Article(id=1320175781486121654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040145, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684033986, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684033986, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684033986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684033986, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=66, endPage=74, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175781695836855, articleId=1320175781486121654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Smoking Materials on the Flavor, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Sensory Property of Smoked Horsemeat Sausage, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To assess the impact of apple wood, pear wood, peach wood, and cherry wood on the volatile flavor compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and sensory attributes of traditional Xinjiang smoked horsemeat sausages, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to quantify indicators such as volatile flavor compounds, color, and PAHs content. The findings revealed that smoked samples exhibited decreased pH and L* values, along with increased a* and b* values, compared to the control samples (P<0.05), the color of smoked cherry wood samples was redder and brighter, and there was no significant difference in water content among samples (P>0.05). Smoking elevated PAHs content, notably phenanthrene and fluorene (P<0.05). The analysis identified 75 volatile aromatic components in various smoked horse sausage samples, predominantly phenols, terpenes, aldehydes, and ethers. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and variable importance in projection (VIP) highlighted substantial differences in volatile aroma components among smoked horsemeat sausages. Specifically, 19 compounds with VIP values exceeding 1, notably guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, acetophenone, and 5-methylfurfural, were identified as distinct volatile aroma components (VIP>1, P<0.05), acetophenone and 4-methylguaiacol contents of apple wood smoked samples were the highest, giving samples unique woody aroma and smoke fragrance. Sensory evaluation favored the PG and YT samples for superior sensory quality and acceptability. In summary, apple wood has emerged as a more favorable smoking material for horsemeat sausages, although enhancements in processing techniques are warranted to mitigate the PAHs content. This study lays a foundation for enhancing the caliber of smoked horsemeat sausages.

, authors=Lei JIANG*, Yueli WANG, Jingjing SONG, Yanan ZHANG, Zhenzhen DING, Jichao HOU, Mengxin GONG, authorsList=Lei JIANG, Yueli WANG, Jingjing SONG, Yanan ZHANG, Zhenzhen DING, Jichao HOU, Mengxin GONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175784917062336, articleId=1320175781486121654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=烟熏材料对新疆熏马肉香肠风味、多环芳烃及感官品质的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究苹果木、梨木、桃木及樱桃木对新疆传统熏马肠挥发性风味成分、多环芳烃和感官品质的影响。利用气相色谱质谱联用(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)等技术对熏马肠挥发性风味成分、颜色、多环芳烃含量等指标进行了定性、定量分析。结果表明,与对照样品相比,熏制样品pH、L*值均降低,a*值和b*值均提高(P<0.05),樱桃木熏制样品颜色更加红亮,样品之间的水分含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。烟熏会增加多环芳烃含量,其中菲和芴含量增加最为显著(P<0.05)。在不同熏马肠样品中共鉴定出75种挥发性香气成分,主要以酚类、萜烯类、醛类和醚类化合物为主。通过偏最小二乘判别分析(Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis,PLS-DA)和变量重要性投影值(Variable Importance in Projection,VIP)分析,不同熏马肠挥发性香气成分差异明显,其中VIP值大于1的化合物有19种,主要有愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚、苯乙酮和5-甲基糠醛等,被鉴定为差异挥发性香气成分(VIP>1,P<0.05),其中苹果木熏制的样品苯乙酮和4-甲基愈创木酚含量最高,赋予样品独特的木质香和烟熏香。在感官评价中,苹果木和樱桃木烟熏的样品表现出更好的感官品质和总体可接受度。综上所述,苹果木更适合作为马肉香肠的烟熏材料,但后续仍需改良加工工艺以降低多环芳烃含量。研究为提高熏马肠品质提供了理论基础。

, authors=姜蕾*, 王月丽, 宋晶晶, 张亚南, 丁真真, 候吉超, 龚梦馨, authorsList=姜蕾, 王月丽, 宋晶晶, 张亚南, 丁真真, 候吉超, 龚梦馨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姜蕾, authorNote=

姜蕾(1993−),男,硕士,实验师,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
姜蕾(1993−),男,硕士,实验师,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:。
