Article(id=1320166513261269929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070121, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752076800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681824268, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681824268, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681824268, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681824268, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=291, endPage=304, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166513668117418, articleId=1320166513261269929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Extraction, Enrichment Mechanism, and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols from Raphanus sativus L., columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polyphenols have the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and protect tissues against oxidative damage. However, the extraction, enrichment mechanisms, and antioxidant activities of rouge radish polyphenols (RRP) remained poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the key factors in extraction, enrichment mechanisms, and the characteristics of antioxidant activity. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the probe-type ultrasonic-assisted extraction process. Resin enrichment mechanisms were investigated through adsorption/desorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption model. Antioxidant activity of RRP before and after enrichment was analyzed using the DPPH, ABTS+, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay to provide theoretical support for the efficient development and antioxidant research of RRP. Results indicated that probe-type ultrasound significantly enhanced RRP yield compared to plate-type ultrasound and shaking-bed extraction (P<0.05). Optimal parameters were: Extraction solvent concentration 60% ethanol, solid-to-liquid ratio 1:55 g/mL, extraction temperature 55 ℃, ultrasonic power 350 W, and extraction time 20 min, yielding 33.03±0.12 mg/g. The adsorption/desorption process of HPD-400 resin was conformed to be the pseudo-second-order model, and the intraparticle diffusion was primary but not the sole rate-limiting step. Temkin model was more suitable for describing the adsorption behavior, and lower temperature was beneficial for adsorption. After enrichment, the scavenging concentration values for RRP in scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrobenzene hydrazine radical and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radicals decreased to 35.5% and 83.0% of their pre-enrichment levels, respectively, while the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay value increased by 1.3-fold.

, authors=Yumeng JIANG1, 2, Yue PAN2, Mengjia LIU2, Pingping ZHANG1, *, Zhengyi XIE2, Zhaokang ZHANG2, Shuijun ZHANG3, Huahao ZHANG2, Shenhua JIANG2, *, authorsList=Yumeng JIANG, Yue PAN, Mengjia LIU, Pingping ZHANG, Zhengyi XIE, Zhaokang ZHANG, Shuijun ZHANG, Huahao ZHANG, Shenhua JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pingping ZHANG, Shenhua JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166521247224765, articleId=1320166513261269929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=胭脂萝卜多酚提取、富集机制及抗氧化活性, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

多酚可清除活性氧、抵御氧化损伤以保护组织,而胭脂萝卜多酚(Rouge radish polyphenols,RRP)的提取、富集机制及抗氧化活性尚不明确。本研究旨在解析其提取关键因素、富集机制及抗氧化活性的特征,以响应面法优化聚能式超声辅助提取工艺,结合吸附/解吸动力学与等温吸附模型探究树脂富集机制,并以DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力及铁还原法分析富集前后RRP的抗氧化活性,为RRP高效开发及抗氧化研究提供理论支撑。结果显示,与平板超声、摇床提取相比,聚能式超声显著提高了RRP得率(P<0.05),最佳参数为提取液浓度60%乙醇、料液比1:55 g/mL、提取温度55 ℃、超声功率350 W、提取时间20 min,得率为33.03±0.12 mg/g;HPD-400树脂吸附/解吸过程符合准二级模型,且颗粒内扩散不是唯一的速率限制步骤,而是主要的速率限制因素,Temkin模型更适合描述吸附行为,低温有利于吸附;富集后RRP对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、2,2'-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐自由基清除的半抑制浓度值分别降至富集前的35.5%、83.0%,铁还原值提升了1.3倍。

, authors=姜雨梦1, 2, 潘悦2, 刘梦佳2, 张平平1, *, 谢正义2, 张昭康2, 张水军3, 张化浩2, 江慎华2, *, authorsList=姜雨梦, 潘悦, 刘梦佳, 张平平, 谢正义, 张昭康, 张水军, 张化浩, 江慎华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张平平, 江慎华, authorNote=

姜雨梦(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张平平(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工与安全、动植物活性物质研究及产品开发的研究,E-mail:。
江慎华(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MIgkU/ifnX7cL+1vQw2QDg==, magXml=agKbQ/FnYzDGOxG+2r1gzQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=VPUdZmS5ibaNn9khcYJiWg==, pdfFileSize=5835330, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=UMQ1Peq0JZqCkwKaYzhMDQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=B5ixRvhrGsTOgL+NKJ+y6A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320167210690134207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2364860030@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320167211038261442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, authorId=1320167210690134207, language=EN, stringName=Yumeng JIANG, firstName=Yumeng, middleName=null, lastName=JIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Food Science and Bioengineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
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注:不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图3同。

, figureFileSmall=XVe0CsVGiWPm2aBQnn1NFg==, figureFileBig=B5UMEGyetckePy2O34WDTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167215962374392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SEM characterization of the microstructures of rouge radish residues obtained with different extraction methods, figureFileSmall=xa9akqKfVmTHBsLkZ70ZsA==, figureFileBig=+gIv5WaZDYBVTmZdpCvawg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167216033677561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=图2, caption=胭脂萝卜不同提取方式提取残渣SEM微观形貌

注:(a)未处理;(b)摇床提取;(c)平板式超声;(d)聚能式超声。

, figureFileSmall=xa9akqKfVmTHBsLkZ70ZsA==, figureFileBig=+gIv5WaZDYBVTmZdpCvawg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167216134340858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Single factor experimental results, figureFileSmall=VWqbSYK/St2mQeC2MlA9Wg==, figureFileBig=ttTdlFs63ROCzBH2P+vM8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167216201449723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=图3, caption=单因素实验结果

