Article(id=1320166724238951317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120146, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765382400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681874569, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681874569, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681874569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681874569, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=185, endPage=195, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166727892190102, articleId=1320166724238951317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Structural Characterization of Sodium Alginate-Albumen Gel Beads and Their Fe3+ Loading Performance, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To develop a novel carrier for mineral delivery, sodium alginate-albumen composite gel beads (SA-A) were prepared using sodium alginate and albumen as substrates, and further iron-loaded composite gel beads (SA-A-Fe) were synthesized. The physicochemical properties and Fe3+ loading capacity of the beads were evaluated through structural characterization. Results revealed that the binding between sodium alginate and albumen was governed by non-covalent interaction. Compared to pure sodium alginate beads (SA), the SA-A beads exhibited markedly enhanced viscoelasticity and thermal stability, with both viscoelastic and thermal properties further improved upon Fe3+ loading. The adsorption of Fe3+ was more in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that chemisorption could be considered as the dominant mechanisms of Fe3+ adsorption. In the first adsorption stage of the intraparticle diffusion model, the rapid diffusion of Fe3+ from the aqueous phase to the bead surface was identified as the rate-limiting step, followed by gradual intra-particle diffusion until equilibrium was attained. The adsorption process was characterized by heterogeneous surface sites and multilayer adsorption behavior. In vitro release studies demonstrated that the SA-A bead, as a wall material, effectively delayed premature Fe3+ release in simulated gastric fluid while promoting sustained release under simulated intestinal conditions, demonstrating that the SA-A-Fe gel beads possess unique sustained-release characteristics and good stability. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that SA-A beads possess excellent structural integrity and high Fe3+ loading efficiency, with controlled iron ion release under simulated gastric and intestinal fluid conditions, highlighting their promise as an effective carrier for iron delivery. This work provides a scientific foundation for the rational design and application of novel iron supplements.

, authors=Yuqin YUAN1, Hanwei CHI2, Shulei LIANG1, Lingyu LI1, Jianquan GONG3, Bin ZHANG1, Zhenjia ZHENG1, *, authorsList=Yuqin YUAN, Hanwei CHI, Shulei LIANG, Lingyu LI, Jianquan GONG, Bin ZHANG, Zhenjia ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenjia ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166731738366893, articleId=1320166724238951317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=海藻酸钠-蛋清凝胶珠的结构表征及其对Fe3+的装载性能探究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为构建新型矿物质元素递送载体,本文以海藻酸钠和蛋清为原料制备了海藻酸钠-蛋清复合凝胶珠(SA-A),并进一步合成了载铁型复合凝胶珠(SA-A-Fe),通过结构表征评估其理化性能及载铁能力。结果表明,海藻酸钠和蛋清之间主要通过非共价作用结合,SA-A凝胶珠的粘弹性和热稳定性优于海藻酸钠凝胶珠(SA),装载铁后的凝胶珠粘弹性和热稳定性得到进一步加强。SA-A凝胶珠对Fe3+的吸附更符合拟二阶动力学模型,表明化学吸附可视为Fe3+吸附的主要机制。颗粒内扩散模型的第(Ⅰ)吸附阶段中Fe3+从水中快速扩散至凝胶珠外表面,是Fe3+在凝胶珠吸附动力学中的限速步骤,随后逐渐发生颗粒内扩散最终达到平衡。整个过程主要发生在凝胶珠的非均质表面并显示多层吸附特征。体外模拟释放结果表明SA-A作为壁材可以延缓Fe3+在胃液中过早释放,同时在模拟肠消化过程中释放显著增加,证明SA-A-Fe凝胶珠具有独特的缓释特性与良好的稳定性。本研究证实SA-A凝胶珠具有良好的结构稳定性与Fe3+负载能力,并能在模拟胃肠液环境中实现铁离子的控释释放,有望作为新型补铁剂载体,为新型补铁剂的开发利用提供参考。

, authors=袁玉芹1, 迟涵蔚2, 梁淑蕾1, 李玲玉1, 宫建泉3, 张斌1, 郑振佳1, *, authorsList=袁玉芹, 迟涵蔚, 梁淑蕾, 李玲玉, 宫建泉, 张斌, 郑振佳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郑振佳, authorNote=

袁玉芹(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郑振佳(1985−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6Ccf6brLHXvf+vWf61dABQ==, magXml=ATFyceAvjyHQ2WpNef/MmQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=j9VgZESfszaRwHE9KOM1VQ==, pdfFileSize=2997970, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=a8qNhvyCB797uWCJBoHPOQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=L3D+RP6i5e11VV7MDMcXVA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320166791867912785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=19963008917@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320166791972770387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, authorId=1320166791867912785, language=EN, stringName=Yuqin YUAN, firstName=Yuqin, middleName=null, lastName=YUAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320166792044073556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, authorId=1320166791867912785, language=CN, stringName=袁玉芹, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东省高等学校食品营养与健康重点实验室,山东泰安 271018, bio={"content":"

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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 1−14 [2026-03-20]. https://doi.org/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080077., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320166789993058887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166790005641800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, companyId=1320166789993058887, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166790018224713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, companyId=1320166789993058887, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东省高等学校食品营养与健康重点实验室,山东泰安 271018)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166790106305098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166790118888011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, companyId=1320166790106305098, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166790123082316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, companyId=1320166790106305098, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京中医药大学中医学院,北京 100029)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166790211162701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166790215357006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, companyId=1320166790211162701, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Yantai Baimaishan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai 265200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166790223745615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, companyId=1320166790211162701, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3烟台百脉山生物科技有限公司,山东烟台 265200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166796439704191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of different factors on the loading capacity and loading rate, figureFileSmall=D8oOI4eCWf4p1+ajXChyDA==, figureFileBig=AeveRYXhJoxrib3rgjaAyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166796519395968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同因素对凝胶珠装载量和装载率的影响