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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2025, 46(14): 234−242., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320175785147749057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175785151943362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, companyId=1320175785147749057, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175785160331971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, companyId=1320175785147749057, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=喀什大学生命与地理科学学院,新疆喀什 844000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320175787555279603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=PLS-DA score (A) and displacement test (B) of volatile compounds in different smoked horsemeat sausage samples, figureFileSmall=znQ96uPfljcNpKuA7EM69w==, figureFileBig=XFXo8xPNS5kNJPaJj1FMhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175787622388468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同熏马肠样品中挥发性化合物的PLS-DA得分图(A)和置换检验图(B), figureFileSmall=znQ96uPfljcNpKuA7EM69w==, figureFileBig=XFXo8xPNS5kNJPaJj1FMhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175787819520757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=VIP score of volatile compounds in different smoked horsemeat sausage samples, figureFileSmall=2gPXKJxcTNizdXNjQyQBog==, figureFileBig=tPwQlzoKdhTvqAlgcDgryw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175787903406838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同熏马肠样品中挥发性化合物的VIP值, figureFileSmall=2gPXKJxcTNizdXNjQyQBog==, figureFileBig=tPwQlzoKdhTvqAlgcDgryw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175787966321399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Heatmap for clustering of volatile compounds with VIP values>1, figureFileSmall=tSP9VNu0+6Y8ibVuKjqG7A==, figureFileBig=Q+smIK8pdU3oktY48B+i8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175788029235960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=CN, label=图3, caption=VIP值大于1挥发性化合物聚类热图, figureFileSmall=tSP9VNu0+6Y8ibVuKjqG7A==, figureFileBig=Q+smIK8pdU3oktY48B+i8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175788104733433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Sensory characteristics of horsemeat sausages smoked with different materials, figureFileSmall=4sNXsEBciPxnZLkh2EJlDQ==, figureFileBig=kz0lqI3TpzgcQy03UqP9Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175788184425210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同材料熏制的马肉香肠感官特性, figureFileSmall=4sNXsEBciPxnZLkh2EJlDQ==, figureFileBig=kz0lqI3TpzgcQy03UqP9Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175788280894203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for smoked horsemeat sausage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表皮颜色烟熏气味口感风味总体接受度分值(分)
瘦肉呈红色,色泽分明,外表光泽烟熏味浓郁口感稍粗糙,咀嚼性能较好,咸度适中鲜香适中,无腥味高16~20
瘦肉呈紫红色,色泽较分明,外表有光泽烟熏味较淡口感稍粗糙,咀嚼性能一般,稍咸或淡鲜香一般,稍有腥味中10~15
瘦肉呈暗紫色,无香肠特征颜色无烟熏味或烟熏味刺鼻口感粗糙,咀嚼性能差,味咸或淡无鲜味或有异味低0~9
), ArticleFig(id=1320175788352197372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

熏马肠感官评定标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表皮颜色烟熏气味口感风味总体接受度分值(分)
瘦肉呈红色,色泽分明,外表光泽烟熏味浓郁口感稍粗糙,咀嚼性能较好,咸度适中鲜香适中,无腥味高16~20
瘦肉呈紫红色,色泽较分明,外表有光泽烟熏味较淡口感稍粗糙,咀嚼性能一般,稍咸或淡鲜香一般,稍有腥味中10~15
瘦肉呈暗紫色,无香肠特征颜色无烟熏味或烟熏味刺鼻口感粗糙,咀嚼性能差,味咸或淡无鲜味或有异味低0~9
), ArticleFig(id=1320175788419306237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Water, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents in different smoking materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标梨木桃木苹果木樱桃木
水分(%)8.66±0.52b10.24±0.43a8.87±0.47b9.31±0.32a
纤维素(%)36.32±1.01c39.87±0.67b49.45±1.01a41.21±1.08b
半纤维素(%)21.38±0.89c28.71±0.34a25.12±1.23b29.54±0.67a
木质素(%)15.65±1.20b11.57±0.74c22.64±0.87a10.89±0.22c
), ArticleFig(id=1320175788490609406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同烟熏材料中的水、纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标梨木桃木苹果木樱桃木
水分(%)8.66±0.52b10.24±0.43a8.87±0.47b9.31±0.32a
纤维素(%)36.32±1.01c39.87±0.67b49.45±1.01a41.21±1.08b
半纤维素(%)21.38±0.89c28.71±0.34a25.12±1.23b29.54±0.67a
木质素(%)15.65±1.20b11.57±0.74c22.64±0.87a10.89±0.22c
), ArticleFig(id=1320175788561912575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Color, pH and water content in smoked horsemeat sausages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品KBLMPGTMYT
水分(%)16.70±0.24a16.34±0.21a17.21±0.18a16.24±0.31a17.05±0.52a
pH6.31±0.05a6.24±0.10a5.98±0.12b5.77±0.04c6.12±0.11a
L*70.12±0.33a64.28±0.47c66.71±0.51b59.12±0.32d67.49±0.49b
a*5.24±0.12d21.54±0.71b23.17±0.59a18.21±0.78c24.87±0.44a
b*24.76±0.52c33.18±0.47b37.15±0.64b40.34±0.55a39.78±0.71a
), ArticleFig(id=1320175788645798656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

熏马肠表皮颜色、pH及水分含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品KBLMPGTMYT
水分(%)16.70±0.24a16.34±0.21a17.21±0.18a16.24±0.31a17.05±0.52a
pH6.31±0.05a6.24±0.10a5.98±0.12b5.77±0.04c6.12±0.11a
L*70.12±0.33a64.28±0.47c66.71±0.51b59.12±0.32d67.49±0.49b
a*5.24±0.12d21.54±0.71b23.17±0.59a18.21±0.78c24.87±0.44a
b*24.76±0.52c33.18±0.47b37.15±0.64b40.34±0.55a39.78±0.71a
