Article(id=1320166554017321062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050190, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747756800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681833985, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681833985, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681833985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681833985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=260, endPage=271, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166554214453351, articleId=1320166554017321062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Comparative Analysis of the Quality of Zanthoxylum Oleoresin Prepared by Different Extraction Methods, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using Han Yuan Nan Jiao as raw material, the supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE) process was optimized, and the differences in physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, volatile components, and numbing compound contents of Zanthoxylum oleoresin prepared by SFE, ethanol solvent extraction method (SEM), and cold pressing method (CP) were systematically compared. Results showed that the optimal SFE conditions were an extraction pressure of 30.4 MPa, temperature of 38.7 ℃, and time of 1.9 h, achieving a Zanthoxylum oleoresin yield of 12.72%. The SFE product exhibited pure and intense numbing sensation (8.3 points) with mild aromatic notes (rosin and citrus), achieving the highest comprehensive sensory score. A total of 83 volatile components across 5 categories were detected in the Zanthoxylum oleoresin, with limonene, myrcene, linalool, and linalyl acetate being the predominant compounds across all three methods. The total numbing compound content of the SFE sample (597.75 mg/g) was significantly higher than those of SEM (438.60 mg/g) and CP (384.52 mg/g) samples. Among the 10 numbing amides, hydroxyl-α-sanshool, hydroxyl-β-sanshool, and hydroxyl-γ-sanshool were the most abundant. This study provides technical support for the industrial production of high-quality Zanthoxylum oleoresin and confirms the comprehensive advantages of supercritical CO2 extraction in flavor and functional properties.

, authors=Jia WU1, 2, 3, Xiaolin LIU1, 2, 3, Fei TENG1, 2, 3, Xiaoyun XU1, 2, 3, *, Ting WU1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Jia WU, Xiaolin LIU, Fei TENG, Xiaoyun XU, Ting WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoyun XU, Ting WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166557154660466, articleId=1320166554017321062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超临界CO2萃取工艺优化及不同提取方法对花椒油树脂品质的影响分析, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以汉源南椒为原料,优化超临界CO2萃取(Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction,SFE)工艺并系统比较其与乙醇提取法(Ethanol Solvent Extraction Method,SEM)、压榨法(Cold Pressing Method,CP)制得花椒油树脂在理化特性、感官特性、挥发性成分以及麻味物质含量上的差异。结果表明:SFE最优工艺条件为萃取压力30.4 MPa、温度38.7 ℃ 、时间1.9 h,花椒油树脂得率达12.72%;SFE产品麻感纯正浓烈(8.3分),香味温和(松香、柑橘味),综合感官评分最优;花椒油树脂共检出5类83种挥发性成分,对比发现,3种工艺花椒油树脂挥发性成分含量较高的化合物有柠檬烯、月桂烯、芳樟醇、乙酸芳樟酯;SFE样品麻味物质总含量(597.75 mg/g)显著高于SEM样品(438.60 mg/g)和CP样品(384.52 mg/g)(P<0.05),10种麻味酰胺类物质中,含量最高的3种麻味物质为羟基-α-山椒素、羟基-β-山椒素和羟基-γ-山椒素。本研究为工业化生产高品质花椒油树脂提供了技术支撑,并证实超临界CO2萃取法在风味与功能性上的综合优势。

, authors=武佳1, 2, 3, 刘小琳1, 2, 3, 滕飞1, 2, 3, 徐晓云1, 2, 3, *, 吴婷1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=武佳, 刘小琳, 滕飞, 徐晓云, 吴婷, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐晓云, 吴婷, authorNote=

武佳(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物性食品基料加工,E-mail:

刘小琳(1994−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物与医药,E-mail:

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徐晓云(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:植物源农产品深加工及高值化利用,E-mail:。
吴婷(1989−) ,女,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物与健康,E-mail:。
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注:图中不同小写字母表示差异显著,P<0.05,图2、图3同。

, figureFileSmall=nVX8l5SpkRo5+sjrB008jg==, figureFileBig=iMfjYNbxPCPa4O121mHcAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166932662305137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Influence of extraction temperature on yield of Zanthoxylum oleoresin, figureFileSmall=jMA0LMpP80q8skjMFnAorQ==, figureFileBig=y5v2o/9YmNouQVniq9+Ofw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166932733608306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=图2, caption=萃取温度对花椒油树脂得率的影响, figureFileSmall=jMA0LMpP80q8skjMFnAorQ==, figureFileBig=y5v2o/9YmNouQVniq9+Ofw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166932876214643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Influence of extraction time on yield of Zanthoxylum oleoresin, figureFileSmall=+HOcblkKmdyz0llLcS9Sxw==, figureFileBig=sxx4urJWUTxvWx4K0+XQmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166932964295028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=图3, caption=萃取时间对花椒油树脂得率的影响, figureFileSmall=+HOcblkKmdyz0llLcS9Sxw==, figureFileBig=sxx4urJWUTxvWx4K0+XQmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166933035598197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of interaction of various factors on yield of Zanthoxylum oleoresin, figureFileSmall=Siczeb/uaGcXhR22fJKhhw==, figureFileBig=djx0qiqlWkvsMyqQmN49dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166933094318454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各因素交互作用对花椒油树脂得率的影响, figureFileSmall=Siczeb/uaGcXhR22fJKhhw==, figureFileBig=djx0qiqlWkvsMyqQmN49dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166933157233015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Quantitative description and analysis for sensory evaluation of Zanthoxylum oleoresin from different techniques, figureFileSmall=+KxvtrHe7G6La44RHGrSvQ==, figureFileBig=qMweK8Y8rAUobISX5pRTQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166934855926136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同工艺花椒油树脂的感官定量描述分析, figureFileSmall=+KxvtrHe7G6La44RHGrSvQ==, figureFileBig=qMweK8Y8rAUobISX5pRTQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166935002726777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Response surface experimental design

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水平因素
萃取压力X1(MPa)萃取温度X2(℃)萃取时间X3(h)
−125351.5
030402
135452.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320166935086612858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
萃取压力X1(MPa)萃取温度X2(℃)萃取时间X3(h)
−125351.5
030402
135452.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320166935157916027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory descriptors and their definitions

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描述词定义
色泽样品棕色的强度,颜色越深,数值越大
粘稠度样品铺开所用的力或者观察流动状态
草药味熬制中草药的香气,类似于酚类化合物的气味
柑橘味类似于柠檬的味道
松香类似于松木树提炼出来的树脂味
木香味类似于木质香
涩感某些物质在口腔内产生的发干、收敛收缩的复合感觉
苦味由苦味物质如奎宁、咖啡等产生的味感
麻感由酰胺类麻味物质如羟基-α-山椒素等产生的味感
), ArticleFig(id=1320166935245996412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

感官描述词与其定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述词定义
色泽样品棕色的强度,颜色越深,数值越大
粘稠度样品铺开所用的力或者观察流动状态
草药味熬制中草药的香气,类似于酚类化合物的气味
柑橘味类似于柠檬的味道
松香类似于松木树提炼出来的树脂味
木香味类似于木质香
涩感某些物质在口腔内产生的发干、收敛收缩的复合感觉
苦味由苦味物质如奎宁、咖啡等产生的味感
麻感由酰胺类麻味物质如羟基-α-山椒素等产生的味感
), ArticleFig(id=1320166935317299581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sensory scale of Zanthoxylum oleoresin

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评分123456789
强度极弱很弱较弱稍弱中等稍强较强很强极强
), ArticleFig(id=1320166935401185662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

