Article(id=1320166544567545958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050201, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747756800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681831732, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681831732, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681831732, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681831732, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=479, endPage=486, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166544768872551, articleId=1320166544567545958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Advances in Nereis virens-derived Bioactive Peptides: Preparation and Bioactivity, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a keystone species in estuarine zones, Nereis virens carries ecological and economic value. Its body wall is rich in high-quality animal protein (over 60%), and the products obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis exhibit multiple functions, making it a research hotspot. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the core technology to prepare the corresponding bioactive peptides, and the bioactivity of which can be significantly enhanced by optimal enzyme selection and process optimization. After multi-stage purification and functional validation, the enzymatically hydrolyzed Nereis virens peptides have been proved with multi-target bioactivities, including antioxidant activity, ACE-inhibitory activity, antitumor activity and immunomodulatory activity, etc. This paper systematically reviews the nutritional composition and current state of research status on Nereis virens, particularly focusing on the preparation methods and functional activities of the bioactive peptides. The aim is to provide a theoretical foundation for the sustainable exploitation and multi-domain applications of Nereis virens resources.

, authors=Huiying ZHU, Zhilu ZENG, Yanping DENG, Jia MAO, Yanglin HUA*, Ping HE*, authorsList=Huiying ZHU, Zhilu ZENG, Yanping DENG, Jia MAO, Yanglin HUA, Ping HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanglin HUA, Ping HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166545871974510, articleId=1320166544567545958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=沙蚕及其来源生物活性肽的研究进展:制备与生物活性, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

沙蚕作为咸淡水交汇带的关键生态物种,兼具生态价值与经济价值,其体壁富含优质动物蛋白(60%以上),经生物酶解后的产物表现出多重功能,正成为研究热点。酶解法是制备沙蚕生物活性肽的核心技术,通过酶种类优选与工艺优化可显著改善产物活性。酶解后的沙蚕肽经多级纯化与功能验证,被证实具有多靶点生物活性,包括抗氧化活性、血管紧张素转换酶(Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme,ACE)抑制活性、抗肿瘤活性以及免疫调节活性等。本文系统综述了沙蚕的营养成分和研究现状,并重点探讨了其生物活性肽的制备及功能活性,旨在为沙蚕资源的可持续开发与多领域应用提供理论依据。

, authors=朱慧莹, 曾志鲁, 邓燕萍, 卯佳, 华洋林*, 贺萍*, authorsList=朱慧莹, 曾志鲁, 邓燕萍, 卯佳, 华洋林, 贺萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=华洋林, 贺萍, authorNote=

朱慧莹(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能食品与健康,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
华洋林(1976−),男,博士,教授级高工,研究方向:功能食品因子研究及产品开发,E-mail:。
贺萍(1994−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
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朱慧莹(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能食品与健康,E-mail:

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朱慧莹(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能食品与健康,E-mail:

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Food Science, 2017, 38(12): 27−35.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320167131396812909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=77, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIA Yinglu, DING Guofang, YANG Zuisu, et al. Anticancer activity of a novel peptide derived from hydrolysates of Perinereis aibuhitensis against lung cancer A549 cells[J]. Food Science, 2017, 38(12): 27−35., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320167131459727470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=53, rfOrder=78, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Mengwei, ZHANG Fan, SU Yujie, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of egg white peptides on immunosuppressed mice and sequence identification of immunomodulatory peptides[J]. 