), ArticleFig(id=1320175788712907522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content in different smoking materials (µg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PAHsKBLMPGTMYT
萘2.01±0.05c0.87±0.08d2.67±0.09b3.70±0.05a2.12±0.07c
苊2.81±0.06e5.34±0.18c11.02±0.66a3.96±0.28d6.08±0.08b
二氢苊7.85±0.14c8.81±0.45b10.44±0.26a7.38±0.18c9.93±0.58a
芴11.57±0.62d33.26±1.32b47.91±1.53a22.27±1.33c31.09±1.37b
菲26.80±1.21d45.03±0.28b119.11±4.50a36.58±1.32c45.89±4.14b
蒽1.16±0.07d5.40±0.43b20.47±1.00a3.77±0.48c4.81±0.53bc
苯并(b)
荧蒽
0.23±0.12b0.24±0.12b0.57±0.14a0.16±0.04b0.32±0.28ab
苯并(k)
荧蒽
0.23±0.05ab0.48±0.21ab0.63±0.10a0.08±0.06b0.45±0.52ab
PAHs总量52.67±2.31d99.42±3.08b212.81±8.30a77.89±3.73c100.70±7.57b
), ArticleFig(id=1320175788805182211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同烟熏材料中的多环芳烃含量(µg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PAHsKBLMPGTMYT
萘2.01±0.05c0.87±0.08d2.67±0.09b3.70±0.05a2.12±0.07c
苊2.81±0.06e5.34±0.18c11.02±0.66a3.96±0.28d6.08±0.08b
二氢苊7.85±0.14c8.81±0.45b10.44±0.26a7.38±0.18c9.93±0.58a
芴11.57±0.62d33.26±1.32b47.91±1.53a22.27±1.33c31.09±1.37b
菲26.80±1.21d45.03±0.28b119.11±4.50a36.58±1.32c45.89±4.14b
蒽1.16±0.07d5.40±0.43b20.47±1.00a3.77±0.48c4.81±0.53bc
苯并(b)
荧蒽
0.23±0.12b0.24±0.12b0.57±0.14a0.16±0.04b0.32±0.28ab
苯并(k)
荧蒽
0.23±0.05ab0.48±0.21ab0.63±0.10a0.08±0.06b0.45±0.52ab
PAHs总量52.67±2.31d99.42±3.08b212.81±8.30a77.89±3.73c100.70±7.57b
), ArticleFig(id=1320175788880679684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Volatile aroma components in different smoked horsemeat sausage samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号物质名称化合物质量浓度(μg/kg)
KBYTLMTMPG
A1正戊醇110.01±4.79ndndndnd
A2正己醇84.50±4.06ndndndnd
A3正庚醇40.15±4.15ndndndnd
A41-辛烯-3-醇195.61±13.97ndndndnd
A5苯乙醇47.92±1.97ndndndnd
A6糠醇nd303.70±22.78a264.02±9.45b207.44±24.30c349.96±19.39a
A72,3-丁二醇ndndndnd95.42±3.28
醇类总质量浓度487.19±28.94a303.70±22.78b264.02±9.45c207.44±24.30d445.38±22.67a
B1乙酸芳樟酯47.42±4.17b21.38±2.04d34.55±7.98c27.84±4.77c64.31±1.71a
B2乙酸松油酯42.44±4.74b19.49±1.67dnd27.90±4.50c61.46±2.33a
B3癸酸乙酯11.42±1.08b15.12±3.16b307.94±29.47a13.34±0.98b23.85±1.08b
B4肉桂酸乙酯1.76±0.13b2.11±0.47b42.59±1.78a2.11±0.30bnd
B5乙酸丁香酚酯nd15.05±1.60b54.39±3.26a10.53±1.96b13.91±9.22b
B6乙酸异戊酯ndndndnd20.27±1.40
酯类总质量浓度103.04±10.12c73.15±8.94d439.47±42.49a81.72±12.51d183.80±15.74b
C1正己醛945.03±44.85a74.33±1.33cnd357.65±26.03b344.16±34.07b
C2(E)-2-己烯醛87.96±3.88ndndndnd
C3正庚醛85.45±5.27ndndndnd
C4(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛78.95±17.05ndndndnd
C5(E)-2-庚烯醛79.50±6.58ndndndnd
C6苯甲醛174.57±19.41ndndndnd
C7(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛162.82±12.60ndndndnd
C8正辛醛76.13±5.02a11.83±0.73cnd27.15±5.57b10.61±0.35c
C9苯乙醛18.89±2.29cndnd11.71±2.62b34.48±2.58a
C10(E)-2-辛烯醛101.91±8.78ndndndnd
C11壬醛113.81±9.43a25.72±7.85cnd63.19±11.68b118.19±5.00a
C12糠醛nd125.61±17.53c61.94±5.22d304.77±3.55a214.68±11.30b
C13枯名醛nd11.45±1.48bnd13.72±2.74b37.23±1.01a
C14十五醛nd5.60±4.13bc8.99±0.74ab7.45±2.11bc20.08±1.76a
C155-甲基糠醛ndndnd208.38±2.03b456.71±17.56a
醛类总质量浓度1925.02±135.16a254.54±33.05d70.93±5.96e994.02±56.33c1236.14±73.63b
D1邻甲酚nd49.88±4.80b68.91±13.60a41.81±7.06b75.22±4.03a
D2间甲酚nd106.34±9.02cnd163.58±23.76b288.12±8.44a
D3愈创木酚nd453.43±34.88b697.47±56.85a294.11±36.68b553.58±16.96b
D42,4-二甲基苯酚nd9.47±1.18bndnd22.57±1.32a
D52-乙基苯酚nd7.14±1.08bndnd54.48±0.86a
D64-甲基愈创木酚nd246.54±23.14bnd169.36±25.08c314.52±8.07a
D74-乙基愈创木酚nd76.65±7.98bnd60.82±10.32c112.17±5.11a
D82,6-二甲氧基酚nd55.64±8.62and35.57±6.60b51.05±4.82a
D92-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚ndndnd4.13±0.82b10.66±0.63a
酚类总质量浓度nd1005.09±90.70b766.38±70.45c769.38±110.32c1482.37±50.24a
E12,5-二甲基-3-己酮98.74±6.85b58.51±7.62cndnd149.51±22.71a
E2苯乙酮4.05±0.08dnd31.56±13.48b16.03±2.68c235.08±2.97a
E3胡椒酮24.81±1.81b16.73±2.59cnd20.26±4.44bc38.61±2.50a
E41-羟基-2-丁酮nd29.60±19.79andnd42.08±6.24a
E53-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮nd34.56±2.93bnd32.05±4.08b68.78±5.31a
E62,3-辛二酮nd28.70±5.64ndndnd
E7乙基环戊烯醇酮nd29.17±4.15bnd23.29±3.77c49.17±3.28a
E81-茚酮nd8.86±1.10b29.85±1.22a9.82±2.74b15.04±0.89b
E94-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮nd36.14±3.50b80.43±8.70andnd
酮类总质量浓度127.60±8.74c242.27±29.32b141.84±23.40c101.45±17.71d598.27±43.90a
F1α-蒎烯48.56±6.36ndndndnd
F2莰烯24.73±2.34bndnd15.99±2.40c42.81±7.84a
F3桧烯155.05±14.87b56.43±2.35d149.93±3.25b90.75±9.06c208.49±16.35a
F4β-蒎烯72.34±6.68ndndndnd
F5β-月桂烯808.44±97.90ndndndnd
F63-蒈烯47.88±7.67ndndndnd
F7柠檬烯1481.41±142.85b590.72±9.91d1187.19±93.34c1060.55±37.53c3047.93±156.71a
F8桉叶油醇411.32±22.07a158.16±8.69d350.97±46.07b238.81±28.08cnd
F9(E)-β-罗勒烯92.86±14.43c112.05±4.11c251.28±26.76b163.95±20.40c447.79±26.55a
F10罗勒烯56.20±8.60c19.90±1.35d196.71±16.07a100.42±13.12b112.18±5.54b
