Article(id=1320166550687040284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060364, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751126400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681833191, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681833191, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681833191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681833191, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=398, endPage=409, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166552545116962, articleId=1320166550687040284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Melatonin Improved the Postharvest Quality of Cold-stored Phyllanthus emblica Fruit and Its Relationship with the Metabolisms of Reactive Oxygen Species and Membrane Lipid, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, the harvested Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) fruit cv. 'Lanfeng' was used as material to investigate the effects of melatonin treatment on the postharvest quality of cold-stored P. emblica fruit and its relationship with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and membrane lipid metabolisms. The fruit was treated by soaking in 0.4 mmol/L melatonin and distilled water (as control), respectively, then stored at (4±1) ℃ and relative humidity of 85%~90% for 49 days. During storage, the indicators related to storage quality, cell membrane permeability (CMP), contents of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA), levels of ROS-scavenging enzyme activities and substance contents, activities of membrane lipid metabolism-related enzymes and contents of membrane lipid components were measured every 7 days. Results showed that, compared with control P. emblica fruit, melatonin-treated P. emblica fruit maintained the notably lower chilling injury index, weight loss rate and values of a* and ΔE*, but kept the clearly higher commercially acceptable fruit rate, values of L* and b*, and amounts of total sugar, TSS and TA, thus retaining the postharvest quality during cold storage. Moreover, melatonin lowered CMP, superoxide anion production rate and MDA content, raised activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, increased contents of ascorbic acid and glutathione, and rose scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine radical of P. emblica fruit. In addition, in melatonin-treated fruit, the activities of phospholipase D, lipoxygenase and lipase were decreased. Meanwhile, the levels of phosphatidic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid were reduced, whereas the levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid were raised. Therefore, melatonin could retain the postharvest quality of cold-stored P. emblica fruit by regulating their ROS and membrane lipid metabolisms. Specifically, it enhanced the ROS-scavenging capacity of the fruit to reduce ROS level, and decreased the activities of membrane lipid metabolism-related enzymes to stabilize the contents of membrane lipid components. These regulatory effects helped maintain the stability of cell membrane structure, thereby improving the postharvest quality during cold storage, and extending the fruit's storage time.

, authors=Yuzhao LIN1, Qianying ZHUANG1, 2, Huafen YANG1, Xuanjing JIANG1, 3, Yazhen CHEN1, Jinshui ZHENG4, Hongbin CHEN1, 3, *, authorsList=Yuzhao LIN, Qianying ZHUANG, Huafen YANG, Xuanjing JIANG, Yazhen CHEN, Jinshui ZHENG, Hongbin CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongbin CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166554692600629, articleId=1320166550687040284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=褪黑素维持冷藏余甘子果实采后品质及其与活性氧和膜脂代谢的关系, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以‘蓝丰’余甘子果实为材料,探究褪黑素处理对冷藏余甘子果实采后品质的影响及其与活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)和膜脂代谢的关系。采用0.4 mmol/L褪黑素和蒸馏水(对照)处理果实,在(4±1)℃、相对湿度85%~90%下贮藏49 d,每隔7 d测定果实贮藏品质、细胞膜透性、ROS和丙二醛含量、ROS清除酶活性及物质含量、膜脂代谢酶活性、膜脂组分含量等指标。结果发现,褪黑素处理的余甘子果实冷害指数、失重率、a*、ΔE*值显著低于对照果实,而商品率、L*、b*值、总糖、可溶性固形物及可滴定酸含量显著高于对照果实,进而提升采后冷藏品质。褪黑素处理还降低果实细胞膜透性、超氧阴离子自由基产生速率与丙二醛含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,提升抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量,提高1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力。另外,褪黑素处理可降低果实磷脂酶D、脂氧合酶、脂酶活性,减少磷脂酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸含量,而升高磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰肌醇、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸含量。因此,褪黑素通过调节冷藏余甘子果实的ROS和膜脂代谢,提高果实ROS清除能力而降低ROS水平,以及降低膜脂代谢酶活性而稳定膜脂组分含量,维持细胞膜结构的稳定性,提高果实在冷藏期间的采后品质,延长果实贮藏期。

, authors=林育钊1, 庄倩莹1, 2, 杨华芬1, 蒋璇靓1, 3, 陈亚珍1, 郑金水4, 陈洪彬1, 3, *, authorsList=林育钊, 庄倩莹, 杨华芬, 蒋璇靓, 陈亚珍, 郑金水, 陈洪彬, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈洪彬, authorNote=

林育钊(1992−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学与保鲜技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈洪彬(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xw5OoeYurvhgYJt4LsySNA==, magXml=DsZtNIknrU5oCon49LIBXA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5Kr79hiQcMjkpsh384cpUQ==, pdfFileSize=3207815, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Q6CI0cufFMfFwcaTHTX53w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=eSfBLcHy4Mlm2+fN/sp2yg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320167268512804864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166550687040284, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yuzhaolin820@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320167268592496642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166550687040284, authorId=1320167268512804864, language=EN, stringName=Yuzhao LIN, firstName=Yuzhao, middleName=null, lastName=LIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320167268659605507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166550687040284, authorId=1320167268512804864, language=CN, stringName=林育钊, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1泉州师范学院海洋与食品学院,福建泉州 362000, bio={"content":"

林育钊(1992−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学与保鲜技术,E-mail:

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林育钊(1992−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学与保鲜技术,E-mail:

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注:在同一贮藏时间内,用**(P<0.01)或*(P<0.05)分别表示褪黑素处理组与对照组间存在极显著或显著差异,图2~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=RxclQTy4m1NH9ykv4pA46g==, figureFileBig=ytd/6y0RB1qUkHZbumCzZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167272669360177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166550687040284, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of melatonin on appearance chromaticity of cold-stored P. emblica fruit, figureFileSmall=qP5qZC7pcpWW5h3FNQn5QA==, figureFileBig=2qtq4XSPYNub/eZtotWIkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167272723886130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166550687040284, language=CN, label=图2, caption=褪黑素对冷藏余甘子果实外观色差的影响, figureFileSmall=qP5qZC7pcpWW5h3FNQn5QA==, figureFileBig=2qtq4XSPYNub/eZtotWIkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167272799383603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166550687040284, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of melatonin on nutrient substance contents of cold-stored P. emblica fruit, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167276763000890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166550687040284, language=CN, label=图6, caption=褪黑素对冷藏余甘子果实ROS清除系统的影响, figureFileSmall=uHIUzFUkfzEa111P7IhJWw==, figureFileBig=JbGICjudU45Ey3MVEKPrew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167276842692667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166550687040284, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of melatonin on membrane lipid-degrading enzyme activities (A~C) and phospholipid component contents (D~F) of cold-stored P. emblica fruit, figureFileSmall=MuabyLACLgoO+CcYtw96Mg==, figureFileBig=K5956UmKkwtha6tq4Rri4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167276913995836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166550687040284, language=CN, label=图7, caption=褪黑素对冷藏余甘子果实膜脂降解酶活性(A~C)和磷脂组分含量(D~F)的影响, figureFileSmall=MuabyLACLgoO+CcYtw96Mg==, figureFileBig=K5956UmKkwtha6tq4Rri4Q==, 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figureFileBig=crwxBaCJAOj3RvSEtFJVfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167277195014208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166550687040284, language=CN, label=图9, caption=冷藏余甘子果实采后品质与ROS和膜脂代谢相关指标的Mantel分析

注:**或*分别表示不同指标之间存在极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)相关;圆圈大小反映相关系数大小。

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褪黑素维持冷藏余甘子果实采后品质及其与活性氧和膜脂代谢的关系
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林育钊 1 , 庄倩莹 1, 2 , 杨华芬 1 , 蒋璇靓 1, 3 , 陈亚珍 1 , 郑金水 4 , 陈洪彬 1, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(11): 398-409
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (11) : 398 -409
褪黑素维持冷藏余甘子果实采后品质及其与活性氧和膜脂代谢的关系
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林育钊(1992−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学与保鲜技术,E-mail:

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林育钊1 , 庄倩莹1, 2, 杨华芬1, 蒋璇靓1, 3, 陈亚珍1, 郑金水4, 陈洪彬1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1泉州师范学院海洋与食品学院,福建泉州 362000
  • 2福州大学先进制造学院,福建泉州 362200
  • 3近海资源生物技术福建省高校重点实验室,福建泉州 362000
  • 4泉州市农业科学研究所,福建泉州 362212
通讯作者:
陈洪彬(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

林育钊(1992−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学与保鲜技术,E-mail:

Melatonin Improved the Postharvest Quality of Cold-stored Phyllanthus emblica Fruit and Its Relationship with the Metabolisms of Reactive Oxygen Species and Membrane Lipid
Yuzhao LIN1 , Qianying ZHUANG1, 2, Huafen YANG1, Xuanjing JIANG1, 3, Yazhen CHEN1, Jinshui ZHENG4, Hongbin CHEN1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
  • 2School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362200, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Inshore Resources Biotechnology, Quanzhou 362000, China
  • 4Quanzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Quanzhou 362212, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060364
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本研究以‘蓝丰’余甘子果实为材料,探究褪黑素处理对冷藏余甘子果实采后品质的影响及其与活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)和膜脂代谢的关系。采用0.4 mmol/L褪黑素和蒸馏水(对照)处理果实,在(4±1)℃、相对湿度85%~90%下贮藏49 d,每隔7 d测定果实贮藏品质、细胞膜透性、ROS和丙二醛含量、ROS清除酶活性及物质含量、膜脂代谢酶活性、膜脂组分含量等指标。结果发现,褪黑素处理的余甘子果实冷害指数、失重率、a*、ΔE*值显著低于对照果实,而商品率、L*、b*值、总糖、可溶性固形物及可滴定酸含量显著高于对照果实,进而提升采后冷藏品质。褪黑素处理还降低果实细胞膜透性、超氧阴离子自由基产生速率与丙二醛含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,提升抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量,提高1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力。另外,褪黑素处理可降低果实磷脂酶D、脂氧合酶、脂酶活性,减少磷脂酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸含量,而升高磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰肌醇、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸含量。因此,褪黑素通过调节冷藏余甘子果实的ROS和膜脂代谢,提高果实ROS清除能力而降低ROS水平,以及降低膜脂代谢酶活性而稳定膜脂组分含量,维持细胞膜结构的稳定性,提高果实在冷藏期间的采后品质,延长果实贮藏期。

余甘子  /  褪黑素  /  冷藏品质  /  活性氧代谢  /  膜脂代谢

In this study, the harvested Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) fruit cv. 'Lanfeng' was used as material to investigate the effects of melatonin treatment on the postharvest quality of cold-stored P. emblica fruit and its relationship with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and membrane lipid metabolisms. The fruit was treated by soaking in 0.4 mmol/L melatonin and distilled water (as control), respectively, then stored at (4±1) ℃ and relative humidity of 85%~90% for 49 days. During storage, the indicators related to storage quality, cell membrane permeability (CMP), contents of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA), levels of ROS-scavenging enzyme activities and substance contents, activities of membrane lipid metabolism-related enzymes and contents of membrane lipid components were measured every 7 days. Results showed that, compared with control P. emblica fruit, melatonin-treated P. emblica fruit maintained the notably lower chilling injury index, weight loss rate and values of a* and ΔE*, but kept the clearly higher commercially acceptable fruit rate, values of L* and b*, and amounts of total sugar, TSS and TA, thus retaining the postharvest quality during cold storage. Moreover, melatonin lowered CMP, superoxide anion production rate and MDA content, raised activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, increased contents of ascorbic acid and glutathione, and rose scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine radical of P. emblica fruit. In addition, in melatonin-treated fruit, the activities of phospholipase D, lipoxygenase and lipase were decreased. Meanwhile, the levels of phosphatidic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid were reduced, whereas the levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid were raised. Therefore, melatonin could retain the postharvest quality of cold-stored P. emblica fruit by regulating their ROS and membrane lipid metabolisms. Specifically, it enhanced the ROS-scavenging capacity of the fruit to reduce ROS level, and decreased the activities of membrane lipid metabolism-related enzymes to stabilize the contents of membrane lipid components. These regulatory effects helped maintain the stability of cell membrane structure, thereby improving the postharvest quality during cold storage, and extending the fruit's storage time.

