Article(id=1320175854089515032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760284800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684051296, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684051296, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684051296, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684051296, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=276, endPage=285, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175854345367577, articleId=1320175854089515032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Ultrasound-assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction and in Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharides from Plukenetia volubilis Seeds, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study employed an ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) method to systematically optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from Plukenetia volubilis seeds, for promoting the high-value utilization of this resource. After purifying the crude polysaccharides by cellulose column chromatography, a homogeneous fraction (designated PVP-2) was obtained and systematically analyzed for its structural characteristics and in vitro hypoglycemic activity. The results indicated that choline chloride-urea system (molar ratio 1:2) was the optimal DES. The polysaccharide yield reached 13.67%±0.76% under the optimized conditions: Liquid-to-solid ratio of 50:1 mL/g, water content of 40%, ultrasonic temperature of 62 ℃, and ultrasonic time of 71 min. Structural characterization demonstrated that PVP-2 was an acidic heteropolysaccharide with typical polysaccharide absorption peaks and a monomer composition of rhamnose (8.76%), arabinose (16.45%), xylose (12.34%), galacturonic acid (38.42%), glucose (5.68%), and galactose (18.35%) in molar percentages. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) was determined to be 9.453×105 Da, the number-average molecular weight (Mn) was 5.703×105 Da, and the molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) was 1.658. In vitro hypoglycemic activity assays demonstrated that PVP-2 exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on both α-glucosidase and α-amylase, with IC50 values of 0.51±0.03 and 0.81±0.06 mg/mL, respectively, indicating its promising potential for hypoglycemic applications. This study establishes an efficient extraction method for polysaccharides from Plukenetia volubilis seeds and offers a theoretical foundation for developing functional foods with auxiliary hypoglycemic functions.

, authors=Tao YANG1, Yanshan LIU2, *, Raoyao MO1, Hui CHEN1, Wenxi WANG3, Zhaoyun LIU3, *, authorsList=Tao YANG, Yanshan LIU, Raoyao MO, Hui CHEN, Wenxi WANG, Zhaoyun LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanshan LIU, Zhaoyun LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175858023772204, articleId=1320175854089515032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取星油藤种子多糖及其体外降血糖活性评价, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为促进星油藤资源的高值化利用,本研究采用超声辅助低共熔溶剂法,系统优化了星油藤种子多糖的提取工艺。粗多糖经纤维素柱层析纯化后,获得均一组分PVP-2,进一步对其结构特征与体外降血糖活性进行系统分析。结果表明,氯化胆碱-尿素(摩尔比1:2)为最佳低共熔溶剂体系,在液料比50:1 mL/g、含水量40%、超声温度62 ℃、超声时间71 min的最佳工艺条件下,星油藤种子多糖得率达到13.67%±0.76%。结构表征显示,PVP-2分子结构具有典型的多糖特征吸收峰,是由鼠李糖(8.76%)、阿拉伯糖(16.45%)、木糖(12.34%)、半乳糖醛酸(38.42%)、葡萄糖(5.68%)和半乳糖(18.35%)组成的酸性杂多糖;重均分子量(Mw)为9.453×105 Da,数均分子量(Mn)为5.703×105 Da,分子量分布宽度(Mw/Mn)为1.658。体外降血糖活性实验表明,PVP-2对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制率呈浓度依赖性增强趋势,对应的IC50值分别为0.51±0.03和0.81±0.06 mg/mL,显示出良好的降血糖应用潜力。本研究提供了一种星油藤种子多糖的高效提取方案,并为开发具有辅助降血糖的功能性食品提供了理论依据。

, authors=杨涛1, 刘燕姗2, *, 莫饶瑶1, 陈慧1, 王文晞3, 刘赵云3, *, authorsList=杨涛, 刘燕姗, 莫饶瑶, 陈慧, 王文晞, 刘赵云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘燕姗, 刘赵云, authorNote=

杨涛(1990−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:天然活性多糖,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘燕姗(1994−),女,本科,助教,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
刘赵云(1984−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:生物制品质量控制和评价,E-mail:。
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杨涛(1990−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:天然活性多糖,E-mail:

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杨涛(1990−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:天然活性多糖,E-mail:

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注:不同的小写字母表示显著差异(P<0.05);图2同。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175854089515032, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Deep eutectic solvents formulations

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编号氢键受体氢键供体摩尔比
DES-1氯化胆碱丙三醇1:2
DES-2尿素1:2
DES-3柠檬酸1:2
DES-4甜菜碱丙三醇1:2
DES-5柠檬酸1:2
DES-6尿素1:2
), ArticleFig(id=1320175866106196081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175854089515032, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

低共熔溶剂配方

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号氢键受体氢键供体摩尔比
DES-1氯化胆碱丙三醇1:2
DES-2尿素1:2
DES-3柠檬酸1:2
DES-4甜菜碱丙三醇1:2
DES-5柠檬酸1:2
DES-6尿素1:2
), ArticleFig(id=1320175866185887858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175854089515032, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factors and levels in the BBD experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A.液料比
(mL/g)
B.含水量
(%)
C.超声时间
(min)
D.超声温度
(℃)
−140:1304560
050:1406070
160:1507580
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BBD试验因素与水平设计