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The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2022, 101: 108947., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320167131593945200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=80, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CUI Yuqing, ZHANG Lu, LIU Ying, et al. Compound small peptide of Chinese medicine alleviates cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in mice by Th17/Treg and jejunum intestinal flora[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2023, 14: 1039287., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320167131812049009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=81, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DONG Weichao, LI Huajian, LI Yanan, et al. Characterization of active peptides derived from three leeches and comparison of their anti-thrombotic mechanisms using the tail vein thrombosis model in mice and metabonomics[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2024, 14: 1324418., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320167133493964914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=82, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=冯立婷. 酶解制备贻贝抗血栓肽及其作用机制初探[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2017. [FENG Liting. Preparation by enzymatic hydrolysis and preliminary study on its mechanism of antithrombotic peptides from Mytilus edulis[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2017.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320167133565268083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=83, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FENG Liting. Preparation by enzymatic hydrolysis and preliminary study on its mechanism of antithrombotic peptides from Mytilus edulis[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320167107497669608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167107506058217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, companyId=1320167107497669608, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167107522835434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, companyId=1320167107497669608, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广东海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,广东阳江 529500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320167113143201811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Mechanism of action of Nereis virens-derived ACE inhibitory peptide, figureFileSmall=6HSeAEUxBFZlEvwvJ4tBIg==, figureFileBig=3d25o0fFrZJWhvi5bwcYJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167113214504980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, language=CN, label=图1, caption=沙蚕来源ACE抑制肽的作用机制, figureFileSmall=6HSeAEUxBFZlEvwvJ4tBIg==, figureFileBig=3d25o0fFrZJWhvi5bwcYJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167113298391061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Mechanism of action of Nereis virens-derived antitumor peptides, figureFileSmall=ZmRo6x6u4THeAFvUScVj1Q==, figureFileBig=PIlvvaacpYGkwCm1n6ZLDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167113365499926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, language=CN, label=图2, caption=沙蚕来源抗肿瘤肽的作用机制, figureFileSmall=ZmRo6x6u4THeAFvUScVj1Q==, figureFileBig=PIlvvaacpYGkwCm1n6ZLDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167113432608791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Mechanism of action of Nereis virens-derived immunomodulatory components, figureFileSmall=3PbPQ5Y57wzhOdGT9JmBaA==, figureFileBig=j+3oNLWO5w0melWPKhtb2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167113516494872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, language=CN, label=图3, caption=沙蚕来源免疫调节组分的作用机制, figureFileSmall=3PbPQ5Y57wzhOdGT9JmBaA==, figureFileBig=j+3oNLWO5w0melWPKhtb2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167113579409433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of nutritional composition between Nereis virens and other species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种含水量(%)蛋白质(%)灰分(%)脂肪(%)参考文献
疣吻沙蚕79.7913.151.364.92[22]
双齿围沙蚕80.2013.29.2610.21[28]
小荚蛏87.068.72.51.22[24]
翡翠贻贝82.279.272.431.51[29]
红肉河蓝蛤82.029.473.251.72[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1320167113650712602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沙蚕与其他物种几种营养成分比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种含水量(%)蛋白质(%)灰分(%)脂肪(%)参考文献
疣吻沙蚕79.7913.151.364.92[22]
双齿围沙蚕80.2013.29.2610.21[28]
小荚蛏87.068.72.51.22[24]
翡翠贻贝82.279.272.431.51[29]