Phyllanthus emblica  /  melatonin  /  cold storage quality  /  reactive oxygen species metabolism  /  membrane lipid metabolism
林育钊, 庄倩莹, 杨华芬, 蒋璇靓, 陈亚珍, 郑金水, 陈洪彬. 褪黑素维持冷藏余甘子果实采后品质及其与活性氧和膜脂代谢的关系. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 398 -409 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060364
Yuzhao LIN, Qianying ZHUANG, Huafen YANG, Xuanjing JIANG, Yazhen CHEN, Jinshui ZHENG, Hongbin CHEN. Melatonin Improved the Postharvest Quality of Cold-stored Phyllanthus emblica Fruit and Its Relationship with the Metabolisms of Reactive Oxygen Species and Membrane Lipid[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 398 -409 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060364
余甘子(Phyllanthus emblica L.),亦称油甘、滇橄榄等,是一种热带、亚热带地区的特色水果[1−2]。果实原产于印度、巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡等地[2−4]。在我国已有1800多年的种植历史[5],现主要分布在福建、广西、海南、广东、云南等省区[2,6−7]。余甘子果实富含维生素C、黄酮类、多酚类、氨基酸等营养物质[3−4,7],具有抗氧化、抗菌、降血压、抗肿瘤、护肝、消炎镇痛等功效[3−4,6,8]。然而,余甘子果实采后极易发生失水、褐变、皱缩、腐烂等品质败坏症状,降低采后贮藏性能,难以维持果实品质[2−3,9]。低温贮藏可有效延缓果实采后品质劣变,维持较好的贮藏特性,延长货架期[10]。因此,研究余甘子果实在冷藏期间的品质变化,以维持其采后品质、延长贮藏期具有重要意义。
活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)代谢可调节果实采后品质[11−12]。超氧阴离子自由基(Superoxide anion,O2−·)等ROS大量累积将破坏ROS代谢平衡,诱导严重的膜脂过氧化及产生丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA),致使果实品质丧失[13−14]。ROS清除系统可影响ROS水平,从而调节ROS的生成与清除。超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate peroxidase,APX)等ROS清除酶及谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)、抗坏血酸(Aascorbic acid,AsA)等ROS清除物质作为该系统的重要组成部分,能调节ROS水平[11,13−14]。有研究表明,微酸性电解水[12]、硫化钠[15]等处理能提高果实ROS清除能力,进而减少ROS累积而维持采后品质。另外,膜脂代谢也是影响果实采后品质的关键因素[11,16]。较高磷脂酶D(Phospholipase D,PLD)、脂氧合酶(Lipoxygenase,LOX)、脂酶活性将提高膜脂代谢水平,加速降解果实的磷脂酰胆碱(Phosphatidylcholine,PC)、磷脂酰肌醇(Phosphatidylinositol,PI)等磷脂组分和不饱和脂肪酸(Unsaturated fatty acid,USFA),进而破坏细胞膜结构,促进品质败坏[17−18]。有研究报道,三磷酸腺苷[17]、壳寡糖[18]等处理能降低果实膜脂代谢酶活性而维持膜脂组分含量,从而维持细胞膜结构,稳定其采后品质。因此,ROS与膜脂代谢水平的改变对果实采后品质具有调节作用。
褪黑素是一种天然形成的吲哚胺,广泛存在于植物体中,可参与调节多种生理过程,例如种子萌发、开花、果实成熟、应对外界胁迫等[2,11,16]。另外,褪黑素可作为ROS清除剂,减少ROS累积及其对细胞结构的损伤作用,提升果实采后品质[3,11]。本团队前期研究表明,褪黑素处理能有效提升西番莲果实ROS清除能力,降低ROS氧化损伤,进而稳定细胞膜结构而维持果实冷藏品质[11]。Ali等[19]研究报道,褪黑素能减少西葫芦的ROS累积,降低细胞膜结构损伤程度,延缓冷害发生。此外,褪黑素还能维持果实的细胞膜脂组分含量,保护细胞膜结构而增强果实贮藏品质[11]。Wang等[20]研究发现,褪黑素处理能提高香蕉的USFA水平,增强果实抗冷性。因此,ROS和膜脂代谢对维持果实采后冷藏品质具有重要调节作用。然而,褪黑素通过调节ROS代谢水平和膜脂组分降解来提升冷藏余甘子果实采后品质的内在关联机制尚未见报道。因此,本研究拟揭示ROS和膜脂代谢在褪黑素维持冷藏余甘子果实品质中的作用,为褪黑素处理延长余甘子果实贮藏期提供理论依据。
余甘子果实 以福建省主栽的‘蓝丰’余甘子果实为试材,果实采自福建省惠安县紫山镇田船余甘专业合作社管理的果园,果实于9成熟[色差L*、a*、b*值、可溶性固形物(Total soluble solids,TSS)含量分别是58.06±0.80、−9.02±0.31、29.53±1.60、9.36%±0.10%]采收,挑选色泽均匀、大小一致、无病虫害、无损伤的果实用于研究;褪黑素(纯度>98%) 购买于阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司;本研究测定指标所用的化学试剂(化学纯) 购买于国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