注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=mRKmQqQqN95sCzSeXW653w==, figureFileBig=QGmz3+GoMonx5sbvKeKw+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166798054511253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Lagergren model kinetics fitting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟一阶动力学模型拟二阶动力学模型
qe(mg/g)qt(mg/g)k1(min−1)R2qt(mg/g)k2(g·(mg·min)−1)R2
7.757.19120.02140.26117.580.070.9993
), ArticleFig(id=1320166798121620118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Lagergren 模型动力学拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟一阶动力学模型拟二阶动力学模型
qe(mg/g)qt(mg/g)k1(min−1)R2qt(mg/g)k2(g·(mg·min)−1)R2
7.757.19120.02140.26117.580.070.9993
), ArticleFig(id=1320166798184534679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Intraparticle diffusion model kinetics fitting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第一阶段第二阶段第三阶段
$ {\mathrm{K}}_{\text{i}} $(mg/(g·min0.5))=
1.1751
$ {\mathrm{K}}_{\text{i}} $(mg/(g·min0.5))=
0.4913
$ {\mathrm{K}}_{\text{i}} $(mg/(g·min0.5))=
0.0242
$ {\mathrm{A}}_{\text{i}} $(mg/g)=0.1972 $ {\mathrm{A}}_{\text{i}} $(mg/g)=3.9426 $ {\mathrm{A}}_{\text{i}} $(mg/g)=7.5652
), ArticleFig(id=1320166798264226456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

颗粒内扩散模型动力学拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第一阶段第二阶段第三阶段
$ {\mathrm{K}}_{\text{i}} $(mg/(g·min0.5))=
1.1751
$ {\mathrm{K}}_{\text{i}} $(mg/(g·min0.5))=
0.4913
$ {\mathrm{K}}_{\text{i}} $(mg/(g·min0.5))=
0.0242
$ {\mathrm{A}}_{\text{i}} $(mg/g)=0.1972 $ {\mathrm{A}}_{\text{i}} $(mg/g)=3.9426 $ {\mathrm{A}}_{\text{i}} $(mg/g)=7.5652
), ArticleFig(id=1320166798352306841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166724238951317, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fitting parameters for isotherm model

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Freundlich模型Langmuir模型
KF(L/mg)nAdj R2KL(L/mg)qmaxAdj R2
7.1350.98540.97130.0095769.230.9660
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等温线模型的拟合参数

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Freundlich模型Langmuir模型
KF(L/mg)nAdj R2KL(L/mg)qmaxAdj R2
7.1350.98540.97130.0095769.230.9660
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海藻酸钠-蛋清凝胶珠的结构表征及其对Fe3+的装载性能探究
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袁玉芹 1 , 迟涵蔚 2 , 梁淑蕾 1 , 李玲玉 1 , 宫建泉 3 , 张斌 1 , 郑振佳 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(11): 185-195
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (11) : 185 -195
海藻酸钠-蛋清凝胶珠的结构表征及其对Fe3+的装载性能探究
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袁玉芹1 , 迟涵蔚2, 梁淑蕾1, 李玲玉1, 宫建泉3, 张斌1, 郑振佳1, *
作者信息
  • 1山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东省高等学校食品营养与健康重点实验室,山东泰安 271018
  • 2北京中医药大学中医学院,北京 100029
  • 3烟台百脉山生物科技有限公司,山东烟台 265200
通讯作者:
郑振佳(1985−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

袁玉芹(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

Structural Characterization of Sodium Alginate-Albumen Gel Beads and Their Fe3+ Loading Performance
Yuqin YUAN1 , Hanwei CHI2, Shulei LIANG1, Lingyu LI1, Jianquan GONG3, Bin ZHANG1, Zhenjia ZHENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
  • 2School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
  • 3Yantai Baimaishan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai 265200, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120146
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为构建新型矿物质元素递送载体,本文以海藻酸钠和蛋清为原料制备了海藻酸钠-蛋清复合凝胶珠(SA-A),并进一步合成了载铁型复合凝胶珠(SA-A-Fe),通过结构表征评估其理化性能及载铁能力。结果表明,海藻酸钠和蛋清之间主要通过非共价作用结合,SA-A凝胶珠的粘弹性和热稳定性优于海藻酸钠凝胶珠(SA),装载铁后的凝胶珠粘弹性和热稳定性得到进一步加强。SA-A凝胶珠对Fe3+的吸附更符合拟二阶动力学模型,表明化学吸附可视为Fe3+吸附的主要机制。颗粒内扩散模型的第(Ⅰ)吸附阶段中Fe3+从水中快速扩散至凝胶珠外表面,是Fe3+在凝胶珠吸附动力学中的限速步骤,随后逐渐发生颗粒内扩散最终达到平衡。整个过程主要发生在凝胶珠的非均质表面并显示多层吸附特征。体外模拟释放结果表明SA-A作为壁材可以延缓Fe3+在胃液中过早释放,同时在模拟肠消化过程中释放显著增加,证明SA-A-Fe凝胶珠具有独特的缓释特性与良好的稳定性。本研究证实SA-A凝胶珠具有良好的结构稳定性与Fe3+负载能力,并能在模拟胃肠液环境中实现铁离子的控释释放,有望作为新型补铁剂载体,为新型补铁剂的开发利用提供参考。

海藻酸钠  /  蛋清  /  凝胶珠  /  结构表征  /  铁离子  /  吸附动力学

To develop a novel carrier for mineral delivery, sodium alginate-albumen composite gel beads (SA-A) were prepared using sodium alginate and albumen as substrates, and further iron-loaded composite gel beads (SA-A-Fe) were synthesized. The physicochemical properties and Fe3+ loading capacity of the beads were evaluated through structural characterization. Results revealed that the binding between sodium alginate and albumen was governed by non-covalent interaction. Compared to pure sodium alginate beads (SA), the SA-A beads exhibited markedly enhanced viscoelasticity and thermal stability, with both viscoelastic and thermal properties further improved upon Fe3+ loading. The adsorption of Fe3+ was more in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that chemisorption could be considered as the dominant mechanisms of Fe3+ adsorption. In the first adsorption stage of the intraparticle diffusion model, the rapid diffusion of Fe3+ from the aqueous phase to the bead surface was identified as the rate-limiting step, followed by gradual intra-particle diffusion until equilibrium was attained. The adsorption process was characterized by heterogeneous surface sites and multilayer adsorption behavior. In vitro release studies demonstrated that the SA-A bead, as a wall material, effectively delayed premature Fe3+ release in simulated gastric fluid while promoting sustained release under simulated intestinal conditions, demonstrating that the SA-A-Fe gel beads possess unique sustained-release characteristics and good stability. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that SA-A beads possess excellent structural integrity and high Fe3+ loading efficiency, with controlled iron ion release under simulated gastric and intestinal fluid conditions, highlighting their promise as an effective carrier for iron delivery. This work provides a scientific foundation for the rational design and application of novel iron supplements.

