Article(id=1320166625026888296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754841600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681850915, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681850915, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681850915, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681850915, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=305, endPage=314, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166625236603497, articleId=1320166625026888296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Eugenol-loaded Whey Protein-Low Methoxyl Pectin Nanoemulsion: Process Optimization, Stability and Antibacterial Activity, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the application limitations of eugenol due to its poor water solubility and volatility, this study developed a novel delivery system based on an ultrasound-assisted whey protein isolate-low methoxyl pectin bilayer nanoemulsion (WPI-LMP BN). Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize key parameters (WPI/LMP concentrations, ultrasound power/time), with mean particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) as critical evaluation indicators. The microscopic morphology and intermolecular interactions of the emulsion were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; its stability under pH, ionic strength, and temperature stress was systematically evaluated; and finally, agar diffusion assays were employed to compare its antibacterial activity with that of free eugenol. The optimal conditions were established as follows: 2.60% WPI, 1.20% LMP, 500 W ultrasound power, and 8 min ultrasound time. Under these conditions, the resulting WPI-LMP BN exhibited a particle size of 318.6 nm, a PDI of 0.227, and an encapsulation efficiency of 76.53%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical and uniformly distributed droplets, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of a WPI-LMP composite interface. Stability studies indicated that the nanoemulsion maintained good physical stability under various environmental stresses, including a broad pH range (3~10), Na+ concentrations up to 250 mmol/L, and temperatures up to 80 ℃. Antibacterial assays showed that the inhibition zone diameters of WPI-LMP BN against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were significantly increased by 43.11% and 41.81%, respectively, compared to free eugenol, demonstrating a substantial enhancement in antimicrobial efficacy. These findings indicate that the ultrasound-assisted WPI-LMP BN possesses excellent stability, effectively encapsulates eugenol, and markedly improves its antibacterial performance, offering a promising approach for developing stable and efficient plant essential oil-based antimicrobial delivery systems.

, authors=Pingcan LI1, Honghong YU1, Xiaoli XIANG2, Shiling LU1, *, authorsList=Pingcan LI, Honghong YU, Xiaoli XIANG, Shiling LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shiling LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166626805273206, articleId=1320166625026888296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=负载丁香酚的乳清蛋白-低酯果胶纳米乳液:工艺优化、稳定性及抗菌活性研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解决丁香酚水溶性差、易挥发的应用局限,本研究构建了一种基于超声辅助乳清分离蛋白-低酯果胶双层纳米乳液(Whey Protein Isolate-Low Methoxyl Pectin Bilayer Nanoemulsion,WPI-LMP BN)的新型递送系统。以平均粒径以及多分散指数(PDI)为关键评价指标,应用Box-Behnken设计优化关键工艺参数(WPI浓度、LMP浓度、超声功率、超声时间)。通过扫描电子显微镜与傅里叶变换红外光谱解析乳液的微观形貌与分子间相互作用;并系统评估了其在pH、离子强度及温度胁迫下的稳定性;最后采用琼脂扩散法比较了其与游离丁香酚的抑菌活性。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为:WPI浓度2.60%、LMP浓度1.20%、超声功率500 W、超声时间8 min。此条件下制备的WPI-LMP BN粒径为318.64 nm,PDI为0.227,包封率达76.53%。扫描电镜显示乳液呈球形且分布均匀,傅里叶变换红外光谱证实成功构建了WPI-LMP复合界面。稳定性研究表明,该乳液在pH3~10、Na+浓度≤250 mmol/L及温度≤80 ℃环境下均能保持良好的物理稳定性。抗菌实验显示,WPI-LMP BN对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径相较于游离丁香酚分别显著增大了43.11%和41.81%,抑菌活性显著增强。结果表明超声辅助构建的WPI-LMP BN具备良好的稳定性,可高效包封丁香酚并增强其抗菌效能,为开发稳定、高效的植物精油抗菌剂提供了新技术路径。

, authors=李坪灿1, 于红红1, 向晓黎2, 卢士玲1, *, authorsList=李坪灿, 于红红, 向晓黎, 卢士玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=卢士玲, authorNote=

李坪灿(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工与安全控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
卢士玲(1976−),女 ,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工与安全控制,E-mail:。
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Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 2020, 48: 18−27., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320167039747080193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167039751274498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, companyId=1320167039747080193, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Lab. of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167039759663107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, companyId=1320167039747080193, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1石河子大学食品学院,肉类加工与质量控制实验室,新疆石河子 832003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320167039809994756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167039818383365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, companyId=1320167039809994756, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167039830966278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, companyId=1320167039809994756, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2新疆农垦科学院分析测试中心,新疆石河子 832000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320167042041364519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of different preparation conditions on particle size and PDI of WPI-LMP BN, figureFileSmall=SM3zNk+Ol11+wfAdQcPk6w==, figureFileBig=DM9sbW4iWhZoeOPuLhcbsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167042125250600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同制备条件对WPI-LMP BN粒径及 PDI的影响

注:不同小写字母表示粒径组间差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示PDI组间差异显著(P<0.05);图中连线仅用于辅助显示PDI的变化趋势,而非表示连续的函数关系;图1a为仅由WPI制备的单层乳液。