注:(a)乙醇浓度(%)、(b)料液比(g/mL)、(c)水浴温度(℃)、(d)超声功率(W)、(e)提取时间(min)对RRP得率的影响。

, figureFileSmall=VWqbSYK/St2mQeC2MlA9Wg==, figureFileBig=ttTdlFs63ROCzBH2P+vM8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167216272752892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Response surface diagram of factor interactions, figureFileSmall=irs/JS8XGNC3CA38SPUWPg==, figureFileBig=kkLAYPCB23XCGdxDvViueg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167216402776317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各因素交互作用响应面图, figureFileSmall=irs/JS8XGNC3CA38SPUWPg==, figureFileBig=kkLAYPCB23XCGdxDvViueg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167216469885182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Adsorption kinetic curves (A) and linear correlations based on the pseudo-first-order (B), pseudo-second-order (C), and intra-particle diffusion (D) models for RRP on HPD-400 resin at 25 ℃, figureFileSmall=YOLK1leXAyKh84LWMHLxNQ==, figureFileBig=s5pKWi8b3L+jNyqnUVf9nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167216549576959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=图5, caption=RRP在HPD-400树脂上的吸附动力学曲线(A)和基于一级(B)、二级(C)和颗粒内扩散(D)模型的线性相关性(25 ℃), figureFileSmall=YOLK1leXAyKh84LWMHLxNQ==, figureFileBig=s5pKWi8b3L+jNyqnUVf9nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167216629268736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Desorption kinetic curves (A) and linear correlations based on the pseudo-first-order (B), pseudo-second-order (C), and intra-particle diffusion (D) models for RRP on HPD-400 resin at 25 ℃, figureFileSmall=JM0AkqKJIB3MCt6iIXW1ng==, figureFileBig=zZlQz8VfN5Q7hVYWkE2ZWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167216692183297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=图6, caption=RRP在HPD-400树脂上的解吸动力学曲线(A)和基于一级(B)、二级(C)和颗粒内扩散(D)模型的线性相关性(25 ℃), figureFileSmall=JM0AkqKJIB3MCt6iIXW1ng==, figureFileBig=zZlQz8VfN5Q7hVYWkE2ZWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167216763486466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Adsorption isotherm of RRP on HPD-400 resin (A), and linear correlations based on Langmuir (B), Freundlich (C), and Temkin (D) models, figureFileSmall=snp5YtQCPSdZx3p+ua/ORw==, figureFileBig=UddcmwJP5gzx7QG6yUvLDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167218428625155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=图7, caption=RRP在HPD-400树脂上的吸附等温曲线(A)和基于Langmuir模型(B),Freundlich模型(C)和Temkin模型(D)的线性相关性, figureFileSmall=snp5YtQCPSdZx3p+ua/ORw==, figureFileBig=UddcmwJP5gzx7QG6yUvLDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167218546065668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Antioxidant capacity of RRP, figureFileSmall=FZ/t6eIoIeJzcOp7ehMAAA==, figureFileBig=hC9ON9gbOcSdYKftM/eLXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167218613174533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=图8, caption=RRP抗氧化能力