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水平因素
A.液料比
(mL/g)
B.含水量
(%)
C.超声时间
(min)
D.超声温度
(℃)
−140:1304560
050:1406070
160:1507580
), ArticleFig(id=1320175866328494196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175854089515032, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Response surface experimental results

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实验号ABCDY(%)
10−1−1011.41±0.15
201−1010.06±0.21
310−109.56±0.18
4000013.32±0.10
5−101010.27±0.08
60−10−19.85±0.19
7000013.58±0.22
8001−110.84±0.27
9−100110.41±0.12
10000013.41±0.25
111−10010.33±0.11
12−10−1010.52±0.14
13000013.25±0.24
14100111.15±0.19
15010110.12±0.23
16100−19.22±0.14
17−100−19.93±0.20
180−11011.29±0.17
19101011.59±0.26
20110011.04±0.31
210−10112.14±0.29
2200−1−19.62±0.26
23001110.77±0.23
24−110010.71±0.18
25011012.23±0.28
26000013.36±0.16
27010−111.32±0.32
28−1−10010.91±0.25
2900−1111.64±0.13
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响应面试验结果

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实验号ABCDY(%)
10−1−1011.41±0.15
201−1010.06±0.21
310−109.56±0.18
4000013.32±0.10
5−101010.27±0.08
60−10−19.85±0.19
7000013.58±0.22
8001−110.84±0.27
9−100110.41±0.12
10000013.41±0.25
111−10010.33±0.11
12−10−1010.52±0.14
13000013.25±0.24
14100111.15±0.19
15010110.12±0.23
16100−19.22±0.14
17−100−19.93±0.20
180−11011.29±0.17
19101011.59±0.26
20110011.04±0.31
210−10112.14±0.29
2200−1−19.62±0.26
23001110.77±0.23
24−110010.71±0.18
25011012.23±0.28
26000013.36±0.16
27010−111.32±0.32
28−1−10010.91±0.25
2900−1111.64±0.13
), ArticleFig(id=1320175866466906230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175854089515032, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型43.69143.1246.90<0.0001**
A0.001610.00160.02450.8777ns
B0.016910.01690.25360.6224ns
C1.4611.4621.880.0004**
D2.4812.4837.20<0.0001**
AB0.20710.2073.110.0995ns
AC1.311.319.530.0006**
AD0.525610.52567.900.0139*
BC1.3111.3119.700.0006**
BD3.0513.0545.76<0.0001**
CD1.0911.0916.410.0012**
A²18.58118.58279.23<0.0001**
B²6.1216.1291.95<0.0001**
C²8.9218.92134.00<0.0001**
D²15.01115.01225.58<0.0001**
残差0.9315140.0665
失拟项0.8698100.0875.640.0551ns
净误差0.061740.0154
总和44.6228
), ArticleFig(id=1320175866567569527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175854089515032, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型43.69143.1246.90<0.0001**
A0.001610.00160.02450.8777ns
B0.016910.01690.25360.6224ns
C1.4611.4621.880.0004**
D2.4812.4837.20<0.0001**
AB0.20710.2073.110.0995ns
AC1.311.319.530.0006**
AD0.525610.52567.900.0139*
BC1.3111.3119.700.0006**
BD3.0513.0545.76<0.0001**
CD1.0911.0916.410.0012**
A²18.58118.58279.23<0.0001**
B²6.1216.1291.95<0.0001**
C²8.9218.92134.00<0.0001**
D²15.01115.01225.58<0.0001**
残差0.9315140.0665
失拟项0.8698100.0875.640.0551ns
净误差0.061740.0154
总和44.6228
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超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取星油藤种子多糖及其体外降血糖活性评价
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杨涛 1 , 刘燕姗 2, * , 莫饶瑶 1 , 陈慧 1 , 王文晞 3 , 刘赵云 3, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(12): 276-285
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (12) : 276 -285
超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取星油藤种子多糖及其体外降血糖活性评价
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杨涛1 , 刘燕姗2, * , 莫饶瑶1, 陈慧1, 王文晞3, 刘赵云3, *
作者信息
  • 1广西民族师范学院,广西崇左 532200
  • 2广西演艺职业学院,广西南宁 530226
  • 3湖北省药品监督检验研究院,湖北武汉 430075
通讯作者:
刘燕姗(1994−),女,本科,助教,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
刘赵云(1984−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:生物制品质量控制和评价,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨涛(1990−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:天然活性多糖,E-mail:

Ultrasound-assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction and in Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharides from Plukenetia volubilis Seeds
Tao YANG1 , Yanshan LIU2, * , Raoyao MO1, Hui CHEN1, Wenxi WANG3, Zhaoyun LIU3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Guangxi Minzu Normal University, Chongzuo 532200, China
  • 2Guangxi Vocational College of Performing Arts, Nanning 530226, China
  • 3Hubei Institute for Drug Control, Wuhan 430075, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100059
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为促进星油藤资源的高值化利用,本研究采用超声辅助低共熔溶剂法,系统优化了星油藤种子多糖的提取工艺。粗多糖经纤维素柱层析纯化后,获得均一组分PVP-2,进一步对其结构特征与体外降血糖活性进行系统分析。结果表明,氯化胆碱-尿素(摩尔比1:2)为最佳低共熔溶剂体系,在液料比50:1 mL/g、含水量40%、超声温度62 ℃、超声时间71 min的最佳工艺条件下,星油藤种子多糖得率达到13.67%±0.76%。结构表征显示,PVP-2分子结构具有典型的多糖特征吸收峰,是由鼠李糖(8.76%)、阿拉伯糖(16.45%)、木糖(12.34%)、半乳糖醛酸(38.42%)、葡萄糖(5.68%)和半乳糖(18.35%)组成的酸性杂多糖;重均分子量(Mw)为9.453×105 Da,数均分子量(Mn)为5.703×105 Da,分子量分布宽度(Mw/Mn)为1.658。体外降血糖活性实验表明,PVP-2对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制率呈浓度依赖性增强趋势,对应的IC50值分别为0.51±0.03和0.81±0.06 mg/mL,显示出良好的降血糖应用潜力。本研究提供了一种星油藤种子多糖的高效提取方案,并为开发具有辅助降血糖的功能性食品提供了理论依据。

星油藤  /  低共熔溶剂  /  多糖  /  结构表征  /  降血糖活性

This study employed an ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) method to systematically optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from Plukenetia volubilis seeds, for promoting the high-value utilization of this resource. After purifying the crude polysaccharides by cellulose column chromatography, a homogeneous fraction (designated PVP-2) was obtained and systematically analyzed for its structural characteristics and in vitro hypoglycemic activity. The results indicated that choline chloride-urea system (molar ratio 1:2) was the optimal DES. The polysaccharide yield reached 13.67%±0.76% under the optimized conditions: Liquid-to-solid ratio of 50:1 mL/g, water content of 40%, ultrasonic temperature of 62 ℃, and ultrasonic time of 71 min. Structural characterization demonstrated that PVP-2 was an acidic heteropolysaccharide with typical polysaccharide absorption peaks and a monomer composition of rhamnose (8.76%), arabinose (16.45%), xylose (12.34%), galacturonic acid (38.42%), glucose (5.68%), and galactose (18.35%) in molar percentages. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) was determined to be 9.453×105 Da, the number-average molecular weight (Mn) was 5.703×105 Da, and the molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) was 1.658. In vitro hypoglycemic activity assays demonstrated that PVP-2 exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on both α-glucosidase and α-amylase, with IC50 values of 0.51±0.03 and 0.81±0.06 mg/mL, respectively, indicating its promising potential for hypoglycemic applications. This study establishes an efficient extraction method for polysaccharides from Plukenetia volubilis seeds and offers a theoretical foundation for developing functional foods with auxiliary hypoglycemic functions.