, figureFileSmall=SM3zNk+Ol11+wfAdQcPk6w==, figureFileBig=DM9sbW4iWhZoeOPuLhcbsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167042221719593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Response surface and contour plots of WPI-LMP BN particle size and PDI, figureFileSmall=O1qVMPrLQKGucJr8QYoaLg==, figureFileBig=ubXP6NA1LBGFysXaPNSTrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167042301411370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=CN, label=图2, caption=WPI-LMP BN的粒径、PDI的响应面与等高线图

注:a为LMP浓度与超声时间的交互作用对粒径的影响;b为WPI浓度与LMP浓度的交互作用对PDI的影响;c为LMP浓度与超声时间的交互作用对PDI的影响。

, figureFileSmall=O1qVMPrLQKGucJr8QYoaLg==, figureFileBig=ubXP6NA1LBGFysXaPNSTrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167042381103147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Eugenol standard curve and nanoemulsion encapsulation rate, figureFileSmall=Q5DCdElEDEAtLP6Btnwy+g==, figureFileBig=FMuBYl87AsgrJAELVjFpjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167042460794924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=CN, label=图3, caption=丁香酚标准曲线及乳液包封率

注:图中不同大写字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Q5DCdElEDEAtLP6Btnwy+g==, figureFileBig=FMuBYl87AsgrJAELVjFpjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167042523709485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Microscopic morphology and chemical structure characterization of WPI-LMP BN, figureFileSmall=RtEZvFg0jQcWkQlUI8Usnw==, figureFileBig=CRI1er8mGc/eYxX0zA9I8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167042611789870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=CN, label=图4, caption=WPI-LMP BN的微观形貌与化学结构表征

注:a扫描电子显微镜;b傅里叶变换红外光谱结果,其中,A为丁香酚,B为WPI单层乳液,C为WPI-LMP BN,D为WPI纯品。

, figureFileSmall=RtEZvFg0jQcWkQlUI8Usnw==, figureFileBig=CRI1er8mGc/eYxX0zA9I8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167042695675951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes of particle size and PDI of WPI monolayer lotion and WPI-LMP BN under different conditions, figureFileSmall=8HdsrwIzX4yglq6qfeAUhg==, figureFileBig=DsisGaspXBt3pPZWKwsJ8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167042846670896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同条件下WPI单层乳液和WPI-LMP BN粒径、PDI的变化

注:图中不同大写字母表示单层乳液间差异显著,不同小写字母表示WPI-LMP BN间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=8HdsrwIzX4yglq6qfeAUhg==, figureFileBig=DsisGaspXBt3pPZWKwsJ8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167042938945585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Inhibition zones ofWPI-LMP BN and eugenol on the tested bacteria, figureFileSmall=qrjWcg7f5iNByUS9pi57tg==, figureFileBig=u+LX5gvNBrDc7D2mdzqrJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167043022831666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=CN, label=图6, caption=WPI-LMP BN和丁香酚对供试菌的抑制圈, figureFileSmall=qrjWcg7f5iNByUS9pi57tg==, figureFileBig=u+LX5gvNBrDc7D2mdzqrJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167043110912051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Response surface experimental design factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A:WPI(%)2.557.5
B:LMP(%)11.52
C:功率(W)450500550
D:时间(min)6810
), ArticleFig(id=1320167043194798132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验设计因素和水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A:WPI(%)2.557.5
B:LMP(%)11.52
C:功率(W)450500550
D:时间(min)6810
), ArticleFig(id=1320167043266101301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Box-Behnken experimental design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A:WPIB:LMPC:功率D:时间粒径(nm)PDI
100−11369.450.347
21100384.250.381
30110355.450.342
400−1−1382.50.389
5−1001315.550.265
6−10103380.304
71001354.850.369
8−1100342.60.318
90−1−10357.050.365
10−100−1331.550.269
11−1−100314.30.235
120000319.10.236
130−110335.90.291
141010357.350.375
150011350.40.331
16−10−10337.20.303
170000327.80.238
180000321.90.224
191−100361.20.366
200000325.20.233
21010−1365.70.342
220−101322.150.298
230−10−1358.350.348
240101367.950.378
25100−1382.30.389
260000321.40.228
2710−10379.850.408
2801−10372.650.381
29001−1363.550.3427
), ArticleFig(id=1320167043354181686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Box-Behnken试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A:WPIB:LMPC:功率D:时间粒径(nm)PDI
100−11369.450.347
21100384.250.381
30110355.450.342
400−1−1382.50.389
5−1001315.550.265
6−10103380.304
71001354.850.369
8−1100342.60.318
90−1−10357.050.365
10−100−1331.550.269
11−1−100314.30.235
120000319.10.236
130−110335.90.291
141010357.350.375
150011350.40.331
16−10−10337.20.303
170000327.80.238
180000321.90.224
191−100361.20.366
200000325.20.233
21010−1365.70.342
220−101322.150.298
230−10−1358.350.348
240101367.950.378
25100−1382.30.389
260000321.40.228
2710−10379.850.408
2801−10372.650.381
29001−1363.550.3427
), ArticleFig(id=1320167043425484855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Variance analysis of regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源Y1粒径Y2 PDI
均值F值P值显著性均值F值P值显著性
模型954.8623.9<0.0001**0.006645.18<0.0001**
A-WPI4824.03120.73<0.0001**0.0295200.87<0.0001**
B-LMP1625.1840.67<0.0001**0.004832.43<0.0001**
C-功率801.1520.050.0005**0.003624.490.0002**
D-时间894.4122.380.0003**0.00074.840.0452*
AB6.890.17240.68420.00127.920.0138*
AC135.723.40.08660.00031.970.1823
AD32.780.82020.38040.00010.4470.5146
BC3.90.09760.75930.000320.1788
BD369.69.250.0088**0.001812.340.0035**
CD0.00250.00010.99380.00021.620.2244
A2544.7513.630.0024**0.012182.21<0.0001**
B21268.2531.74<0.0001**0.0168114.41<0.0001**
C23056.6576.5<0.0001**0.0295201.31<0.0001**
D21947.3348.73<0.0001**0.0188128<0.0001**
失拟项51.264.380.08380.00025.750.0533
决定系数
(R2)
0.95980.9783
校正系数
(Radj2)
0.91970.9567
精密度
(Adeq)
16.446721.3468
), ArticleFig(id=1320167043538731064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源Y1粒径Y2 PDI
均值F值P值显著性均值F值P值显著性
模型954.8623.9<0.0001**0.006645.18<0.0001**
A-WPI4824.03120.73<0.0001**0.0295200.87<0.0001**
B-LMP1625.1840.67<0.0001**0.004832.43<0.0001**
C-功率801.1520.050.0005**0.003624.490.0002**
D-时间894.4122.380.0003**0.00074.840.0452*
AB6.890.17240.68420.00127.920.0138*
AC135.723.40.08660.00031.970.1823
AD32.780.82020.38040.00010.4470.5146
BC3.90.09760.75930.000320.1788
BD369.69.250.0088**0.001812.340.0035**
CD0.00250.00010.99380.00021.620.2244
A2544.7513.630.0024**0.012182.21<0.0001**
B21268.2531.74<0.0001**0.0168114.41<0.0001**
C23056.6576.5<0.0001**0.0295201.31<0.0001**
D21947.3348.73<0.0001**0.0188128<0.0001**
失拟项51.264.380.08380.00025.750.0533
决定系数
(R2)
0.95980.9783
校正系数
(Radj2)
0.91970.9567
精密度
(Adeq)
16.446721.3468
), ArticleFig(id=1320167043626811449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Inhibition zone diameter of WPI-LMP BN and eugenol on the tested bacteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抑菌剂类型抑制圈直径(mm)
金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌
丁香酚11.04±0.48b12.15±0.22b
WPI-LMP BN15.80±0.32a17.23±0.16a
), ArticleFig(id=1320167043689726010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166625026888296, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