花椒油树脂感官评分标尺

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分123456789
强度极弱很弱较弱稍弱中等稍强较强很强极强
), ArticleFig(id=1320166935476683135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Response surface test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号萃取压力X1萃取温度X2萃取时间X3花椒油树脂得率Y(%)
11109.45
2−11010.31
31−109.29
4−1−109.66
51019.42
6−10110.39
710−19.65
8−10−19.81
901111.75
100−1111.25
1101−111.76
120−1−111.3
1300012.37
1400012.28
1500012.09
1600012.45
1700012.23
), ArticleFig(id=1320166935573152128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

响应面试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号萃取压力X1萃取温度X2萃取时间X3花椒油树脂得率Y(%)
11109.45
2−11010.31
31−109.29
4−1−109.66
51019.42
6−10110.39
710−19.65
8−10−19.81
901111.75
100−1111.25
1101−111.76
120−1−111.3
1300012.37
1400012.28
1500012.09
1600012.45
1700012.23
), ArticleFig(id=1320166935812227457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Variance analysis of response surface test for yield of Zanthoxylum oleoresin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型23.0892.56178.42<0.0001**
X10.6910.7048.450.0002**
X20.3910.3927.250.0012**
X30.0110.010.730.4207
X1X20.0610.064.180.0803
X1X30.1610.1611.410.0118*
X2X30.00110.0010.030.8722
$ \mathrm{X}_{1}^{2} $19.50119.501356.88<0.0001**
$ \mathrm{X}_{2}^{2} $0.8710.8760.520.0001**
$ \mathrm{X}_{3}^{2} $0.4210.4228.980.0010**
残差0.1070.01
失拟项0.0330.010.440.7354不显著
误差0.0840.02
总和23.1816
R2=0.9957,R2Adj=0.9901
), ArticleFig(id=1320166935904502146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

