破坏细胞膜、释放铁离子和抑制抗氧化酶活性方面发挥作用[8]。
亚硝酸盐可赋予腌鱼独特的风味和颜色,低浓度的亚硝酸盐具有抗氧化和抑菌特性,可延长鱼肉保质期[18],而高浓度的亚硝酸盐会与肉中的氨基酸或胺类化合物等反应生成有害物质,对健康构成风险[19]。由表2可知,金鲳鱼腌制后,亚硝酸盐含量随着腌制浓度的增加而显著降低(P<0.05),这是由于盐含量的增加抑制了硝酸还原菌的活性,同时对亚硝酸盐还原酶的活性影响极小[20],张娜等[21]研究食盐添加量对腌腊鱼安全品质的影响中发现食盐含量越低,亚硝酸盐含量越高,本实验结果与之一致。轻腌金鲳鱼亚硝酸盐含量均小于2.5 mg/kg,远低于国家限量标准30.00 mg/kg。
生物胺是鱼肉腐败过程中的产物,过量摄入胺类物质不仅存在较大的中毒风险,还可能诱发过敏反应危害健康[22]。腐胺、尸胺和组胺是金鲳鱼加工过程的主要胺类物质。腐胺和尸胺通常作为鱼肉新鲜度或微生物变质的指标,干燥0 h组鱼肉尸胺和腐胺含量低,鱼肉新鲜度较佳。相同干燥时间下,腐胺和组胺含量均随腌制浓度的增加显著降低(P<0.05),陈玉峰等[23]研究了不同食盐添加量对生物胺的影响,得出了食盐的添加可以抑制金线鱼中腐胺的生成,而Xie等[24]也发现减少加盐量会促进腐胺、组胺等生物胺生成,本文研究结果均与之一致。干燥36 h鱼肉组胺含量均超过最大推荐限值50.00 mg/kg[25],存在安全风险。3%、4%和5%盐浓度腌制后干燥18 h至36 h过程中,总胺含量分别增加了70.64%、34.35%和49.46%,这表明减少干燥时间能有效控制生物胺含量的积累。
风味的变化反映品质的动态状况,是衡量品质的关键维度之一。通过GC-IMS技术对轻腌金鲳鱼的挥发性风味物质分析进行分析鉴定,由指纹图谱图3a可知,将VOCs的保留时间与IMS数据库进行了比较,共鉴定出54种挥发性风味化合物,包括13种醇类、13种醛类、9种酮类、2种酯类、3种萜烯类和其他(14种,含9种未知物)。醛类、醇类和酮类是轻腌金鲳鱼的主要风味物质。
醛类物质因其独特的风味特征和低阈值,是水产食品中重要的风味化合物[26],且醛类物质是脂肪氧化过程中的产物[27]。腌制后庚醛和己醛浓度增加,与TBARS变化趋势相同。随着干燥时间的延长,醛类物质浓度呈现增加的趋势,这与王玉等[28]研究咸鲅鱼冷风干燥过程中醛类物质变化趋势不同,这可能与干燥时间和温度影响脂肪氧化相关酶活力有关,而多数醛类物质(如庚醛和己醛)表现为鱼腥味和脂肪味[29],这表明干燥36 h较干燥18 h和0 h组鱼腥味和脂肪味较重,导致产品风味品质下降,感官评分降低。
醇类物质通常是由脂质降解和氧化形成[30],是轻腌金鲳鱼加工过程中最丰富的挥发性风味物质。2-甲基丙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇在原料中均被检测到且保持较高的浓度,两种物质呈果香味。干燥36 h组中1-戊醇浓度高于干燥18 h组,是干燥18 h组的5.32~6.25倍,而1-戊醇是鱼腥味的重要来源[31],这表明干燥36 h组鱼肉鱼腥味较重,而干燥18 h组中C4D18相较于C5D18组其浓度降低了19.14%,鱼腥味较少。1-戊烯-3-醇、1-戊醇、正丙醇和正丁醇在干燥36 h组中均保持较高的浓度,而正丁醇具有刺激性气味,这表明增加干燥时间加重鱼肉的刺激性气味。
干燥组中酮类和萜烯类物质如羟基丙酮、月桂烯等浓度高于未干燥组,对鱼肉风味起到正向作用,赋予鱼肉果味、青草以及花香、香脂气味[32]。三甲胺是鱼腥味的主要来源之一,相同干燥时间下,3%盐浓度组其浓度高于4%和5%盐浓度组,这说明三甲胺随着盐度的增加而降低,与之前的研究[8]结果一致。
为进一步揭示不同干燥时间下轻腌金鲳鱼挥发性物质的特征和差异,以54种风味物质作为因变量,不同干燥时间作为自变量,如图3b所示,PLS-DA可以实现不同干燥时间下轻腌金鲳鱼的有效区分。本次分析中的自变量拟合指数(R2x)为0.97,因变量拟合指数(R2y)为0.979,模型预测指数(Q2)为0.904,R2和Q2超过0.5表示模型拟合结果可接受[33]。经过200次置换检验,如图3c所示,Q2回归线与纵轴的相交点小于0,说明模型不存在过拟合,模型验证有效,认为该结果可用于轻腌金鲳鱼的干燥时间鉴别分析。