注:(A)DPPH自由基清除能力;(B)ABTS+自由基清除能力;(C)FRAP;不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=FZ/t6eIoIeJzcOp7ehMAAA==, figureFileBig=hC9ON9gbOcSdYKftM/eLXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167218692866310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Response surface test factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
料液比(g/mL)1:451:551:65
水浴温度(℃)505560
超声功率(W)250350450
提取时间(min)152025
), ArticleFig(id=1320167218768363783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
料液比(g/mL)1:451:551:65
水浴温度(℃)505560
超声功率(W)250350450
提取时间(min)152025
), ArticleFig(id=1320167218835472648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Response surface experimental design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号料液比水浴温度超声功率提取时间RRP得率(mg/g)
10−11030.93±0.18
20−1−1030.69±0.16
3100130.04±0.11
4100−129.93±0.08
5010−130.06±0.17
600−1−130.90±0.35
7110029.12±0.12
8011029.31±0.15
9−10−1032.06±0.10
10000033.00±0.38
1100−1131.20±0.11
12−110031.41±0.14
13000032.91±0.18
140−10−130.31±0.17
15001130.70±0.22
16010129.50±0.11
17−100131.90±0.15
18001−130.51±0.26
19101029.60±0.09
20000032.80±0.18
21000032.90±0.22
220−10131.01±0.18
23−101031.70±0.41
241−10030.19±0.04
25−100−131.60±0.14
2610−1030.40±0.35
27−1−10031.61±0.16
28000033.01±0.07
2901−1030.60±0.38
), ArticleFig(id=1320167218965496073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号料液比水浴温度超声功率提取时间RRP得率(mg/g)
10−11030.93±0.18
20−1−1030.69±0.16
3100130.04±0.11
4100−129.93±0.08
5010−130.06±0.17
600−1−130.90±0.35
7110029.12±0.12
8011029.31±0.15
9−10−1032.06±0.10
10000033.00±0.38
1100−1131.20±0.11
12−110031.41±0.14
13000032.91±0.18
140−10−130.31±0.17
15001130.70±0.22
16010129.50±0.11
17−100131.90±0.15
18001−130.51±0.26
19101029.60±0.09
20000032.80±0.18
21000032.90±0.22
220−10131.01±0.18
23−101031.70±0.41
241−10030.19±0.04
25−100−131.60±0.14
2610−1030.40±0.35
27−1−10031.61±0.16
28000033.01±0.07
2901−1030.60±0.38
), ArticleFig(id=1320167219049382154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Variance analysis of regression equation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源RRP显著性
平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型36.5500142.6100339.23<0.0001***
A-料液比10.0800110.08001310.07<0.0001***
B-水浴温度1.640011.6400212.48<0.0001***
C-超声功率0.800810.8008104.05<0.0001***
D-提取时间0.151910.151919.730.0006***
AB0.189210.189224.580.0002***
AC0.048410.04846.290.0251*
AD0.009010.00901.170.2972
BC0.585210.585276.03<0.0001***
BD0.235210.235230.56<0.0001***
CD0.003010.00300.3930.5408
A²5.430015.4300705.19<0.0001***
B²14.2300114.23001848.46<0.0001***
C²6.950016.9500902.34<0.0001***
D²8.080018.08001049.61<0.0001***
残方0.1078140.0077
失拟项0.0801100.00801.160.4823
误差0.027740.0069
总和36.660028
决定系数R20.9971
调整决定系数R20.9941
), ArticleFig(id=1320167219137462539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归方程方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源RRP显著性
平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型36.5500142.6100339.23<0.0001***
A-料液比10.0800110.08001310.07<0.0001***
B-水浴温度1.640011.6400212.48<0.0001***
C-超声功率0.800810.8008104.05<0.0001***
D-提取时间0.151910.151919.730.0006***
AB0.189210.189224.580.0002***
AC0.048410.04846.290.0251*
AD0.009010.00901.170.2972
BC0.585210.585276.03<0.0001***
BD0.235210.235230.56<0.0001***
CD0.003010.00300.3930.5408
A²5.430015.4300705.19<0.0001***
B²14.2300114.23001848.46<0.0001***
C²6.950016.9500902.34<0.0001***
D²8.080018.08001049.61<0.0001***
残方0.1078140.0077
失拟项0.0801100.00801.160.4823
误差0.027740.0069
总和36.660028
决定系数R20.9971
调整决定系数R20.9941
), ArticleFig(id=1320167219221348620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of physical properties of MARs and their effects on adsorption rate, desorption rate, and recovery rate of RRP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号型号极性比表面积(m2/g)吸附量(mg/g)吸附率(%)解吸量(mg/g)解吸率(%)回收率(%)含水率(%)
1D101非极性≥40013.10±0.10d62.41±0.005d9.85±0.49d80.71±0.037c46.89±0.023d66.83
2X-5非极性500~60016.30±0.06b77.63±0.01b14.67±0.03b90.00±0.002b69.87±0.002b63.73
3HPD-400中极性500~55016.85±0.01a80.24±0.001a15.21±0.06a90.25±0.004a72.42±0.003a43.22
4S-8极性100~12013.41±0.12c63.85±0.006c10.69±0.18c79.70±0.014cd50.89±0.009c64.62
5DM-301极性≥3308.05±0.07e35.56±0.003e6.21±0.08e77.12±0.001d29.57±0.004e57.69
), ArticleFig(id=1320167219288457485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

MARs物理性能及其对RRP吸附率、解吸率、回收率的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号型号极性比表面积(m2/g)吸附量(mg/g)吸附率(%)解吸量(mg/g)解吸率(%)回收率(%)含水率(%)
1D101非极性≥40013.10±0.10d62.41±0.005d9.85±0.49d80.71±0.037c46.89±0.023d66.83
2X-5非极性500~60016.30±0.06b77.63±0.01b14.67±0.03b90.00±0.002b69.87±0.002b63.73
3HPD-400中极性500~55016.85±0.01a80.24±0.001a15.21±0.06a90.25±0.004a72.42±0.003a43.22
4S-8极性100~12013.41±0.12c63.85±0.006c10.69±0.18c79.70±0.014cd50.89±0.009c64.62
5DM-301极性≥3308.05±0.07e35.56±0.003e6.21±0.08e77.12±0.001d29.57±0.004e57.69
), ArticleFig(id=1320167219347177742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Adsorption kinetics equations and parameters of RRP on HPD-400 resin assisted by probe-type ultrasound

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型超声功率(W)回归方程参数
k1(min−1)Qe(mg/g)R2
准一级动力学150ln(Qe−Qt)=0.0195t+2.9473−1.948×10−219.050.9910
350ln(Qe−Qt)=0.0208t+2.7485−2.077×10−215.620.9776
550ln(Qe−Qt)=0.0156t+2.1812−1.558×10−28.860.9886
k2[g/(mg.min)]Qe(mg/g)R2
准二级动力学150t/Qt=0.0512t+2.73999.5590×10−419.540.9923
350t/Qt=0.0446t+1.07061.8583×10−322.420.9985
550t/Qt=0.0436t+0.48793.8986×10−322.930.9991
颗粒内扩散ki[mg/(g.min1/2)]Ii(mg/g)R2
第一阶段150Qt=1.3044t1/2−0.48081.3044−0.48080.9923
350Qt=1.3832t1/2+4.43301.38324.4330.9942
550Qt=0.8508t1/2+11.76130.850811.76130.9959
第二阶段150Qt=0.6959t1/2+6.21680.69596.21680.9265
350Qt=0.5115t1/2+13.04240.511513.04241
550Qt=0.3322t1/2+17.34070.332217.34070.8455
第三阶段150Qt=0.0601t1/2+15.10890.060115.10891
350Qt=0.1093t1/2+18.81710.109318.81711
550Qt=0.0437t1/2+21.27280.043721.27281
), ArticleFig(id=1320167219414286607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