花椒油树脂得率响应面试验方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型23.0892.56178.42<0.0001**
X10.6910.7048.450.0002**
X20.3910.3927.250.0012**
X30.0110.010.730.4207
X1X20.0610.064.180.0803
X1X30.1610.1611.410.0118*
X2X30.00110.0010.030.8722
$ \mathrm{X}_{1}^{2} $19.50119.501356.88<0.0001**
$ \mathrm{X}_{2}^{2} $0.8710.8760.520.0001**
$ \mathrm{X}_{3}^{2} $0.4210.4228.980.0010**
残差0.1070.01
失拟项0.0330.010.440.7354不显著
误差0.0840.02
总和23.1816
R2=0.9957,R2Adj=0.9901
), ArticleFig(id=1320166936000971140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of physicochemical properties of different techniques of Zanthoxylum oleoresin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方式水分及挥发物
(%)
酸价
(mg/g)
过氧化值
(mmol/kg)
碘值
(mmol/kg)
SFE17.08±0.15b5.59±0.49b4.49±0.07a42.18±1.57a
SEM11.16±0.36c7.50±0.41a5.11±0.65a44.77±0.75a
CP18.53±0.28a3.54±0.11c2.54±0.15b33.69±1.12b
), ArticleFig(id=1320166936068080005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同工艺花椒油树脂理化性质的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方式水分及挥发物
(%)
酸价
(mg/g)
过氧化值
(mmol/kg)
碘值
(mmol/kg)
SFE17.08±0.15b5.59±0.49b4.49±0.07a42.18±1.57a
SEM11.16±0.36c7.50±0.41a5.11±0.65a44.77±0.75a
CP18.53±0.28a3.54±0.11c2.54±0.15b33.69±1.12b
), ArticleFig(id=1320166936256823686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Comparison of color quality of different techniques of Zanthoxylum oleoresin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方式L*a*b*
SFE55.05±0.81b6.72±0.03b54.31±0.91b
SEM28.66±0.18c11.21±0.02a11.52±0.18c
CP60.26±0.22a3.46±0.01c63.10±0.45a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166936323932551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同工艺花椒油树脂色泽品质的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方式L*a*b*
SFE55.05±0.81b6.72±0.03b54.31±0.91b
SEM28.66±0.18c11.21±0.02a11.52±0.18c
CP60.26±0.22a3.46±0.01c63.10±0.45a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166936386847112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Comparison of volatile components in different techniques of Zanthoxylum oleoresin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号化合物含量(mg/g)
SFESEMCP
烯类1D-柠檬烯40.69±1.74b12.62±0.29c71.91±1.90a
2月桂烯5.28±0.25b2.18±0.08b22.01±0.67a
3δ-杜松烯5.84±0.11a3.39±0.09b1.82±0.06c
4γ-杜松烯3.73±0.06a2.02±0.07b0.62±0.02c
5大根香叶烯D3.37±0.06a2.05±0.05c2.64±0.07b
6α-衣兰油烯2.14±0.05a1.38±0.09bND
7(-)-α-蒎烯1.45±0.04a0.87±0.04b0.16±0.01c
8反式石竹烯1.48±0.03a0.84±0.03b0.77±0.03b
9γ-衣兰油烯1.14±0.02a0.66±0.04b0.41±0.02c
10罗勒烯1.08±0.06b0.75±0.06c5.55±0.16a
11α-侧柏烯0.06±0.01b0.05±0.01b1.04±0.08a
12α-蒎烯0.11±0.01bND1.21±0.07a
13桧烯0.82±0.04b0.16±0.01c16.7±0.47a
14β-蒎烯0.13±0.03bND1.08±0.16a
15α-水芹烯0.2±0.01b0.13±0.02c0.26±0.03a
烯类16α-松油烯0.24±0.01b0.11±0.01c0.58±0.05a
17反式β-罗勒烯0.89±0.05b0.49±0.05c3.86±0.10a
18γ-松油烯0.37±0.02b0.14±0.01c1.11±0.06a
19环氧化蛇麻烯II0.25±0.02a0.22±0.01aND
20α-荜澄茄油烯0.56±0.01a0.39±0.01bND
21α-柏木烯0.62±0.01a0.38±0.02bND
22(+)-香橙烯0.10±0.01b0.10±0.01b0.16±0.01a
23β-柏木烯0.22±0.01a0.11±0.01bND
24α-石竹烯0.92±0.02a0.47±0.04b0.37±0.01c
25白菖烯0.56±0.02a0.34±0.01b0.20±0.01c
26α-香柠檬烯0.28±0.01a0.14±0.04b0.10±0.02c
27金合欢烯0.25±0.02a0.14±0.04c0.17±0.01b
28异喇叭烯0.08±0.01NDND
29毕澄茄烯0.27±0.01a0.16±0.01b0.09±0.01c
30α-杜松烯0.59±0.01a0.34±0.01b0.21±0.01c
31二去氢菖蒲烯0.36±0.01a0.22±0.01b0.12±0.01c
32γ-榄香烯0.61±0.03a0.33±0.03bND
33氧化石竹烯0.51±0.06a0.16±0.01bND
34愈创木烯0.35±0.03a0.15±0.04bND
35α-异松油烯NDND0.67±0.03
36别罗勒烯NDND0.49±0.03
37(-)-α-古芸烯0.06±0.01a0.04±0.01aND
38γ-榄香烯NDND0.10±0.02
39Α-布藜烯NDND0.28±0.02
40古巴烯NDND0.18±0.02
41(+)-双环大根香叶烯NDND1.05±0.03
42大根香叶烯BNDND0.23±0.01
43(+)-A-蒎烯ND0.05±0.01ND
醇类44芳樟醇22.93±0.73b16.23±0.64c24.95±0.71a
45桉叶油醇2.16±0.04a1.88±0.11bND
46(Z)-香芹醇0.99±0.02a0.63±0.03bND
47桉油烯醇1.05±0.07a0.37±0.11bND
48(E)-香芹醇0.71±0.02a0.38±0.01bND
49(Z)-氧化芳樟醇0.47±0.04a0.30±0.03bND
50(E)-氧化芳樟醇0.73±0.04a0.45±0.03bND
51松油烯-4-醇0.54±0.01b0.27±0.01c1.15±0.03a
52α-松油醇2.50±0.02a0.29±0.02c1.94±0.05b
53苯乙醇0.13±0.01c0.17±0.01a0.15±0.01b
54枯茗醇0.10±0.01a0.06±0.01bND
55(-)-紫苏醇0.11±0.01a0.07±0.01bND
56榄香醇0.16±0.01b0.06±0.02c0.19±0.02a
57蓝桉醇0.07±0.01NDND
58γ-桉叶油醇0.17±0.01a0.08±0.02bND
59Α-菖蒲醇0.12±0.03NDND
60T-松烷醇0.57±0.02a0.20±0.08c0.34±0.01b
61β-桉叶醇0.26±0.01a0.17±0.05bND
62茅苍术醇0.27±0.02a0.30±0.06aND
63橙花醇NDND0.34±0.02
64异戊烯醇NDND0.14±0.01
65α-毕橙茄醇NDND0.63±0.03
66紫苏醇ND0.14±0.02ND
酯类67乙酸芳樟酯47.13±0.80a34.54±1.09b3.29±0.10c
68乙酸松油酯2.48±0.04a1.47±0.05b0.56±0.02c
69乙酸苯乙酯0.64±0.03aND0.57±0.05a
70乙酸橙花酯0.43±0.01b0.28±0.02c0.91±0.03a
71丁酸芳樟酯0.24±0.01a0.07±0.01bND
72苯乙酸异丁酯0.13±0.01a0.08±0.01bND
73反式,反式-十八
烷基乙酸酯
0.13±0.01NDND
74乙酸香叶酯NDND1.74±0.06
醛类752,4-己二烯醛0.24±0.02a0.04±0.01c0.15±0.01b
76枯名醛0.10±0.02a0.07±0.01aND
77紫苏醛0.09±0.03a0.09±0.01aND
78桃金娘烯醛NDND0.09±0.01
酮类79香芹酮2.01±0.05a1.31±0.05bND
80α-侧柏酮NDND0.47±0.02
81异辣薄荷烯酮0.10±0.03a0.08±0.01aND
824-异丙基-2-环己烯酮ND0.31±0.01ND
83侧柏酮NDND0.19±0.02
总含量(mg/g)163.37±0.83b91.97±0.59c173.95±1.36a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166936688837001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同工艺花椒油树脂的挥发性成分比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号化合物含量(mg/g)
SFESEMCP
烯类1D-柠檬烯40.69±1.74b12.62±0.29c71.91±1.90a
2月桂烯5.28±0.25b2.18±0.08b22.01±0.67a
3δ-杜松烯5.84±0.11a3.39±0.09b1.82±0.06c
4γ-杜松烯3.73±0.06a2.02±0.07b0.62±0.02c
5大根香叶烯D3.37±0.06a2.05±0.05c2.64±0.07b
6α-衣兰油烯2.14±0.05a1.38±0.09bND
7(-)-α-蒎烯1.45±0.04a0.87±0.04b0.16±0.01c
8反式石竹烯1.48±0.03a0.84±0.03b0.77±0.03b
9γ-衣兰油烯1.14±0.02a0.66±0.04b0.41±0.02c
10罗勒烯1.08±0.06b0.75±0.06c5.55±0.16a
11α-侧柏烯0.06±0.01b0.05±0.01b1.04±0.08a
12α-蒎烯0.11±0.01bND1.21±0.07a
13桧烯0.82±0.04b0.16±0.01c16.7±0.47a
14β-蒎烯0.13±0.03bND1.08±0.16a
15α-水芹烯0.2±0.01b0.13±0.02c0.26±0.03a
烯类16α-松油烯0.24±0.01b0.11±0.01c0.58±0.05a
17反式β-罗勒烯0.89±0.05b0.49±0.05c3.86±0.10a
18γ-松油烯0.37±0.02b0.14±0.01c1.11±0.06a
19环氧化蛇麻烯II0.25±0.02a0.22±0.01aND
20α-荜澄茄油烯0.56±0.01a0.39±0.01bND
21α-柏木烯0.62±0.01a0.38±0.02bND
22(+)-香橙烯0.10±0.01b0.10±0.01b0.16±0.01a
23β-柏木烯0.22±0.01a0.11±0.01bND
24α-石竹烯0.92±0.02a0.47±0.04b0.37±0.01c
25白菖烯0.56±0.02a0.34±0.01b0.20±0.01c
26α-香柠檬烯0.28±0.01a0.14±0.04b0.10±0.02c
27金合欢烯0.25±0.02a0.14±0.04c0.17±0.01b
28异喇叭烯0.08±0.01NDND
29毕澄茄烯0.27±0.01a0.16±0.01b0.09±0.01c
30α-杜松烯0.59±0.01a0.34±0.01b0.21±0.01c
31二去氢菖蒲烯0.36±0.01a0.22±0.01b0.12±0.01c
32γ-榄香烯0.61±0.03a0.33±0.03bND
33氧化石竹烯0.51±0.06a0.16±0.01bND
34愈创木烯0.35±0.03a0.15±0.04bND
35α-异松油烯NDND0.67±0.03
36别罗勒烯NDND0.49±0.03
37(-)-α-古芸烯0.06±0.01a0.04±0.01aND
38γ-榄香烯NDND0.10±0.02
39Α-布藜烯NDND0.28±0.02
40古巴烯NDND0.18±0.02
41(+)-双环大根香叶烯NDND1.05±0.03
42大根香叶烯BNDND0.23±0.01
43(+)-A-蒎烯ND0.05±0.01ND
醇类44芳樟醇22.93±0.73b16.23±0.64c24.95±0.71a
45桉叶油醇2.16±0.04a1.88±0.11bND
46(Z)-香芹醇0.99±0.02a0.63±0.03bND
47桉油烯醇1.05±0.07a0.37±0.11bND
48(E)-香芹醇0.71±0.02a0.38±0.01bND
49(Z)-氧化芳樟醇0.47±0.04a0.30±0.03bND
50(E)-氧化芳樟醇0.73±0.04a0.45±0.03bND
51松油烯-4-醇0.54±0.01b0.27±0.01c1.15±0.03a
52α-松油醇2.50±0.02a0.29±0.02c1.94±0.05b
53苯乙醇0.13±0.01c0.17±0.01a0.15±0.01b
54枯茗醇0.10±0.01a0.06±0.01bND
55(-)-紫苏醇0.11±0.01a0.07±0.01bND
56榄香醇0.16±0.01b0.06±0.02c0.19±0.02a
57蓝桉醇0.07±0.01NDND
58γ-桉叶油醇0.17±0.01a0.08±0.02bND
59Α-菖蒲醇0.12±0.03NDND
60T-松烷醇0.57±0.02a0.20±0.08c0.34±0.01b
61β-桉叶醇0.26±0.01a0.17±0.05bND
62茅苍术醇0.27±0.02a0.30±0.06aND
63橙花醇NDND0.34±0.02
64异戊烯醇NDND0.14±0.01
65α-毕橙茄醇NDND0.63±0.03
66紫苏醇ND0.14±0.02ND
酯类67乙酸芳樟酯47.13±0.80a34.54±1.09b3.29±0.10c
68乙酸松油酯2.48±0.04a1.47±0.05b0.56±0.02c
69乙酸苯乙酯0.64±0.03aND0.57±0.05a
70乙酸橙花酯0.43±0.01b0.28±0.02c0.91±0.03a
71丁酸芳樟酯0.24±0.01a0.07±0.01bND
72苯乙酸异丁酯0.13±0.01a0.08±0.01bND
73反式,反式-十八
烷基乙酸酯
0.13±0.01NDND
74乙酸香叶酯NDND1.74±0.06
醛类752,4-己二烯醛0.24±0.02a0.04±0.01c0.15±0.01b
76枯名醛0.10±0.02a0.07±0.01aND
77紫苏醛0.09±0.03a0.09±0.01aND
78桃金娘烯醛NDND0.09±0.01
酮类79香芹酮2.01±0.05a1.31±0.05bND
80α-侧柏酮NDND0.47±0.02
81异辣薄荷烯酮0.10±0.03a0.08±0.01aND
824-异丙基-2-环己烯酮ND0.31±0.01ND
83侧柏酮NDND0.19±0.02
总含量(mg/g)163.37±0.83b91.97±0.59c173.95±1.36a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166936789500298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Comparison of numbing ingredients in different techniques of Zanthoxylum oleoresin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物含量(mg/g)
SFESEMCP
羟基-ε-山椒素9.67±0.61a5.59±0.33c8.02±0.44b
羟基-α-山椒素377.86±3.34a291.04±2.64b243.05±3.24c
羟基-β-山椒素48.73±1.78a31.03±0.61c36.17±1.71b
羟基-γ-山椒素114.19±4.6a86.3±0.81b74.19±0.37c
羟基-γ-异山椒素7.26±0.66a4.7±0.11b5.77±0.69b
花椒素9.37±0.34a4.44±0.27b3.31±0.12c
异花椒素7.04±0.63a3.54±0.20b2.94±0.16b
β-山椒素1.18±0.14a0.12±0.01b0.21±0.04b
γ-脱氢山椒素2.57±0.37a1.11±0.05b0.89±0.06b
γ-山椒素19.88±2.14a10.73±0.30b9.97±0.21b
总含量597.75±13.58a438.60±4.41b384.52±0.37c
), ArticleFig(id=1320166936869192076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166554017321062, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