根据P<0.05且VIP>1的标准,筛选出19种不同干燥时间下轻腌金鲳鱼的差异风味物质,如图3d可知分别为正丁醇-M、3-甲基-2-戊酮、月桂烯、羟基丙酮、异丁醛、2-甲基丙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇-M、3-戊酮、2,4-二甲基庚烷、正丁醇-D、β-蒎烯、3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇、三甲胺、己醛-M,未知5种。将14种已知物质绘制成热图,如图3e所示,颜色由蓝到红代表浓度由低到高,干燥18 h组相较于干燥0 h组中月桂烯、3-甲基-2-戊酮、β-蒎烯、2,4-二甲基庚烷和羟基丙酮浓度较高,赋予鱼肉青草、香脂和鱼腥味,而干燥36 h组中2-甲基丙醇、己醛、三甲胺、3-甲基-1-丁醇和3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇浓度较干燥18 h组增加,鱼肉主要以氨味、鱼腥味、脂肪味和刺激性气味等不良气味为主。C3D36组和C5D36组归为一类,两组中异丁醛、己醛、正丁醇和三甲胺浓度高于C4D18组,而C4D18组β-蒎烯和羟基丙酮浓度较高,C4D18组正向风味物质优于C3D18组和C5D18组。综上,干燥能赋予轻腌金鲳鱼独特的风味,且减少干燥时间能有效控制不良气味的产生。
由图4a可知,Sobs指数绘制的稀释曲线趋于平缓,这说明测序结果足以反映所有样品组物种丰富度以及多样性;Venn图可反映不同样品间ASV差异,如图4b所示,10组样品共有的ASV数量为11,未干燥组中C3D00、C4D00和C5D00组ASV数量分别为92、443和115,表明4%盐浓度腌制后的轻腌金鲳鱼特有的微生物种类更丰富。α-多样性指数中Chao1、Ace、Shannon以及Simpson指数反映物种丰富度和多样性[34],Chao1和Ace指数越高,说明物种丰富度越高;Shannon指数越大,说明菌群多样性越高,而Simpson指数越小,说明菌群多样性越高。由表3可知,样品的覆盖率均大于0.99;C4D00组Chao1和Ace指数最高,说明4%盐浓度腌制后鱼肉细菌群落丰富度最高。C5D18组相较于C4D18组Shannon指数较高,而Simpson指数较低,说明4%相较于5%盐浓度腌制后干燥18 h的鱼肉中细菌群落分布较均匀且细菌群落多样性较低。
β多样性可以反映不同样品微生物群落结构的差异。主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis,PCoA)常被用于评估数据相似性与差异性,距离越近,表明样本菌群组成相似度越高[35]。图5所示,PC1与PC2之和达到75.94%,这能够对菌群的整体特征进行很好地解释。5%与3%盐浓度组距离相较于4%与3%盐浓度组距离较远,这表明不同腌制浓度导致轻腌金鲳鱼的细菌菌群结构存在差异,腌制浓度越高,差异越显著。
为了更好地了解轻腌金鲳鱼的细菌群落,进行了门和属水平的分类,共检测出30个细菌门,如图6a所示,其中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)共占细菌菌落总数的99%以上,其中厚壁菌门和变形菌门是轻腌金鲳鱼主要的优势菌门。
图6b为十组样品相对丰度占比前15的细菌属,相对丰度占比前5的菌属为乳球菌属(Lactococcus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)。随着干燥时间的延长,4%、5%盐浓度组鱼肉乳球菌属相对丰度逐渐降低,假单胞菌属与之呈现相反的趋势。假单胞菌属在C3D00组相对丰度最高(41.50%),与其他组存在较大差异,这可能是因为该组的盐浓度和pH适宜假单胞菌生长,能高效分解鱼肉营养物质以加速增殖,迅速成为优势菌并抑制其他菌群生长[36]。干燥18 h组葡萄球菌属相对丰度低于干燥0 h和36 h组,且C4D18组气单胞菌属相对丰度低于C3D18组。不动杆菌属在干燥组中的相对丰度高于未干燥组。乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)在干燥前期相对丰度较高,随干燥时间的延长相对丰度逐渐降低。摩根菌属(Morganella)在干燥后期相对丰度较高,其中C3D36组相对丰度最高(20.34%)。综上,不同加工阶段的轻腌金鲳鱼菌群组成和丰度存在较大差异。