WPI-LMP BN和丁香酚对供试菌的抑制圈直径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抑菌剂类型抑制圈直径(mm)
金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌
丁香酚11.04±0.48b12.15±0.22b
WPI-LMP BN15.80±0.32a17.23±0.16a
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负载丁香酚的乳清蛋白-低酯果胶纳米乳液:工艺优化、稳定性及抗菌活性研究
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李坪灿 1 , 于红红 1 , 向晓黎 2 , 卢士玲 1, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(11): 305-314
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (11) : 305 -314
负载丁香酚的乳清蛋白-低酯果胶纳米乳液:工艺优化、稳定性及抗菌活性研究
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李坪灿1 , 于红红1, 向晓黎2, 卢士玲1, *
作者信息
  • 1石河子大学食品学院,肉类加工与质量控制实验室,新疆石河子 832003
  • 2新疆农垦科学院分析测试中心,新疆石河子 832000
通讯作者:
卢士玲(1976−),女 ,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工与安全控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李坪灿(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工与安全控制,E-mail:

Eugenol-loaded Whey Protein-Low Methoxyl Pectin Nanoemulsion: Process Optimization, Stability and Antibacterial Activity
Pingcan LI1 , Honghong YU1, Xiaoli XIANG2, Shiling LU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Lab. of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
  • 2Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080040
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为了解决丁香酚水溶性差、易挥发的应用局限,本研究构建了一种基于超声辅助乳清分离蛋白-低酯果胶双层纳米乳液(Whey Protein Isolate-Low Methoxyl Pectin Bilayer Nanoemulsion,WPI-LMP BN)的新型递送系统。以平均粒径以及多分散指数(PDI)为关键评价指标,应用Box-Behnken设计优化关键工艺参数(WPI浓度、LMP浓度、超声功率、超声时间)。通过扫描电子显微镜与傅里叶变换红外光谱解析乳液的微观形貌与分子间相互作用;并系统评估了其在pH、离子强度及温度胁迫下的稳定性;最后采用琼脂扩散法比较了其与游离丁香酚的抑菌活性。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为:WPI浓度2.60%、LMP浓度1.20%、超声功率500 W、超声时间8 min。此条件下制备的WPI-LMP BN粒径为318.64 nm,PDI为0.227,包封率达76.53%。扫描电镜显示乳液呈球形且分布均匀,傅里叶变换红外光谱证实成功构建了WPI-LMP复合界面。稳定性研究表明,该乳液在pH3~10、Na+浓度≤250 mmol/L及温度≤80 ℃环境下均能保持良好的物理稳定性。抗菌实验显示,WPI-LMP BN对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径相较于游离丁香酚分别显著增大了43.11%和41.81%,抑菌活性显著增强。结果表明超声辅助构建的WPI-LMP BN具备良好的稳定性,可高效包封丁香酚并增强其抗菌效能,为开发稳定、高效的植物精油抗菌剂提供了新技术路径。