Plukenetia volubilis L.  /  deep eutectic solvent  /  polysaccharides  /  structural characterization  /  hypoglycemic activity
杨涛, 刘燕姗, 莫饶瑶, 陈慧, 王文晞, 刘赵云. 超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取星油藤种子多糖及其体外降血糖活性评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 276 -285 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100059
Tao YANG, Yanshan LIU, Raoyao MO, Hui CHEN, Wenxi WANG, Zhaoyun LIU. Ultrasound-assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction and in Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharides from Plukenetia volubilis Seeds[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 276 -285 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100059
星油藤(Plukenetia volubilis L.),又名美藤果、印加果或南美油藤,是一种原产于南美洲安第斯山脉地区的大戟科多年生木质藤本植物[1]。自2006年由中国科学院从秘鲁引种以来,现已在广西、云南等地广泛种植,成为重要的区域性经济作物。星油藤种子富含不饱和脂肪酸、蛋白质、多糖、甾醇等多种活性成分,这些成分赋予了它抗氧化、美白、免疫调节等广泛的药理活性,展现出良好的开发潜力[2−4]。然而,现有研究多聚焦于星油藤种子的脂肪油与蛋白质组分,对其多糖的系统性研究,尤其是结构与功能关系的探讨仍显薄弱[5−6]。多糖作为由十个以上单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的天然大分子,在降血糖、免疫调节等领域显示出巨大应用前景,已成为天然产物研究的热点[7−8]。因此,系统研究星油藤多糖的组成与生物功能,对拓展其在药物与功能性食品领域的应用具有重要意义。
多糖的提取效率与最终获得的生物活性,在很大程度上取决于所采用的提取技术[9]。目前常用的多糖提取方法,如热水、酸碱或酶提取法,常面临提取时间长、效率偏低以及可能破坏多糖高级结构导致活性丧失等问题[10]。因此,开发高效、环境友好且能最大限度保持多糖生物活性的新型提取工艺显得至关重要。低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvents,DES)作为一种由氢键供体与氢键受体按一定比例混合形成的新型绿色介质,以其低毒、可生物降解和溶解能力强等优势,已在香椿种子多糖[11]、香菇多糖[12]、小球藻多糖[13]等多种天然多糖的提取中成功应用。相较于传统的热水浸提法、酸碱或酶提取法,DES法在提取效率与环境友好性方面均有显著提高[14−15]。与此同时,超声辅助提取(ultrasound-assisted extraction,UAE)技术通过空化效应强化传质过程,能显著缩短提取时间并提高提取效率[16]。研究表明,将UAE与DES相结合(UAE-DES)可发挥协同增效作用:超声作用促进了DES对植物细胞壁的渗透与溶解,而DES所提供的温和环境又能有效缓解超声可能导致的多糖降解[17]。这种UAE-DES联合策略不仅能实现多糖的高效提取,还能有效维持其结构完整性与生物活性,显示出良好的应用前景[18]。
近年来,除活性成分提取工艺外,星油藤的降血糖活性也已引起研究者的初步关注。Lopez等[19]研究发现星油藤种子油能够改善小鼠胰岛素抵抗;Zhang等[20]则报道其种子蛋白肽能显著提高胰岛素抵抗HepG2细胞的葡萄糖消耗量。然而,作为星油藤种子中另一类重要的生物活性成分,其多糖的降血糖活性研究仍相对匮乏,特别是关于其均一组分的系统结构鉴定与活性评价基础数据尚不完善,这严重制约了星油藤多糖作为一种功能性食品的高值化利用。
为促进星油藤资源的高值化利用,本研究围绕其种子多糖,依次完成了UAE-DES提取工艺的优化、均一组分PVP-2的分离纯化与结构表征,并重点考察了其体外降血糖活性,为深度开发星油藤功能性食品原料提供了可靠的理论基础。
星油藤种子 采集于广西崇左市,经湖北省药品监督检验研究院王文晞博士鉴定为大戟科植物星油藤(Plukenetia volubilis L.)的干燥种子;无水乙醇、苯酚、硫酸 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;氯化胆碱、甜菜碱 分析纯,山东科源生化有限公司;柠檬酸、丙三醇、尿素 分析纯,成都金山化学有限公司;鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖 分析纯,上海西格玛贸易有限公司;阿卡波糖、对硝基苯基-α-D-葡萄糖吡喃苷(PNPG) 分析纯,上海士锋生物科技有限公司;α-葡萄糖苷酶(50 U/mg)、α-淀粉酶(2 U/g) 分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;牛磺胆酸钠、甘氨胆酸钠 分析纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;实验室所用水均为自制超纯水;其余所用到的试剂均为分析纯;透析袋(截留分子量3500 Da) 美国Viskase公司。