不同工艺花椒油树脂的麻味成分比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物含量(mg/g)
SFESEMCP
羟基-ε-山椒素9.67±0.61a5.59±0.33c8.02±0.44b
羟基-α-山椒素377.86±3.34a291.04±2.64b243.05±3.24c
羟基-β-山椒素48.73±1.78a31.03±0.61c36.17±1.71b
羟基-γ-山椒素114.19±4.6a86.3±0.81b74.19±0.37c
羟基-γ-异山椒素7.26±0.66a4.7±0.11b5.77±0.69b
花椒素9.37±0.34a4.44±0.27b3.31±0.12c
异花椒素7.04±0.63a3.54±0.20b2.94±0.16b
β-山椒素1.18±0.14a0.12±0.01b0.21±0.04b
γ-脱氢山椒素2.57±0.37a1.11±0.05b0.89±0.06b
γ-山椒素19.88±2.14a10.73±0.30b9.97±0.21b
总含量597.75±13.58a438.60±4.41b384.52±0.37c
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超临界CO2萃取工艺优化及不同提取方法对花椒油树脂品质的影响分析
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武佳 1, 2, 3 , 刘小琳 1, 2, 3 , 滕飞 1, 2, 3 , 徐晓云 1, 2, 3, * , 吴婷 1, 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(11): 260-271
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (11) : 260 -271
超临界CO2萃取工艺优化及不同提取方法对花椒油树脂品质的影响分析
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武佳1, 2, 3 , 刘小琳1, 2, 3 , 滕飞1, 2, 3, 徐晓云1, 2, 3, * , 吴婷1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1华中农业大学食品科技学院,湖北武汉 430072
  • 2环境食品学教育部重点实验室,湖北武汉 430072
  • 3果蔬加工与品质调控湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430070
通讯作者:
徐晓云(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:植物源农产品深加工及高值化利用,E-mail:。
吴婷(1989−) ,女,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物与健康,E-mail:。
作者简介:

武佳(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物性食品基料加工,E-mail:

刘小琳(1994−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物与医药,E-mail:

Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Comparative Analysis of the Quality of Zanthoxylum Oleoresin Prepared by Different Extraction Methods
Jia WU1, 2, 3 , Xiaolin LIU1, 2, 3 , Fei TENG1, 2, 3, Xiaoyun XU1, 2, 3, * , Ting WU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 3Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing & Quality Control, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050190
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以汉源南椒为原料,优化超临界CO2萃取(Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction,SFE)工艺并系统比较其与乙醇提取法(Ethanol Solvent Extraction Method,SEM)、压榨法(Cold Pressing Method,CP)制得花椒油树脂在理化特性、感官特性、挥发性成分以及麻味物质含量上的差异。结果表明:SFE最优工艺条件为萃取压力30.4 MPa、温度38.7 ℃ 、时间1.9 h,花椒油树脂得率达12.72%;SFE产品麻感纯正浓烈(8.3分),香味温和(松香、柑橘味),综合感官评分最优;花椒油树脂共检出5类83种挥发性成分,对比发现,3种工艺花椒油树脂挥发性成分含量较高的化合物有柠檬烯、月桂烯、芳樟醇、乙酸芳樟酯;SFE样品麻味物质总含量(597.75 mg/g)显著高于SEM样品(438.60 mg/g)和CP样品(384.52 mg/g)(P<0.05),10种麻味酰胺类物质中,含量最高的3种麻味物质为羟基-α-山椒素、羟基-β-山椒素和羟基-γ-山椒素。本研究为工业化生产高品质花椒油树脂提供了技术支撑,并证实超临界CO2萃取法在风味与功能性上的综合优势。

花椒油树脂  /  超临界CO2萃取  /  理化指标  /  感官品质  /  挥发性成分  /  麻味物质

Using Han Yuan Nan Jiao as raw material, the supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE) process was optimized, and the differences in physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, volatile components, and numbing compound contents of Zanthoxylum oleoresin prepared by SFE, ethanol solvent extraction method (SEM), and cold pressing method (CP) were systematically compared. Results showed that the optimal SFE conditions were an extraction pressure of 30.4 MPa, temperature of 38.7 ℃, and time of 1.9 h, achieving a Zanthoxylum oleoresin yield of 12.72%. The SFE product exhibited pure and intense numbing sensation (8.3 points) with mild aromatic notes (rosin and citrus), achieving the highest comprehensive sensory score. A total of 83 volatile components across 5 categories were detected in the Zanthoxylum oleoresin, with limonene, myrcene, linalool, and linalyl acetate being the predominant compounds across all three methods. The total numbing compound content of the SFE sample (597.75 mg/g) was significantly higher than those of SEM (438.60 mg/g) and CP (384.52 mg/g) samples. Among the 10 numbing amides, hydroxyl-α-sanshool, hydroxyl-β-sanshool, and hydroxyl-γ-sanshool were the most abundant. This study provides technical support for the industrial production of high-quality Zanthoxylum oleoresin and confirms the comprehensive advantages of supercritical CO2 extraction in flavor and functional properties.