聚能式超声辅助HPD-400对RRP的吸附动力学方程及参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型超声功率(W)回归方程参数
k1(min−1)Qe(mg/g)R2
准一级动力学150ln(Qe−Qt)=0.0195t+2.9473−1.948×10−219.050.9910
350ln(Qe−Qt)=0.0208t+2.7485−2.077×10−215.620.9776
550ln(Qe−Qt)=0.0156t+2.1812−1.558×10−28.860.9886
k2[g/(mg.min)]Qe(mg/g)R2
准二级动力学150t/Qt=0.0512t+2.73999.5590×10−419.540.9923
350t/Qt=0.0446t+1.07061.8583×10−322.420.9985
550t/Qt=0.0436t+0.48793.8986×10−322.930.9991
颗粒内扩散ki[mg/(g.min1/2)]Ii(mg/g)R2
第一阶段150Qt=1.3044t1/2−0.48081.3044−0.48080.9923
350Qt=1.3832t1/2+4.43301.38324.4330.9942
550Qt=0.8508t1/2+11.76130.850811.76130.9959
第二阶段150Qt=0.6959t1/2+6.21680.69596.21680.9265
350Qt=0.5115t1/2+13.04240.511513.04241
550Qt=0.3322t1/2+17.34070.332217.34070.8455
第三阶段150Qt=0.0601t1/2+15.10890.060115.10891
350Qt=0.1093t1/2+18.81710.109318.81711
550Qt=0.0437t1/2+21.27280.043721.27281
), ArticleFig(id=1320167219485589776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Desorption kinetics equations and parameters of RRP from HPD-400 resin at three ultrasonic power levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型超声功率(W)回归方程参数
k1(min−1)Qe(mg/g)R2
准一级动力学150ln(Qe-Qt)=0.0571t+2.0207−5.707×10−27.540.9767
350ln(Qe-Qt)=0.0595t+2.0079−5.945×10−27.450.9738
550ln(Qe-Qt)=0.0533t+1.7111−5.327×10−25.530.9806
k2[g/(mg.min)]Qe(mg/g)R2
准二级动力学150t/Qt=0.0492t+0.16261.4868×10−220.340.9995
350t/Qt=0.0483t+0.14391.6230×10−220.690.9995
550t/Qt=0.0473t+0.11521.9386×10−321.160.9998
颗粒内扩散ki[mg/(g.min1/2)]Ii(mg/g)R2
第一阶段150Qt=0.6266t1/2+14.44510.626614.44510.9559
350Qt=0.6057t1/2+15.11330.605715.11330.9953
550Qt=0.5933t1/2+15.98710.593315.98710.9919
第二阶段150Qt=0.3464t1/2+16.32450.346416.32450.8840
350Qt=0.3468t1/2+16.76470.346816.76470.9093
550Qt=0.2543t1/2+18.17630.254318.17630.9665
第三阶段150Qt=0.0214t1/2+19.27570.021419.27571
350Qt=0.0286t1/2+19.61430.028619.61431
550Qt=0.0214t1/2+20.26570.021420.26571
), ArticleFig(id=1320167219577864465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

HPD-400树脂在三种超声功率下对RRP的解吸动力学方程及参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型超声功率(W)回归方程参数
k1(min−1)Qe(mg/g)R2
准一级动力学150ln(Qe-Qt)=0.0571t+2.0207−5.707×10−27.540.9767
350ln(Qe-Qt)=0.0595t+2.0079−5.945×10−27.450.9738
550ln(Qe-Qt)=0.0533t+1.7111−5.327×10−25.530.9806
k2[g/(mg.min)]Qe(mg/g)R2
准二级动力学150t/Qt=0.0492t+0.16261.4868×10−220.340.9995
350t/Qt=0.0483t+0.14391.6230×10−220.690.9995
550t/Qt=0.0473t+0.11521.9386×10−321.160.9998
颗粒内扩散ki[mg/(g.min1/2)]Ii(mg/g)R2
第一阶段150Qt=0.6266t1/2+14.44510.626614.44510.9559
350Qt=0.6057t1/2+15.11330.605715.11330.9953
550Qt=0.5933t1/2+15.98710.593315.98710.9919
第二阶段150Qt=0.3464t1/2+16.32450.346416.32450.8840
350Qt=0.3468t1/2+16.76470.346816.76470.9093
550Qt=0.2543t1/2+18.17630.254318.17630.9665
第三阶段150Qt=0.0214t1/2+19.27570.021419.27571
350Qt=0.0286t1/2+19.61430.028619.61431
550Qt=0.0214t1/2+20.26570.021420.26571
), ArticleFig(id=1320167219837911314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166513261269929, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Adsorption isotherm equations and parameters of RRP on HPD-400 resin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型温度(℃)方程参数
KL(L/mg)Qm(mg/100 g)R2
Langmuir25Ce/Qe=0.0016Ce+0.12450.0131613.500.9615
35Ce/Qe=0.0017Ce+0.13360.0127588.240.9563
45Ce/Qe=0.0016Ce+0.17810.0090621.120.9405
KF[(mg/g)(L/mg)1/n]1/nR2
Freundlich25lnQe=0.6650lnCe+2.777016.07720.66500.9303
35lnQe=0.6783lnCe+2.667814.40820.67830.9240
45lnQe=0.7383lnCe+2.27939.76980.73830.9504
KT(L/mg)BT(J/mol)R2
Temkin25Qe=132.2108lnCe−256.58760.1436132.21080.9688
35Qe=126.0541lnCe−245.99720.1421126.05410.9722
45Qe=121.2689lnCe−255.99550.1211121.26890.9632
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RRP在HPD-400树脂上的吸附等温曲线方程及参数