ME204电子天平、S230型电导率仪、ET18自动电位滴定仪 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;CR400色差仪 日本柯尼卡公司;GL-20G-Ⅱ型高速冷冻离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;PRX-450A型人工气候箱 浙江宁波赛福实验仪器有限公司;Infinite M 200 Pro型酶标仪 瑞士帝肯公司;7890B气相色谱仪 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;Waters 2695高效液相色谱仪 美国沃特世公司;PAL-1糖度计 日本株式会社爱宕公司;HH-4型数显恒温水浴锅 国华电器有限公司。
在预实验中,将清洗后的果实分成5组,分别浸泡在浓度为0(对照)、0.1、0.2、0.4和0.6 mmol/L的褪黑素中30 min,晾干,装袋(30个/袋,每个处理组3袋),在(4±1)℃、相对湿度85%~90%下贮藏49 d。结果发现,在贮藏49 d时,不同浓度的褪黑素处理组的商品率(未发生冷害)分别是51.11%(对照)、61.11%(0.1 mmol/L)、65.56%(0.2 mmol/L)、73.67%(0.4 mmol/L)、70.89%(0.6 mmol/L),而冷害指数分别是0.22(对照)、0.17(0.1 mmol/L)、0.16(0.2 mmol/L)、0.12(0.4 mmol/L)、0.15(0.6 mmol/L)。相比之下,0.4 mmol/L褪黑素处理的冷藏余甘子果实商品率最高、冷害指数最低,具有较稳定的采后品质。因此,选择0.4 mmol/L褪黑素用于后续研究。
在确定褪黑素最优浓度后,挑选90个余甘子果实用于测定采收当天(贮藏0 d)的果实特性,另挑选1260个果实均分成2组(每组630个果实,含3个重复),具体如下:a. 对照组:蒸馏水浸泡果实30 min;b. 0.4 mmol/L褪黑素浸泡果实30 min。经过上述处理后,取出果实晾干并装袋(30个/袋),在(4±1)℃、相对湿度85%~90%条件下贮藏。在贮藏期(0~49 d),取样测定相关指标。
参考Fan等[21]的方法,取30个果实测定余甘子的冷害指数,以褐变或斑点面积占整个果实表面的百分比为评判标准,设5个等级:0级(无褐变或斑点)、1级(1%~10%)、2级(11%~25%)、3级(26%~50%)、4级(≥51%)。此外,参考Zhang等[12]的方法,取30个余甘子果实测定商品率及失重率。果实商品率、失重率的结果均以%表示。
参照Zhang等[12]的方法,取5个余甘子果实,测定果实赤道面相对4个部分的外观色差,包括a*、b*和L*值,同时计算ΔE*值。
参考林育钊等[22]的方法,取10个余甘子果实测定营养物质含量。将余甘子果实研磨成汁,用PAL-1糖度计测定果实TSS含量,结果以%表示;取2.0 g果实与适量蒸馏水研磨成汁,定容至100 mL,取20 mL用ET18全自动电位滴定仪测定(以柠檬酸计)可滴定酸(Titratable acid,TA)含量,结果以%表示;取1.0 g果实与10 mL蒸馏水混匀研磨,煮沸提取30 min,离心后取上清液,定容至100 mL,取0.5 mL,采用苯酚硫酸法测定总糖含量,结果以g/kg表示。
参考Fan等[21]的方法,从15个果实取30个0.2 cm2的组织圆片浸泡于25 mL蒸馏水,25 ℃静置3 h后,测定电导率C1,煮沸0.5 h,冷却定容后测定电导率C2,计算相对电导率(C1/C2)用于评价CMP,结果以%表示。
参照Lin等[11]的方法,从10个余甘子果实取1.0 g样品,加入8 mL pH7.8的50 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(Phosphate buffered saline,PBS)[含1 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸(Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)],研磨后离心,上清液定容至10 mL。取1 mL上清液,与1 mL pH7.8 50 mmol/L PBS、1 mL 1 mmol/L盐酸羟胺混合,摇匀后静置1 h,加入1 mL α-奈胺、1 mL对氨基苯磺酸,显色20 min后,测定波长530 nm处的吸光值(OD),O2−·产生速率结果以μmol/(g·min)表示。此外,取1.0 g果实,加入8 mL 10%三氯乙酸(Trichloroacetic acid,TCA),研磨后离心,上清液定容至10 mL。取1 mL上清液,加1 mL 硫代巴比妥酸(0.67%),煮沸20 min,冷却后测定波长450、532和600 nm处的OD值,MDA含量结果以nmol/g表示。
参照Lin等[13]的方法进行余甘子果实ROS清除系统水平评价。从10个余甘子果实取1.0 g样品,与10 mL PBS(pH7.0)混合,摇匀后离心,上清液用于测定ROS清除酶活性。对于SOD活性的测定,取0.1 mL上清液、3 mL反应介质(含63 µmol/L氮蓝四唑、13 mmol/L甲硫氨酸、1.5 µmol/L核黄素、50 mmol/L pH7.8 PBS),摇匀,光照0.5 h,置于暗处终止反应,测定波长560 nm处的OD值。对于CAT活性的测定,取0.2 mL上清液、2.8 mL 20 mmol/L H2O2,摇匀,30 ℃下反应10 min,用2 mL 10%硫酸终止反应,测定波长240 nm处的OD值。对于APX活性的测定,取0.2 mL上清液、4 mL 50 mmol/L PBS(含0.5 mmol/L AsA,pH7.7)、0.5 mL 2 mmol/L H2O2,摇匀后置于30 ℃下20 min,用2 mL 20%TCA终止反应,于波长290 nm处测定OD值。