Zanthoxylum oleoresin  /  supercritical CO2 extraction  /  physicochemical indices  /  sensory quality  /  volatile components  /  numbing compounds
武佳, 刘小琳, 滕飞, 徐晓云, 吴婷. 超临界CO2萃取工艺优化及不同提取方法对花椒油树脂品质的影响分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 260 -271 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050190
Jia WU, Xiaolin LIU, Fei TENG, Xiaoyun XU, Ting WU. Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Comparative Analysis of the Quality of Zanthoxylum Oleoresin Prepared by Different Extraction Methods[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 260 -271 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050190
花椒油树脂是花椒精油和树脂的混合物,是用萃取法从花椒中提取的含有花椒香味和麻味全部风味特征的油状制品[1]。其中柠檬烯和芳樟醇是香气的主要成分,而主要麻感成分来自羟基-α-山椒素和羟基-β-山椒素[2]。花椒油树脂中有效成分浓度较高且食用方便,相比花椒粉和花椒酱等传统产品,花椒油树脂具有运输便利、占用空间小、不易霉变和方便定量使用等优点[3]。
目前,国内工业化生产花椒制品主要采用压榨法、热油浸提法、有机溶剂法等传统方法[4−6],这些提取方法普遍存在一些缺陷:压榨法得率偏低,且高温压榨过程易导致热敏性风味物质(如酯类)损失和氧化劣变;溶剂法(如乙醇提取)虽可提高得率,但有溶剂残留味,且后续浓缩过程易造成香气成分逸散;热油浸提法则面临油脂氧化、风味稳定性差等问题[7−9]。以往花椒油树脂的研究主要集中在有机溶剂提取、抗氧化活性以及功能活性方面[10−11],而提取工艺的研究多聚焦单一提取技术(如压榨法、有机溶剂法)的工艺优化[12],缺乏对不同工艺制备花椒油树脂的理化指标、感官品质和风味物质组成及含量的系统比较;工艺参数优化多集中于单一指标(如得率)[13],缺乏如萃取效率-化学组成-感官特性等多指标的关联分析;品质评价偏重得率,忽视了风味物质与感官特性之间的关联。
近些年来,随着超临界二氧化碳萃取技术迅速发展,其萃取无溶剂残留,处理量大,萃取效率高等优势被广泛应用于天然产物的提取[14]。超临界二氧化碳萃取技术,作为一种绿色环保提取分离技术,在低温(38.7 ℃近室温)和惰性(CO2性质稳定)环境下操作[15],可高效实现花椒油树脂的工业化生产,其对脂溶性成分(如油脂、精油)具有优异的溶解能力,同时对极性物质(如部分色素、多酚)的溶解性相对较低,显著减少了杂质溶出,这为获得高纯度、高感官品质的花椒油树脂提供了可能。但目前超临界二氧化碳萃取法的工艺优化研究多采用正交试验,该方法难以考察因素间的交互作用,无法准确定位整个区域内的最佳工艺参数组合及其对应的最优响应值。为满足工业生产的需求,需引入一种能够探究多因素交互效应的回归分析方法,而响应面法则恰好能满足这一要求。对此,本研究优化了超临界CO2萃取工艺,并全面分析比较了超临界CO2萃取法、乙醇溶剂法、压榨法制得的花椒油树脂的基本理化性质、感官评价、风味物质等相关品质指标的差异,以期为花椒油树脂的制备和高品质研发提供数据参考和理论依据。
四川汉源南椒(收获于2023年,采自四川省汉源县) 四川家和原味香料有限公司;压榨花椒油树脂(市售商品,作为传统压榨工艺的代表性对照样品) 四川省汉源汉达食品厂;无水乙醇、无水碳酸钠、三氯甲烷、冰乙酸等分析级试剂 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;乙腈、甲醇 色谱级,美国Fisher公司;羟基-β-山椒素 HPLC(≥98.5%),天津阿尔塔科技有限公司;正癸烷 GC(≥99%,内标物),上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司。
BY-300A粉碎机 永康速锋工贸有限公司;Spe-ed SFE-2超临界CO2萃取装置1 美国ASI公司;HA120-50-005超临界流体萃取装置2 南通华安超临界萃取有限公司;GC-MS 7000D气相色谱-质谱联用仪 安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司;HPLC Waters2695高效液相色谱仪 美国沃特世公司;Ultra-ScanVIS色差仪 美国Bio-Rad公司。
参照Uquiche等[16]和秦洋等[17]的方法稍加修改进行制备,将干燥汉源南椒经粉碎机粉碎后,过40目筛,得到均匀花椒粉末。称取20.0 g花椒粉末,均匀填充于超临界萃取釜中,设定好萃取压力、温度及动态萃取时间,CO2流量为25 L/h,启动超临界萃取系统。液态CO2经加压加热转化为超临界流体,携带溶解的花椒油树脂进入分离釜Ⅰ;通过减压至5 MPa并升温至45 ℃使CO2气化,油脂成分析出后经底部阀门收集,CO2气体冷凝回收循环使用。收集的花椒油树脂转移至棕色玻璃瓶,于−20 ℃避光保存。称量计算花椒油树脂得率,计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{花椒油树脂得率}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{花椒油树脂质量}}{\text{花椒原料质量}}\times 100 $
为探究不同萃取参数对花椒油树脂得率的影响,采用单因素实验基于上述工艺流程制备花椒油树脂:固定温度40 ℃、时间1.5 h,研究萃取压力(15、20、25、30、35 MPa)对花椒油树脂得率的影响;固定压力25 MPa、时间1.5 h,研究萃取温度(30、35、40、45、50、55 ℃)对花椒油树脂得率的影响;固定温度40 ℃、压力25 MPa,研究萃取时间(0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5、3 h)对花椒油树脂得率的影响。
根据单因素实验结果,结合Box-Behnken原理设计响应面优化试验。以萃取压力(X1),萃取温度(X2),萃取时间(X3)为自变量,以花椒油树脂得率为响应值,响应面试验设计见表1。
参照张雪松等[18]的方法稍加修改制备,将干燥汉源南椒去籽除杂后,经高速粉碎机粉碎,过40目筛得到均匀粉末;称取10.0 g粉末置于250 mL锥形瓶中,按料液比1:10(w/v)加入无水乙醇,于50 ℃恒温水浴振荡器中浸提2 h;浸提液经双层定性滤纸真空抽滤后,滤液转移至旋转蒸发仪,在−0.09 MPa、40 ℃条件下减压浓缩至无液滴滴出,收集粘稠状花椒油树脂。
水分及挥发物测定:参照GB 5009.236-2016《动植物油脂水分及挥发物的测定》[19];酸价测定:参照GB 5009.229-2016《食品中酸价的测定》[20];过氧化值测定:参照GB 5009.227-2023《食品中过氧化值的测定》[21];碘值测定:参照GB/T 5532-2022《动植物油脂碘值的测定》[22]。
色泽测定:将花椒油树脂样品充分摇匀后,准确量取5 mL样品,注入光程为10 mm的洁净石英比色皿中,确保液面平整无气泡。将比色皿置于色差仪样品台上,选择D65标准光源和2°观察者角度进行校准。每个样品平行测定3次,分别记录国际照明委员会LAB色度空间中的L*值(明度指数,范围0~100)、a*值(红绿度,正值表示红色方向,负值表示绿色方向)和b*值(黄蓝度,正值表示黄色方向,负值表示蓝色方向),最终结果取三次测定的算术平均值。