红肉河蓝蛤82.029.473.251.72[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1320167113717821467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of essential amino acid content of Nereis virens and other species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种异亮氨酸(mg/g)亮氨酸(mg/g)赖氨酸(mg/g)蛋氨酸(mg/g)苯丙氨酸(mg/g)苏氨酸(mg/g)色氨酸(mg/g)缬氨酸(mg/g)参考文献
疣吻沙蚕2.574.314.491.222.252.57−2.79[22]
双齿围沙蚕4.217.637.722.374.124.47−4.39[28]
小荚蛏26.143.342.513.925.425.25.826.8[24]
翡翠贻贝4.2366.5126.1862.0073.6673.687−4.554[29]
红肉河蓝蛤0.360.670.74−0.380.470.140.43[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1320167113789124636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

沙蚕与其他物种必需氨基酸含量比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种异亮氨酸(mg/g)亮氨酸(mg/g)赖氨酸(mg/g)蛋氨酸(mg/g)苯丙氨酸(mg/g)苏氨酸(mg/g)色氨酸(mg/g)缬氨酸(mg/g)参考文献
疣吻沙蚕2.574.314.491.222.252.57−2.79[22]
双齿围沙蚕4.217.637.722.374.124.47−4.39[28]
小荚蛏26.143.342.513.925.425.25.826.8[24]
翡翠贻贝4.2366.5126.1862.0073.6673.687−4.554[29]
红肉河蓝蛤0.360.670.74−0.380.470.140.43[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1320167113881399325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Several common peptide separation and purification techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术名称原理特点应用场景参考文献
超滤根据待分离物质分子量的不同,通过不同孔径的膜以实现分离操作简单温和、分离效果好、工艺兼容
性强
常用于粗分离阶段,如:去除发酵液/提取物中的大分子杂质(如蛋白、多糖);肽混合物的初步分子量分组(如分离小分子活性肽与大分子降解产物)[40]
凝胶过滤色
谱法
根据待分离物质分子量的不同,大分子物质先被洗脱下来,小分子物质后洗脱条件温和、可重复性高、生物活性好用于分子量精细分离+脱盐,如:分离同家族不同分子量的肽(如胶原肽的多聚体与单体分离);去除肽溶液中的盐离子(盐分子因分子量小,滞后洗脱,与目标肽分离)[41]
反相高效液相色谱基于疏水相互作用实现分离高分辨率、灵敏度高、但依赖于有机溶剂用于精制与分析,如:制备高纯度肽;肽纯度检测;复杂肽混合物的解析[42]
), ArticleFig(id=1320167113961091102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166544567545958, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

几种常见的肽分离纯化技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术名称原理特点应用场景参考文献
超滤根据待分离物质分子量的不同,通过不同孔径的膜以实现分离操作简单温和、分离效果好、工艺兼容
性强
常用于粗分离阶段,如:去除发酵液/提取物中的大分子杂质(如蛋白、多糖);肽混合物的初步分子量分组(如分离小分子活性肽与大分子降解产物)[40]
凝胶过滤色
谱法
根据待分离物质分子量的不同,大分子物质先被洗脱下来,小分子物质后洗脱条件温和、可重复性高、生物活性好用于分子量精细分离+脱盐,如:分离同家族不同分子量的肽(如胶原肽的多聚体与单体分离);去除肽溶液中的盐离子(盐分子因分子量小,滞后洗脱,与目标肽分离)[41]
反相高效液相色谱基于疏水相互作用实现分离高分辨率、灵敏度高、但依赖于有机溶剂用于精制与分析,如:制备高纯度肽;肽纯度检测;复杂肽混合物的解析[42]
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沙蚕及其来源生物活性肽的研究进展:制备与生物活性
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朱慧莹 , 曾志鲁 , 邓燕萍 , 卯佳 , 华洋林 * , 贺萍 *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(11): 479-486
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (11) : 479 -486
沙蚕及其来源生物活性肽的研究进展:制备与生物活性
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朱慧莹 , 曾志鲁, 邓燕萍, 卯佳, 华洋林* , 贺萍*
作者信息
  • 广东海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,广东阳江 529500
通讯作者:
华洋林(1976−),男,博士,教授级高工,研究方向:功能食品因子研究及产品开发,E-mail:。
贺萍(1994−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
作者简介:

朱慧莹(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能食品与健康,E-mail:

Advances in Nereis virens-derived Bioactive Peptides: Preparation and Bioactivity
Huiying ZHU , Zhilu ZENG, Yanping DENG, Jia MAO, Yanglin HUA* , Ping HE*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050201
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沙蚕作为咸淡水交汇带的关键生态物种,兼具生态价值与经济价值,其体壁富含优质动物蛋白(60%以上),经生物酶解后的产物表现出多重功能,正成为研究热点。酶解法是制备沙蚕生物活性肽的核心技术,通过酶种类优选与工艺优化可显著改善产物活性。酶解后的沙蚕肽经多级纯化与功能验证,被证实具有多靶点生物活性,包括抗氧化活性、血管紧张素转换酶(Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme,ACE)抑制活性、抗肿瘤活性以及免疫调节活性等。本文系统综述了沙蚕的营养成分和研究现状,并重点探讨了其生物活性肽的制备及功能活性,旨在为沙蚕资源的可持续开发与多领域应用提供理论依据。

沙蚕  /  沙蚕肽  /  制备技术  /  功能活性

As a keystone species in estuarine zones, Nereis virens carries ecological and economic value. Its body wall is rich in high-quality animal protein (over 60%), and the products obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis exhibit multiple functions, making it a research hotspot. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the core technology to prepare the corresponding bioactive peptides, and the bioactivity of which can be significantly enhanced by optimal enzyme selection and process optimization. After multi-stage purification and functional validation, the enzymatically hydrolyzed Nereis virens peptides have been proved with multi-target bioactivities, including antioxidant activity, ACE-inhibitory activity, antitumor activity and immunomodulatory activity, etc. This paper systematically reviews the nutritional composition and current state of research status on Nereis virens, particularly focusing on the preparation methods and functional activities of the bioactive peptides. The aim is to provide a theoretical foundation for the sustainable exploitation and multi-domain applications of Nereis virens resources.