F11(E,Z)-别罗勒烯24.85±4.53d35.39±1.37cnd57.27±5.92b157.60±9.03a
F12(-)-4-萜品醇69.41±5.39a3.03±0.56b65.18±18.69a3.91±1.04b7.66±0.40c
F13α-松油醇49.29±3.75ndndndnd
F14环辛四烯nd19.17±2.04ndndnd
F15α-松油烯nd22.20±1.68bndnd77.13±4.56a
F164-萜烯醇nd45.17±3.77bnd53.37±9.32and
F17Α-古巴烯nd2.45±0.33cnd3.40±0.43b7.12±0.70a
烯烃类总质量浓度3342.34±337.44b1064.67±36.16e2191.26±187.96c1788.42±127.30d4108.71±227.68a
G1二烯丙基硫醚177.91±31.01b136.70±13.55c342.04±30.25a207.70±11.62b126.38±12.59c
G2烯丙基甲基二硫醚514.54±69.32a106.22±4.23c433.36±142.39a257.62±27.02b131.60±18.80c
G3二烯丙基二硫醚4372.92±330.50a1343.66±41.00d3177.99±211.27b2264.35±44.20c2424.54±187.95c
G4二乙二醇二甲醚19.50±1.30b14.77±1.71bnd19.24±4.28b68.64±10.89a
G5甲基烯丙基三硫醚48.66±5.41ndndndnd
G64-烯丙基苯甲醚30.21±1.69b11.20±0.57b62.14±29.60a14.02±3.61b33.55±1.54b
G7二烯丙基三硫醚18.67±1.54a4.99±0.54cnd5.58±1.11c12.72±0.69b
醚类总质量浓度5182.41±440.77a1617.54±61.60d4015.53±413.51b2768.51±91.84c2797.43±232.46c
H14-异丙基甲苯314.60±25.58and176.96±12.46b167.94±17.55b351.72±29.26a
H2正癸酸7.93±4.11a3.67±0.84bnd4.86±0.98ab8.31±0.69a
H32-乙酰吡咯nd23.81±1.74and1.06±1.73bnd
H4正壬酸nd16.29±2.53bnd43.91±10.37and
H52-乙酰基呋喃ndnd168.36±28.29ndnd
其他类总质量浓度322.53±29.69a43.77±5.11c345.32±40.75a217.77±30.63b360.03±29.95a
), ArticleFig(id=1320175788964565765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175781486121654, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同熏马肠样品中挥发性香气成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号物质名称化合物质量浓度(μg/kg)
KBYTLMTMPG
A1正戊醇110.01±4.79ndndndnd
A2正己醇84.50±4.06ndndndnd
A3正庚醇40.15±4.15ndndndnd
A41-辛烯-3-醇195.61±13.97ndndndnd
A5苯乙醇47.92±1.97ndndndnd
A6糠醇nd303.70±22.78a264.02±9.45b207.44±24.30c349.96±19.39a
A72,3-丁二醇ndndndnd95.42±3.28
醇类总质量浓度487.19±28.94a303.70±22.78b264.02±9.45c207.44±24.30d445.38±22.67a
B1乙酸芳樟酯47.42±4.17b21.38±2.04d34.55±7.98c27.84±4.77c64.31±1.71a
B2乙酸松油酯42.44±4.74b19.49±1.67dnd27.90±4.50c61.46±2.33a
B3癸酸乙酯11.42±1.08b15.12±3.16b307.94±29.47a13.34±0.98b23.85±1.08b
B4肉桂酸乙酯1.76±0.13b2.11±0.47b42.59±1.78a2.11±0.30bnd
B5乙酸丁香酚酯nd15.05±1.60b54.39±3.26a10.53±1.96b13.91±9.22b
B6乙酸异戊酯ndndndnd20.27±1.40
酯类总质量浓度103.04±10.12c73.15±8.94d439.47±42.49a81.72±12.51d183.80±15.74b
C1正己醛945.03±44.85a74.33±1.33cnd357.65±26.03b344.16±34.07b
C2(E)-2-己烯醛87.96±3.88ndndndnd
C3正庚醛85.45±5.27ndndndnd
C4(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛78.95±17.05ndndndnd
C5(E)-2-庚烯醛79.50±6.58ndndndnd
C6苯甲醛174.57±19.41ndndndnd
C7(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛162.82±12.60ndndndnd
C8正辛醛76.13±5.02a11.83±0.73cnd27.15±5.57b10.61±0.35c
C9苯乙醛18.89±2.29cndnd11.71±2.62b34.48±2.58a
C10(E)-2-辛烯醛101.91±8.78ndndndnd
C11壬醛113.81±9.43a25.72±7.85cnd63.19±11.68b118.19±5.00a
C12糠醛nd125.61±17.53c61.94±5.22d304.77±3.55a214.68±11.30b
C13枯名醛nd11.45±1.48bnd13.72±2.74b37.23±1.01a
C14十五醛nd5.60±4.13bc8.99±0.74ab7.45±2.11bc20.08±1.76a
C155-甲基糠醛ndndnd208.38±2.03b456.71±17.56a
醛类总质量浓度1925.02±135.16a254.54±33.05d70.93±5.96e994.02±56.33c1236.14±73.63b
D1邻甲酚nd49.88±4.80b68.91±13.60a41.81±7.06b75.22±4.03a
D2间甲酚nd106.34±9.02cnd163.58±23.76b288.12±8.44a
D3愈创木酚nd453.43±34.88b697.47±56.85a294.11±36.68b553.58±16.96b
D42,4-二甲基苯酚nd9.47±1.18bndnd22.57±1.32a
D52-乙基苯酚nd7.14±1.08bndnd54.48±0.86a
D64-甲基愈创木酚nd246.54±23.14bnd169.36±25.08c314.52±8.07a
D74-乙基愈创木酚nd76.65±7.98bnd60.82±10.32c112.17±5.11a
D82,6-二甲氧基酚nd55.64±8.62and35.57±6.60b51.05±4.82a
D92-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚ndndnd4.13±0.82b10.66±0.63a
酚类总质量浓度nd1005.09±90.70b766.38±70.45c769.38±110.32c1482.37±50.24a
E12,5-二甲基-3-己酮98.74±6.85b58.51±7.62cndnd149.51±22.71a
E2苯乙酮4.05±0.08dnd31.56±13.48b16.03±2.68c235.08±2.97a
E3胡椒酮24.81±1.81b16.73±2.59cnd20.26±4.44bc38.61±2.50a
E41-羟基-2-丁酮nd29.60±19.79andnd42.08±6.24a
E53-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮nd34.56±2.93bnd32.05±4.08b68.78±5.31a
E62,3-辛二酮nd28.70±5.64ndndnd
E7乙基环戊烯醇酮nd29.17±4.15bnd23.29±3.77c49.17±3.28a
E81-茚酮nd8.86±1.10b29.85±1.22a9.82±2.74b15.04±0.89b
E94-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮nd36.14±3.50b80.43±8.70andnd
酮类总质量浓度127.60±8.74c242.27±29.32b141.84±23.40c101.45±17.71d598.27±43.90a
F1α-蒎烯48.56±6.36ndndndnd
F2莰烯24.73±2.34bndnd15.99±2.40c42.81±7.84a
F3桧烯155.05±14.87b56.43±2.35d149.93±3.25b90.75±9.06c208.49±16.35a
F4β-蒎烯72.34±6.68ndndndnd
F5β-月桂烯808.44±97.90ndndndnd
F63-蒈烯47.88±7.67ndndndnd
F7柠檬烯1481.41±142.85b590.72±9.91d1187.19±93.34c1060.55±37.53c3047.93±156.71a
F8桉叶油醇411.32±22.07a158.16±8.69d350.97±46.07b238.81±28.08cnd
F9(E)-β-罗勒烯92.86±14.43c112.05±4.11c251.28±26.76b163.95±20.40c447.79±26.55a
F10罗勒烯56.20±8.60c19.90±1.35d196.71±16.07a100.42±13.12b112.18±5.54b
F11(E,Z)-别罗勒烯24.85±4.53d35.39±1.37cnd57.27±5.92b157.60±9.03a
F12(-)-4-萜品醇69.41±5.39a3.03±0.56b65.18±18.69a3.91±1.04b7.66±0.40c