在食品科学与工程、食品加工与技术和生物与医药专业的学生中,按照《感官分析选拔、培训与管理评价员一般导则第1部分:优选评价员》(GB/T 16291.1-2012)[23]的要求进行感官评价人员的选拔和感官品评培训,最终筛选出10人(食品专业背景、5 男 5女、进行过相关香气属性训练)组成感官评价小组在华中农业大学食品科学技术学院感官实验室采用定量描述分析(Quantitative Descriptive Analysis,QDA)法进行感官评价。每位感官评价员首先单独评价3种花椒油树脂样品,尽可能多地产生描述外观、组织状态、香气、口感等感官性质的描述语。为保证评价结果的准确性,要求评价小组成员在评价前12 h不吸烟、不喝酒、不食用辛辣刺激的食物。在样品评价过程中,要求每位评价小组成员每完成一个样品的评价后,用纯净水漱口并休息20 min,然后进行下一个样品的评价。
先对评价小组成员进行花椒油树脂的相关培训,让其了解花椒油树脂的风味特性。然后小组成员参考《感官分析通过多元分析方法鉴定和选择用于建立感官剖面的描述词》(GB/T 16861-1997)[24]和《感官分析术语》(GB/T 10221-2021)[25],通过删减、合并从色泽、粘稠度、草药味、柑橘味、松香味、木香味、涩感、苦味、麻感9个方面对花椒油树脂进行感官评价描述,并通过讨论确定花椒油树脂的描述词汇表,花椒油树脂的感官描述词及定义如表2所示。
本研究采用9点数字标度作为花椒油树脂的感官评分标尺,数字由低到高表示花椒油树脂的感官特性由弱到强。具体见表3。
评价小组成员根据花椒油树脂的描述词汇表和感官评分标尺,按照评价要求对3种花椒油树脂样品的感官特性指标进行逐一定量的描述分析,并分别进行3次感官评分,取平均分纳入统计分析,最后对评分表进行汇总计算,分析数据,结果用感官特性风味剖面图表示。
参考高夏洁等[26]的方法并进行适当修改,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(HS-SPME-GC-MS)联用技术对花椒油树脂中挥发性风味成分进行检测。取0.5 g花椒油树脂样品加入20 mL顶空瓶内,加入10 μL的标准品正癸烷(浓度:10 mg/mL)作为内标,将顶空瓶加盖密封后自动测样,先于75 ℃的恒温箱中孵育,平衡20 min后,插入HS-SPME进样针,推出吸附涂层,萃取30 min,萃取结束后将萃取头自动从样品瓶中拔出,立即插入GC进样口,250 ℃解吸5 min,进行GC-MS采集数据。
GC条件:色谱柱:HP-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm);进样口温度250 ℃;进样方式:分流比20:1;程序升温:50 ℃保持2 min,以5 ℃/min升温至70 ℃,保持2 min,以2 ℃/min升温至80 ℃,保持2 min,以18 ℃/min升温至140 ℃,保持2 min,以2 ℃/min升温至170 ℃,保持2 min,再以30 ℃/min升温至230 ℃保持1 min;载气为氦气(纯度为99.999%);流速1 mL/min。
MS条件:离子源温度230 ℃;电子电离源的电子能量70 eV;传输线温度280 ℃;四极杆温度150 ℃;接口温度250 ℃;质量扫描范围40~450 amu;溶剂延迟3.5 min。
定性方法:分离出的未知物与NIST14.0谱库进行检索(仅选匹配度大于80%的鉴定结果),并与标准品的保留指数(Retention Index,RI)值进行对比分析,通过直接和相应的标准品比较及质谱图的方式定性,化合物RI计算见如下公式:
$ \mathrm{RI}=100\times \frac{{\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{x}}-{\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{n}}}{{\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{n}+1}-{\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{n}}} $
式中:n为碳数;tx为保留在碳数n和n+1正构烷烃之间目标化合物保留时间;tn为碳数是n的正构烷烃的保留时间;tn+1为碳数是n+1的正构烷烃的保留时间。
定量方法:使用内标法定量,正癸烷(浓度:10 mg/mL)标准溶液为内标,并根据内标质量浓度计算样品中每一个挥发性香气物质的质量浓度,定量计算见如下公式:
$ {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{i}}={\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{S}}\times \frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{i}}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{s}}} $
式中:Ci为化合物质量浓度(mg/mL);Cs为内标质量浓度(mg/mL);Ai为化合物的色谱峰面积;As为内标物色谱峰面积。
对3种工艺制备出的花椒油树脂样品进行麻味物质成分分析。采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)进行分析。参考徐珊珊等[27]的方法并进行适当修改。分别称取0.2 g(精确到0.0001 g)花椒油树脂,加甲醇溶液定容于100 mL容量瓶中,超声10 min后,用0.22 μm有机系微孔滤膜过滤,即得供试品溶液。每次实验均进行3次平行。
HPLC色谱条件:色谱柱为TSKgelODS-100V(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);以乙腈-去离子水为流动相梯度洗脱(A:去离子水,B:乙腈)。洗脱程序:梯度洗脱(0~5 min:流动相A为65%,流动相B为35%;5~10 min:流动相A为60%,流动相B为 40%;10~15 min:流动相A为45%,流动相B为 55%;15~35 min:流动相 A 为 35%,流动相B为 65%;35~50 min:流动相A为65%,流动相B为35%),洗脱流速0.8 mL/min,柱温35 ℃,检测波长268 nm,进样10 μL,时间50 min。
质谱条件:离子源:电喷雾电离源(ESI);测定模式:全扫描模式,扫描质量范围:40~450 amu;喷雾电压:3300 V;气化温度:300 ℃;鞘气(氮气)压力:50 psi;辅助气(氩气)压力:20 bar;毛细管温度:325 ℃。
花椒酰胺类物质的定性分析:采用液质联用法对样品中色谱峰进行定性分析,定性确认采用多离子监测原则,要求每个目标化合物至少监测一个母离子及其对应的两个特征子离子。通过对样品总离子流图、提取离子流图及分子量在40~450 amu之间的离子二级碎片信息进行分析,确定其化合物分子量,计算化合物组成等,并比对NIST质谱库及文献报道的山椒素裂解规律对色谱峰进行定性[28]。
花椒酰胺类物质的定量分析:根据张敬文等[29]报道的半定量方法,以羟基-β-山椒素标准品对花椒酰胺类物质进行半定量分析。标准曲线的绘制:取羟基-β-山椒素对照品10 mg(精确至0.1 mg),置于容量瓶中,用色谱级甲醇溶解,定容至10 mL;用色谱级甲醇稀释制成浓度为5、10、50、100、200、400 μg/mL的对照品工作溶液,待测。得到标准曲线方程:y=88789X−697152(R2=0.9989)。
所有实验重复测定三次,结果经Excel 2021处理后,采用IBM SPSS Statistics 25进行显著性分析与方差分析,以X±SD表示;图形采用软件OriginPro 2022进行绘制;响应面试验由软件Design-Expert 12设计分析。