Nereis virens  /  Nereis virens peptide  /  preparation technology  /  functional activity
朱慧莹, 曾志鲁, 邓燕萍, 卯佳, 华洋林, 贺萍. 沙蚕及其来源生物活性肽的研究进展:制备与生物活性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 479 -486 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050201
Huiying ZHU, Zhilu ZENG, Yanping DENG, Jia MAO, Yanglin HUA, Ping HE. Advances in Nereis virens-derived Bioactive Peptides: Preparation and Bioactivity[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 479 -486 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050201
沙蚕(Nereis virens)属于环节动物门、多毛纲、沙蚕科,是一类重要的水生无脊椎动物。作为海洋和潮间带生态系统的关键物种,沙蚕不仅具有重要的生态功能,还具备显著的经济价值[1−4]。我国境内分布有80余种沙蚕,常见种类包括琥珀刺沙蚕(Neanthes succinae)、游沙蚕(Nereis pelagica)、中沙沙蚕(Nereis zhongshaensis)、多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia)、日本刺沙蚕(Neanthes japonica)、双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)和疣吻沙蚕(Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus)等[5]。近年来,以疣吻沙蚕、双齿围沙蚕和日本刺沙蚕为代表的经济种类,已经实现了人工养殖,在其营养组成、基因组信息及环境适应性方面的研究取得了较大进展,为沙蚕功能成分开发提供了科学依据[6−8]。沙蚕体内富含蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸与多种生物活性物质,尤其是优质蛋白质和人体必需氨基酸含量丰富,不仅可作为理想的功能性食品原料,还被证实具有降血脂、抗血栓等多种生理活性,在食品工业及相关领域展现出广阔的应用前景[9]。
生物活性肽是指通过直接提取或酶解、酸碱处理动植物组织获得的蛋白质小片段,通常由2~20个氨基酸构成[10−11]。肽因分子量小且具有特定氨基酸序列,可通过肠道肽转运载体被主动吸收,易被机体利用[12]。除此之外,生物活性肽对动物体有明显的调节作用、亲和力好、具有较小的毒性和较好的稳定性;同时具有多种生理活性,包括抗氧化、降血糖、免疫调节、抗疲劳、抗菌和抗癌等,因此生物活性肽已成为当前研究热点[13−15]。在生物活性肽的传统制备方法中,化学法、微生物发酵法与酶解法是三种主流技术,但三者的适用性存在显著差异。其中,化学法因易破坏蛋白质的天然结构且可能生成有毒副产物,其应用安全性备受质疑;微生物发酵法则受限于发酵条件难以精准调控、目标产物浓度低、副产物繁杂及发酵周期冗长等问题,难以满足规模化生产需求。相比之下,酶解法凭借酶催化的高度专一性、温和可控的反应条件等优势,已成为当前生物活性肽制备的核心技术。尽管如此,酶解法在工业化应用中仍面临诸多瓶颈,尤其在产物风味口感优化、活性肽稳定性提升、肽序列与生物活性的构效关系解析,以及多靶点协同作用机制阐释等方面,仍有待进一步突破[16−18]。当前,来源于沙蚕的肽已通过体内外实验证实具有显著免疫调节和抗血栓等功能,展现出广阔的开发前景,但对其制备工艺、肽结构解析与作用机制仍需进一步探究[18−19]。
综上,本文将系统梳理沙蚕生物活性肽的提取工艺现状,重点聚焦酶解法和免疫刺激法,深入分析不同方法的优缺点及工艺优化路径;同时阐述沙蚕活性肽在分离纯化技术、肽序列解析与结构鉴定领域的研究进展;全面总结并评估已报道的沙蚕生物活性肽所具备的各类生理活性,以及其可能的作用机制,为其在功能性食品等领域的应用提供理论支撑。