sodium alginate  /  albumen  /  gel beads  /  structural characteristics  /  iron ion  /  adsorption kinetics
袁玉芹, 迟涵蔚, 梁淑蕾, 李玲玉, 宫建泉, 张斌, 郑振佳. 海藻酸钠-蛋清凝胶珠的结构表征及其对Fe3+的装载性能探究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 185 -195 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120146
Yuqin YUAN, Hanwei CHI, Shulei LIANG, Lingyu LI, Jianquan GONG, Bin ZHANG, Zhenjia ZHENG. Structural Characterization of Sodium Alginate-Albumen Gel Beads and Their Fe3+ Loading Performance[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 185 -195 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120146
缺铁性贫血是全球范围内普遍存在的营养缺乏症,膳食补铁是其主要干预手段。但传统补铁剂存在不易储存、胃肠道刺激明显等问题[1]。近年来,以大分子物质(如多糖、蛋白质等)与铁离子形成螯合物的新型补铁剂成为研究热点[2],这类新型补铁剂可以减少胃肠道刺激,还能通过缓释提高铁的吸收利用率[3],具有广阔的应用前景。
海藻酸盐是一种从藻类中提取的天然阴离子多糖,能通过与二价或三价阳离子(如Ca2+、Cu2+和Fe3+)交联形成具有三维交联结构的水凝胶[4−5]。由于海藻酸盐水凝胶具有易储存、生物安全性高、能够促进活性物质靶向递送等优势[6−7],在食品和医药等领域中广泛应用。目前借助海藻酸钠水凝胶包封已实现对目标物质的肠道靶向递送[8],提高了功能成分的稳定性和包封效率[9−11]。然而单独使用海藻酸钠制备的水凝胶珠存在机械强度不足、网络结构疏松等缺陷,包埋过程中活性物质易泄漏、包埋效率偏低,限制了其应用效果[12−13]。
海藻酸盐体系中引入多糖[14–15]或蛋白质[16]等可有效增强凝胶网络结构,提升其功能特性,减少活性成分的泄漏并显著提高包封效率。其中,卵清蛋白因其独特的亲和力,可以通过氢键、疏水相互作用等非共价键自发结合活性成分,适合作为稳定和传递功能性成分的重要载体[16],由卵清蛋白与海藻酸钠制备的姜黄素纳米复合物可有效提高姜黄素的生物利用度与稳定性[17]。蛋清作为卵清蛋白的天然来源,不仅具有卵清蛋白的功能特性,还具有更好的食用安全性、加工适应性和经济性。加热可以诱导蛋清中的卵清蛋白变性和聚集,形成致密的空间凝胶网络结构,有效保留蛋白空间凝胶网络中的水分或功能性成分[18],有望与海藻酸盐的凝胶网络互补,形成结构更致密、性能更优异的复合凝胶体系。
本文将全蛋清引入海藻酸钠凝胶体系,成功构建了兼具结构强化与活性成分装载性能的海藻酸钠-蛋清凝胶珠(SA-A),并以此为载体通过结构表征和吸附动力学分析探究了对Fe3+的负载性能,考察了凝胶珠中Fe3+在模拟胃肠环境中的释放情况,为开发安全、高效、新型补铁剂提供了新的材料设计与理论依据。
鲜鸡蛋 购于泰安大润发超市;海藻酸钠、乳酸钙 食品级,青岛明月海藻集团有限公司;硫酸铁、邻菲啰啉 分析纯,天津市凯通化学试剂有限公司;硫酸亚铁铵 分析纯,上海广诺化学科技有限公司;抗坏血酸 分析纯,上海华蓝化学科技有限公司;R28616人工胃液、R22156人工小肠液 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;氢氧化钠 分析纯,天津市致远化学试剂有限公司。
LLS PLUS-B196型蠕动泵 卡川尔流体科技(上海)有限公司;SAHJ-A6型磁力搅拌水浴锅 常州市亿能试验仪器厂;SCIENTZ-12N真空冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;TA.XTC型物性分析仪 上海保圣实业发展有限公司;7000S X-射线衍射仪 日本岛津公司;Nicolet iS20傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 美国Thermo Fisher科技公司;D-09123热重分析仪、S210 pH计 梅特勒托利多国际有限公司;SUPRATM 55扫描电子显微镜 德国蔡司公司;MCR102模块化智能流变仪 奥地利安东帕公司;EPOCH2单功能酶标仪 安捷伦科技公司。
分别取超纯水75 mL、海藻酸钠1.8 g,50 ℃搅拌至海藻酸钠溶解,冷却,然后缓慢加入125 mL蛋清,搅拌均匀,超声排除气泡。用蠕动泵将混合溶液滴入5%(w/v)的乳酸钙溶液中,静置固化30 min得凝胶珠,纯水洗涤1~2次,置于纯水中密封存放。将制备好的凝胶珠于80 ℃水浴加热20 min至蛋白质变性,凝胶珠外观呈白色不透明状,得到海藻酸钠-蛋清凝胶珠(SA-A)。同样方法,以不含蛋清的纯海藻酸钠凝胶珠(SA)为对照。将凝胶珠于−80 ℃、10 Pa条件下冷冻干燥24 h,获得干燥凝胶珠。