由图1可知,当萃取压力升高时,花椒油树脂得率显著升高(P<0.05),当达到30 MPa萃取压力时,花椒油树脂得率最大,为10.81%。当萃取压力继续增大时,得率不升反降,萃取压力为35 MPa时,得率为10.28%,与萃取压力为30 MPa时相比,降低了4.90%。可能原因是随着压力的升高,CO2流体的密度也随之增加,提高了花椒油树脂的溶解度,然而当萃取压力超过30 MPa时,CO2流体的可压缩性变小,密度增大受到限制,导致溶出率提升不大。同时,萃取压力增大到一定程度,花椒粉在压力作用下会被挤压收缩,导致其堆密度升高,减少了花椒粉与CO2流体接触的表面积,反而阻止流体扩散,这对花椒油树脂的萃取十分不利[30]。综上,选择30 MPa为原料的最佳萃取压力。
由图2可知,当萃取温度升高时,花椒油树脂得率也显著升高(P<0.05),当达到40 ℃萃取温度时,花椒油树脂得率最大。当萃取温度继续升高,花椒油树脂得率显著下降(P<0.05),在萃取温度达到55 ℃时,花椒油树脂得率降低为8.12%。在萃取温度从30 ℃上升到40 ℃的过程中,花椒油树脂得率显著升高(P<0.05),可能原因是温度升高分子热运动增强,传质效率提升,可有效补偿CO2密度降低导致的溶解能力下降;当温度超过40 ℃,流体密度下降幅度加剧,其对溶解能力的负面影响占据主导地位,致使得率显著下降[31]。综上,选择40 ℃为原料的最佳萃取温度。
由图3可知,1.5 h前,当萃取时间延长时,花椒油树脂得率显著升高(P<0.05),当达到2.0 h的萃取时间时,花椒油树脂得率较大,为9.65%。当萃取时间超过2 h后,花椒油树脂得率的增加幅度没有显著性差异;说明随着萃取时间的延长,花椒粉中的主要成分萃取得更加充分,当传质达到极点时,传质的效率大幅下降,花椒油树脂得率则不再大幅度提高,这与姚惠芳等[32]的研究结果一致:在超临界CO2提取姜黄素时,发现在固定温度和压力下姜黄素得率在前70 min内显著升高,但在70 min后得率增长停滞,表明传质效率已接近饱和。综上,选择2 h为原料的最佳萃取时间。
超临界二氧化碳萃取花椒油树脂响应面试验设计与结果如表4所示。
通过表5进行响应面分析得到相应的花椒油树脂得率的回归方程为:
Y=12.28+0.2950X1−0.2212X2−0.0362X3−0.1225X1X2−0.2025X1X3+0.01X2X3−2.15$ \mathrm{X}_{1}^{2} $−0.4045$ \mathrm{X}_{2}^{2} $−0.3145$ \mathrm{X}_{3}^{2} $
表中模型F值为178.42,P<0.01,失拟项P值为0.7354,R2=0.9957,R2Adj=0.9901,即该模型极显著,此响应面模型可用来分析与预测花椒油树脂得率响应值。萃取压力、萃取温度对花椒油树脂得率有极显著影响(P<0.01),萃取时间影响不显著; $ \mathrm{X}_{1}^{2} $、$ \mathrm{X}_{2}^{2} $、$ \mathrm{X}_{3}^{2} $、交互项X1X3对花椒油树脂得率影响显著(P<0.05),说明影响花椒油树脂得率的因素是非线性关系,且各因素之间存在交互作用。根据各因素F值大小,确定各因素影响花椒油树脂得率的重要性从大到小为:萃取压力(X1)>萃取温度(X2)>萃取时间(X3)。
由图4可知,等高线图能够直接反映不同变量之间相互作用的显著性差异,其中图4d为圆形,说明萃取压力和萃取温度交互作用不显著,图4e为椭圆形,说明萃取压力和萃取时间两因素之间存在显著的交互作用,由图4f可知,交互作用图为圆形,说明萃取温度和萃取时间交互作用不显著,这与模型方差分析中交互项的显著性结果一致。通过回归模型优化得到超临界二氧化碳萃取法萃取花椒油树脂的最优条件:萃取压力为30.400 MPa,萃取温度为38.721 ℃,萃取时间为1.956 h,模型预测的花椒油树脂得率为12.326%。
考虑到实际生产过程中的可操作性,修正最终工艺参数:萃取压力为30.4 MPa,萃取温度为38.7 ℃,萃取时间为1.9 h,在此工艺条件下进行3组重复实验,实验结果得出:花椒油树脂得率为12.72%±0.24%,与模型的理论值相对误差为3.20%,说明响应面法的预测值可以反映花椒油树脂得率。
为系统比较超临界CO2萃取(SFE)、乙醇提取(SEM)与压榨法(CP)三种工艺对花椒油树脂品质的影响,本研究对三组样品进行了对比分析。需要说明的是,由于CP样品为市售商品,其与实验室自制的SFE/SEM样品在原料批次上不完全一致,部分差异可能同时受到原料批次与提取工艺这两种因素的影响。然而,花椒油树脂的核心品质指标(如酸价、过氧化值、挥发性成分、麻味物质组成等)主要受提取工艺的条件(如温度、溶剂极性、氧化环境)所制约。本研究重点关注三者在这些指标上表现出的系统性、规律性差异,以评估不同工艺的优劣。
为全面比较三种工艺所得花椒油树脂的品质差异,对实验室自制的超临界CO2萃取所得花椒油树脂、乙醇提取所得花椒油树脂与市售的压榨花椒油树脂在理化指标上的差异进行了对比分析,结果如表6所示,不同提取方式对花椒油树脂的理化性质有较大的影响。CP花椒油树脂和SFE花椒油树脂的水分及挥发物含量显著高于SEM花椒油树脂(P<0.05)。这可能是因为SEM花椒油树脂在旋蒸浓缩的过程中,大部分的挥发性成分随溶剂一起蒸发损失。此外,花椒在低温烘干过程中对挥发性成分的损失有一定影响,也就是SFE花椒油树脂水分及挥发物低于CP花椒油树脂而高于SEM花椒油树脂的原因[33]。
由表6可知,三种工艺制得的花椒油树脂的酸价存在显著性差异(P<0.05),在(3.54~7.50)mg KOH/g之间,过氧化值在(2.54~5.11)mmol/kg之间,SEM花椒油树脂的酸价和过氧化值最高,CP花椒油树脂的酸价和过氧化值最低。这可能是因为花椒原料经过低温烘干处理以及在50 ℃乙醇溶液中浸提时,导致花椒油树脂中游离脂肪酸增加,以及在一定程度下加速油脂氧化,导致过氧化值偏高。此外,乙醇属于极性成分能萃取更多的极性物质,导致花椒油树脂的酸价和过氧化值偏高[33]。SFE组氧化程度虽然低于SEM组,但是显著高于CP组(P<0.05),可能是因为该工艺提取过程高压(30.4 MPa)导致细胞破裂促进氧化,并且油脂中水分含量较高,使得甘油三酯更易于水解产生较多的游离脂肪酸[34]。虽然三种工艺对花椒油树脂的酸价和过氧化值有影响,但三种花椒油树脂均符合国标要求。三种工艺制得的花椒油树脂的碘值在(33.69~44.77)mmol/kg之间,SFE花椒油树脂和SEM花椒油树脂的碘值比CP花椒油树脂的稍高,这说明SFE花椒油树脂和SEM花椒油树脂的不饱和程度大。
为全面比较三种工艺所得花椒油树脂的品质差异,对实验室自制的超临界CO2萃取所得花椒油树脂、乙醇提取所得花椒油树脂与市售的压榨花椒油树脂在色泽上的差异进行了对比分析。由表7结果可知,花椒油树脂的主体色泽表现为偏红、偏黄、明度较高的特点。不同提取方式的花椒油树脂的3个指标呈显著性差异(P<0.05)。由此可见,在色调上SEM花椒油树脂相对以明度偏暗,颜色偏红为主,呈暗红棕色;CP花椒油树脂色泽则以明度偏亮,颜色偏黄为主,呈深黄色;SFE花椒油树脂的颜色则呈棕褐色。SEM花椒油树脂呈暗红棕色可能是因为脂溶性色素类物质易溶解于乙醇溶剂;SFE花椒油树脂的颜色呈棕褐色可能是超临界二氧化碳流体对花椒油树脂的溶解性较大而对色素类物质的溶解性相对偏小;CP花椒油树脂颜色呈深黄色可能是油水分离时,水溶性色素类物质易溶于水而分离除去[35]。
为全面比较三种工艺所得花椒油树脂的品质差异,对实验室自制的超临界CO2萃取所得花椒油树脂、乙醇提取所得花椒油树脂与市售的压榨花椒油树脂在感官上的差异进行了对比分析。由描述词得分图5可知,蛛网图可以直观表征出3种花椒油树脂在不同特征上的差异程度,SEM花椒油树脂在色泽(8.2分)、粘稠度(7.9分)、草药味(8.0分)、涩感(7.4分)和苦味(6.8分)5个特征上得分最高,因此SEM花椒油树脂具有较强的草药味、涩味和苦味,风味较差。SFE样品的负面风味强度居中(苦味5.1分、涩感6.8分、草药味6.0分),而CP花椒油树脂在这3种风味中得分最低(苦味3.6分、涩感4.8分、草药味4.0分);在柑橘味方面,CP花椒油树脂得分最高为8.3分,柑橘味浓厚,其次是SFE花椒油树脂,得分最少的是SEM花椒油树脂;在松香、木质味和麻感方面,SFE花椒油树脂的得分最高,分别为松香(7.7分)、木质味(7.5分)、麻感(8.3分),不仅松香味浓郁还有较强的柑橘味,风味更加温和丰满,麻味也纯正浓烈,其次是SEM花椒油树脂和CP花椒油树脂。总体而言,CP花椒油树脂在香味方面表现突出,SFE花椒油树脂在麻感上表现更加突出,且在香味上更加柔和,使人容易接受。