Waters e2695高效液相色谱仪 美国Waters公司;Dawn Heleos II十八角度激光检测器 美国Wyatt公司;GC-2010 Pro气相色谱 日本Shimadzu公司;ReadMax1900酶标仪 上海闪谱股份有限公司;Evolution 300紫外-可见分光光度计 德国Thermo公司;Spectrum RX/BX红外光谱仪 美国PerkinElmer 公司;KQ-800 超声波清洗仪 昆山超声仪器有限公司;GM-0.33A冷冻干燥机 天津津腾有限公司;PB203-N电子天平 瑞士Mettler Toledo公司;Centrifuge 5804R高速离心机 德国Eppendorf公司。
DES的制备参考Liu等[21]的方法并略作修改。选取氯化胆碱、甜菜碱作为氢键受体,丙三醇、尿素、柠檬酸作为氢键供体,按表1的摩尔比称取后,将二者充分混合均匀,并加入固定比例的水,于60 ℃恒温水浴中使用磁力搅拌器持续搅拌,直至形成澄清透明的均相液体后,置于4 ℃冰箱冷藏备用。
将干燥的星油藤种子粉碎并过100目筛备用。取适量筛后粉末置于圆底烧瓶中,按10:1的液料比加入石油醚,于70 ℃水浴条件下回流提取2 h以去除部分脂肪与色素;回流结束后进行过滤,收集滤渣并干燥,作为后续提取原料。准确称取2 g上述干燥滤渣,按40:1的液料比加入含水量30%的DES,于60 ℃水浴条件下,在300 W的超声功率下提取60 min;提取液经8000 r/min离心5 min后,收集上清液并旋转蒸发浓缩至原体积的20%。向浓缩液中加入5倍体积的无水乙醇,混匀后,于4 ℃条件下醇沉过夜,收集醇沉所得沉淀,用适量蒸馏水复溶后,加入Sevage试剂(氯仿:正丁醇=4:1,v/v)以去除蛋白。最后,将除蛋白后的溶液减压浓缩、透析去除DES等小分子后冷冻干燥处理,即得星油藤种子粗多糖。
总糖含量的测定采用苯酚-硫酸法[22]。精密量取0.1 mg/mL的葡萄糖标准溶液0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mL,分别置于洁净试管中,各管均补加超纯水至总体积为1.0 mL;随后依次向各管中加入1 mL 6%的苯酚溶液和5 mL浓硫酸,充分振荡混匀,在室温条件下反应30 min,以超纯水为空白对照,在490 nm波长处测量各管吸光值。以葡萄糖溶液浓度(C)为横坐标、对应吸光值(A)为纵坐标,进行线性回归分析,得回归方程为A=12.705C+0.0078(R2=0.9995)。将待测样品按上述相同方法处理并测定吸光值,代入方程计算总糖浓度,再根据式(1)计算得率(W)。
$ \mathrm{W}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{c}\times \mathrm{V}\times \mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{m}}\times 100 $
式中:c为根据吸光度值计算出的样品溶液中总糖浓度,mg/mL;V为样品溶液体积,mL;N为样品溶液稀释倍数;m为样品质量,mg。
在确定最优DES体系后、按照1.2.2节的提取方法,固定其他变量(DES含水量30%、提取温度60 ℃、提取时间60 min和液料比40:1 mL/g),依次考察液料比(20:1、30:1、40:1、50:1、60:1 mL/g),DES含水量(20%、30%、40%、50%、60%),超声时间(15、30、45、60、75 min),超声温度(40、50、60、70、80 ℃)对星油藤种子多糖得率的影响。实验采用控制变量法,每次仅改变一个待考察因素的水平。待一个因素优化完成并确定其最佳水平后,再依次进行下一个因素的优化实验。
在单因素实验确定初步范围后,选用响应面法中的Box-Behnken Design(BBD)方案对提取工艺参数作进一步优化。选取液料比(A)、含水量(B)、超声时间(C)以及超声温度(D)作为四个关键影响因素,以星油藤种子多糖得率(Y)为响应指标,各因素均设置低、中、高三个水平,并依次用“–1、0、+1”进行编码,详细的因素水平与编码见表2。
将星油藤种子粗多糖用超纯水配制成浓度为10 mg/mL的样品溶液,经0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤后,借助蠕动泵将其缓慢上样于DEAE-52纤维素层析柱顶端[23]。依次使用0、0.1、0.3和0.5 mol/L的NaCl溶液进行梯度洗脱,洗脱流速控制为1 mL/min,按每管5 mL的体积收集洗脱液。采用苯酚-硫酸法对各管洗脱液进行多糖示踪检测,以收集管号为横坐标、对应吸光度值为纵坐标,绘制洗脱曲线。根据洗脱曲线特征,合并0.3 mol/L NaCl溶液洗脱峰所对应的组分,经减压浓缩处理后,获得均一性多糖产物。
以D-葡萄糖为标准品,采用苯酚-硫酸法测定PVP-2的总糖含量(A=12.705C+0.0078,R2=0.9995)[22];以D-葡萄糖醛酸为标准品,通过咔唑-硫酸法测定其糖醛酸含量(A=6.23C+0.008,R2=0.9992)[8];以牛血清白蛋白为参考标准,采用考马斯亮蓝法测定其蛋白质含量(A=7.85C+0.006,R2=0.9991)[15]。
称取适量纯化后的多糖样品,与溴化钾(KBr)粉末按约1:100的质量比在玛瑙研钵中充分研磨,直至获得均匀混合物。随后,取约100 mg此混合粉末压制成半透明薄片,并在4000~500 cm−1的波数范围内采集红外光谱。