沙蚕是一类具有重要生态价值和经济价值的生物,广泛分布于海洋、潮间带及部分陆地环境中[20]。沙蚕中富含丰富的营养物质,其中蛋白质含量较高,是理想的生物活性肽原料。例如双齿围沙蚕中粗蛋白含量约为60.65%,粗脂肪约为12.49%,被称为水中的“冬虫夏草”[21]。疣吻沙蚕在湿重时蛋白质含量为13.15%,干重时蛋白质占比高于牡蛎、美洲帘蛤等水产品;而日本刺沙蚕干物质中粗蛋白含量约为51.90%,粗脂肪含量约为14.90%[22−26]。除蛋白质和脂肪外,沙蚕中还富含多种氨基酸和多种脂肪酸。例如,高仁姣等[26]通过酸水解对双齿围沙蚕的氨基酸进行测定,除色氨酸在酸水解过程中被分解,共检测出17种氨基酸。其中必需氨基酸的占比约为38.85%,以亮氨酸含量最高(4.20%);谷氨酸和天冬氨酸是鲜味物质主要的氨基酸,测得这两种氨基酸含量分别是7.60%和5.30%,鲜味氨基酸占比高达45.60%。而疣吻沙蚕干物质中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的20.20%,符合联合国粮食及农业组织和世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)理想模式。谷氨酸是疣吻沙蚕中主要的氨基酸,其次是天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸和亮氨酸。然而,胱氨酸的含量相对较低。疣吻沙蚕蛋白质中赖氨酸含量与鸡蛋蛋白标准的比值高达1.25,其总体氨基酸评分(Amino Acid Score,AAS)进一步证实了它是一种氨基酸组成全面、符合人体需求的优质蛋白质[22]。易程[27]的研究在疣吻沙蚕体内共检测出22种脂肪酸,揭示了其脂肪酸含量存在显著的性别差异。其中作为不饱和脂肪酸合成重要底物的棕榈酸在雌性个体中的含量显著高于雄性;而在多不饱和脂肪酸方面,雄性个体的二十碳五烯酸(EPA,C20:5)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,C22:6)含量则显著高于雌性;单不饱和脂肪酸总量在两性间则未表现出显著差异。除脂肪酸外,疣吻沙蚕还富含多种矿物元素。吴玉刚等[22]比较了疣吻沙蚕与牡蛎、香螺、文蛤、毛蚶等其他几种水产品的矿物元素含量,发现疣吻沙蚕中的钙、磷、铁元素含量较高,分别达到871.41、12 760、230.87 mg/kg,在膳食结构中疣吻沙蚕可作为补钙、补铁的优先选择原料。表1和表2分别总结了沙蚕和其他物种的几种营养成分和必需氨基酸含量。
目前,沙蚕生物活性肽的制备方法主要有酶解法和免疫刺激法。
类似于海参等高蛋白含量的水产品,酶解法是制备沙蚕生物活性肽最常用的方法,具有易水解、专一性、产物稳定等优势[31−32]。在沙蚕酶解产物的优化研究中,酶的选择、工艺参数控制及脱腥处理是提升产物风味与功能活性的关键环节。研究表明,不同蛋白酶对产物特性影响显著:刘天红等[33]发现,相比其他酶,风味蛋白酶更能有效提升沙蚕酶解产物中游离氨基酸和呈味氨基酸的含量,而胰蛋白酶则在提升味精当量值方面更具优势。酶解过程的控制同样重要,Lee等[34]的研究证实延长酶解时间可增强风味蛋白酶的水解效率,促进生成更多小分子肽段,从而提高鲜味肽含量。除风味外,功能性也是优化目标。陈铭中等[35]以2,2-二苯基-1-三硝基苯肼基(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率为指标,优化了中性蛋白酶水解禾虫(又称疣吻沙蚕)的工艺条件,获得了较高活性产物;在后续脱腥处理环节,该研究还对比了多种方法,发现酵母粉处理在改善风味接受度方面的效果优于美拉德反应和硅藻土法。综合来看,现有研究已探索了不同酶解策略对沙蚕产物风味和功能活性的影响,并开始关注脱腥等后处理技术,但针对特定目标产物(如高鲜味肽或高抗氧化活性)的系统性酶解-脱腥协同优化工艺仍有待深入研究。
免疫刺激法作为一种关键的生物技术,通过模拟病原体感染,如注射微生物组分或灭活病原体来激活生物体的免疫系统,从而诱导其产生基础状态下不表达或低表达的防御性分子,特别是抗菌肽[36]。该方法在挖掘沙蚕等生物的新型抗菌肽方面具有独特优势。研究证实,沙蚕拥有复杂且高效的固有免疫系统。例如,利用大肠杆菌、酵母聚糖等刺激物,研究者不仅成功从沙蚕体内鉴定出新型抗菌肽(如沙蚕素新亚型)及其他潜在抗菌分子,还通过转录组分析揭示了其免疫识别的分子基础。Stanovova等[37]利用免疫刺激法制备沙蚕抗菌肽,研究发现,在成熟体腔细胞的颗粒中储存抗菌肽,其可在吞噬溶酶体内发挥病原体杀伤作用;体壁和肠道中的抗菌肽能分泌至角质层或肠道腔,形成防御屏障。此外,发现体腔液中未检测到抗菌肽,且无明显抗菌活性,提示Arenicola marina体腔防御以细胞免疫为主。这在Walpurgis等[38]的实验中也发现了相似的结论。这些研究成果共同表明,免疫刺激法不仅是揭示沙蚕固有免疫机制的有力工具,更是制备具有功能活性的沙蚕肽的有效策略。