ROS清除酶活性以U/mg protein表示。对于AsA含量的测定,从10个余甘子果实取1.0 g样品,与10 mL 5%TCA混合,摇匀后离心,取3 mL上清液、3 mL 5%TCA、3 mL无水乙醇、1.5 mL 0.03%FeCl3、1.5 mL 0.4%H3PO4、3 mL 0.5%邻菲罗啉,摇匀,30 ℃下反应90 min,测定波长534 nm处的OD值。对于GSH含量的测定,从10个余甘子果实取1.0 g样品,与10 mL 5%TCA(含5 mmol/L EDTA)混合,摇匀后离心,取1 mL上清液、1 mL 50 mmol/L PBS(pH7.0)、0.5 mL 4 mmol/L二硫代硝基苯甲酸,25 ℃下反应10 min,测定波长412 nm处的OD值。ROS清除物质含量用g/kg表示。对于1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-Diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine,DPPH)自由基清除能力的测定,从10个余甘子果实取1.0 g样品,与10 mL 80%乙醇混合,摇匀后离心,取1.5 mL上清液、1.5 mL60 μmol/L DPPH,摇匀,暗处反应30 min,测定波长517 nm处的OD值,结果以%表示。
参照Lin等[11,17]的方法测定。对于PLD活性的测定,从10个余甘子果实取1.0 g样品,和10 mL 0.1 mol/L醋酸缓冲液(pH5.6)混合,摇匀后离心,取3 mL上清液、3 mL 0.4 mg/mL卵磷脂,28 ℃下振荡1 h,加5 mL石油醚洗涤3次,收集水层,加3 mL 1%雷氏盐后离心,用5 mL丙酮溶解沉淀,测定波长520 nm处的OD值。对于LOX活性的测定,从10个余甘子果实取1.0 g样品,与10 mL 0.1 mol/L PBS(pH6.8)混合,摇匀后离心,取0.2 mL上清液、0.05 mL亚油酸钠,摇匀,30 ℃下反应5 min,随后加7 mL 60%乙醇、2 mL无水乙醇,测定波长234 nm处的OD值。对于脂酶活性的测定,从10个余甘子果实取1.0 g样品,与10 mL0.2 mol/L PBS(pH7.8)混合,摇匀后离心,取1 mL上清液、2.3 mL 0.2 mol/L PBS,在30 ℃下反应5 min后加0.5 mL 0.5%乙酸-1-萘酯,摇匀后放置0.5 h,加0.2 mL 0.15%坚固蓝(含6%十二烷基硫酸钠)后测定波长520 nm处的OD值。以上结果均以U/mg protein表示。
取10个余甘子果实,参照Lin等[11,17]的方法测定。将5 g果实与15 mL氯仿:甲醇(2:1)混合,超声,离心后取氯仿相,与丙酮混合,振荡后氮气吹干,用1 mL氯仿:甲醇(2:1)进行溶解,随后采用高效液相色谱仪进行PC、PI、磷脂酸(Phosphatidic acid,PA)等磷脂组分含量的测定。以正己烷:异丙醇:甲醇:1%乙酸(4:9:5:2)为流动相,色谱柱、蒸发光检测器型号分别为nersil SIL 100A(250 mm×4.6 mm)、Waters 2424,检测波长、柱温、流速、进样体积分别为254 nm、30 ℃、0.8 mL/min、10 μL。结果以g/kg表示。此外,取5 g果实干燥至恒重,取0.5 g干样溶解于2 mL 0.4 mol/L氢氧化钾,振荡后加8 mL蒸馏水、8 mL苯:石油醚(1:1)混匀,取上清液采用气相色谱仪检测脂肪酸组分相对含量。色谱柱型号为DB-23(60 m×0.25 mm),FID检测器、进样口温度分别为250、200 ℃,氢气、空气、氮气尾吹流速分别为30、300、30 mL/min。结果用%表示。
在本研究中,所测定指标都进行3次重复。使用Microsoft Excel 2019软件绘制数据图。基于方差分析和邓肯检验,采用SPSS软件对数据进行统计及分析。在同一贮藏时间内,用**(P<0.01)或*(P<0.05)分别表示褪黑素处理组与对照组间存在极显著或显著差异。另外,对于Mantel分析,采用ggcor计算并通过Chiplot在线工具(https://www.chiplot.online)对结果进行可视化。
由图1A可知,贮藏0 d(采收当天)时,余甘子果实外观完好,呈现明亮的黄绿色,绿色调更明显。从贮藏21 d开始,对照组果实表面开始出现褐变或斑点等冷害症状,随贮藏时间延长(尤其是35 d后),该症状逐渐加重,其贮藏价值也急剧降低。然而,褪黑素处理能减缓果实冷害发生进程,维持较好的外观品质,延长保鲜期。
冷害指数可直观反映果实在冷藏期间所遭受冷胁迫的程度。由图1B可知,在贮藏49 d,对照组和褪黑素处理组的冷害指数分别比贮藏0 d高200.00%和125.00%。此外,和对照组对比,褪黑素处理组的冷害指数在贮藏28 d具有显著(P<0.05)差异,在贮藏35~49 d具有极显著(P<0.01)差异。
商品率是衡量健康果实在商业上可接受程度的关键指标[22]。由图1C可知,两组商品率均在贮藏14~49 d快速下降,而褪黑素处理组高于对照组,并在28 d达显著(P<0.05)差异,在贮藏35~49 d达极显著(P<0.01)差异。
失重率与果实采后耐贮性有关,可影响果实贮藏品质[23]。由图1D可知,对照组和褪黑素处理组的失重率分别由贮藏0 d的0上升至贮藏49 d的4.22%和3.48%。褪黑素处理组失重率在贮藏35~42 d显著(P<0.05)低于对照组。
因此,褪黑素处理可降低冷藏余甘子果实的冷害指数与失重率,维持果实的商品率。
色差系统可体现果实颜色变化,评价其外观品质[12,22]。其中,L*、a*、b*值分别代表色泽明亮水平、红绿色度、黄蓝色度[2]。由图2A可知,余甘子果实的L*值在贮藏0~49 d快速下降,这可能是因为果实表面出现褐变或斑点等冷害症状,导致其外观色泽变暗。而褪黑素处理组始终高于对照组,且在贮藏21~35 d达显著(P<0.05)差异,在贮藏42~49 d达极显著(P<0.01)差异。在贮藏49 d,褪黑素处理组的L*值比对照组高11.43%。