准确称取15.0 g SA-A凝胶珠与1%(w/v)硫酸铁溶液混合,置于摇床中以150 r/min振荡60 min后将凝胶珠捞出,得到海藻酸钠-蛋清-铁凝胶珠(SA-A-Fe),保留剩余硫酸铁溶液用于凝胶珠装载量和装载率测定。
根据邻菲罗啉比色法对残余硫酸铁溶液中铁含量进行测定[19]。
用(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O配制浓度分别为0%(w/v)、0.25%(w/v)、0.50%(w/v)、0.75%(w/v)、1.00%(w/v)、1.25%(w/v)、1.50%(w/v)的Fe2+溶液,稀释100倍后冷藏备用。
分别取1 mL Fe2+稀释溶液,加入4 mL 0.2%(w/v)抗坏血酸溶液和4 mL 0.1%(w/v)邻菲罗啉溶液,摇匀避光静置20 min,于510 nm测溶液的吸光度值,以蒸馏水加试剂溶液为空白,抗坏血酸和邻菲罗啉溶液均现配现用并全程避光保存。以Fe2+浓度为横坐标,吸光度值为纵坐标作标准曲线。得硫酸亚铁铵标准曲线回归方程为y=0.0618x−0.0136,R2=0.9993。
凝胶珠载铁量和载铁率的测定:取待测溶液稀释100倍,取稀释后待测溶液1 mL,加入4 mL 0.2%(w/v)抗坏血酸溶液,4 mL 0.1%(w/v)邻菲罗啉溶液,混匀静置20 min,在510 nm测溶液的吸光度值。使用以下公式计算铁装载量和装载率[20]。
装载量计算公式:
$ \rm A=\frac{\left({a-b}\right)\times{V}}{{m}} $
装载率计算公式:
$ \rm B=\frac{{a-b}}{{a}}\times{100} $
式中:a表示载铁前硫酸铁溶液中Fe3+浓度,mg/mL;b表示剩余硫酸铁溶液中Fe3+浓度,mg/mL;m表示鲜凝胶珠用量,g;V表示溶液体积,mL;A表示鲜凝胶珠装载量,mg/g;B表示鲜凝胶珠装载率,%。
准确称取15 g的凝胶珠,分别添加到浓度为0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%、5.0%(w/v)的硫酸铁溶液中于25 ℃、150 r/min下振荡60 min。吸附平衡后,参照1.2.3的方法测定凝胶珠载铁量和载铁率。以相同操作步骤,配制浓度为1.0%(w/v)的硫酸铁溶液,分别探究振荡时间(30、60、90、120、150、180 min)和凝胶珠用量(5、10、15、20、30、40、50、60 g)对凝胶珠载铁的影响。实验重复三次。
用数码相机对凝胶珠样品进行拍摄,观察冷冻干燥前后SA-A和SA-A-Fe的宏观形态。
利用扫描电子显微镜观察干燥后凝胶珠的表面和剖面形貌。取干燥凝胶珠样品固定在粘板上做喷金处理,在5.0 kV电压下放大观察样品结构[21]。
使用配有直径40 mm、无倾斜角平板的流变仪在0.1~100 rad/s的范围内进行频率扫描,固定应变为0.1%,样品测定的间隙均为1 mm[22]。
采用X-射线衍射仪对干燥凝胶珠样品进行分析[23]。扫描速度为4(°)/min,扫描角度(2θ)的扫描范围为5°~80°。
通过红外光谱仪对干燥凝胶珠样品进行分析[24]。样品研磨后平铺于样品槽,室温下扫描范围4000~500 cm−1,分辨率为4 cm−1,扫描次数64次。
采用热重分析仪对干燥凝胶珠样品进行热重分析[25]。在20 mL/min的氮气流速、10 ℃/min的升温速率条件下,温度从30 ℃到600 ℃对样品进行程序升温测试。
在动力学实验中,Fe3+初始浓度为1%(w/v),凝胶珠的用量为15 g,在0~180 min内连续测定Fe3+浓度随时间的变化。采用Lagergren模型的拟一阶、拟二阶动力学模型进行拟合与分析[26]。
拟一阶动力学模型计算公式:
$\rm {{q}}_{{t}}={{q}}_{{e}}\left({1-}{{e}}^{-{{{k}}_{{1}}}{t}}\right) $
拟二阶动力学模型计算公式:
$ \rm {{q}}_{{t}}=\left({{k}}_{{2}}{q}_{{e}}^{{2}}{t}\right){/}\left({1+}{{k}}_{{2}}{{q}}_{{e}}{t}\right) $
式中:$ {\mathrm{q}}_{\text{t}} $为时间t(min)时的装载量,mg/g;$ {\mathrm{q}}_{\text{e}} $为平衡时的装载量,mg/g;$ {\mathrm{k}}_{\text{1}} $为拟一阶反应速率常数,min−1;$ {\mathrm{k}}_{\text{2}} $为拟二阶反应速率常数,g·(mg·min)−1。
在动力学实验中,Fe3+初始浓度为1%(w/v),凝胶珠的用量为15 g,在0~180 min内连续测定Fe3+浓度随时间的变化。采用颗粒内扩散模型来分析装载过程中Fe3+在凝胶珠内部扩散对装载速率的影响。颗粒内扩散模型计算公式[26]:
$ \rm {{q}}_{{t}}={{K}}_{{i}}\times{{t}}^{{0.5}}+{{A}}_{{i}} $
式中:$ {\mathrm{q}}_{\text{t}} $为时间t(min)时的装载量,mg/g;$ {\mathrm{K}}_{\text{i}} $为速率常数,mg/(g·min0.5);$ {\mathrm{A}}_{\text{i}} $为边界层特征常数,mg/g。