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模型温度(℃)方程参数
KL(L/mg)Qm(mg/100 g)R2
Langmuir25Ce/Qe=0.0016Ce+0.12450.0131613.500.9615
35Ce/Qe=0.0017Ce+0.13360.0127588.240.9563
45Ce/Qe=0.0016Ce+0.17810.0090621.120.9405
KF[(mg/g)(L/mg)1/n]1/nR2
Freundlich25lnQe=0.6650lnCe+2.777016.07720.66500.9303
35lnQe=0.6783lnCe+2.667814.40820.67830.9240
45lnQe=0.7383lnCe+2.27939.76980.73830.9504
KT(L/mg)BT(J/mol)R2
Temkin25Qe=132.2108lnCe−256.58760.1436132.21080.9688
35Qe=126.0541lnCe−245.99720.1421126.05410.9722
45Qe=121.2689lnCe−255.99550.1211121.26890.9632
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Thermodynamic parameters of RRP adsorption on HPD-400 resin

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ΔG(kJ/mol)ΔH(kJ/mol)ΔS(J/(mol·K))
25 ℃35 ℃45 ℃
−12.306−12.629−12.682−6.630719.2514
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RRP在HPD-400树脂上吸附热力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ΔG(kJ/mol)ΔH(kJ/mol)ΔS(J/(mol·K))
25 ℃35 ℃45 ℃
−12.306−12.629−12.682−6.630719.2514
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胭脂萝卜多酚提取、富集机制及抗氧化活性
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姜雨梦 1, 2 , 潘悦 2 , 刘梦佳 2 , 张平平 1, * , 谢正义 2 , 张昭康 2 , 张水军 3 , 张化浩 2 , 江慎华 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(11): 291-304
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (11) : 291 -304
胭脂萝卜多酚提取、富集机制及抗氧化活性
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姜雨梦1, 2 , 潘悦2, 刘梦佳2, 张平平1, * , 谢正义2, 张昭康2, 张水军3, 张化浩2, 江慎华2, *
作者信息
  • 1天津农学院食品科学与生物工程学院,天津 300384
  • 2九江学院药学与生命科学学院,九江市食品加工与安全重点实验室,九江市鲤科重要经济鱼类保护及开发重点实验室,江西九江 332000
  • 3江西丹霞生物科技股份有限公司,江西鹰潭 335000
通讯作者:
张平平(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工与安全、动植物活性物质研究及产品开发的研究,E-mail:。
江慎华(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

姜雨梦(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

Extraction, Enrichment Mechanism, and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols from Raphanus sativus L.
Yumeng JIANG1, 2 , Yue PAN2, Mengjia LIU2, Pingping ZHANG1, * , Zhengyi XIE2, Zhaokang ZHANG2, Shuijun ZHANG3, Huahao ZHANG2, Shenhua JIANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Bioengineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 2Jiujiang Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety, Jiujiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Development of Major Cyprinidae Fish, School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
  • 3Jiangxi Danxia Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yingtan 335000, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070121
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多酚可清除活性氧、抵御氧化损伤以保护组织,而胭脂萝卜多酚(Rouge radish polyphenols,RRP)的提取、富集机制及抗氧化活性尚不明确。本研究旨在解析其提取关键因素、富集机制及抗氧化活性的特征,以响应面法优化聚能式超声辅助提取工艺,结合吸附/解吸动力学与等温吸附模型探究树脂富集机制,并以DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力及铁还原法分析富集前后RRP的抗氧化活性,为RRP高效开发及抗氧化研究提供理论支撑。结果显示,与平板超声、摇床提取相比,聚能式超声显著提高了RRP得率(P<0.05),最佳参数为提取液浓度60%乙醇、料液比1:55 g/mL、提取温度55 ℃、超声功率350 W、提取时间20 min,得率为33.03±0.12 mg/g;HPD-400树脂吸附/解吸过程符合准二级模型,且颗粒内扩散不是唯一的速率限制步骤,而是主要的速率限制因素,Temkin模型更适合描述吸附行为,低温有利于吸附;富集后RRP对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、2,2'-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐自由基清除的半抑制浓度值分别降至富集前的35.5%、83.0%,铁还原值提升了1.3倍。

胭脂萝卜多酚  /  聚能式超声  /  响应面  /  树脂富集机制  /  抗氧化活性

Polyphenols have the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and protect tissues against oxidative damage. However, the extraction, enrichment mechanisms, and antioxidant activities of rouge radish polyphenols (RRP) remained poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the key factors in extraction, enrichment mechanisms, and the characteristics of antioxidant activity. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the probe-type ultrasonic-assisted extraction process. Resin enrichment mechanisms were investigated through adsorption/desorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption model. Antioxidant activity of RRP before and after enrichment was analyzed using the DPPH, ABTS+, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay to provide theoretical support for the efficient development and antioxidant research of RRP. Results indicated that probe-type ultrasound significantly enhanced RRP yield compared to plate-type ultrasound and shaking-bed extraction (P<0.05). Optimal parameters were: Extraction solvent concentration 60% ethanol, solid-to-liquid ratio 1:55 g/mL, extraction temperature 55 ℃, ultrasonic power 350 W, and extraction time 20 min, yielding 33.03±0.12 mg/g. The adsorption/desorption process of HPD-400 resin was conformed to be the pseudo-second-order model, and the intraparticle diffusion was primary but not the sole rate-limiting step. Temkin model was more suitable for describing the adsorption behavior, and lower temperature was beneficial for adsorption. After enrichment, the scavenging concentration values for RRP in scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrobenzene hydrazine radical and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radicals decreased to 35.5% and 83.0% of their pre-enrichment levels, respectively, while the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay value increased by 1.3-fold.