由图2B可知,对照组a*值在贮藏0~49 d加速上升,这说明了果实外观色泽逐渐向红色转变;而褪黑素处理组a*值在贮藏0~14 d快速升高,14~21 d呈现下降变化,随后加速上升。相比之下,褪黑素处理组a*值低于对照组,并在贮藏21 d具有显著(P<0.05)差异,在贮藏28~49 d具有极显著(P<0.01)差异。
从图2C可得,对照组与褪黑素处理组的b*值分别从贮藏0 d的29.53下降到贮藏49 d的16.91和22.60,并且褪黑素处理组维持在较高水平,同时在贮藏7 d呈现出显著(P<0.05)差异,在贮藏14~49 d表现出极显著(P<0.01)差异。
ΔE*值表示果实在贮藏过程中外观色泽的整体变化[12]。对照组和褪黑素处理组的ΔE*值分别从0(贮藏0 d)上升到17.41与9.70(贮藏49 d),褪黑素处理组维持在较低水平,这表明了果实外观色泽变化较缓。另外,在贮藏7~49 d,两组的ΔE*值具有显著(P<0.05)差异。
因此,褪黑素处理可延缓冷藏余甘子果实L*、b*值的下降,而减缓a*、ΔE*值的升高。
TSS、TA及总糖作为果实主要的营养物质,是衡量营养价值的重要依据[22]。由图3A可得,对照组TSS含量在贮藏0~7 d快速降低,7~21 d快速上升,21~49 d快速减少。而褪黑素处理组TSS含量在贮藏0~21 d快速提高,21~49 d快速下降。与对照组相比,褪黑素处理组具有较高水平,并在贮藏7~21、35~49 d具有极显著(P<0.01)差异,在贮藏28 d达到显著(P<0.05)差异。
由图3B可得,对照组TA含量从2.03%(贮藏0 d)上升至2.20%(贮藏14 d),随后下降到0.70%(贮藏49 d)。然而,褪黑素处理组TA含量从2.03%(贮藏0 d)升高到2.54%(贮藏14 d),之后快速减少到1.26%(贮藏49 d)。与对照组对比,褪黑素处理组在贮藏7~14 d达显著(P<0.05)差异,在贮藏21~49 d达极显著(P<0.01)差异。
从图3C发现,在贮藏49 d,对照组与褪黑素处理组的总糖含量分别比贮藏0 d低51.94%和39.17%。褪黑素处理组在贮藏14、49 d极显著(P<0.01)高于对照组,在贮藏42 d显著(P<0.05)高于对照组。
因此,褪黑素处理可延缓冷藏余甘子果实TSS、TA及总糖等营养物质水平的下降。
CMP是衡量细胞膜损伤程度的关键指标,其数值越高,膜结构遭受的破坏越严重[11]。由图4可知,在贮藏49 d,对照组和褪黑素处理组的CMP分别比贮藏0 d高170.94%与128.96%。此外,和对照组对比,褪黑素处理组保持较低水平,并在贮藏14、42 d有显著(P<0.05)差异,在贮藏28~35、49 d有极显著(P<0.01)差异。
因此,褪黑素处理能减缓冷藏余甘子果实CMP的升高。
ROS(如O2−·)可破坏细胞膜完整性,诱导膜脂过氧化,促进其产物MDA积累,破坏细胞正常功能[11]。对于O2−·产生速率(图5A),两组果实均呈现快速升高趋势。在贮藏49 d,对照组和褪黑素处理组分别比贮藏0 d增高了47.77%和36.19%,同时在贮藏7、28~35、49 d达到显著(P<0.05)差异。另外,对于MDA含量(图5B),两组果实均呈现加速上升趋势。在贮藏49 d,褪黑素处理组是对照组的87.65%。相比之下,两组在贮藏35 d有显著(P<0.05)差异,在贮藏49 d有极显著(P<0.01)差异。
因此,褪黑素处理能延缓冷藏余甘子果实O2−·和MDA的累积。
SOD、CAT与APX是重要的ROS清除酶,可调节ROS水平[12−13]。由图6A可得,余甘子果实的SOD活性在贮藏期先升高而后下降。其中,对照组在贮藏14 d达到峰值(95.00 U/mg protein),而褪黑素处理组在贮藏28 d达到峰值(112.38 U/mg protein)。与对照组对比,褪黑素处理组具有较高SOD活性,同时在贮藏7、21~42 d呈现极显著(P<0.01)差异。
由图6B可得,在贮藏0~49 d,余甘子果实的CAT活性先上升随后减小。其中,对照组在贮藏35 d达到峰值(30.82 U/mg protein),而褪黑素处理组在贮藏28 d达到峰值(37.06 U/mg protein)。和对照组相比,褪黑素处理组表现出较高CAT活性,同时在贮藏28 d呈现显著(P<0.05)差异,在贮藏49 d呈现极显著(P<0.01)差异。
由图6C可得,对照组和褪黑素处理组的APX活性在贮藏0~7 d快速减小,7~21 d加速升高,21~49 d快速下降,而褪黑素处理组具有较高水平。另外,与对照组相比,褪黑素处理组在贮藏14~21 d具有显著(P<0.05)较高的APX活性。
AsA与GSH作为ROS清除物质,可清除多余ROS,保持ROS产生与清除平衡[13−14]。由图6D可知,余甘子果实的AsA含量在贮藏期表现出整体减少趋势,而褪黑素处理组维持较高水平。此外,和对照组对比,褪黑素处理组AsA含量在贮藏7~42 d具有极显著(P<0.01)差异,在贮藏49 d具有显著(P<0.05)差异。
由图6E可得,对照组GSH含量在贮藏0~21 d快速提高,之后加速下降。然而,褪黑素处理组GSH含量在贮藏0~21 d加快提高,21~35 d快速下降,之后又较快升高。相比之下,褪黑素处理组保持较高水平,同时在贮藏14~21 d达显著(P<0.05)差异。
DPPH自由基清除能力是评价果实采后抗氧化水平的关键指标,能反映ROS清除能力[11]。余甘子果实的DPPH自由基清除能力在贮藏0~49 d整体呈现降低趋势,而褪黑素处理组保持较高水平(图6F)。另外,褪黑素处理组在贮藏7、35~49 d显著(P<0.05)高于对照组。
因此,褪黑素处理能保持冷藏余甘子果实较高的ROS清除酶活性、ROS清除物质水平、DPPH自由基清除能力。