丁香酚  /  超声  /  蛋白-多糖体系  /  纳米乳液  /  响应面法  /  抗菌

To address the application limitations of eugenol due to its poor water solubility and volatility, this study developed a novel delivery system based on an ultrasound-assisted whey protein isolate-low methoxyl pectin bilayer nanoemulsion (WPI-LMP BN). Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize key parameters (WPI/LMP concentrations, ultrasound power/time), with mean particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) as critical evaluation indicators. The microscopic morphology and intermolecular interactions of the emulsion were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; its stability under pH, ionic strength, and temperature stress was systematically evaluated; and finally, agar diffusion assays were employed to compare its antibacterial activity with that of free eugenol. The optimal conditions were established as follows: 2.60% WPI, 1.20% LMP, 500 W ultrasound power, and 8 min ultrasound time. Under these conditions, the resulting WPI-LMP BN exhibited a particle size of 318.6 nm, a PDI of 0.227, and an encapsulation efficiency of 76.53%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical and uniformly distributed droplets, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of a WPI-LMP composite interface. Stability studies indicated that the nanoemulsion maintained good physical stability under various environmental stresses, including a broad pH range (3~10), Na+ concentrations up to 250 mmol/L, and temperatures up to 80 ℃. Antibacterial assays showed that the inhibition zone diameters of WPI-LMP BN against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were significantly increased by 43.11% and 41.81%, respectively, compared to free eugenol, demonstrating a substantial enhancement in antimicrobial efficacy. These findings indicate that the ultrasound-assisted WPI-LMP BN possesses excellent stability, effectively encapsulates eugenol, and markedly improves its antibacterial performance, offering a promising approach for developing stable and efficient plant essential oil-based antimicrobial delivery systems.