为全面比较三种工艺所得花椒油树脂的品质差异,对实验室自制的超临界CO2萃取所得花椒油树脂、乙醇提取所得花椒油树脂与市售的压榨花椒油树脂在挥发性成分上的差异进行了对比分析。由表8可知,在3种工艺花椒油树脂中共检测出5大类83种挥发性成分,包括43种烯烃类、23种醇类、8种酯类、4种醛类和5种酮类。不同工艺花椒油树脂的挥发性风味成分的种类和含量均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。SFE与SEM花椒油树脂的挥发性物质种类相对较多,分别为66种和62种,CP花椒油树脂检出种类相对较少,为50种。在总含量方面,CP花椒油树脂的挥发性成分含量最高(173.95 mg/g);SFE样品次之(163.37 mg/g);SEM样品最低(91.97 mg/g)。此外,从各类挥发性成分的分布来看,烯烃类物质在CP样品中含量最高,其中D-柠檬烯(71.91 mg/g)和月桂烯(22.01 mg/g)含量显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),这与CP样品在感官评价中柑橘味得分最高(8.3分)的结果相一致。SFE样品中δ-杜松烯、γ-杜松烯等高沸点萜烯类物质含量较高,反映出超临界流体对高沸点成分的良好萃取能力[36];醇类物质中以芳樟醇为代表,在CP中含量最高(24.95 mg/g),SFE次之(22.93 mg/g),SEM最低(16.23 mg/g)。SFE样品中还检出较多氧化芳樟醇、松油烯-4-醇等高沸点醇类物质。这些物质挥发速率较慢、香气阈值低、气味柔和,与芳樟醇共同贡献了SFE花椒油树脂的松香风味特征(感官评价中松香味得分最高,7.7分);酯类物质在SFE样品中保留效果最佳,其中乙酸芳樟酯含量(47.13 mg/g)显著高于SEM(34.54 mg/g)和CP(3.29 mg/g)(P<0.05),说明超临界CO2能有效避免高温或溶剂处理导致的酯类水解[37],有利于香气成分的保留;醛酮类物质总量较低,但在SFE和SEM中检出种类较多,香芹酮(2.01 mg/g,薄荷香)、2,4-己二烯醛(0.24 mg/g,青香)等香气活性极高的物质,能够增强香气的复杂度和层次感,这可能是SFE样品香气表现更温和丰满的原因之一。相比之下,CP工艺醛酮种类少且特征单一,其香气表现则更偏向直接的柑橘调[38]。综上所述,SEM工艺的草药味(8.0分)、涩感(7.4分)可能与其高酚类物质及低酯类保留有关,而SFE工艺的松香味(7.7分)和麻感(8.3分)优势,则源于芳樟醇(22.93 mg/g)和麻味酰胺类物质(597.75 mg/g)的协同作用。
为全面比较三种工艺所得花椒油树脂的品质差异,对实验室自制的超临界CO2萃取所得花椒油树脂、乙醇提取所得花椒油树脂与市售的压榨花椒油树脂在麻味成分上的差异进行了对比分析。表9中不同工艺花椒油树脂样品的麻味成分定量结果表明,3种工艺花椒油树脂样品麻味物质组成上相同但在含量上存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。总麻味物质含量最高的是SFE花椒油树脂样品,为597.75 mg/g;其次是SEM花椒油树脂样品,为438.60 mg/g;而CP花椒油树脂样品的含量最低,为384.52 mg/g,这与定量感官中的麻感评价得分结果一致,说明麻味物质含量与麻度具有极强的相关性。10种麻味酰胺类物质中,羟基-α-山椒素、羟基-β-山椒素和羟基-γ-山椒素是含量最高的3种麻味物质,3种物质之和分别占3个样品中总麻味物质含量的90.47%、93.11%和91.91%。在10种麻味酰胺类物质中,SFE花椒油树脂样品相比于SEM花椒油树脂和CP花椒油树脂样品都呈现含量最高的特点,具有显著性差异(P<0.05),而SEM花椒油树脂在羟基-α-山椒素、羟基-γ-山椒素和花椒素这3种酰胺类成分上也显著性高于CP花椒油树脂(P<0.05)。SFE花椒油树脂中羟基-α-山椒素(377.86 mg/g)占比最高(63.2%),其强烈的麻刺感直接贡献了“麻感纯正浓烈(8.3分)”的感官特征,而羟基-β-山椒素(48.73 mg/g)和羟基-γ-山椒素(114.19 mg/g)通过协同作用进一步增强了麻感的持久性与层次感,SFE萃取方法麻感强的主要原因可能是超临界CO2萃取通常在低温下进行,低温结合CO2惰性环境可显著减少羟基-α-山椒素等热敏性酰胺类物质的热解和氧化损失[39];SEM花椒油树脂中麻味物质总量(438.60 mg/g)虽低于SFE,但其羟基-α-山椒素(291.04 mg/g)和花椒素(4.44 mg/g)含量显著高于CP(P<0.05),赋予其“麻感较强(7.4分)”但略带刺激性苦味的特征;CP花椒油树脂中麻味物质总量最低(384.52 mg/g),羟基-α-山椒素(243.05 mg/g)含量仅为SFE的64.3%,导致麻感评分(6.9分)显著偏低,且麻感呈现短暂、后劲不足。感官-麻味成分的定量关联表明:羟基-α-山椒素作为核心麻味物质,其含量与麻感强度呈线性关系(SFE>SEM>CP),花椒素与异花椒素等次要麻味成分(如SEM中花椒素4.44 mg/g)可能通过增强神经末梢敏感性,间接提升麻感复杂度,但过量时易引发苦味(SEM苦味评分6.8分)[40]。
通过响应面法优化得到超临界CO2萃取花椒油树脂的最佳工艺参数为萃取压力30.4 MPa、萃取温度38.7 ℃、萃取时间1.9 h,此条件下油树脂得率为12.72%。SFE法制备的花椒油树脂麻感纯正浓烈,麻味物质总含量(597.75 mg/g)显著高于乙醇提取法(438.60 mg/g)和压榨法(384.52 mg/g),其中羟基-α-山椒素含量最高(377.86 mg/g),占总麻味物质的63.2%;其香味温和(具松香、柑橘味特征),关键挥发性物质芳樟醇(22.93 mg/g)和柠檬烯(40.69 mg/g)含量较高;SFE油树脂挥发性成分种类丰富(66种),总含量163.37 mg/g,酯类物质(如乙酸芳樟酯47.13 mg/g)保留较好,香气层次丰富。相比之下,SEM油树脂存在溶剂残留异味(苦味、涩味、草药味),CP油树脂加工中挥发性成分(尤其酯类)损失较大。结果表明,超临界CO2萃取技术利用低温、惰性(CO2)环境,有效保留了热敏性麻味物质和易挥发性香味成分,产品兼具纯正麻感与温和香气,为高品质花椒油树脂工业化生产提供了可行的技术方案。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050190
  • 接收时间:2025-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-21
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    1华中农业大学食品科技学院,湖北武汉 430072
    2环境食品学教育部重点实验室,湖北武汉 430072
    3果蔬加工与品质调控湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430070

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徐晓云(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:植物源农产品深加工及高值化利用,E-mail:。
吴婷(1989−) ,女,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物与健康,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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