经酶解提取的沙蚕粗肽可能含有各种杂质,沙蚕酶解粗肽通常需经历多级分离纯化流程。首先采用超滤截留大分子杂质,继而通过凝胶过滤色谱实现分子量分级,最后经反相高效液相色谱完成肽段精细纯化(表3)。例如:Walpurgis等[38]建立了一种针对沙蚕血红蛋白特征肽段的高效分离与富集策略,为后续基于液相色谱-高分辨串联质谱(Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry,LC-HRMS/MS)的精准分析奠定了基础。该策略核心在于结合分级分子筛分与特异性酶解:首先利用100 kDa超滤膜进行初筛,有效去除小分子杂质;随后对透过液进行胰蛋白酶酶解,将目标血红蛋白特异性切割为合适大小的肽段;酶解产物再经10 kDa超滤膜处理,选择性富集目标范围肽段并去除残余大分子蛋白。经过此两步超滤联合酶解的流程,最终成功纯化并筛选出四条适用于高灵敏度质谱分析的关键特征肽段(DEAGHVLWK、AQWNSLWNTPDSSTSK、FFEVDPESK、SVDTVPFFTTHPK)。该方法有效克服了复杂生物样本中目标肽段丰度低、干扰物多的挑战,实现了对沙蚕血红蛋白特征肽段的定向提取与纯化。此外,李丽娟等[18]通过对双齿围沙蚕酶解产物的超滤,共收集三个不同分子量的组分,即>8 kDa、5~8 kDa和<5 kDa组分,不仅明确了不同组分的理化特性(如氨基酸组成、得率),更通过活性差异验证了纯化步骤的必要性,最终筛选出活性最优的<5 kDa组分,为阐明其免疫调节机制及后续开发应用提供了关键支撑。另外,刘天红等[39]对双齿围沙蚕酶解产物进行了系统的分离纯化处理。首先,研究团队采用陶瓷膜过滤技术对酶解液进行初步分离,有效去除大分子杂质及部分悬浮颗粒;随后,利用超滤膜技术进一步分级纯化,基于分子量差异精准筛选出目标鲜味肽组分。通过这一串联膜分离工艺,最终制备出富含鲜味肽的沙蚕多肽粉(FA)。通过分离纯化技术,FA的鲜味明显高于传统酱油粉,同时也保留了其典型的海鲜特征风味。后续成分分析表明,FA中鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸比例的32.76%,并检出13种功能性氨基酸;挥发性组分中还识别出多种醛、酮及含硫化合物,这些物质共同构成了FA的香气轮廓。该纯化流程为高效获取沙蚕源鲜味肽提供了可靠的技术路径。
纯化产物可以经超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱(Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry,UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)系统进行一级质谱分子量测定与二级质谱碎片分析,结合液相色谱-串联质谱(Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)技术完成肽序列鉴定及表征[13]。在完成肽段的鉴定后,还需进一步对其生物活性进行功能验证。功能验证通常分为体外实验和体内实验两个层面:常见的体外实验主要包括抗氧化、抗菌、细胞实验及酶抑制活性分析;而体内实验则需借助动物模型进行整体生理水平的验证。此外,还可结合生物信息学方法对肽段功能进行预测与辅助验证。通过这种多维度、系统性的研究策略,能够全面阐明生物活性肽的结构与功能关系,为其作用机制的深入解析及后续产业化应用提供坚实的数据支撑。
据报道,沙蚕肽具有多种生物活性,如抗氧化、降血压、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗血栓等。
外源性抗氧化剂的高效安全获取对改善氧化应激相关问题至关重要,其中食品来源的抗氧化肽因活性与安全性优势成为研究焦点,沙蚕作为潜在的新型抗氧化肽来源近年来备受关注[43−44]。现有酶解研究证实,3000 U/g胃蛋白酶酶解双齿围沙蚕产物展现出稳定的DPPH自由基清除能力(约70%),且在6 h酶解时间下总还原力较高[16]。类似地,陈铭中等[35]采用中性蛋白酶酶解疣吻沙蚕,在优化酶用量(如2450 U/g)条件下,也可获得具有显著DPPH自由基清除活性(约47%)的多肽液。这些结果直接证实了沙蚕在开发外源性抗氧化剂方面具有巨大潜力,为其应用于改善氧化应激相关问题提供了重要依据。另外有学者通过酸水解和美拉德反应所得产物(沙蚕-葡萄糖MRPs和沙蚕-蔗糖MRPs)能够有效降低油酸的氧化速率,4 h后的吸光度低于没食子酸丙酯,表现出良好的抗氧化活性,拓展了提升沙蚕肽抗氧化性能的新途径[45]。综上,现有研究初步证实了沙蚕作为抗氧化肽来源的潜力,酶解法所得产物已展现出明确的抗氧化效果,而结合美拉德反应等策略则为提升其活性提供了新思路。然而,不同方法所得产物的活性差异、构效关系及体内功效等仍需深入探究。