PLD、脂酶、LOX是主要的膜脂代谢酶,可降解膜脂组分,使得细胞膜结构不稳定[14,24]。从图7A可知,余甘子果实的PLD活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势,对照组在贮藏28 d达到峰值(6.25 U/mg protein),而褪黑素处理组在贮藏21 d达到峰值(4.45 U/mg protein)。此外,褪黑素处理组的PLD活性在贮藏28、42 d极显著(P<0.01)低于对照组,在贮藏35、49 d显著(P<0.05)低于对照组。
从图7B可知,对于脂酶活性,对照组和褪黑素处理组在贮藏7 d达到峰值,分别是9.46、8.26 U/mg protein。相比之下,褪黑素处理组的脂酶活性低于对照组,在贮藏21~35 d具有显著(P<0.05)差异。
从图7C可知,余甘子果实的LOX活性呈现先升高而后降低的趋势,其中对照组在贮藏21 d达到峰值(2.11 U/mg protein),而褪黑素处理组在贮藏14 d达到峰值(1.85 U/mg protein)。此外,与对照组比较,褪黑素处理组在贮藏21、42 d显著(P<0.05)较低,在贮藏49 d极显著(P<0.01)较低。
PC、PI、PA等磷脂是膜脂主要的构成部分,PC与PI的降解及PA 的累积将导致严重的膜损伤[11,24]。
由图7D可知,在贮藏49 d,对照组与褪黑素处理组的PC含量分别比贮藏0 d减少74.73%和48.39%。与对照组对比,褪黑素处理组在贮藏35 d显著(P<0.05)较高,在贮藏42~49 d极显著(P<0.01)较高。
从图7E可得,余甘子果实的PI含量在贮藏0~49 d整体呈现减少趋势,而褪黑素处理组高于对照组,同时在贮藏14、28~49 d表现出显著(P<0.05)差异。褪黑素处理组在贮藏49 d时比对照组高64.73%。
由图7F可知,余甘子果实的PA含量在贮藏期呈升高变化。相比之下,褪黑素处理组低于对照组,并在贮藏42~49 d表现出极显著(P<0.01)差异。在贮藏49 d,褪黑素处理组比对照组低31.24%。
因此,褪黑素处理能降低冷藏余甘子果实膜脂代谢酶活性,同时减缓PC和PI含量的下降、PA含量的升高。
脂肪酸也是膜脂重要组成,USFA和SFA是其主要存在形式,其含量的高低可影响细胞膜结构,其中USFA水平与细胞膜的稳定程度、流动特性密切相关[13,24]。由图8A~C可知,余甘子果实的油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸等USFA相对含量呈现下降的趋势,褪黑素处理组整体高于对照组。统计分析可得,两组的油酸相对含量在贮藏14~21 d具有极显著(P<0.01)差异,在贮藏28~35 d具有显著(P<0.05)差异;亚油酸相对含量在贮藏42~49 d有显著(P<0.05)差异;亚麻酸相对含量在贮藏14、28~35、49 d呈现显著(P<0.05)差异,在贮藏21 d呈现极显著(P<0.01)差异。
由图8D~图8E可知,余甘子果实的棕榈酸、硬脂酸等SFA相对含量呈现上升的趋势,褪黑素处理组低于对照组。与对照组比较,褪黑素处理组的棕榈酸相对含量在贮藏14~21、35、49 d呈现显著(P<0.05)差异;硬脂酸相对含量则在贮藏28、49 d呈现显著(P<0.05)差异。
因此,褪黑素处理能延缓冷藏余甘子果实USFA相对含量的降低、SFA相对含量的提高。
为揭示褪黑素对余甘子果实在冷藏期间品质变化的影响,对果实采后耐贮性、外观色差和营养物质含量及其与ROS和膜脂代谢相关指标进行Mantel分析(图9)。结果发现,余甘子果实的耐贮性与CMP、DPPH自由基清除能力、脂酶和LOX活性、磷脂组分(PC、PI、PA)和脂肪酸组分(C18:1、C18:2、C18:0)含量等具有显著相关性(P<0.05);外观色差与CMP、O2−·产生速率、MDA含量、CAT活性、AsA含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、AsA、磷脂组分(PC、PI、PA)和脂肪酸组分(C18:1、C18:2、C18:3、C16:0、C18:0)含量等表现出显著相关性(P<0.05);营养物质含量与CMP、O2−·产生速率、MDA含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、脂酶和LOX活性、磷脂组分(PC、PI、PA)和脂肪酸组分(C18:1、C18:2、C16:0、C18:0)含量等存在显著相关性(P<0.05)。由此推测,褪黑素处理可调节余甘子果实的ROS和膜脂代谢,影响果实耐贮性、外观色差及营养物质含量,进而维持采后冷藏品质。另外,余甘子果实的O2−·产生速率与CMP(P<0.01,r=0.91)、MDA含量(P<0.01,r=0.98)具有正相关,与AsA含量(P<0.01,r=−0.88)、DPPH自由基清除能力(P<0.05,r=−0.77)具有负相关;MDA含量与CMP(P<0.01,r=0.87)具有正相关,与AsA含量(P<0.01,r=−0.94)、DPPH自由基清除能力(P<0.05,r=−0.80)具有负相关。PC含量与CMP(P<0.01,r=−0.98)、PA含量(P<0.01,r=−0.91)具有负相关,而PI含量与CMP(P<0.01,r=−0.97)、PA含量(P<0.01,r=−0.91)具有负相关。另外,油酸相对含量和CMP(P<0.01,r=−0.97)、棕榈酸(P<0.01,r=−0.98)、硬脂酸(P<0.01,r=−0.96)相对含量表现出负相关,亚油酸相对含量和CMP(P<0.01,r=−0.95)、棕榈酸(P<0.01,r=−0.98)、硬脂酸(P<0.01,r=−0.96)相对含量表现出负相关,亚麻酸相对含量和CMP(P<0.01,r=−0.85)、棕榈酸(P<0.01,r=−0.97)、硬脂酸(P<0.05,r=−0.82)相对含量表现出负相关。由此推测,冷藏余甘子果实采后AsA等ROS清除物质含量及DPPH自由基清除能力下降将导致ROS累积和膜脂过氧化;而较高膜脂代谢酶活性可能是磷脂组分(PC和PI)降解、USFA向SFA转化等过程的重要因素,共同损伤了细胞膜结构而影响果实冷藏品质。因此,冷藏余甘子果实采后品质变化与ROS和膜脂代谢水平密切相关。