F13α-松油醇49.29±3.75ndndndnd
F14环辛四烯nd19.17±2.04ndndnd
F15α-松油烯nd22.20±1.68bndnd77.13±4.56a
F164-萜烯醇nd45.17±3.77bnd53.37±9.32and
F17Α-古巴烯nd2.45±0.33cnd3.40±0.43b7.12±0.70a
烯烃类总质量浓度3342.34±337.44b1064.67±36.16e2191.26±187.96c1788.42±127.30d4108.71±227.68a
G1二烯丙基硫醚177.91±31.01b136.70±13.55c342.04±30.25a207.70±11.62b126.38±12.59c
G2烯丙基甲基二硫醚514.54±69.32a106.22±4.23c433.36±142.39a257.62±27.02b131.60±18.80c
G3二烯丙基二硫醚4372.92±330.50a1343.66±41.00d3177.99±211.27b2264.35±44.20c2424.54±187.95c
G4二乙二醇二甲醚19.50±1.30b14.77±1.71bnd19.24±4.28b68.64±10.89a
G5甲基烯丙基三硫醚48.66±5.41ndndndnd
G64-烯丙基苯甲醚30.21±1.69b11.20±0.57b62.14±29.60a14.02±3.61b33.55±1.54b
G7二烯丙基三硫醚18.67±1.54a4.99±0.54cnd5.58±1.11c12.72±0.69b
醚类总质量浓度5182.41±440.77a1617.54±61.60d4015.53±413.51b2768.51±91.84c2797.43±232.46c
H14-异丙基甲苯314.60±25.58and176.96±12.46b167.94±17.55b351.72±29.26a
H2正癸酸7.93±4.11a3.67±0.84bnd4.86±0.98ab8.31±0.69a
H32-乙酰吡咯nd23.81±1.74and1.06±1.73bnd
H4正壬酸nd16.29±2.53bnd43.91±10.37and
H52-乙酰基呋喃ndnd168.36±28.29ndnd
其他类总质量浓度322.53±29.69a43.77±5.11c345.32±40.75a217.77±30.63b360.03±29.95a
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姜蕾 * , 王月丽 , 宋晶晶 , 张亚南 , 丁真真 , 候吉超 , 龚梦馨
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(12): 66-74
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (12) : 66 -74
烟熏材料对新疆熏马肉香肠风味、多环芳烃及感官品质的影响
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姜蕾* , 王月丽, 宋晶晶, 张亚南, 丁真真, 候吉超, 龚梦馨
作者信息
  • 喀什大学生命与地理科学学院,新疆喀什 844000
通讯作者:
姜蕾(1993−),男,硕士,实验师,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

姜蕾(1993−),男,硕士,实验师,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:

Effect of Smoking Materials on the Flavor, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Sensory Property of Smoked Horsemeat Sausage
Lei JIANG* , Yueli WANG, Jingjing SONG, Yanan ZHANG, Zhenzhen DING, Jichao HOU, Mengxin GONG
Affiliations
  • College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040145
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为研究苹果木、梨木、桃木及樱桃木对新疆传统熏马肠挥发性风味成分、多环芳烃和感官品质的影响。利用气相色谱质谱联用(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)等技术对熏马肠挥发性风味成分、颜色、多环芳烃含量等指标进行了定性、定量分析。结果表明,与对照样品相比,熏制样品pH、L*值均降低,a*值和b*值均提高(P<0.05),樱桃木熏制样品颜色更加红亮,样品之间的水分含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。烟熏会增加多环芳烃含量,其中菲和芴含量增加最为显著(P<0.05)。在不同熏马肠样品中共鉴定出75种挥发性香气成分,主要以酚类、萜烯类、醛类和醚类化合物为主。通过偏最小二乘判别分析(Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis,PLS-DA)和变量重要性投影值(Variable Importance in Projection,VIP)分析,不同熏马肠挥发性香气成分差异明显,其中VIP值大于1的化合物有19种,主要有愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚、苯乙酮和5-甲基糠醛等,被鉴定为差异挥发性香气成分(VIP>1,P<0.05),其中苹果木熏制的样品苯乙酮和4-甲基愈创木酚含量最高,赋予样品独特的木质香和烟熏香。在感官评价中,苹果木和樱桃木烟熏的样品表现出更好的感官品质和总体可接受度。综上所述,苹果木更适合作为马肉香肠的烟熏材料,但后续仍需改良加工工艺以降低多环芳烃含量。研究为提高熏马肠品质提供了理论基础。

熏马肠  /  风味  /  多环芳烃  /  感官特性  /  烟熏材料

To assess the impact of apple wood, pear wood, peach wood, and cherry wood on the volatile flavor compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and sensory attributes of traditional Xinjiang smoked horsemeat sausages, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to quantify indicators such as volatile flavor compounds, color, and PAHs content. The findings revealed that smoked samples exhibited decreased pH and L* values, along with increased a* and b* values, compared to the control samples (P<0.05), the color of smoked cherry wood samples was redder and brighter, and there was no significant difference in water content among samples (P>0.05). Smoking elevated PAHs content, notably phenanthrene and fluorene (P<0.05). The analysis identified 75 volatile aromatic components in various smoked horse sausage samples, predominantly phenols, terpenes, aldehydes, and ethers. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and variable importance in projection (VIP) highlighted substantial differences in volatile aroma components among smoked horsemeat sausages. Specifically, 19 compounds with VIP values exceeding 1, notably guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, acetophenone, and 5-methylfurfural, were identified as distinct volatile aroma components (VIP>1, P<0.05), acetophenone and 4-methylguaiacol contents of apple wood smoked samples were the highest, giving samples unique woody aroma and smoke fragrance. Sensory evaluation favored the PG and YT samples for superior sensory quality and acceptability. In summary, apple wood has emerged as a more favorable smoking material for horsemeat sausages, although enhancements in processing techniques are warranted to mitigate the PAHs content. This study lays a foundation for enhancing the caliber of smoked horsemeat sausages.