rouge radish polyphenols  /  probe-type ultrasound  /  response surface methodology  /  resin enrichment mechanism  /  antioxidant activity
姜雨梦, 潘悦, 刘梦佳, 张平平, 谢正义, 张昭康, 张水军, 张化浩, 江慎华. 胭脂萝卜多酚提取、富集机制及抗氧化活性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 291 -304 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070121
Yumeng JIANG, Yue PAN, Mengjia LIU, Pingping ZHANG, Zhengyi XIE, Zhaokang ZHANG, Shuijun ZHANG, Huahao ZHANG, Shenhua JIANG. Extraction, Enrichment Mechanism, and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols from Raphanus sativus L.[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 291 -304 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070121
胭脂萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)又名“红心萝卜”,属十字花科二年生蔬菜作物[1],常见胭脂萝卜品种有北雁红心萝卜、龙泉红心萝卜、红心一号萝卜等[2],均有心皮全红的特性,单根重约250~300 g,形状多似小球状、葫芦形,少数呈圆柱形,因富含多酚、花青素等活性物质,是天然抗氧化剂的重要来源[3]。
多酚是一类广泛存在于植物中的次生代谢产物,来源广泛,主要存在于水果、蔬菜、粮谷类作物以及中草药等多种植物中,对人体健康具有多种益处,如具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗糖尿病、抗癌等功效[4]。多酚提取方法主要包括溶剂提取、微波辅助、超声波辅助等[5]。超声波通过空化等效应破坏植物组织,能避免热敏性成分降解,适合多酚提取[6]。最常用超声设备分聚能式与平板式,前者经金属探杆集中辐射,能量传递效率高、空化效应强;后者通过连接换能器的金属平板传递功率,能量较稳定但能量密度低[7]。林于洋[8]将酶解和微波辅助结合萃取绿皮红心萝卜中多酚物质,其多酚得率为29.417±1.084 mg/g。胡婷等[9]用聚能式超声辅助结合响应面法提取白萝卜多酚,提取率为5.72±0.02 mg/g。然而,聚能式超声辅助对胭脂萝卜多酚的提取效率目前尚不明确。
大孔吸附树脂(Macroporous adsorption resins,MARs)凭借可调控的吸附特性被广泛用于多酚类化合物富集,但存在传质阻力大、平衡时间长等瓶颈[10]。超声产生的机械振动可改变MARs表面微结构并强化液固传质过程,从而克服上述缺点[11]。Belwal等[12]发现,聚能式超声作用能增大MARs表面粗糙度、改变其表面性质,有利于有效成分吸附。Luo等[13]采用不同极性溶剂结合AB-8MARs提取萝卜叶多酚,不仅总多酚含量较高,并且展现出较强的抗氧化能力。赵欣宇等[14]发现,高强度超声对树脂进行破碎预处理后,树脂对橙子多酚的吸附速率显著增加,平衡吸附量未发生明显改变。但聚能式超声在MARs富集胭脂萝卜多酚过程中产生的效果以及富集机制,目前均不明确。
细胞内高水平活性氧引起的氧化应激能够促进心肌细胞凋亡、坏死和心血管系统中内皮细胞的炎症和功能紊乱[15]。蓝志福[16]研究发现,萝卜叶多酚对DPPH和超氧阴离子自由基的半抑制浓度分别为78.91 mg/L和403.55 mg/L,展现出较强的抗氧化特性。Jiang等[17]研究证明,萝卜花青素也具有较强的抗氧化能力。但胭脂萝卜多酚的抗氧化效果目前未见相关报道。
综上所述,本研究首先对胭脂萝卜多酚(Rouge radish polyphenols,RRP)提取方式进行比较,通过响应面法优化其提取工艺;其次采用超声辅助筛选得到的MARs富集RRP,并阐明该MARs吸附RRP的富集机制;最后采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrobenzohydrazine,DPPH)、2,2'-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt,ABTS+)自由基清除能力及铁还原法(Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay,FRAP)研究RRP的抗氧化能力。本文可为胭脂萝卜多酚的开发利用提供理论参考。
胭脂萝卜 采自江西省鄱阳县;无水乙醇、三氯化铁、碳酸钠 分析纯,天津市大茂化学试剂有限公司;盐酸 分析纯,昆山金城试剂有限公司;福林酚 分析纯,福州飞净生物科技有限公司;D101、X-5、HPD-400等5种MARS 西安蓝晓科技新材料股份有限公司; DPPH、ABTS、维生素C、TPTZ(三吡啶三吖嗪)等试剂 均购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
101-1AB电热恒温鼓风箱 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;Scientz-500C超声波萃取仪 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;SB25-12DTD功率可调加热型超声清洗机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;SHA-C恒温水浴摇床 常州国华电器有限公司;CR22E型高速冷冻离心机 日本日立公司;PB-10 pH计 Sartorius仪器设备有限公司;TU-1901双光束紫外可见分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;SpectraMax 190酶标仪 美国Molecular Devices公司;VEGA(Ⅱ)LSU钨灯丝扫描电镜 捷克TESCAN公司。