eugenol  /  ultrasound  /  protein-polysaccharide system  /  nanoemulsion  /  response surface methodology (RSM)  /  antibacterial
李坪灿, 于红红, 向晓黎, 卢士玲. 负载丁香酚的乳清蛋白-低酯果胶纳米乳液:工艺优化、稳定性及抗菌活性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 305 -314 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080040
Pingcan LI, Honghong YU, Xiaoli XIANG, Shiling LU. Eugenol-loaded Whey Protein-Low Methoxyl Pectin Nanoemulsion: Process Optimization, Stability and Antibacterial Activity[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 305 -314 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080040
食品微生物污染是全球面临的重大健康挑战。当前广泛使用的化学防腐剂不仅可能诱导病原微生物产生多重耐药性,其潜在的毒理学风险也严重削弱了消费者对食品安全体系的信任[1−2]。植物精油因其广谱抑菌活性被视为天然抗菌剂的理想选择。其中,丁香酚已被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)列为“公认安全物质”(GRAS),可通过破坏病原体细胞膜结构、诱导胞内物质泄漏发挥强效抗菌作用[3−5]。然而,高挥发性、低水溶性及强烈气味严重制约了其在食品基质中的实际应用[6−7]。
纳米乳化技术是改善疏水性活性成分稳定性与生物利用度的有效策略 [8]。研究表明,将精油封装为纳米乳液,不仅可有效掩盖其不良气味、降低挥发性,还能有效增强其与微生物细胞膜的相互作用,进而提升抗菌效能[9]。乳清分离蛋白(Whey Protein Isolate,WPI)是一种高效天然乳化剂,但其单独稳定的单层纳米乳液易受环境应力影响而发生聚集或分层[10−11]。相较于单层结构,多层纳米乳液通过在油滴表面构筑多重界面膜,能够更有效地防止其氧化和分解[12]。研究发现,将WPI与低酯果胶(Low Methoxyl Pectin,LMP)复配,可通过形成双层界面结构显著改善乳液的稳定性[13−14]。超声辅助法利用空化效应产生高强度剪切力,液体介质中气泡的快速形成、膨胀与内爆坍塌,引发局部高压冲击波,致使液滴高效崩解,因此获得的乳液相较于传统方法具有更小的液滴尺寸、更低的多分散性和更高的动力学稳定性[15−17]。该方法能瞬时产生局部高压,有效避免长时间热负荷对活性成分的破坏;同时,相较于高压均质,其还具有操作简便、能耗低和易于放大的优势。
尽管丁香酚纳米乳液的抗菌潜力已被初步证实,但针对超声辅助建立WPI-LMP双层载体体系的工艺缺乏系统优化,且WPI-LMP界面与多重环境应力下的稳定性仍有待深入探讨。因此,本研究采用超声辅助构建WPI-LMP BN,旨在采用Box-Behnken响应面设计系统优化关键工艺参数(WPI浓度、LMP浓度、超声功率与时间),以获得具有最小粒径、低多分散性的稳定纳米乳液体系。通过SEM与FT-IR 解析乳液微观形貌及分子相互作用机制,并综合评估WPI-LMP BN在多种环境应力(pH、离子强度、温度)下的稳定性及其对典型食源性病原菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌)的抑菌效能。预期结果将为开发高效、稳定的丁香酚递送系统提供重要的理论依据,并为天然源食品保鲜剂的开发提供技术支撑。
大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus) 石河子大学食品学院畜产品加工与安全控制中心提供;WPI(纯度:93.1%) 恒天然商贸(上海)有限公司;LMP(纯度:99%) 新疆阜丰生物科技有限公司;丁香酚(纯度:99%)、无水乙醇、正己烷 天津福晨化学试剂厂;脑心浸出液肉汤(BHI) 青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司。
DF-101S集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司;JY92-IIDN超声波细胞粉碎机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;ZS90纳米粒度电位分析仪 英国Malvern公司;Nicolet IS10傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,FT-IR)仪 美国赛默飞世尔公司;HPZ30型场发射扫描电子显微镜(含SU8010台式电脑) 日本日立公司。
参考Wei等[18]的方法并适当改进。准确称取WPI溶于去离子水,于25 ℃条件下以1000 r/min转速磁力搅拌30 min使其充分溶解。随后加入丁香酚,经高速剪切机处理(12000 r/min,3 min),形成单层纳米乳液。配制LMP溶液作为水相,调节LMP水相和单层乳液的pH为4,将上述LMP水相与单层乳液按体积比7:3混合,再次以12000 r/min高速剪切3 min,最终通过超声波细胞粉碎机处理,获得WPI-LMP BN。
用ZS90纳米粒度电位分析仪测定WPI-LMP BN的平均粒径、PDI。取1 mL样品加入到粒度仪的样品槽中,平衡时间为2 min,重复测定3次。
在系统考察工艺参数(WPI浓度、LMP浓度、超声功率、超声时间)之前,需首先确定丁香酚的添加量。基于食品应用的需求,预实验综合考量了乳液的抗菌效能、物理稳定性及感官接受度。结果表明,当丁香酚添加量低于3%时抗菌活性不足,而高于7%则会导致物理稳定性下降及感官品质劣变(如色泽过深、气味刺激)。因此,最终选择5%的添加量用于后续研究。
选取WPI浓度(1%、2.5%、5%、7.5%、10%),该阶段未添加LMP,超声功率500 W,超声时间8 min,确定最佳WPI浓度。