鉴于现有血管紧张素转换酶(Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme,ACE)抑制剂存在导致患者咳嗽、高钾血症等不良反应,开发安全有效的新型抑制剂需求迫切。海洋生物资源因其结构多样性和高生物相容性受到广泛关注,其中沙蚕逐渐显示出作为新型ACE抑制肽重要来源的潜力[46−48]。Chen等[49]的研究为此提供了关键证据:他们优化中性蛋白酶水解双齿围沙蚕工艺,在加酶量为0.5%时成功获得ACE抑制率高达83.61%的酶解物。其突破性在于,通过后续分离纯化与质谱鉴定,从沙蚕中鉴定出具有ACE抑制活性的三肽Gly-Ala-Phe。这不仅证实了沙蚕酶解物作为强效ACE抑制肽来源的可行性,更为开发新型功能性食品或天然抗高血压药物先导化合物提供了具体的物质基础。该发现为沙蚕源ACE抑制肽研究奠定了重要基础,在后续工作可以系统评估Gly-Ala-Phe在动物模型中的体内降压效果及长期安全性问题;同时,深入解析其构效关系,特别是核心疏水性氨基酸对抑制活性的影响机制,对于理解其作用机理、指导肽结构优化以提升效能和选择性至关重要。沙蚕源活性肽正逐步成为开发更安全降压策略的极具潜力的天然资源库。图1总结了ACE抑制肽的机制,ACE是肾素血管紧张素系统(Renin-Angiotensin System,RAS)中的关键酶,负责将血管紧张素Ang Ⅰ转化为Ang Ⅱ。尽管大多数ACE抑制肽都是基于体外ACE抑制活性进行表征的,但ACE抑制与生理降压作用之间的关系并不明显,这表明其他作用机制也参与其中[50]。
癌症是全球重大公共卫生挑战之一,开发高效且低毒副作用的抗肿瘤药物是目前研究的迫切需求。沙蚕来源的生物活性肽因具有特殊的氨基酸序列和结构多样性,近年来被广泛证实具备潜在的抗肿瘤活性,其作用机制也逐步从单一靶点或通路的研究,转向多靶点、多途径协同作用的系统性探索[43,51]。任凯[17]合成的沙蚕生物活性肽NJP9-A显示出了显著的生物学活性,该肽不仅对金黄色葡萄球菌具有时间依赖性的抑菌活性,更重要的是,在白血病治疗模型中表现出显著效果:它能诱导白血病细胞(K562/Nalm-6)凋亡,并在动物实验中改善白血病小鼠的骨髓象和血象。尤为关键的是,NJP9-A对正常人外周血细胞的溶血作用低,对正常细胞增殖的抑制也较小,这提示其可能具有相对较好的治疗窗口和安全性特征,为开发新型白血病治疗策略提供了有价值的思路。图2描述了NJP9-A的抗肿瘤作用机制:通过抑制细胞生存相关通路、引发促凋亡信号,最终激活Caspase蛋白,诱导细胞发生不可逆的凋亡。在治疗肺癌的研究上,贾盈露等[52]通过酶解法制备的沙蚕多肽PAP展现出显著的抗肿瘤活性。研究发现,PAP对人肺癌A549细胞具有显著的增殖抑制作用,并能诱导该细胞发生凋亡,且这种作用呈现时间与剂量依赖性。随着PAP浓度升高(250~1000 mg/L)和作用时间延长(24~72 h),细胞抑制率明显上升,半数抑制浓度(Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration,IC50)从24 h的662 mg/L降至72 h的487 mg/L;通过倒置显微镜观察、AO/EB荧光染色及Hoechst 33258染色均证实,PAP作用后A549细胞出现间隙增大、核固缩、染色质聚集等典型凋亡形态学特征。这些研究成果拓展了沙蚕肽在恶性肿瘤治疗中的应用前景,并初步显示出对正常细胞较低毒性的优势。这些发现不仅深化了对沙蚕活性物质作用原理的理解,也为后续开发更具选择性和有效性的抗肿瘤药物或疗法指明了方向。
评估外源物质的免疫调节活性常聚焦于关键免疫器官(如脾脏、胸腺)的功能状态及淋巴细胞亚群、抗体水平等核心指标[53−54]。李丽娟等[18]深入探究了双齿围沙蚕蛋白酶解产物对免疫抑制小鼠的多维度免疫调节功效。研究发现,在环磷酰胺诱导的免疫低下模型中,给予沙蚕酶解产物能显著逆转模型导致的免疫损伤:不仅有效提升外周血白细胞总数,更关键的是改善了T细胞介导的细胞免疫,表现为CD3e+T淋巴细胞数量及CD4+/CD8a+T细胞比例的显著回升。同时,该产物还强力促进体液免疫应答,通过增加血清免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)、免疫球蛋白G(Ig G)、免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)等抗体的水平,表明其能刺激B细胞分化及抗体分泌能力。该研究的重要意义在于,它系统地揭示了沙蚕酶解产物通过协同作用于细胞免疫(T细胞功能恢复)、体液免疫(抗体产生增强)以及固有免疫(白细胞数量提升)等多重靶点,综合重塑机体免疫稳态的能力。更进一步,研究者基于酶解产物的氨基酸组成特征,提出了其免疫调节作用的潜在分子机制:样品中富含的支链氨基酸可能通过激活mTOR信号通路促进免疫细胞增殖;而疏水性与碱性氨基酸则可能通过增强与免疫细胞表面受体的结合亲和力,进而精细调控免疫应答信号。与其他大多数酶解产物一样,图3展现了常见的免疫调节机制:环磷酰胺CTX进入体内后,需要被肝脏中的CYP450酶系统代谢,转化成真正的毒性物质活性磷酰胺氮芥,该活性物质会与DNA上的鸟嘌呤N-7位点结合,造成DNA损伤,进而抑制免疫细胞增殖等导致免疫抑制。而沙蚕酶解产物可以直接促进淋巴细胞的增殖和分化,对抗CTX引起的抑制效应,还能通过JAK-STAT信号通路来缓解CTX引起的免疫抑制,具有潜在的免疫保护或增强作用[55]。这些发现不仅为沙蚕酶解产物作为免疫调节剂的功效提供了坚实的实验证据,也为其后续作用机制的深度解析(如特定受体鉴定、信号通路验证)及基于氨基酸组成的定向优化设计奠定了理论基础。