通过吸附等温线模型可以更好地探索吸附剂和吸附物之间的相互作用。在等温实验中,Fe3+初始浓度为0.5%~5%(w/v),凝胶珠的用量为15 g,时间60 min。采用Freundlich和Langmuir模型对海藻酸钠-蛋清凝胶珠装载Fe3+的过程进行拟合分析,其计算公式分别为[27]:
$ {\text{Q}}_{\text{e}}\text={\text{K}}_{\text{F}}\text{C}_{\text{e}}^{{\text{1}}/{\text{n}}} $
$ {\text{Q}}_{\text{e}}\text=\frac{{\text{K}}_{\text{L}}{\text{q}}_{\max }{\text{C}}_{\text{e}}}{\text{1+}{\text{K}}_{\text{L}}{\text{C}}_{\text{e}}} $
式中:$ {\text{Q}}_{\text{e}} $表示硫酸铁溶液浓度为$ {\text{C}}_{\text{e}} $(%(w/v))时的装载量,mg/g;$ {\mathrm{K}}_{\text{F}} $表示Freundlich模型常数,L/mg;n表示与装载过程的强度有关的指数;$ {\mathrm{K}}_{\text{L}} $表示Langmuir模型的吸附常数,L/mg;$ {\text{q}}_{\max } $表示饱和吸附量,mg/g。
根据1.2.2的方法,结合1.2.4探究得到的SA-A-Fe凝胶珠最优载铁参数,制备SA-A-Fe凝胶珠用于Fe3+体外释放实验探究。
将2.0 g SA-A-Fe凝胶珠与100 mL人工胃液混合,在37 ℃下振荡孵育2 h,在第30、60、90、120 min评估凝胶珠中Fe3+的释放情况[28–29]。具体操作如下,每个时间点从胃液中取0.5 mL消化液,用4.5 mL蒸馏水稀释10倍,按照1.2.3的方法测定消化液中含铁量。
人工胃液孵育2 h后加入100 mL人工小肠液,用2.0 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液将消化液中和至pH7.2,继续在37 ℃下进行消化,在第30、60、90、120、150、180、210、240 min探究Fe3+从SA-A-Fe中的释放情况。具体操作如下:每个时间点取1.0 mL消化液,直接加入4 mL 0.2%(w/v)抗坏血酸溶液和4 mL 0.1%(w/v)邻菲罗啉溶液,参照1.2.3的方法测定消化液中含铁量。SA-A-Fe凝胶珠的铁释放率计算如下:
$ \rm 铁释放率({\text{%}})=\dfrac{{消化液中含铁量(mg/g)}}{\text{SA-A-Fe凝胶珠中铁装载量(mg/g)}}\times{100} $
实验数据以平均值±标准差表示,所有实验重复三次。采用Microsoft Excel 2010对实验数据进行处理,SPSS 25软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),P<0.05视为差异具有统计学意义。采用Origin 2018软件作图。
载铁凝胶珠主要用于改善缺铁性贫血,单位质量凝胶珠的铁装载量直接影响了其改善效果,因此需要探究各因素对凝胶珠铁装载量的影响,为避免造成硫酸铁溶液浪费,应同时考察铁装载率。如图1a所示,硫酸铁浓度在0.5%~2%(w/v)时,凝胶珠的铁装载量由3.06±0.10 mg/g增至18.63±0.12 mg/g,对应装载率从24.05%±0.75%提高至32.84%±0.43%。凝胶珠对Fe3+的装载量呈现显著上升趋势(P<0.05),推测原因为当硫酸铁溶液浓度较低时,Fe3+会迅速附着在凝胶珠表面,随着硫酸铁溶液浓度的增加,Fe3+逐渐向凝胶网络内部扩散,从而提升整体负载能力[30]。当硫酸铁浓度为2%(w/v)时,此时装载量较大为18.63±0.12 mg/g。当硫酸铁溶液浓度大于2%时,装载量仍上升,但装载率呈下降趋势,这一现象可能是由于高浓度Fe3+在凝胶珠表面迅速交联形成一层致密且机械强度较高的胶体膜,阻碍了Fe3+进一步向凝胶内部扩散,从而限制了整体装载效率[31]。因此综合考虑装载量与装载率的变化趋势,确定硫酸铁溶液浓度最佳为2%(w/v)。
为了确定海藻酸钠-蛋清凝胶珠装载Fe3+的平衡时间,考察30~180 min内装载时间对Fe3+装载的影响(图1b)。结果表明,装载量与装载率随时间的变化趋势高度一致,整体过程可分为三个阶段:0~30 min第一阶段、30~60 min第二阶段和60~180 min第三阶段。首先,初始30 min内Fe3+的装载快速增加,凝胶珠装载量为6.63±0.20 mg/g,约占最终装载量的84.03%,此时装载率为24.41%±0.75%;其次,30~60 min时Fe3+的装载变得缓慢,直到60 min后达到平衡,装载量基本保持在7.8±0.06 mg/g,装载率为28.8%±0.2%,60~180 min期间装载量仅增加了0.14 mg/g。该现象归因于初期Fe3+主要通过表面快速吸附实现高效负载;随着时间推移,表面位点被占据,离子需克服扩散阻力进入凝胶内部,导致负载速率下降,最终趋于动态平衡[32]。综合考虑负载效率与时间成本,确定60 min为Fe3+的最佳负载时间(装载量为7.75±0.19 mg/g),在此条件下凝胶珠可实现较高的装载量与装载率。