选取WPI浓度5%, LMP浓度(0.1%、0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%),超声功率500 W,超声时间8 min,确定最佳LMP浓度。
选取WPI浓度5%,LMP浓度1.5%,超声功率(400、450、500、550、600 W),超声时间8 min,确定最佳超声功率。
选取WPI浓度5%,LMP浓度1.5%, 超声功率500 W,超声时间(2、4、6、8、10 min),确定最佳超声时间。
基于单因素实验结果,以乳液粒径和PDI为响应值,以WPI浓度(A)、LMP浓度(B)、超声功率(C)、超声时间(D)为自变量因素,根据BBD设计响应面试验(表1),确定WPI-LMP BN的最佳制备参数。
参考Zhang等[19]的方法并作了一些修改。所有样品均使用分光光度计在丁香酚最大吸收波长282 nm下进行分析。称取100 mg丁香酚用无水乙醇定容至10 mL,制成10 mg/mL储备液,随后用无水乙醇分别制备2、5、10、20、50、100 μg/mL丁香酚标准溶液样品,测得不同浓度精油的吸光度值制作标准曲线。取1 mL乳液和2 mL 正己烷,冰浴涡旋10 min,随后在4 ℃下离心20 min(12000×g)。取上层有机相,用无水乙醇适当稀释后记录吸光度值用于计算游离丁香酚,稀释倍数以确保其吸光度值落在标准曲线线性范围内为准。取0.2 mL乳液和0.8 mL 10% SDS溶液,涡旋10 min后加无水乙醇定容至适当体积,振荡后离心,取上清液,记录吸光度值用于计算丁香酚总量,同样,稀释倍数需确保吸光度值在线性范围内。根据下式计算EE:
$\rm EE(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{C_f}{C_t}\right)\times 100 $
式中:Cf表示游离丁香酚浓度(μg/mL),其值为从游离丁香酚样品吸光度计算出的浓度乘以其稀释倍数;Ct表示丁香酚总浓度(μg/mL),其值为从总丁香酚样品吸光度计算出的浓度乘以其稀释倍数;在实际测定中,为保障所有吸光度读数均处于标准曲线最佳线性范围内,不同样品根据其实际浓度进行了相应稀释。
取少量WPI-LMP BN放置于用导电胶带固定好的硅片上晾干,再进行喷金使之具有导电性。将准备好的样品放入扫描电子显微镜中观察其微观结构。采用溴化钾压片法测定红外光谱吸收曲线。将WPI溶液、丁香酚单层纳米乳液、WPI-LMP BN进行冷冻干燥处理,分别与溴化钾按1:100质量比(2 mg/200 mg)混合,研磨5 min后于20 MPa压力下压片40 s,获得1 mm厚透明薄片,使用FT-IR光谱仪在4000~400 cm−1范围以2 cm−1分辨率扫描。
取10 mL丁香酚单层纳米乳液、WPI-LMP BN置于试管中,分别于40~90 ℃ 温度梯度下避光恒温处理1 h。冷却后立即测定粒径、PDI。
用100~300 mmol/L NaCl溶液将丁香酚单层纳米乳液、WPI-LMP BN稀释100倍,4 ℃避光贮存1 h后测定粒径、PDI。
分别取15 mL丁香酚单层纳米乳液、WPI-LMP BN加入到50 mL离心管中,用1 mol/L的HCl或者1 mol/L的NaOH将乳液pH调整为2.0~10.0梯度,在4 ℃ 下保存1 h后立即取样,测定其粒径、PDI。
参考Moussaoui等[20]的改良方法来确定WPI-LMP BN对供试菌的抗菌活性。首先,在BHI固体培养基上接种200 μL细菌悬浮液(106/CFU),并在培养基表面放置无菌纸盘。然后,分别将25 μL生理盐水、WPI-LMP混合液、WPI-LMP BN以及与其含量相等的丁香酚浸渍到圆盘上。在37 ℃下培养24 h后,采用十字交叉法测量圆盘周围抑制圈的直径,测定结果取三次平均值。
每组实验平行测定三次,数据以均值±标准差表示。采用Excel 2016进行基础数据处理,Origin 2022完成图表可视化,并通过SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)进行显著性分析。采用Design-Expert 13.0软件进行响应面试验设计与数据分析。
粒径及其分布是评价乳液稳定性的关键指标。较小的粒径可通过减弱布朗运动抑制液滴聚集,从而提升体系稳定性;而较低PDI则反映液滴尺寸均一性,PDI值趋近0表明分散均匀度更高[21]。乳化剂浓度对纳米乳液稳定性具有决定性影响[22]。
如图1a所示,随着WPI浓度升高,单层乳液粒径及PDI呈下降趋势,在5%时趋于稳定(粒径218 nm,PDI 0.269)。该现象归因于低浓度的WPI对油滴界面包覆不足,部分油脂无法均匀分散而导致粒径增大;当浓度增至5%时,WPI分子在油水界面形成饱和吸附层,通过抑制絮凝实现粒径最小化[23]。Yin等[24]也报道了类似的趋势。而随着浓度继续升高,粒径和PDI也逐渐增大,这可能归因于较高的WPI浓度导致体系黏度和界面饱和度的增加,从而限制了超声诱导的分散效率[25]。故选择WPI浓度5%作为后续响应面试验的中心水平。
由图1b可知,低浓度LMP的乳液体系具有较高的液滴尺寸和PDI,这是因为LMP层覆盖不足导致静电斥力减弱,引发液滴絮凝,当浓度增至1.5%后,LMP完整包覆WPI层,通过增强静电稳定机制有效阻止聚集[26]。而较高浓度的LMP减弱了超声波传播,促进了更高的聚结率[27]。因此选定LMP浓度1.5%作为后续研究的中心水平。
超声作为高能乳化技术,可制备小粒径、高稳定纳米乳液[28]。图1c表明,当超声功率从400 W提升至500 W时,粒径由364.57±5.82 nm显著减小至316.37±4.84 nm(P<0.05)。Jara-Quijada等 [29]指出,这一变化趋势与超声引起的空化效应一致,超声波能够有效破碎液滴并重组乳化基质。同时,PDI在500 W时达到最低值(0.224±0.006),这反映了更均匀的尺寸分布。当超声功率继续增大时,粒径和PDI也随之增大,这是因为过大的超声功率会使空化气泡变得过大难以破裂,同时过量气泡聚集在换能器端面形成“屏蔽层”,阻碍声波向远处传播,从而导致空化效应降低,进而形成粒径分布不均匀的液滴[30−31]。鉴于500 W时乳液粒径最小且分散均一性最优,故将其确定为最佳功率水平。