挑选大小均一、无损伤的新鲜胭脂萝卜,洗净后切成0.5 cm左右的厚度,65 ℃干燥后粉碎、过40目筛,干燥器中避光贮存[18]。
采用60%乙醇为提取溶剂、料液比1:30(g/mL)的固定条件,取同一批次胭脂萝卜样品,分别通过聚能式超声辅助提取(Probe-type ultrasound-assisted extraction,pr-UAE)、平板式超声辅助提取及水浴摇床提取三种方法处理,对比不同提取方式下RRP的提取得率。具体操作参数如下:水浴摇床:转速120 r/min,提取温度50 ℃,提取时间2 h;平板式超声辅助提取:采用恒温平板超声波设备,水浴温度45 ℃,提取时间20 min,超声功率350 W;pr-UAE:采用配备探头直径10 mm的pr-UAE设备,水浴温度45 ℃,提取时间20 min,超声功率350 W。提取完成后,提取液于5000 r/min、25 ℃条件下离心15 min,重复提取3次,合并上清液。通过测定上清液中多酚含量,计算RRP得率。
采用福林-酚法测定RRP含量[19]。取没食子酸标准溶液0.5 mL,加入2.5 mL 10%福林酚试剂和2.5 mL 7.5%碳酸钠溶液,混匀后50 ℃水浴5 min,于765 nm处测定吸光度。所得标准曲线为y=5.4937x−0.0367(R2=0.9995),通过该标准曲线计算RRP浓度进而获得RRP得率。
$\rm RRP得率(mg/g)= \frac{cv}{m} $
式中:c、v、m 分别为RRP提取液浓度(mg/L)、所用溶剂体积(L)和所用原料质量(g)。
四种萝卜残渣经乙醇和去离子水冲洗、干燥后,采用SEM对不同提取方法(平板式超声、聚能式超声、摇床)所得残渣微观结构进行表征[20]。
三种提取方式中pr-UAE提取效果最优。因此,本实验以体积分数60% 乙醇为提取溶剂,固定料液比1:30(g/mL)、水浴温度45 ℃、提取时间20 min、超声功率350 W的基础参数,采用同一批次胭脂萝卜样品,仅改变pr-UAE的单一影响因素开展单因素实验。对pr-UAE提取RRP进行单因素实验,探究乙醇浓度(40%、50%、60%、70%、80%)、料液比(1:35、1:45、1:55、1:65、1:75 g/mL)、水浴温度(45、50、55、60、65 ℃)、超声功率(150、250、350、450、550 W)、提取时间(10、15、20、25、30 min)对提取得率的影响规律。。
基于单因素实验结果,采用响应面法进一步优化pr-UAE提取RRP工艺参数,采用Box-Behnken Design建立四因素三水平试验设计(表1)。
将干燥至恒重的铝盒称重(m0),称取1.0 g MARs样品(m)置于盒中,记录总质量(m1)。105 ℃干燥至恒重后称量(m2),按式(2)计算含水率。
$ \rm 含水率({\text{%}})=\frac{{m}_{1}-{m}_{2}}{{m}_{1}-{m}_{0}}\times 100 $
根据含水率称量1.0 g(干重)树脂,用无水乙醇浸泡24 h,去离子水反复洗涤至无乙醇残留,最后经抽滤脱水处理,以除去残留的致孔剂及单体。
5种MARs各取1.0 g(干重),加入50 mL RRP粗提液,25 ℃、150 r/min吸附12 h。吸附平衡后测定上清液中RRP含量。去离子水洗涤吸附饱和的5种树脂,加入50 mL 80%乙醇溶液,25 ℃、150 r/min条件下解吸12 h后测定上清液中RRP含量。比较各MARs对RRP的吸附率及解吸率[21],计算式如下:
$ \rm 吸附量\left( mg/g\right) =\frac{({C}_{0}-{C}_{1})V}{m} $
$\rm 吸附率\left({\text{%}} \right) =\frac{{(C}_{0}-{C}_{1})V}{{C}_{0}V}\times 100 $
$ \rm 解吸量(mg/g)=\frac{{C}_{2}{V}_{1}}{m} $
$ \rm 解吸率\left({\text{%}} \right) =\frac{{C}_{2}{V}_{1}}{\left( {C}_{0}-{C}_{1}\right) \times V}\times 100 $
$ \rm 回收率({\text{%}})=\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}{\text{V}}_{1}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{0}}V}\times 100 $
式中:C0、C1及C2分别为初始溶液、吸附后溶液及解吸后溶液的RRP浓度,mg/mL;V为所加溶液体积,mL;V1为解吸液体积,mL;m为树脂干重,g。
根据Wu等[22]的方法研究聚能式超声对MARs吸附RRP的影响。取0.5 g(干重)树脂与100 mL RRP粗提液混合,分别在150、350、550 W功率,25 ℃辅助MARs吸附酚类物质。监测不同时间(0、10、20、30、45、60、80、100、130、160、200、240、300 min)上清液RRP含量变化计算吸附量,并采用准一级、准二级动力学模型及颗粒内扩散模型分析吸附动力学行为[23−24]。以静置和摇床吸附作为对照。
准一级动力学模型(Pseudo-first-order model)由Lagergren提出[23−24],通过积分其线性表达式如下:
$ \rm{\ln}\left(Q_e-Q_t\right)=-k_1t+\ln Q_e $
式中:Qe和Qt分别为平衡时和t时刻的吸附量(mg/g),k1为速率常数(min−1)。
准二级动力学模型(Pseudo-second-order model)由Ho&McKay提出[23−24],通过积分其线性表达式如下:
$ \rm \frac{t}{{Q}_{t}}=\frac{1}{{k}_{2}{{{Q}_{e}^{2}}}}+\frac{t}{{Q}_{e}} $
式中:k2为准二级动力学速率常数[g/(mg·min)]。
吸附传质过程可分为三个阶段:膜扩散、颗粒内扩散和表面吸附。通常前两阶段主导吸附速率,因为第三阶段不涉及电子转移。粒径内扩散模型(Intraparticle diffusion model)由Weber&Morris提出[23−24],其简化形式如下:
$ \rm {Q}_{t}={k}_{i}{t}^{1/2}+{I}_{i} $
式中:ki为颗粒内扩散速率常数[mg/(g·min1/2)];Ii反映边界层效应(mg/g)。当Ii=0时,表明内扩散是唯一控速步骤;Ii≠0则提示吸附过程受多阶段共同控制。