为进一步探究不同腌制浓度和干燥时间下轻腌金鲳鱼的细菌群落和感官以及品质指标之间的相关性,对相对丰度前15的细菌属与感官、水分含量、盐含量、pH、TVC、TVB-N、TBARS、生物胺、亚硝酸盐以及14种差异风味物质进行Pearson相关性分析。如图7所示,亚硝酸盐与假单胞菌属、摩根菌属和芽孢杆菌属均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而Wang等[20]也发现干腌鲭鱼加工过程中假单胞菌属与亚硝酸盐呈显著正相关,假单胞菌属可能导致C3D00组和C5D18组亚硝酸盐含量相较于C4D18组较多,对品质有一定的影响。乳杆菌属与TVC、TVB-N、三甲胺、腐胺、尸胺和组胺均呈现显著负相关(P<0.05),而孙海鑫等[37]研究自然发酵酸鱼中微生物群落多样性与生物胺相关性发现,乳杆菌属与尸胺、腐胺均呈负相关,本文研究结果与之一致,这是由于乳杆菌属可以产生多种抗菌代谢物质,如细菌素,以抑制加工过程中的病原体和腐败微生物的生长[38],该菌属的存在可能抑制了干燥18 h组鱼肉的生物胺含量以及氨味、脂肪酸败等不良风味的产生。葡萄球菌属与己醛呈正相关,该菌属可以产生脂肪水解酶和蛋白水解酶,可以缓慢利用碳水化合物并将其转化为有机酸和芳香族物质[39]。TVC与气单胞菌属呈显著正相关(P<0.05),不动杆菌属与TBARS、TVB-N、2,4-二甲基庚烷、3-甲基-1-丁醇-M呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇、3-戊酮均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与三甲胺呈正相关,而气单胞菌属和不动杆菌属是水产制品中导致腐败的主要细菌,两种菌属的存在显著增加了干燥阶段鱼肉的TVC、TVB-N和TBARS值,增强了鱼肉的刺激性气味和氨味,C4D18组气单胞菌含量低于C3D18组,该菌属的存在可能使C4D18组相较C3D18组鱼肉的TVC值降低。摩根菌属在食品发酵过程中会产生组胺[40],气单胞菌属会产生大量的腐胺和尸胺[41]。本研究发现,组胺与摩根菌属呈现正相关,腐胺和尸胺与气单胞菌属呈现正相关,两种菌属的存在可能增加了C3D36组鱼肉生物胺含量,使得C3D18组相较于C4D18组鱼肉腐胺和尸胺含量较高。
本研究探讨了金鲳鱼在腌制、干燥过程中风味品质和微生物群落的变化。TBARS值随盐浓度增加而呈上升的趋势。TVB-N、TBARS、TVC、腐胺、组胺、尸胺和总胺含量均随干燥时间的延长显著增加(P<0.05)。亚硝酸盐含量均未超过30.00 mg/kg。干燥36 h组鱼肉组胺含量超过50.00 mg/kg,存在安全风险。对挥发性风味物质分析表明,醛类、醇类和酮类是轻腌金鲳鱼的主要风味物质。应用偏最小二乘判别分析方法筛选出14种差异风味物质可用于轻腌金鲳鱼不同干燥时间的区分。高通量测序表明,乳球菌属、假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属相对丰度较高,是轻腌金鲳鱼加工过程中主要的菌属。假单胞菌属与亚硝酸盐呈显著正相关(P<0.05),摩根菌属与色胺、腐胺和尸胺呈显著正相关(P<0.05),不动杆菌属与3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇、3-戊酮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。减少冷风干燥时间,可有效控制腐败菌过度增殖,降低生物胺、亚硝酸盐含量,减少了TVB-N、TBARS以及不良风味物质的生成,从而有效提升轻腌金鲳鱼的安全性和品质。本研究为轻腌金鲳鱼工业化生产和品质提升提供了理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050105
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-14
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    1上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306
    2中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所,上海 200090

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郭全友(1974−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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