凝胶珠用量对铁装载量和装载率的影响见图1c。随着凝胶珠用量的增加,装载率逐渐升高直至平稳,而装载量从2.93±0.37 mg/g增加至7.50±0.18 mg/g后又下降到3.14±0.03 mg/g,当凝胶珠用量为15 g时装载量达到最大,凝胶珠用量继续增加,装载量开始下降,这说明在Fe3+初始浓度恒定的条件下,增加凝胶珠用量意味着体系中总结合位点数量增多,从而提高了Fe3+的装载率;但由于单位质量凝胶珠所分配到的Fe3+减少,导致其单位装载量下降[33]。凝胶珠用量的临界点为15 g,凝胶珠用量增加时装载率增大但装载量降低,过量的凝胶珠引入了大量未被Fe3+占据的结合位点,不仅降低了材料利用率,还增加了制备成本,因此确定凝胶珠最佳用量为15 g。
图2为凝胶珠的宏观形态图。未加热处理的SA-A凝胶珠颗粒呈现圆润的半透明状,具有典型的水凝胶外观。经加热处理,蛋清变性使凝胶珠呈现熟蛋清的白色,表明蛋白质网络结构已成功构建。装载铁的凝胶珠呈现Fe3+的锈红色,证实Fe3+吸附于凝胶珠。经冻干处理制备得到SA-A凝胶珠和SA-A-Fe凝胶珠颗粒,冻干后的SA-A凝胶珠外观呈现不透明白色,SA-A-Fe凝胶珠外观呈橘黄色,颜色变化进一步佐证了铁离子的存在。与未冻干的凝胶珠相比,冻干过程中水分的去除导致凝胶珠发生不同程度的体积收缩和表面皱缩,这是多孔干燥凝胶材料的典型特征,也反映了其三维网络结构在脱水后的塌陷行为[34]。
图3为各凝胶珠的表面形貌和内部横截面结构。在较低放大倍数下,所有凝胶珠均呈现球形,表明经Ca2+交联的海藻酸钠-蛋清成功形成了结构完整的珠体,凝胶珠表面有一定程度的萎缩和褶皱,可能是冷冻干燥过程中水分流失导致的结构塌陷。在较高放大倍数下(500倍),SA和SA-A的表面有明显的“脉络”状结构,这是多糖链中Ca2+与羧酸基团之间离子交联的特征[35]。蛋清的加入会减少凝胶珠表面褶皱和突起,表明蛋清已成功融入海藻酸钠网络中并均匀分散,提高了凝胶珠表面的光滑度。内部横截面结构的研究显示,SA和SA-A凝胶珠均具有不规则空腔的层状结构,可能是冷冻干燥过程中的结构收缩和变形[36]。含蛋清的凝胶珠的孔状结构更均匀,其孔隙较小且紧密排列,表明海藻酸钠、蛋清和Ca2+之间的交联作用增强,体现了蛋清对海藻酸钠结构的修饰作用,形成了致密的凝胶网络。发达的多孔结构也与凝胶系统的水合行为相关。内部空腔改善了海藻酸钠基质中水的渗透和保持能力,从而有助于增强持水性能[37]。与SA凝胶珠和SA-A凝胶珠相比,虽然SA-A-Fe凝胶珠的剖面有裂纹和气孔,但其剖面结构明显更均一致密,推测原因为海藻酸钠中未被Ca2+交联的部分羧基能够与Fe3+发生交联反应,增强了凝胶珠内部结构的刚性,从而形成了更致密的凝胶体系[38]。
凝胶珠的储能模量(G′)和损耗模量(G″)如图4a所示。G'是在正弦剪切变形期间每个循环回收的能量的尺度,而G″是在每个循环期间对热耗散能量的估计[39]。结果表明,随着角频率的增加,储能模量(G′)呈现先增加后趋于平稳的趋势,这表明凝胶珠在低频时表现出较强的弹性,随着频率增加,弹性逐渐增加并趋于稳定;损耗模量(G″)随着角频率增加呈现先下降后平稳的趋势,表明凝胶珠在低频时呈现较高的粘性,随着频率增加,粘性逐渐减弱最终趋于稳定。此外,G′始终高于G″,表明该凝胶体系呈弱凝胶形态,以弹性为主导[40],说明该凝胶珠有固态弹性行为[41]和良好稳定性。SA凝胶珠表现出最低的G′和G″值,其凝胶网络相对较弱,原因是SA凝胶体系仅依赖海藻酸钠分子与钙离子产生交联,导致其网络密度较低且结构较弱[42]。加入蛋清后提高了G′和G″,反映出结构刚性和粘弹性性能的改善,形成了更致密有序的凝胶基质。SEM的剖面结构也证实了此推论,共同表明复合凝胶珠相比纯海藻酸钠基凝胶系统具有更优异的结构性能。载铁凝胶珠的G′和G″值明显高于其他两凝胶珠,这可能是由于Fe3+的加入进一步促进了海藻酸钠凝胶化、降低了蛋白质分子之间的静电斥力[22],形成了更致密的凝胶体系。
图4b显示了δ值随频率扫描的变化,tanδ的定义是G″与G′的比值,反映了表观粘度和弹性的相对贡献[43]。tanδ值用于定义材料是固体还是液体[44],如果δ=90°,说明材料具有真正的液态性质;而如果δ=0°,说明材料具有真正的固态性质;如果δ值介于0°~90°之间,则说明材料是粘弹性的。本文的δ值集中在0°~90°之间,说明本文制备的SA-A凝胶珠和SA-A-Fe凝胶珠均具有粘弹性。SA-A-Fe凝胶珠的G′值最大、δ值最小,说明该凝胶珠的粘弹性最好、稳定性更强。
图5可见凝胶珠均有两个宽衍射峰,表明海藻酸钠基凝胶珠为非晶体结构[45]。SA凝胶珠在8.74°处有一个强衍射峰,而SA-A凝胶珠的第一个衍射峰在8.64°处,加入蛋清之后,凝胶珠的衍射峰发生了偏移,说明蛋清与海藻酸钠形成了弱氢键[46]。SA凝胶珠(21.64°处)和SA-A凝胶珠(19.11°处)的第二个衍射峰出现在不同的位置,可能是蛋清中蛋白质(主要是卵清蛋白)与海藻酸钠中的羧基(-COOH)形成了氢键。同时SA-A-Fe凝胶珠的两个衍射峰(6.72°和18.4°处)也发生了偏移,说明Fe3+与海藻酸钠交联也形成了氢键[47],这些氢键的形成可能会改变复合材料的晶格结构,从而导致衍射峰的偏移,这表明海藻酸钠与蛋清的结合、与金属离子的交联不仅影响了海藻酸钠的晶体结构,还影响了海藻酸钠的无定形结构[48]。通常情况下,衍射峰的强度反映了晶体内部结晶结构的尺寸,晶体尺寸越小,峰强度越低。蛋清的加入、海藻酸钠与金属离子交联均可增大凝胶珠的晶体尺寸,说明海藻酸钠可能与卵清蛋白重排形成了更大的颗粒[49]。SA凝胶珠和SA-A凝胶珠均趋向于非晶体结构[50],表明SA-A凝胶珠可有效包封递送成分。