褪黑素作为一种具有潜力的采后保鲜技术,能维持采后西番莲[11]、荔枝[16]、杨桃[25]等果实品质。本研究发现,和对照余甘子果实相比,褪黑素处理能提高余甘子果实的商品率、降低冷害指数、失重率,提高了果实采后耐贮性;保持较高的L*、b*值,较低的a*、ΔE*值,减缓了果实外观色泽改变、提升外观品质;提高总糖、TSS及TA含量,提升了果实营养价值。由此可知,褪黑素可作为一种有效的处理技术,提高冷藏余甘子果实采后品质,增强贮藏特性,延长贮藏期。这与笔者前期的研究结果类似,即褪黑素能维持冷藏西番莲果实采后品质,降低果实冷害发生[11]。
ROS(如O2−·)的异常产生将致使其产生与清除失衡,诱导严重的膜脂过氧化,导致MDA大量积累,从而破坏细胞膜的正常功能,加速果实腐烂发生、品质丧失[11,13−14,26]。果实激活ROS清除系统,清除多余ROS,减轻氧化损伤[11]。SOD、CAT及APX作为重要的ROS清除酶,可降低ROS的异常累积[27−28]。AsA和GSH等非酶ROS清除物质也是降低ROS含量、缓解其对细胞膜损伤的重要组成[11]。此外,DPPH自由基清除能力也与ROS清除水平的高低有关[14]。有研究表明,维持较高水平的ROS清除能力能降低采后果实ROS累积、缓解膜脂过氧化,进而维持细胞膜完整性,提升果实贮藏品质[10−11,27]。本研究发现,和对照余甘子果实相比,褪黑素处理降低果实的CMP、O2−·产生速率和MDA水平,提高SOD、CAT和APX活性、AsA和GSH含量,增强DPPH自由基清除能力;贮藏49 d时,上述指标分别为对照组的84.50%、92.20%、87.65%、1.30倍、1.44倍、1.18倍、1.32倍、1.50倍和1.12倍。因此,褪黑素处理可提升余甘子果实ROS清除酶活性及清除物质含量,增强果实ROS清除能力,减少ROS累积及膜脂过氧化,降低细胞膜结构损伤,维持果实在冷藏期间的品质特性,使果实具有较好的耐贮性、外观品质及营养价值。何欢等[29]研究发现,褪黑素处理可提高杏果实ROS清除酶活性,降低膜脂过氧化,进而延缓冷害而维持采后品质。夏明辉等[30]研究报道,γ-氨基丁酸处理可减缓猕猴桃果实ROS积累,提高ROS清除水平,进而维持细胞膜结构、延缓冷害发生。这些结果与本研究类似。
磷脂和脂肪酸作为细胞膜膜脂的重要成分,对膜完整性的维持具有重要作用[11,17]。PC、PI是主要的磷脂组分,但在PLD水解作用下可降解为PA[11,30];PA可通过脂酶的作用而进一步分解为游离脂肪酸[14]。根据饱和度的不同,脂肪酸分为SFA与USFA[14]。USFA在LOX的去饱和作用下生成SFA,同时生成MDA,进而诱发膜脂过氧化及细胞膜结构损伤[11,17]。PLD、LOX和脂酶等膜脂代谢酶活性的提高将加快采后果实细胞膜膜脂的降解,扰乱细胞膜结构而致使其品质丧失[14,17]。然而,胺鲜酯[24]、γ-氨基丁酸[31]等处理可降低采后果实的膜脂降解酶活性,削弱膜脂代谢水平,进而保持细胞膜完整性而提升贮藏品质。本研究发现,和对照余甘子果实比较,褪黑素处理可降低果实PLD、LOX、脂酶活性,维持PC、PI、USFA(C18:1、C18:2、C18:3)含量,减少PA、SFA(C16:0、C18:0);贮藏49 d时,上述指标分别是对照组的60.92%、69.17%、75.78%、2.04倍、1.64倍、1.22倍、1.30倍、1.19倍、76.47%、92.15%和83.90%。因此,褪黑素处理减小余甘子果实的膜脂代谢酶活性而降低膜脂代谢水平,减缓PC与PI的降解、SFA的累积;同时降低LOX活性而抑制膜脂过氧化,保护细胞膜完整性。这有利于提升冷藏果实采后品质,提高其耐贮性、外观品质及营养品质,表现出较好的贮藏特性。Chen等[31]研究发现,γ-氨基丁酸处理保持橄榄果实较低的LOX、PLD、脂酶等膜脂代谢酶活性,有利于稳定冷藏橄榄果实品质,这与本研究结果类似。笔者前期研究也发现,褪黑素处理能提高西番莲果实PC、PI、USFA含量,稳定细胞膜结构,从而减缓果实冷害,增强采后品质[11]。
综上,褪黑素处理能抑制余甘子果实冷害指数的升高,保持较高的商品率、L*和b*值、TSS、TA与总糖含量,较低的失重率、a*和ΔE*值,进而保持果实耐贮性、外观品质与营养价值,增强采后品质、提高保鲜效果。褪黑素处理减缓果实CMP、O2−·产生速率和MDA含量的上升,提高SOD、CAT和APX等ROS清除酶活性、AsA与GSH等ROS清除物质含量及DPPH自由基清除能力。另外,褪黑素处理可维持余甘子果实较低的PLD、脂酶和LOX等膜脂代谢酶活性,保持较高的PC、PI和USFA含量及较低的PA和SFA含量。因此,褪黑素提高余甘子果实ROS清除能力,减少ROS生成及膜脂过氧化,同时抑制膜脂代谢酶活性,稳定PC、PI、USFA等膜脂组分含量,这有利于保持果实细胞膜的稳定性,进而提升冷藏余甘子果实的采后品质。因此,该技术可用于稳定余甘子果实细胞膜结构,保持其冷藏品质,延长采后保鲜期。关于褪黑素处理调控冷藏余甘子果实细胞膜结构以提升其品质的分子机制尚未深入研究;未来研究将采用转录组学、代谢组学等组学技术,进一步揭示褪黑素处理维持冷藏余甘子果实品质的分子机制。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060364
  • 接收时间:2025-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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    1泉州师范学院海洋与食品学院,福建泉州 362000
    2福州大学先进制造学院,福建泉州 362200
    3近海资源生物技术福建省高校重点实验室,福建泉州 362000
    4泉州市农业科学研究所,福建泉州 362212

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陈洪彬(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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