纯化后多糖样品的分子量分布特征通过高效尺寸排阻色谱-示差检测器-多角度激光光散射联用系统(High-performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with refractive index and multi-angle laser light scattering detector,HPSEC-RI-MALLS)进行测定。其原理基于静态光散射理论,系统同步采集多角度的激光光散射信号与示差检测器的浓度信号,通过内置软件执行经典的Zimm模型进行数据拟合,直接计算得出样品的绝对分子量,包括数均分子量(Mn)与重均分子量(Mw),该过程无需依赖分子量标准品进行校准[24]。色谱分析条件如下:以两根TSKgel SuperMultiporePW-M型凝胶柱串联作为分离柱,流动相由磷酸二氢钾(3.52 g)和磷酸氢二钠(8.08 g)加水定容至2 L配制而成,柱温30 ℃,流速0.5 mL/min,示差检测器温度为40 ℃。将PVP-2样品使用流动相充分溶胀并稀释到适宜浓度,经0.22 μm水相微孔滤膜过滤后,精确进样50 μL,依据光散射信号计算其分子量。
采用气相色谱法分析样品PVP-2中的单糖组成[25]。准确移取5 mL浓度为1 mg/mL的PVP-2溶液,加入4.0 mL、4 mol/L的三氟乙酸溶液,于120 ℃条件下酸水解4 h。水解完成后,将水解液于60 ℃下减压旋蒸除去溶剂。随后,向蒸干残留物中依次加入0.5 mL吡啶与10 mg盐酸羟胺,在90 ℃条件下反应30 min,待反应液冷却至室温后,再加入1.0 mL乙酸酐,于90 ℃下继续衍生30 min。反应液冷却后经微孔滤膜过滤,供气相色谱进样分析。单糖标准品溶液的处理无需酸水解步骤,其衍生化及后续操作与样品处理保持一致。气相色谱分析条件:DB-1701毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm),氢火焰离子化检测器温度270 ℃,进样口温度250 ℃,柱温180 ℃,进样量1 μL。
将纯化后的多糖样品溶解于磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中,配制成质量浓度分别为0.25、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0和2.5 mg/mL 的系列梯度溶液。在96孔板中分别加入40 μL各浓度的PVP-2溶液和30 μL的α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液(0.2 U/mL),混合均匀后,37 ℃孵育10 min,之后加入30 μL 浓度0.5 mmol/mL的对硝基苯基-α-D-葡萄糖吡喃苷(PNPG)作为反应底物,继续在37 ℃反应20 min。最后使用50 μL 浓度为0.05 mmol/mL碳酸钠溶液终止反应。本实验选取临床常用的口服降糖药物阿卡波糖作为阳性对照,其能通过特异性抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,延缓碳水化合物吸收,从而降低餐后血糖,已被广泛用作α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶抑制剂筛选实验的标准参照物质[26],随后在405 nm处检测各孔的吸光度值。α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(I1)按式(2)计算:
$ \mathrm{I}_1(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{A}_1-\mathrm{A}_2}{\mathrm{A}_0}\right)\times 100 $
式中,A1为样品组的吸光度;A2为缓冲液替代酶溶液的对照组吸光度;A0为缓冲液替代PVP-2的空白组吸光度。
取30 µL纯化后的多糖样品溶液(质量浓度分别为0.25、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0和2.5 mg/mL)与20 µL α-淀粉酶(1 U/mL)在96孔板中混合均匀,于37 ℃孵育15 min,加入500 µL质量浓度为1%的淀粉溶液,继续在37 ℃反应10 min。随后加入600 µL 3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)试剂,沸水浴15 min,冰水浴冷却至室温后加入70 µL蒸馏水终止反应。以阿卡波糖作为阳性对照,于540 nm波长处测定各管吸光度值[27]。根据式(3)计算α-淀粉酶抑制率(I2):
$ \mathrm{I}_2(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{A}_1-\mathrm{A}_2}{\mathrm{A}_0}\right)\times 100 $
式中,A1为样品组的吸光度;A2为缓冲液替代酶溶液的对照组吸光度;A0为缓冲液替代PVP-2的空白组吸光度。
每组试验平行操作三次,数据均用平均值±标准差表示。采用Origin 2021软件进行试验数据处理与可视化分析,采用Design Expert 13软件进行响应面工艺参数优化。采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)对组间差异进行统计学分析,事后采用Duncan法进行多重比较检验,P<0.05表示数据间具有显著性差异,P<0.01表示差异极显著。
如图1所示,不同DES配方对星油藤种子多糖的得率存在显著(P<0.05)差异。氯化胆碱-尿素摩尔比1:2(DES-2)表现出最优的提取效果,其多糖得率达到10.12%±0.16%,显著高于热水提取组和其他DES组。这可能与以下两个因素相关:一方面,多糖分子中含有丰富的羟基等极性基团,在超声辅助作用下能够与DES组分形成氢键,从而有效破坏多糖原有的氢键网络,促进多糖溶出;另一方面,氯化胆碱-尿素体系具有较低的黏度和良好的流动性,其极性与星油藤种子多糖更为接近,有助于增加溶剂与多糖分子的接触面积,从而提高提取效率[28]。因此,本研究选择DES-2配方用于后续优化实验。