smoked horsemeat sausage  /  flavor  /  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  /  sensory properties  /  smoking materials
姜蕾, 王月丽, 宋晶晶, 张亚南, 丁真真, 候吉超, 龚梦馨. 烟熏材料对新疆熏马肉香肠风味、多环芳烃及感官品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 66 -74 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040145
Lei JIANG, Yueli WANG, Jingjing SONG, Yanan ZHANG, Zhenzhen DING, Jichao HOU, Mengxin GONG. Effect of Smoking Materials on the Flavor, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Sensory Property of Smoked Horsemeat Sausage[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 66 -74 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040145
在肉制品中,烟熏的加工方式被广泛应用,不仅可以增加产品的风味,影响肉制品的品质,同时可以延长其制品贮藏时间[1]。烟熏马肠是新疆的特色肉制品之一,与中国其他地区的传统发酵香肠相比,熏马肠使用马肉代替猪肉,马肉的脂肪和胆固醇含量比猪肉低约20%,更有益于人体健康[2]。通常熏马肠的制作先将马肉切成条状,再与盐、大蒜、糖与香辛料混合后塞入马肠衣中,并用果木进行熏制后进行风干和自然发酵,通过烟熏和发酵使马肉香肠形成独特的香味和口感[3]。
烟熏肉制品独特的烟熏味是影响消费者接受度和购买意向的关键因素,决定其感官特征[4],这主要因为烟熏材料中的木质素在加热过程中分解产生的挥发性物质赋予了肉制品独特的风味[5]。根据Jiang等[6]的研究,在烟熏马肠中检测到的主要挥发性化合物有醇、醛、酸、酯、酮等,且不同地区生产的熏马肠挥发性风味成分存在显著差异,这可能是加工工艺及烟熏材料的不同造成的。与此同时,熏制过程赋予肉制品独特风味的同时也会产生多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)和杂环芳香胺(heterocyclic aromatic amines,HAAs)等有害致癌物质[7]。其中,PAHs的产生由于烟熏材料在不完全燃烧过程中形成两个或多个缩合芳香碳环,被认为对人体有潜在遗传毒性和致癌性[8]。HAAs是以氢和氮为基础的热诱导化合物,可在肉制品表面通过美拉德反应生成,从膳食中摄入HAAs与结肠癌、乳腺癌、胃癌和胰腺癌的发病率有关[9]。
目前已有研究表征了熏马肠过程中形成的挥发性化合物变化[10]、烟熏条件对感官品质的影响[11]。尽管熏马肠的感官特性以及挥发性香气成分、HAAs和PAHs的形成主要与熏制材料的类型和化学成分有关,但熏制材料对熏马肠感官特性、风味和PAHs形成的影响尚不明确。目前,木材是肉制品烟熏的常用材料,例如苹果木、云杉、山毛榉木、榛树和梨木等,有研究表明苹果树/赤杨熏制的肉样品中总PAHs含量最低,能够有效降低烟熏后制品中的PAHs含量[9,12]。因此,本研究利用苹果木、梨木、桃木及樱桃木熏制马肉香肠,利用GC-MS技术分析不同烟熏材料制备的马肉香肠挥发性香气成分,通过PLS-DA和VIP分析确定特征风味化合物并筛选差异化合物。探讨不同烟熏材料对熏马肠风味、PHAs和感官特性的影响,为改善熏马肠的风味、安全性和感官质量提供理论依据。
自然干燥的梨木、桃木、苹果木、樱桃木 新疆喀什市果园;新鲜马后腿肉、马肠 市售;二氯甲烷、正己烷、2-甲基-3-庚酮、PAHs标准品 色谱纯,麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;大蒜、茴香、胡椒粉、小豆蔻、丁香 市售;所有实验用水均为去离子水;其余有机溶剂均为国产分析纯。
QP2020NX气相色谱质谱联用仪 日本岛津公司;BYXX-50烟熏炉 嘉兴艾博实业有限公司;LN-150液压灌肠机 诸城市雷诺机械有限公司;SM40SP恒温恒湿发酵箱 新麦机械(中国)有限公司;TTL-DCII氮吹仪 北京同泰科技有限公司。
梨木、桃木、苹果木、樱桃木均采样于新疆喀什果园,树龄相近。木材经粉碎后在105 ℃下采用直接干燥法检测水分含量;木材中性洗涤纤维(Neutral Detergent Fiber,NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(Acid Detergent Fiber,ADF)和酸性洗涤木质素(Acid Detergent Lignin,ADL)的含量(%)按照Van Soest系统的方法测定[13],按照下列公式计算纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量(%):纤维素=ADF−ADL;半纤维素=NDF-ADF;木质素=ADL。
采用传统的熏马肠制作方法。首先,取新鲜马瘦肉和背部脂肪切成条状,加入2.5%盐、1.5%糖、大蒜0.5%、味精0.1%以及0.2%由茴香、胡椒粉、小豆蔻和丁香组成的混合香料,马肉与调味料充分混合后灌入马肠衣中,然后采用传统烟熏方式,分别用梨木、桃木、苹果木、樱桃木在半开放的烟熏房中烟熏18 h,然后于24 ℃、75%相对湿度发酵箱中发酵48 h,随后在晾干房中自然风干30 d,获得的熏马肠样本分别以LM、TM、PG和YT表示。每个样品独立制作3批,以未经烟熏直接发酵的熏马肠作为空白对照,以KB表示。
使用经白板校正的便携式手持测色仪测定熏马肠表皮颜色,以L*(亮度)、a*(红绿度)和b*(黄蓝度)表示;使用直接干燥法测定水分含量,熏马肠样品在105 ℃下干燥。样品1:10与蒸馏水破碎匀浆后使用电子pH计测量pH。
熏马肠中多环芳烃含量测定参照国标GB 5009.265-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中多环芳烃的测定》中的气相色谱-质谱法执行[14]。
参考张文玉等[15]的方法测定熏马肠的挥发性化合物:首先将3.0 g样品破碎置于20 mL顶空样品瓶中,加入5 μL 2-甲基-3-庚酮作为内标,使用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)盖密封顶空瓶,在45 ℃下平衡20 min,然后使用固相微萃取(SPME)于45 ℃下顶空萃取35 min,萃取完成后在250 ℃下进样5 min。