凝胶珠的红外光谱分析结果见图6。海藻酸钠粉和SA凝胶珠在3230 cm−1处出现了吸收峰,这个吸收峰为亲水性的O-H拉伸振动产生的特征峰[51],而冻干蛋清粉、SA-A凝胶珠和SA-A-Fe凝胶珠的吸收峰均在3280 cm−1处,与SA凝胶珠相比,SA-A凝胶珠和SA-A-Fe凝胶珠的O-H特征峰发生偏移,表明海藻酸钠与蛋清之间有氢键形成[52]。五种样品均在2930 cm−1处出现吸收峰,是因为疏水基团-CH2的-C-H不对称拉伸振动产生了特征峰,在1410 cm−1处的特征峰代表了-COO−对称拉伸振动[53]。蛋清粉和含蛋清凝胶珠(SA-A、SA-A-Fe)在1630 cm−1和1510 cm−1处的特征峰分别代表了酰胺Ⅰ带的-C=O伸缩振动、酰胺Ⅱ带中-N-H的弯曲振动和-C-N的伸缩振动,这些是蛋白质的主要特征吸收峰[54]。海藻酸钠粉末在1020 cm−1处、三种凝胶珠在1040 cm−1处的特征吸收峰代表了-C-O-C和-C-O基团的伸缩振动,是海藻酸钠的特征吸收峰[55],也是碳水化合物骨架的典型结构,海藻酸钠在与Ca2+交联形成凝胶珠后特征峰发生偏移,证明海藻酸钠和Ca2+之间产生了静电相互作用[56]。海藻酸钠粉末在1590 cm−1处的特征峰、SA凝胶珠在1570 cm−1处的特征峰代表了-COO−的不对称伸缩振动[57]。加入蛋清之后,此特征吸收峰消失,说明海藻酸钠与蛋清混合之后,部分海藻酸钠基团被蛋清包埋并产生相互作用。此外,通过与SA凝胶珠和SA-A凝胶珠比较,在SA-A-Fe凝胶珠中没有发现新的特征峰,表明铁离子的引入并未引起海藻酸钠和蛋清结构的修饰和改变,意味着凝胶珠的海藻酸钠和蛋清主体结构在消化过程中具有易降解性[58]。
凝胶珠的失重(TG)和失重速率(DTG)曲线如图7a、图7b所示。由TG曲线图可知,蛋清粉、SA-A凝胶珠、SA-A-Fe凝胶珠的热重曲线均表现为两次失重阶段,相比之下,SA凝胶珠的失重略微复杂。除SA-A-Fe凝胶珠外,其余三种样品第一次失重都发生在30~200 ℃之间,可能是由于凝胶珠中物理吸附水的蒸发以及结合水或凝胶网络中的水分子释放[51],这三种样品的失重率依次为蛋清粉(6.2%)、SA-A凝胶珠(9.2%)和SA凝胶珠(14.6%),在第1失重阶段蛋清粉的重量损失最少,进而使SA-A凝胶珠的热稳定性优于SA凝胶珠。200 ℃后,蛋清粉和SA-A凝胶珠发生了第二次失重,此次质量损失可能是蛋白质在加热过程中变性和分解,导致样品显著失重,在此阶段,蛋清粉有64.3%的失重,SA-A凝胶珠约有59.6%的失重,表明加入海藻酸钠也可以改善蛋清粉的热稳定性。结合图7b可以看出,SA-A-Fe凝胶珠发生第一次显著失重的温度可达300 ℃,失重率为30%;440 ℃时SA-A-Fe凝胶珠发生第二次重量损失,此阶段约有33.5%的失重,SA-A-Fe凝胶珠产生重量损失的温度范围提高,表明海藻酸钠与Fe3+交联使凝胶珠的热稳定性进一步增强。SA凝胶珠在200~600 ℃之间有两次明显失重,重量损失约为47.4%,这两次失重主要与海藻酸钠网络结构降解有关[51]。SA-A凝胶珠失重阶段比SA凝胶珠少,一方面原因可能是蛋清中的蛋白质与海藻酸钠形成了氢键,导致复合材料的结构更加稳定,减少了凝胶珠分解阶段,另一方面可能是因为复合凝胶珠中蛋清占比更多,导致复合凝胶珠的热降解曲线更接近于蛋清的两步分解曲线[59]。此外,从图7a中可以看出,SA-A-Fe凝胶珠的热稳定性优于SA-A凝胶珠,证明Fe3+对凝胶珠的热稳定性也有积极影响。
分别采用拟一阶动力学模型、拟二阶动力学模型对实验数据进行拟合。吸附动力学模型拟合趋势线见图8,拟合结果见表1。由2.1.2可知,凝胶珠的装载量趋于平稳时约为7.75 mg/g,即qe=7.75。拟二阶动力学方程的决定系数(R2=0.9993)高于拟一阶动力学方程的决定系数(R2=0.2611),由拟二阶动力学方程得到Fe3+的平衡时的装载量为7.58 mg/g,与实验结果(qe)7.75 mg/g的差距更小,因此SA-A凝胶珠对Fe3+的装载行为更符合拟二阶动力学模型。以上表明,SA-A凝胶珠对Fe3+的装载以化学吸附作用为主[26],即Fe3+与SA-A凝胶珠之间可能通过电子共用作用或离子交换作用形成化学键[60]。为了深入了解影响吸附动力学的机制和速率控制步骤,采用了颗粒内扩散模型来进一步探究吸附过程。
颗粒内扩散模型的拟合结果如图9和表2所示。通常吸附剂的吸附过程需要经历多个步骤才能完成,因此拟合曲线呈非线性[61]。吸附过程主要分为三个阶段:(Ⅰ)t0.5为0~5.48时的快速吸附阶段(0~30 min),Fe3+快速吸附在凝胶珠表面;(Ⅱ)t0.5为5.48~7.75时的慢速吸附阶段(30~60 min),Fe3+从表面逐渐向凝胶珠内部渗透;(Ⅲ)t0.5为7.75~13.42时的平衡阶段(60~180 min),与2.1.2中的分析一致。(Ⅰ)阶段的拟合曲线斜率最大,表面吸附更可能是动力学过程中的限速因素,这是因为凝胶珠表面含有大量活性位点,能够有效吸引Fe3+并促使其聚集[62]。(Ⅱ)和(Ⅲ)阶段的拟合曲线斜率较大,表示Fe3+在SA-A材料内部的扩散及其与吸附位点的结合,同时这两个阶段的拟合曲线截距较大,表明整个吸附过程也受到边界层扩散的影响[26]。本实验中拟二阶动力学模型与实验数据拟合度更高,证明吸附过程中发生了化学吸附,内扩散模型证明第(Ⅰ)吸附阶段很可能是Fe3+在凝胶珠吸附动力学中的限速步骤。