图1d观察到随着超声时长的增加,乳液的液滴大小和PDI显著下降(P<0.05),这主要是因为在一定超声功率下,更长的处理时间意味着向体系中输入的总能量更高,从而使液滴的破碎更充分,该结果与Sharma等[30]之前的报道一致。当超声时长达8 min时,粒径和PDI指数呈最小值,该现象是由于适度超声通过空化效应充分破碎液滴,而过度处理则诱发液滴碰撞重组,导致PDI回升[32]。
根据单因素实验结果,采用四因素三水平响应面试验对WPI-LMP BN制备条件进行优化。选择WPI浓度、LMP浓度、超声功率、超声时间作为因素,设计了29组试验,包括5次重复,以WPI-LMP BN粒径及PDI为响应变量,确定最优化制备工艺并验证(表2)。
基于表2数据,通过多元二次回归分析构建了WPI-LMP BN制备工艺参数的预测模型。WPI-LMP BN粒径和PDI与各因素之间的二次多元回归方程式如下:
粒径:Y1=323.08+20.05A+11.64B−8.17C −8.63D−1.31AB−5.83AC−2.86AD+0.9875BC+9.61BD−0.025CD+9.16A2+13.98B2+21.71C2+17.33D2
PDI:Y2=0.2314+0.0496A+0.0199B−0.0173C−0.0077D−0.017AB−0.0085AC−0.004AD+0.0086BC+0.0213BD+0.0077CD+0.0431A2+0.0509B2+0.0675C2+0.0538D2
对表3的方差分析结果表明,WPI-LMP BN的粒径及PDI模型均达到极显著水平(P<0.0001),而失拟项无统计学差异,表明模型残差来源于随机误差。两个模型的拟合优度R2分别为0.9598和0.9783,说明所选变量可分别解释粒径95.98%和PDI 97.83%的变异,模型预测可靠性良好。
在粒径模型中,一次项系数对粒径的影响均为极显著(P<0.01)。交互项中BD的交互作用对粒径有极显著影响(P<0.01)。二次项中, A2、B2、C2和D2对粒径均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。在PDI模型中,一次项系数对PDI的影响均显著,其中A、B和C极显著(P<0.01),D显著(P<0.05)。交互项中,AB的交互作用显著(P<0.05),BD的交互作用极显著(P<0.01)。二次项中,所有二次项(A2、B2、C2、D2)对PDI均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。根据F值大小,各因素对粒径影响的显著性顺序为:A>B>D>C;对PDI影响的显著性顺序为:A>B>C>D。
响应曲面与等高线分析可用于直观评估WPI浓度、LMP浓度、超声功率及时间两两交互作用对乳液粒径和PDI的影响。响应曲面坡度越陡或等高线越密集,表明交互效应越显著;等高线呈椭圆形则提示两因素间存在强相互作用[33]。如图2a所示,B和D的交互图曲面坡度相对陡峭,且等高线呈椭圆分布,证实二者对WPI-LMP BN粒径具有显著协同影响。尽管超声空化效应可通过产生高强度剪切力,致使液滴粒径减小到纳米级[34]。但是乳液作为热力学不稳定体系,在能量足够打破原有相平衡条件下,仍然在很大程度上受乳化剂浓度调控。此外,PDI的响应面分析(图2b、c)同样显示B×D的交互作用最为显著,该结果与方差分析(表3)结论一致。
通过Design-Expert 13,按照优化目标,将WPI-LMP BN粒径和PDI设置为“minimize”,对模型方程最小化分析,得出制备WPI-LMP BN的最佳工艺条件为WPI浓度2.60%、LMP浓度1.24%、超声功率500.78 W、超声时间7.65 min。在此条件下,可获得粒径最小、PDI最小的WPI-LMP BN,其粒径和PDI的理论预测值分别为311.76 nm和0.222。本研究通过响应面法所得的最佳工艺参数(WPI:2.60%,LMP:1.24%)与单因素实验中确定的水平(WPI:5%,LMP:1.5%)存在差异。这主要是由于优化目标不同:单因素实验旨在考察在其他变量固定的条件下某一变量的独立效应,而响应面优化旨在实现粒径(Y1)与PDI(Y2)的综合最优平衡。方差分析表明,WPI与LMP浓度对PDI存在显著的交互效应(P<0.05),且LMP浓度与超声时间的交互作用对粒径和PDI均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。这意味着WPI的最适浓度并非固定值,而是高度依赖于LMP的浓度水平。响应面模型通过数学模型解析了这种复杂关系,发现适度降低WPI和LMP浓度并协同配比(WPI 2.6%,LMP 1.24%),虽相较单因素实验的‘局部最优’粒径(218 nm)有所增大,但能显著降低PDI至0.222,从而获得分布均一性更佳、综合稳定性更优的纳米乳液体系。
考虑到仪器参数设置限制等实际情况,将制备WPI-LMP BN的最佳条件修正为:WPI浓度2.60%、LMP浓度1.20%、超声功率500 W、超声时间8 min。在上述条件下制备的WPI-LMP BN,其粒径和PDI分别为318.64 nm和0.227。
根据丁香酚浓度以及所测得的吸光度绘制出标准曲线(图3a)。经分析计算得出回归方程为y=0.0096x-0.0069,R2=0.9997。如图3b所示,测得单层WPI乳液的EE为64.36%,而WPI-LMP BN的EE为76.53%,比单层WPI乳液提高了12.17%。这一结果表明,WPI-LMP双层结构通过形成更致密的界面膜,能更有效地包封丁香酚,减少其泄漏和挥发。一个完整、致密的界面层不仅能提高封装效率,同时也是增强乳液对抗环境应力(如pH、离子、温度)能力的结构基础[23]。因此,WPI-LMP BN对丁香酚的这种强效包封与保护作用,有助于其在加工和储存过程中保持活性化合物的完整性和有效性 [35]。类似地,Ma等[36]和Wang等[37]分别报告了大豆分离蛋白和柑橘果胶的共价结合物负载β-胡萝卜素的和辛烯基琥珀酸酐改性淀粉负载槲皮素的递送体系也实现了高包封率,并强调了这种复合结构对稳定性的贡献。
图4a显示了WPI-LMP BN的扫描电子显微镜图像,可以观察到均匀分散的球形液滴结构,该形貌特征与de Souza等[38]及Huang等[39]报道的纳米乳液微观形态一致。纳米乳液颗粒呈现球形,这是由较高的界面张力(γ)和较小的颗粒半径(r)共同决定的。根据拉普拉斯压力公式(ΔP=2γ/r),界面张力越高、半径越小,液滴受到的向内压力越大,从而趋向于形成表面积最小的球形结构,以维持体系稳定[40]。