如图2A所示,随着液料比的增大,星油藤种子多糖的得率呈先增加后缓慢降低的趋势,当液料比为40:1 mL/g时,继续增加液料比至50:1 mL/g,多糖得率变化不显著,此时得率已达到最大值,液料比至60:1 mL/g时,多糖得率显著下降(P<0.05)。这可能是因为,当DES用量较少时,多糖溶解不完全,导致提取不充分,适当提高DES的用量,可增加溶剂与多糖的接触面积,有助于多糖从细胞壁溶出,多糖得率增大,但是当DES用量过多时会使更多的其他杂质被共提出来,竞争性抑制多糖溶出,导致得率的降低[29]。因此,后续选择液料比40:1、50:1、60:1 mL/g开展响应面试验。
如图2B所示,随着含水量的增加,多糖得率呈先增加后下降的趋势。当含水量为40%时达到最高的得率。这是因为含水量的增加可降低DES的黏度,促进细胞壁溶胀,破坏其致密结构,从而促进多糖分子从细胞内释放[14]。同时水分也有助于破坏多糖与细胞壁间的氢键,增强溶解性,从而提高得率。但是过高的含水量可能破坏DES本身稳定的氢键网络结构,反而不利于多糖的提取[17]。因此,后续选择含水量30%、40%、50%进行响应面试验。
从图2C可以看出,随着超声时间延长,多糖得率表现为先上升后快速下降的趋势,在60 min时达到最大。这是因为,超声时间短会导致提取不充分,适当延长超声时间可增强空化效应,促进细胞壁破碎及多糖释放[30]。但长时间超声作用也会破坏多糖内部的糖链结构,使得部分多糖降解,造成得率下降。因此,选择超声时间45、60、75 min进行后续响应面试验。
从图2D可以看出,随着超声温度的升高,多糖得率呈先上升后减少的趋势,在70 ℃时达到最高的得率。这是因为,适当升温可增强分子热运动并降低溶剂的黏度,从而提高传质效率,有利于多糖从细胞内溶出;但温度过高可能导致多糖降解或空间结构改变,从而降低得率[31]。因此,选择超声温度60、70、80 ℃进行后续响应面试验。
根据单因素实验结果,以星油藤种子多糖得率为响应值,采用Design-Expert 13软件对表3中的实验数据进行回归分析,得到多糖得率(Y)的二次多项式回归方程:Y=13.38+0.0117A−0.0375B+0.3483C+0.4542D+0.2275AB+0.5700AC+0.3625AD+0.5725BC−0.8725BD−0.5225CD−1.69A2−0.9712B2−1.17C2−1.52D2。
从表4中的方差分析结果可知,该回归模型达到极显著水平(P<0.0001),同时失拟项未呈现显著性(P>0.05),表明模型拟合良好,能准确反映各因素A(料液比)、B(含水量)、C(超声时间)、D(超声温度)与星油藤种子多糖得率之间的关系,可以较好地用于工艺分析与预测[32]。此外,回归方程中一次项C和D,以及交互项AC、BC、BD和CD对响应值有极显著影响(P<0.01);交互项AD对响应值有显著影响(P<0.05)。从各因素的F值大小可知,其影响程度主次顺序为:D>C>B>A。
三维响应曲面能直观反映不同变量间的交互作用对多糖得率的影响。当响应曲面呈现扭曲或倾斜的形态时,表明两因素之间存在显著的交互效应[11]。本研究结果显示,AC、BC、BD和CD两两之间的交互作用对得率影响达到极显著(P<0.01)水平(图3b、图3d、图3e、图3f);AD之间的交互效应均达到显著(P<0.05)水平(图3c);而AB之间的交互效应对得率的影响不显著。根据曲面曲率分析,各交互项对多糖得率的影响强度依次为:BD>BC>AC>CD>AD>AB,该排序结果与方差分析一致。
基于响应面模型的预测优化,星油藤种子多糖的最佳提取工艺参数为:液料比50.34:1、含水量39.51%、超声温度61.67 ℃、超声时间71.49 min,该条件下得率预测值为13.44%。考虑到实际操作的可行性,将上述参数调整为液料比50:1、含水量40%、超声温度62 ℃、超声时间71 min,在该条件下重新进行3次独立验证实验,测得多糖得率为13.67%±0.76%,与预测值接近,相对误差为1.68%,表明所建模型具有较高的预测准确性和良好的重复性。
如图4所示,星油藤种子多糖经DEAE-52纤维素柱层析分离后,获得两个主要洗脱组分,分别为超纯水洗脱的PVP-1和0.3 mol/L NaCl溶液洗脱的PVP-2。综合考虑洗脱峰形态及产率等关键指标,PVP-1组分存在明显的洗脱峰拖尾现象,且产率相对较低;而PVP-2组分洗脱峰分布集中、峰形对称,具备更优的分离特性,因此本研究选取PVP-2组分用于后续的实验研究。将PVP-2组分对应的洗脱液收集合并,经浓缩、透析去除DES及冷冻干燥处理后,进行化学成分分析。结果显示,PVP-2中总糖含量高达99.6%,糖醛酸含量为37.2%,蛋白质含量仅为0.18%,表明该组分具有极高的纯度,可满足后续深入研究的需求。
图5为星油藤种子多糖组分PVP-2的红外光谱分析结果。在3398 cm−1波数附近处观察到一强而宽的吸收峰,归属于PVP-2分子中的O–H的伸缩振动[15];2928 cm−1附近的弱吸收峰归于C–H的伸缩振动,是多糖的特征峰之一[27]。1631 cm−1处出现的吸收带为C=O基团的不对称伸缩振动,提示该多糖存在糖醛酸结构单元,这与刘秋叶等[33]的研究结果相似,1125 cm−1处的吸收峰则归因于糖环中C–O–C键的非对称伸缩振动,参照Wang等[34]的研究结果,这说明PVP-2中可能存在吡喃糖环。这些吸收峰证实PVP-2是一种含有羟基、羰基、吡喃糖环等典型多糖特征的物质。
图6为PVP-2的分子量分布测定色谱图,其中蓝色实线代表示差检测器(RI)信号,红色实线为多角度激光光散射检测器(MALLS)信号。示差信号呈现较为对称的单峰,表明该样品为纯度较高的单一多糖组分。由多角度激光检测器计算,其重均分子量Mw为9.453×105 Da,数均分子量Mn为5.703×105 Da,分子量分布宽度(Mw/Mn)为1.658,该值小于2,说明PVP-2分子量分布较窄,均一性良好[35]。