色谱柱:DB-5MS石英毛细柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 µm);升温程序:40 ℃下保持2 min,然后以3 ℃/min的速度升温至90 ℃,保持5 min,然后以3 ℃/min的速度升温至200 ℃,再以15 ℃/min的速度升温至230 ℃,保持15 min;载气为氦气(He),纯度99.999%,流速1.0 mL/min,不分流进样模式。
质谱条件:EI电子轰击离子源;电子能量70 eV;传输线温度280 ℃;离子源温度230 ℃;质量扫描范围m/z 45~500。
目标化合物通过与NIST17.0质谱库比较,选择相似度大于80%且3次均检出的化合物作为定性结果;使用2-甲基-3-庚酮(0.0775 μg/μL)直接内标法进行半定量分析,计算公式如下:
$\rm \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{i}}(\text{µg}\cdot\mathrm{kg}^{-1})=\frac{\mathrm{p}_{\text{is}}\times\mathrm{V}_0\times\mathrm{A}_{\mathrm{j}}}{\mathrm{A}_{\text{js}}\times M} $
式中:pi为目标化合物质量浓度,μg/kg;pis内标物质量浓度,μg/μL;Aj目标化合物峰面积;V0为内标物体积,μL;Ajs内标物峰面积;M为样品质量,kg。
参考国标GB/T 23493-2022《中式香肠质量通则》[16]与赵立等[17]的中式传统感官评价方法,略作修改。评定小组由受过食品感官培训的11人组成,根据评分细则对熏马肠的表皮颜色、烟熏气味、口感、滋味、总体接受度进行多维度评价,每个项目赋予20分分值,评分细则如表1所示。感官评定时先对熏马肠表皮进行颜色和烟熏味的评价,然后将熏马肠切成1 cm3的小块后再食用。
所有测试均执行3次,结果以平均值±标准偏差表示;使用IBM SPSS Statistic 29对数据进行显著性分析,Ducan检验(P<0.05);通过Origin 2021 Pro绘图;使用SIMCA 14.1进行PLS-DA和VIP分析。
4种烟熏材料的水分、木质素和纤维素与半纤维素含量如表2所示。桃木和樱桃木的水分含量显著高于梨木和苹果木(P<0.05),有研究表明木屑含水量与PAHs含量不存在相关性[18]。苹果木的纤维素和木质素含量显著高于其他材料(P<0.05),分别为49.45%和22.64%,樱桃木的半纤维素含量最高,为29.54%,木质素受热分解会产生酚类物质,纤维素的热解会产生酮类化合物和醛类化合物,这可能使苹果木作为发烟材料燃烧时产生更丰富的风味物质。
表3展示了不同烟熏材料熏制的马肉香肠表皮颜色、pH和水分含量。与对照样品相比,经烟熏后的马肉香肠L*值显著降低(P<0.05),TM样品L*值最低,这可能是因为烟熏过程中烟雾颗粒附着在肠衣表面造成亮度值降低[9]。所有烟熏样品a*值和b*值均显著高于对照样品(P<0.05),红色更加鲜艳。所有样品水分含量均无显著差异(P>0.05),说明在相同工艺条件下烟熏材料不会改变熏马肠水分含量。烟熏样品pH均低于对照样品,TM样品pH最低,其次是PG样品,经烟熏后样品pH降低可能由于烟熏材料中的有机酸通过熏制传递给样品从而降低其pH[19]。
PAHs根据苯环的数量分为轻质PAHs和重质PAHs,重质PAHs比轻质PAHs表现出更强的毒性和致病性,但轻质PAHs不稳定,易转化为重质PAHs[20−21]。由表4可知,在熏马肠中共检出8种PAHs,未检出PAHs中强致癌物苯并[a]芘[22],表明4种烟熏材料发烟不会产生苯并[a]芘,符合国家低于5.0 μg/kg的标准[23]。在检出的8种PAHs中包含6种为毒性较小的轻质PAHs,包括萘、菲、芴、苊、二氢苊、蒽。同时检出苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(k)荧蒽2种重质PAHs,但含量较低,总含量在0.24~1.20 µg/kg,烟熏对苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(k)荧蒽含量的影响较小(P>0.05)。在各样品中,PAH4(苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、苯并(a)蒽、䓛)的总含量均低于欧盟限量的12 µg/kg[24],包括苯并(b)荧蒽和未检出的苯并(a)芘、苯并(a)蒽和䓛。未烟熏的马肉香肠PAHs含量显著低于烟熏后的马肉香肠(P<0.05),这部分PAHs可能来源于原料,Hitzel等[25]在未烟熏的Salami香肠中也同样检出了多种PAH。在检出的6种轻质PAHs中,只有LM样品中的萘含量低于空白对照,其余烟熏样品的轻质PAHs含量均高于未烟熏的样品,表现出显著差异(P<0.05);PG样品中菲含量显著高于其他3种烟熏材料熏制的样品(P<0.05),含量为119.11±4.50 μg/kg;YT样品、LM样品和TM样品菲含量显著低于PG样品(P<0.05),但仍显著高于空白对照(P<0.05);YT样品和LM样品芴含量相近,PG样品芴含量最高,含量为47.91±1.53 μg/kg。PG样品中PAHs总量最高,达212.81±8.30 µg/kg,其次是YT样品(100.70±7.57 µg/kg)和LM样品(99.42±3.08 µg/kg),TM样品总PAHs含量最低(77.89±3.73 µg/kg),但均显著高于空白对照(P<0.05)。烟熏过程中材料产生烟雾的PAHs含量与其木质素含量成正比,烟熏材料木质素含量越高,所产生烟雾的PAHs越高,从而导致烟熏香肠的PAHs含量增加[26],且木质素含量显著高于其他果木(P<0.05),这可能是导致PG样品PAHs含量最高的原因。
由表5可知,经烟熏后的马肉香肠挥发性香气与对照相比,在组成成分上存在显著差异(P<0.05),在熏马肠样品中共鉴定出75种挥发性香气成分,包括醇类7种、醛类15种、酯类6种、酚类9种、酮类9种、萜烯类17种、醚类化合物7种以及5种其他化合物。在对照样品中检出45种,YT样品48种、LM样品24种、TM样品46种、PG样品48种,除LM样品以外,其余烟熏样品与对照相比尽管物质数量较为接近,但其物质构成种类不同。尽管如此,熏马肠的主要挥发性成分仍以酚类、萜烯类、醛类和醚类化合物为主。