吸附等温线能揭示吸附剂的最大吸附容量并探究吸附质与吸附剂之间的相互作用。图10展示了Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温线随硫酸铁溶液初始浓度(0.5%~5%(w/v))的变化关系,拟合参数列于表3。Langmuir等温模型基于吸附发生在吸附剂内部特定均质位点的假设建立,Freundlich等温模型则描述结合位点不均一,吸附过程通过非均质表面进行[63]。Freundlich等温线模型的调整R2(0.9713)高于Langmuir等温线模型(0.9660),从R2值看,Fe3+的等温装载更符合Freundlich模型,表明Fe3+的主要吸附在凝胶珠的非均质表面[64],与SEM中SA-A的表面图像呈现的结果一致。同时Fe3+的等温装载更符合Freundlich模型也证明Fe3+的吸附过程具有多层特性[65]。当硫酸铁浓度为1%(w/v)、SA-A凝胶珠用量为15 g时,对Fe3+的最大装载量为7.135 mg(KF),与本实验结果(qe)(7.75 mg/g)基本一致。此外,吸附系统的特征可通过Freundlich模型的指数n进行表征。当n值处于0~1范围时,表明吸附剂对被吸附物质(Fe3+)的吸附过程具有较强的亲和力和良好的可行性[65]。本研究中Fe3+的n值为0.9854,证实了吸附过程的优越性,凝胶珠与Fe3+之间存在较强的相互作用,吸附效果显著。
经1.2.4凝胶珠载铁影响因素探究分析与优化,选择硫酸铁溶液浓度2%(w/v)、装载时间60 min、凝胶珠用量15 g作为最佳制备条件,最终制备得到SA-A-Fe凝胶珠的Fe3+装载量为22.47±2.18 mg/g,装载率为28.05%±2.49%。
如图11所示,在模拟胃肠液条件下评估了SA-A-Fe凝胶珠中Fe3+的释放情况。在模拟胃液消化阶段,随着消化时间延长,Fe3+的释放趋势平缓,胃阶段结束时Fe3+的累计释放率为18.6%±1.4%。FeSO4和葡萄糖酸亚铁在胃消化初期即大量释放铁离子(释放率分别为93.07%和87.45%),对胃的刺激很大[28],本研究制备的含铁凝胶珠在胃消化过程中的Fe3+释放率比FeSO4和葡萄糖酸亚铁的释放率分别低80%和78.7%,主要是由于SA-A复合材料在胃消化过程中需要经过胃蛋白酶的逐步降解,才能释放出铁离子[58],由此证明SA-A作为壁材通过提供物理屏障对延缓Fe3+在胃液中过早释放起到了一定保护作用,显示出胃消化稳定性。
在模拟肠消化阶段,Fe3+在最初30 min内从SA-A-Fe凝胶珠中释放最快,随后3.5 h释放速率逐渐减缓,消化结束时,SA-A-Fe凝胶珠中Fe3+释放率为52.43%±0.77%。凝胶珠进入肠道后被胰蛋白酶消化分解,凝胶网络结构被破坏,负载的Fe3+被游离出来,进而被肠道吸收[66]。相较于胃消化阶段,Fe3+在模拟肠消化过程中释放显著增加(P<0.05),这反映了SA-A-Fe凝胶珠独特的缓释特性与良好的稳定性。因此,本研究基于海藻酸钠和蛋清制备的载铁凝胶珠,不仅能有效地封装Fe3+,还能在适宜的条件下控制铁离子的释放,是制备口服补铁剂的良好材料。
本研究以海藻酸钠和蛋清为原料制备了一种新型凝胶珠,并对其作为Fe3+载体的潜力进行了评估。通过系统优化硫酸铁浓度2%(w/v)、装载时间60 min和凝胶珠用量15 g,实现了对Fe3+的高效负载,Fe3+装载量和装载率分别为22.47±2.18 mg/g和28.05%±2.49%。凝胶珠宏观形态观察显示,SA-A凝胶珠圆润均匀,凝胶珠颜色变化证明了铁被成功地包埋在SA-A凝胶珠中;扫描电子显微镜结果表明Fe3+与海藻酸钠交联能使凝胶珠内部结构更致密;流变学结果显示SA-A-Fe凝胶珠粘弹性优于SA凝胶珠和SA-A凝胶珠;X-射线衍射和傅里叶变换-红外光谱分析证实海藻酸钠、蛋清与Fe3+之间主要通过氢键等非共价作用结合;热重分析进一步揭示蛋清的引入提升了热稳定性,而Fe3+的负载使其热稳定性进一步增强。吸附动力学研究表明,Fe3+在SA-A凝胶珠上的装载以化学吸附为主,发生在非均质表面并呈现多层吸附特征,表面吸附是Fe3+在凝胶珠吸附动力学中的限速步骤。综上,本研究开发的SA-A-Fe凝胶珠兼具良好的结构稳定性、载铁能力和可控释放潜力,为新型多糖—蛋白基补铁剂及活性物质递送载体的设计提供了理论依据与应用前景。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025120146
  • 接收时间:2025-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-11
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    1山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东省高等学校食品营养与健康重点实验室,山东泰安 271018
    2北京中医药大学中医学院,北京 100029
    3烟台百脉山生物科技有限公司,山东烟台 265200

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郑振佳(1985−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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