图7为PVP-2与标准品的GC谱图。从图7可以看出,PVP-2主要由鼠李糖(Rha)、阿拉伯糖(Ara)、木糖(Xyl)、半乳糖醛酸(GalA)、葡萄糖(Glc)和半乳糖(Gal)组成,其摩尔分数分别为8.76%、16.45%、12.34%、38.42%、5.68%和18.35%。其中,半乳糖醛酸含量较高,该结果与FTIR谱图中1631 cm–1处羧基特征吸收峰的结论相一致,表明PVP-2是一种酸性杂多糖。
α-葡萄糖苷酶是分布于小肠刷状缘的关键碳水化合物消化酶,其活性直接影响膳食多糖分解为可吸收单糖的速率[36]。因此,通过抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性以减缓葡萄糖的释放与吸收,已成为控制餐后血糖的有效策略[37]。本实验结果如图8所示,在0.25~2.5 mg/mL浓度范围内,PVP-2的抑制效应呈现浓度依赖性,在浓度为0.25 mg/mL时,抑制率为19.49%,当浓度增加到2.5 mg/mL时,抑制率可达75.96%。采用Logistic方程对剂量-效应曲线进行非线性拟合,得其半抑制浓度(IC50)值为0.51±0.03 mg/mL,这表明PVP-2具备较强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力。其作用机制可能源于PVP-2结构中的活性片段能够与α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性中心结合,从而竞争性阻断酶与底物的相互作用。虽然在本实验浓度下,PVP-2的抑制效果仍低于临床药物阿卡波糖,但其活性优于多种已报道的天然多糖,如车前子多糖(IC50=1.12 mg/mL)[38]与陈皮多糖(IC50=2.19 mg/mL)[39]。
α-淀粉酶是人体内一种关键的消化酶,能使摄入的碳水化合物中的α-1,4糖苷键水解并生成葡萄糖,通过抑制α-淀粉酶的活性,可以减少机体摄入葡萄糖,从而达到降低血糖的效果[27]。本研究进一步评估了PVP-2对α-淀粉酶的抑制潜力,结果如图9所示,在0.25~2.5 mg/mL浓度范围内,PVP-2对α-淀粉酶表现出浓度依赖性抑制效应,在最高测试浓度2.5 mg/mL时,抑制率达到81.78%,经拟合计算得到其半抑制浓度(IC50)为0.81±0.06 mg/mL,表明PVP-2也具有较好的α-淀粉酶抑制活性。尽管其抑制强度低于活性较强的车前子多糖(IC50=0.22 mg/mL)[38],但显著优于陈皮多糖(IC50=2.59 mg/mL)[39]。综合来看,PVP-2在α-葡萄糖苷酶与α-淀粉酶抑制模型中均表现出良好活性,揭示其具备作为双重抑制剂用于血糖调控的潜在价值。
本研究通过单因素和响应面法优化,确定了UAE-DES提取星油藤种子多糖的最佳工艺参数,以氯化胆碱和尿素(摩尔比1:2)制备的DES为提取溶剂,液料比50:1 mL/g、含水量40%、超声温度62 ℃、超声时间71 min,在此条件下,星油藤种子多糖的得率为13.67%±0.76%。经纤维素柱分离纯化后,获得均一组分PVP-2,红外光谱显示其在多个波数位置具有典型的多糖特征吸收峰,分子量分析表明其重均分子量Mw为9.453×105 Da,数均分子量Mn为5.703×105 Da,分子量分布宽度(Mw/Mn)为1.658,显示PVP-2良好的均一性。单糖组成分析表明PVP-2是由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成的酸性杂多糖。体外降血糖活性研究表明,PVP-2对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制率均表现出浓度依赖性抑制效应,在2.5 mg/mL时抑制率分别达到最高的75.96%和81.78%,IC50分别为0.51±0.03 mg/mL和0.81±0.06 mg/mL,与文献报道的车前子多糖和陈皮多糖相比,PVP-2展现出均衡且显著的双酶抑制能力,表明其作为天然降血糖剂的独特潜力。
本研究首次将UAE-DES法用于星油藤种子多糖的绿色高效提取,成功分离获得均一组分PVP-2,并证实其体外显著的降血糖活性,为星油藤资源的高附加值开发提供了理论依据和技术支撑。然而,PVP-2的精确构效关系、体内降血糖效果及具体作用机制尚待深入阐明。本课题组后续工作将聚焦于其精细结构解析、体内药效学验证及分子作用通路的进一步探索。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100059
  • 接收时间:2025-10-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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    1广西民族师范学院,广西崇左 532200
    2广西演艺职业学院,广西南宁 530226
    3湖北省药品监督检验研究院,湖北武汉 430075

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刘燕姗(1994−),女,本科,助教,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
刘赵云(1984−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:生物制品质量控制和评价,E-mail:。
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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