木质素受热分解产生酚类物质,是熏制食品特殊烟熏气味的主要来源之一[7]。在熏马肠样本中共检出9种酚类化合物,PG样品酚类化合物含量最高(1482.37±50.24 μg/kg),LM样品最低(766.38±70.45 μg/kg),主要包括愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚、间甲酚、邻甲酚和2,6-二甲氧基酚,有研究表明愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚和2,6-二甲氧基酚是烟熏的特征风味物质[27],表现出木质香和烟熏香味道,赋予肉制品特殊烟熏气味,同时9种酚类化合物在空白对照样本中均未检出。羰基化合物是重要的芳香族化合物,包括酮类化合物和醛类化合物,可通过脂质氧化或材料中的半纤维素和纤维素的热解形成,对整个肉类的香味做出贡献[28],在未经烟熏马肠样本中共检出11种醛类化合物,经烟熏处理后的熏马肠样本醛类化合物数量均显著减少(P<0.05),主要表现在(E)-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛和(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛等化合物的损失,这可能是因为烟熏产生的酚类化合物在熏马肠发酵过程中与醛类化合物反应生成了缩合产物[29];同时由于烟熏过程中纤维素和半纤维素的热解,赋予了熏马肠新的风味化合物,包括糠醛和LM与PG样本经烟熏产生的5-甲基糠醛、枯名醛等,其中糠醛是烟熏烟气中的主要挥发性物质[30],具有甜味、木香、面包香和焦糖香[31]。除TM样本外,其余样本烟熏后酮类化合物总含量均有所提高,尤其是PG样本最为显著,主要表现在苯乙酮含量的增加以及3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮和乙基环戊烯醇酮等物质的形成;此外,PG样品中的苯乙酮含量最高(P<0.05),其具有咖啡烘焙气味特征[32]。
烯烃类物质通过游离脂肪酸氧化降解产生,在熏马肠中共鉴定出17种烯烃类化合物,数量占比最多,这与高蕾等[33]的研究结果一致,通常脂肪烃因其阈值高被认为对肉制品风味的贡献不大[34],但芳香烃和烯烃类化合物对风味具有一定贡献,柠檬烯、桧烯和(E)-β-罗勒烯作为熏马肠中含量最高的3种化合物,具备木香和柠檬气味,有助于改善熏马肠整体风味,PG样品柠檬烯含量显著高于对照样品(P<0.05),其余烟熏样品柠檬烯含量均低于空白对照样品(P<0.05)。在检出的7种醚类物质中,空白对照样品二烯丙基二硫醚含量显著高于烟熏样品(P<0.05),是大蒜的主要挥发性物质[35],检出的硫醚类物质主要来自于加工过程中添加的大蒜及香辛料,经过烟熏后二烯丙基二硫醚和烯丙基甲基二硫醚含量显著低于对照样品(P<0.05),烟熏在赋予马肉香肠独特风味的同时有助于掩盖大蒜刺激性气味。
为了进一步了解不同烟熏材料对马肉香肠挥发性化合物的影响,使用PLS-DA评估了不同熏马肠样品之间主要挥发性化合物的差异。PLS-DA得分图如图1A所示,R2X=0.984,R2Y=0.986,Q2=0.972,R2和Q2值接近1,表明模型显示出良好的方差解释能力和预测能力[36]。为考察该模型的建模效果,利用置换检验分析进行200次交叉验证,由图1B可知,R2=(0.0,0.0949),Q2=(0.0,−0.598),Q2负值说明所建PLS-DA模型可靠,无过拟合现象,具有一定的统计学意义,可用于不同熏马肠样品挥发性成分的判别分析[37]。由图1A可知,LM、YT和TM样品位于第二象限,且距离较近。PG样品位于第三象限,空白对照样品位于第四象限,PG样品与对照样品相距较远且无互相交叉,表明挥发性化合物差异较大。总体来看,尽管YT、LM和TM样品相距较近,但仍和对照样品位于不同象限且距离较远,充分说明熏制改变了马肉香肠挥发性成分。
为了筛选不同熏马肠中具有贡献的挥发性香气成分,计算了检出的挥发性成分VIP值,可表明该挥发性香气物质对于区分组间显著性差异的贡献大小[38],在分析判别过程中,一般认为VIP值>1,表示该挥发性香气物质对总体香气特征有着重要的贡献[39]。由图2可知,不同熏马肠样品挥发性化合物中共有19种物质VIP值大于1,包括愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚、间甲酚、5-甲基糠醛和苯乙酮等。为了更加直观了解烟熏材料对马肉香肠挥发性化合物的影响,对检出的VIP值最大的10种物质进行聚类热图分析。由图3可知,PG样品中(E)-β-罗勒烯、苯乙酮、间甲酚、5-甲基糠醛和4-甲基愈创木酚含量最高,其中4-甲基愈创木酚和间甲酚是烟熏制品中典型的特征风味物质,具有木质香和烟熏香,苯乙酮可以赋予花果香气[40],(E)-β-罗勒烯具备甜草药气味[41];愈创木酚、癸酸乙酯和罗勒烯在LM样品中最多,愈创木酚是烟熏味道的主要贡献化合物之一[22]。空白对照组样品中β-月桂烯的含量最高。综上所述,检出的10种VIP值大于1的关键挥发性香气成分含量在各样品中差异显著(P<0.05),为不同烟熏材料制备的熏马肠差异化合物,可以作为区分烟熏材料的依据。
不同熏马肠样品感官评价结果如图4所示,经过烟熏的样品表皮颜色得分均高于空白对照样品,熏制过程材料发烟有利于增加样品颜色效果,赋予样品有光泽的红色。在烟熏气味的评价中,PG样品得分最高,LM、TM和YT样品烟熏气味得分相似,对照挥发性香气成分分析结果,PG样品中酚类与酮类化合物的数量与含量均表现出较高的水平,同时酚类化合物是烟熏的特征风味[7],因此PG样品表现出较为浓郁的烟熏气味。经烟熏后的样品口感和滋味得分差距较小,空白对照样品得分均最低;从总体接受度来看,评定小组成员对PG样品赋予了最高的接受度得分,其次是YT样品,对照样品总体接受度得分最低,评定小组成员对未经过烟熏缺少烟熏气味的马肉香肠接受度较低。综上所述,苹果木作为烟熏材料有利于提高熏马肠的整体感官和可接受性。
研究了4种不同烟熏材料对马肉香肠挥发性香气成分、PAHs和感官特性的影响。结果表明熏制提高了马肉香肠a*值和b*值,增加了熏马肠色度,降低了pH和L*值,但熏制对水分含量无显著影响。在感官评价中,苹果木和樱桃木熏制的样品表现出更好的感官品质和总体可接受度。烟熏会明显增加马肉香肠PAHs含量,菲和芴含量的增加最为明显,这与发烟材料的水分、木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量有关。样品经过烟熏后挥发性化合物组成数量相似,但组成成分具有显著差异,烟熏产生的愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚和2,6-二甲氧基酚赋予了熏马肠更好的风味品质。综上所述,苹果木作为烟熏材料可以更好地提升熏马肠感官特性和风味品质,但传统烟熏方式增加其制品PAHs含量问题难以解决,后续仍需改进加工工艺或制备苹果木烟熏液,以减少使用苹果木作为烟熏材料时的PAHs含量。研究为提高熏马肠品质提供了生产理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040145
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-14
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    喀什大学生命与地理科学学院,新疆喀什 844000

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姜蕾(1993−),男,硕士,实验师,研究方向:食品风味化学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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