通过对傅里叶变换红外光谱的系统分析(图4b),可以证实丁香酚被成功包埋于WPI-LMP形成的复合体系中。首先,丁香酚的特征峰(芳香环C=C)在包埋后伸缩振动峰(1600~1500 cm−1)强度显著减弱,尤其在WPI-LMP BN中减弱最为明显,说明苯环结构被有效包裹。其次,在WPI-LMP BN样品中,新增的1747 cm−1吸收峰对应LMP的羧酸基团(C=O)振动[41],而该峰在WPI单层乳液光谱中并不存在,证明了WPI-LMP BN外层LMP的成功包覆。所有含WPI的样品在氢键相互作用区(3200~3600 cm−1)的区域内均呈现宽吸收峰。与纯WPI相比,WPI单层乳液此处峰强降低,表明乳化过程破坏了蛋白质内部的氢键网络[42];而WPI-LMP BN的吸收峰强度有所回升且进一步展宽,这证明了LMP的引入不仅成功包覆,更与内核WPI和丁香酚形成了全新的、更复杂的氢键网络,这是稳定双层结构并实现高效包封的分子基础[43]。
图5a和图5b显示,WPI单层乳液与WPI-LMP BN乳液表现出明显不同的热稳定性。随着温度升高,单层乳液的粒径和PDI逐渐增大,这表明其稳定性显著下降,这是因为液滴表面吸附的球状蛋白的热变性和展开,导致非极性和巯基暴露,从而增加蛋白-蛋白间相互作用,从而发生液滴聚集[44]。然而Lee等[45]和Teo等[46]之前的结果显示WPI制备的纳米乳液在热处理中是稳定的。这是由于他们的研究中使用的加热持续时间较短,均为15 min。Sliwinski等[47]报道了乳液中乳清蛋白的聚集取决于加热时间。而WPI-LMP BN在40~80 ℃区间保持良好稳定性,粒径与PDI未发生显著变化,这是因为外层LMP膜通过空间位阻和静电斥力作用,有效削弱了高温对内部WPI层的影响。
从图5c和图5d中观察到Na+浓度越高,单层纳米乳液的液滴尺寸越大,这是由于离子屏蔽了液滴表面的负电荷,削弱了排斥力,疏水相互作用和范德华力占据主导,从而引发了液滴聚集[48]。而在100~300 mmol/L的Na+浓度变化范围内,WPI-LMP BN粒径和PDI分别增长约18%、32%,相较于同Na+浓度的单层乳液保持了相对稳定。这源于WPI-LMP形成较厚的界面膜,提高了对静电屏蔽作用的抵抗力。有研究表明,多糖可以在乳化剂涂层的油滴周围形成保护涂层,有效抑制蛋白质基纳米乳液在高离子强度环境中的聚集行为,从而提升体系稳定性[49–50]。
研究系统评估了WPI-LMP BN与WPI单层纳米乳液在pH2.0~10.0范围内的稳定性,结果如图5e和图5f所示。WPI-LMP BN展现出优异的宽pH稳定性。在pH2~10的广泛范围内,其粒径与PDI虽有一定波动,但始终保持在较低水平(粒径<400 nm,PDI<0.3),未发生聚集或失稳现象。与之相比,WPI单层纳米乳液的稳定性严重依赖于环境pH,在pH5.0时液滴尺寸和PDI分别增至905.5 nm、0.86。这是由于WPI的等电点(pI)在4.9左右,蛋白质周围的静电排斥力降低,导致液滴聚集[51]。而WPI-LMP BN的粒径和PDI虽然在pH为2~3的范围内有所增加,但仍旧保持在较低水平,是由于LMP在低pH条件下因羧基质子化呈电中性,通过分子间氢键及范德华力构建致密物理交联网络,并与带正电的WPI通过离子偶极-氢键协同作用形成稳定复合界面,从而维持了体系的稳定性[13]。而后随着pH升高,粒径和PDI趋于稳定,是因为蛋白质-多糖复合体系的稳定性提升机制,即多糖可在乳化剂外层形成保护性涂层,通过增强空间位阻与静电斥力维持体系稳定[52]。
通过琼脂扩散法对比了WPI-LMP BN和丁香酚的抑菌效能(图6)并将抑菌圈直径记录在表4中。结果表明,两者对供试菌均有抑制作用。WPI-LMP BN的抑菌圈直径显著大于丁香酚(P<0.05),对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别增大43.11%和41.81%。该现象与Li等[23]报道的百里香精油纳米乳液增效规律一致,即纳米化通过增强疏水性活性成分的水溶性及细菌接触效率,从而使其抑菌圈直径显著增大,反映出其抗菌效能的提升。
采用单因素结合响应面试验确定了超声辅助技术构建WPI-LMP BN的最佳工艺参数(WPI浓度2.60%、LMP浓度1.20%、超声功率500 W、超声时间8 min)。在此条件下所制备的WPI-LMP BN包封率为76.53%,粒径为318.64 nm,PDI=0.227。扫描电子显微镜显示液滴呈球形且界面致密,傅里叶变换红外光谱证实WPI与LMP通过氢键及静电作用形成复合界面,可有效抑制丁香酚泄露。稳定性试验结果表明,WPI-LMP BN在pH3~10、Na+≤250 mmol/L及≤80 ℃环境下保持稳定。抗菌实验证实,相较于丁香酚,WPI-LMP BN对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌的抑菌能力显著提升(P<0.05)。本研究成功构建了一种稳定、高效的双层纳米乳液递送体系,该体系为食品的天然防腐提供了高效载体。未来工作将集中于两方面:一是通过长期储存实验直接追踪丁香酚的保留率变化,量化其保护效能;二是深入研究不同乳液结构对活性成分控释行为及抗菌动力学的影响。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080040
  • 接收时间:2025-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-11
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    1石河子大学食品学院,肉类加工与质量控制实验室,新疆石河子 832003
    2新疆农垦科学院分析测试中心,新疆石河子 832000

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卢士玲(1976−),女 ,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工与安全控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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