抗血栓肽因其作用机制温和且天然来源的优良特性,在功能性食品原料开发中展现出巨大应用潜力[56]。研究表明,抗血栓肽主要通过多靶点、多途径协同作用发挥抑制血栓形成的生物学效应,其机制包括抑制关键凝血因子活性、干扰血小板活化与聚集过程以及促进纤溶系统功能等。因此,将这类活性肽纳入促进心血管健康的食品配方设计中,具有独特的理论与应用优势[57]。以郑媛媛等[19]从双齿围沙蚕酶解物中分离纯化得到的多肽PAAP(序列为Pro-Val-Glu-Arg-Lys)为例,该五肽不仅来源天然、符合食品原料安全要求,更在多项体外与体内实验中显示出卓越的抗血栓活性和多机制协同作用。研究证实,PAAP能显著抑制二磷酸腺苷(Adenosine Diphosphate,ADP)等诱导剂引发的血小板过度聚集,降低血栓形成风险;更重要的是,PAAP在实验模型中表现出明显的剂量效应关系,高剂量干预组的血栓抑制率高达63.50%,对血小板聚集率为13.80%,且在所有毒理学实验中都未发现明显细胞毒性或生理异常,显示出极高的生物安全性。该研究不仅为开发海洋源功能性食品配料提供了科学可靠的新型候选物质,也为后续研究从更深层次揭示食源性生物活性肽通过多通路、多靶点调节人体生理功能的可行性与独特优势提供参考。PAAP作为一种结构明确、功效显著、安全性高的天然抗血栓肽,为今后开发具有心血管保护功能的创新型健康食品(如特殊医学用途配方食品、运动营养食品、中老年人膳食补充剂等)奠定了坚实的理论和技术基础,并进一步推动了“食品组分—健康干预—疾病预防”一体化营养策略的发展。
近年来,沙蚕生物活性肽的研究已取得显著进展。在资源价值上,沙蚕因富含丰富的优质蛋白质、必需氨基酸、多不饱和脂肪酸及矿物元素,为其生物活性肽的制备提供了优质原料。在制备技术上,以酶解法为主导,通过蛋白酶筛选与工艺参数优化,可实现生物活性肽的定向制备。此外,通过免疫刺激激活沙蚕固有免疫系统,可诱导新型抗菌肽(如沙蚕素亚型)分泌,为抗菌肽开发开辟新途径。在分离纯化及结构鉴定技术方面,超滤、凝胶过滤色谱及液相色谱-高分辨串联质谱等联用技术的应用,实现了沙蚕生物活性肽的精准分离、鉴定与表征,为功能机制研究提供了技术支撑。功能活性研究证实,沙蚕生物活性肽具有多靶点协同作用特征:抗氧化肽通过激活Nrf2/ARE通路增强自由基清除能力;食源性ACE抑制肽为开发天然降压功能性食品提供了关键的功能成分;抗肿瘤肽通过干扰PI3K/AKT/mTOR等信号通路诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡;免疫调节肽通过改善T细胞功能与抗体分泌重塑免疫稳态;抗血栓肽则通过抑制凝血、阻断血小板聚集及促进纤溶实现多途径抗凝。
沙蚕源生物活性肽研究虽在活性筛选与功能验证方面进展显著,仍面临制备工艺、机制解析与临床转化等多重挑战。未来需系统性聚焦三大方向:制备技术上应突破传统酶解法的得率低、风味差及稳定性不足等瓶颈,发展复合酶酶解、物理场辅助提取及微生物发酵酶解等绿色精准制备技术,结合生物信息学实现目标肽段的高效制备与风味调控;机制解析上应通过分子模拟、对接及定量构效关系等手段,深入探究肽的序列、结构及物化性质与功能的构效关系,重点揭示信号通路的交叉对话与协同网络;研究体系上需加快从体外向体内及临床转化,建立规范动物模型,研究体内药代动力学过程并评估长期安全性与免疫毒性,为其在功能食品、特医食品及药物辅剂中的合规应用提供科学依据。
总之,通过多学科交叉融合,深化对沙蚕生物活性肽的基础研究,并加速其应用转化进程,这一特色海洋生物资源有望在生态保护与健康产业领域释放更大价值,发挥更为关键的作用。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050201
  • 接收时间:2025-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-21
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    广东海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,广东阳江 529500

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华洋林(1976−),男,博士,教授级高工,研究方向:功能食品因子研究及产品开发,E-mail:。
贺萍(1994−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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