将0.5 g(干重)树脂加入到100 mL粗提物中充分吸附(20 ℃,100 r/min,吸附12 h),树脂吸附饱和后再与100 mL 80%乙醇混合,在25 ℃条件下采用不同超声功率(150、350、550 W)解吸,监测不同时间(0、10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80 min)上清液中RRP含量变化来计算解吸量,并采用准一级、准二级动力学模型及颗粒内扩散模型[23−24]分析解吸动力学行为。以静置和摇床解吸作为对照。
分别取50 mL不同胭脂萝卜提取液(初始浓度Ce:10、20、40、60、100、200 mg/L)与0.5 g HPD-400树脂混合,分别于25、35和45 ℃(超声功率550 W)进行吸附实验,测定不同浓度样液吸附平衡后的吸附量Qe(mg/g),采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin吸附等温线模型拟合分析[25−26]。
Langmuir方程是由物理学家Langmuir根据分子运动理论和一些假设条件(如吸附剂表面性质均一、吸附分子间无相互作用、单分子层吸附等)提出,其线性表达式如下[25−26]:
$ \rm\frac{{C}_{e}}{{Q}_{e}}=\frac{{C}_{e}}{{Q}_{m}}+\frac{1}{{K}_{L}\times {Q}_{m}} $
式中:Qm为理论最大吸附量(mg/g),KL为与吸附能相关的常数(L/mg)。
Freundlich吸附等温方程是由Freundlich基于吸附在非均匀表面的非理想吸附这一观点提出的一个经验方程,两边取对数,得其线性表达式如下[25−26]:
$ \rm ln {Q}_{e}=\frac{1}{n}\times \mathit{\ln } {C}_{e}+\mathit{\ln } {K}_{F} $
式中:KF为吸附容量常数[(mg/g)(L/mg)1/n],n为吸附强度参数。
Temkin吸附等温方程是由Temkin基于吸附热随吸附剂表面覆盖度的增加而呈线性下降这一假定条件提出的一个经验方程。经推导,其线性表达式如下[25−26]:
$ \rm {Q}_{e}={B}_{T}ln {C}_{e}+{B}_{T}ln {K}_{T} $
式中:KT为Temkin平衡结合常数(与结合能相关)(L/mg),BT为与吸附热相关的常数(J/mol),T为热力学温度(K)。
吸附过程属于热力学过程,即系统从一个平衡态向另一平衡态转变的过程,吸附热为该过程伴随的热效应。对吸附过程开展热力学分析,核心需确定吉布斯自由能变(ΔG)、焓变(ΔH)与熵变(ΔS)3 个关键参数,各参数计算公式如下[27]:
$ \ln {\text{K}}_{\text{c}}\text{=-ΔH/RT+ΔS/R} $
$ \text{ΔG=-RT}\ln {\text{K}}_{\text{c}} $
式中:Kc是平衡分配系数,T是温度(K),R是气体常数(8.314 J·mol−1·K−1),ΔG(kJ/mol)、ΔH(kJ/mol)和ΔS(J·mol−1·K−1)是热力学参数。
富集后的胭脂萝卜多酚避光冷冻干燥,称重。计算公式为:
$ \rm RRP纯度({\text{%}})= \frac{CV}{m}\times 100 $
式中:C为富集冻干后RRP质量浓度(mg/mL);V为溶液体积(mL);m为富集后RRP冻干粉质量(mg)。
RRP粗提液和富集液冻干得到粉末备用,采用维生素C(Vitamin C,VC)作为阳性对照。
参考Zhang等[28]的方法稍加修改,将1 mL样品与2 mL 0.1 mmol/L DPPH溶液(v/v=1:2)混合,室温避光反应30 min后测定517 nm处吸光度,以2 mL乙醇+1 mL DPPH为空白对照,分别测定富集前后RRP及VC在浓度为0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08、0.1 mg/mL的自由基清除能力。
$ \rm 清除率\left({\text{%}} \right)=\frac{{A}_{0}-{A}_{1}}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A0为对照组,A1为样品组。
参考Zhang等[28]的方法稍加修改,取50 μL系列浓度样品与100 μL ABTS+工作液于96孔板中反应10 min后测定734 nm吸光度,以PB缓冲液作空白对照,分别测定富集前后RRP及VC在浓度为0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08、0.1 mg/mL下的自由基清除能力。
$ \rm 清除率\left({\text{%}} \right)=\frac{{A}_{0}-{A}_{1}}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A0及A1分别为对照组及样品组的吸光度值。
采用FRAP评价RRP抗氧化能力[29]。FRAP混合工作液配制方法:a.0.3 mol/L乙酸钠缓冲液(pH3.6);b.10 mmol/L TPTZ溶液(溶剂为40 mmol/L优级纯HCl);c.20 mmol/L三氯化铁,将a、b、c按照体积比(10:1:1)混合均匀即得。分别以不同浓度的FeSO4·7H2O标准溶液为横坐标、吸光度值(593 nm)为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,分别测定富集前后RRP及VC浓度的吸光度值,代入标准曲线(y=1.4619x+0.3295,R2=0.9994)计算FRAP值。
所有实验均独立重复3次,实验结果以平均值±标准差(SD)表示。统计学分析采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)进行组间比较,随后进行多重比较。当P<0.05时,判断组间差异具有显著统计学意义。
结果如图1所示,pr-UAE的RRP得率最高(26.88±0.19 mg/g),显著高于平板式超声的RRP得率(19.46±0.06 mg/g)和摇床提取的RRP得率(15.23±0.07 mg/g)(P<0.05)。pr-UAE由金属探杆直接接触介质产生超声波,平板式超声是通过平板状换能器产生超声波,由于pr-UAE超声能量传导效率更高,使pr-UAE的提取效率显著高于平板式超声[30−31]。Gan等[20]也得到了相同结论。因此,选用聚能式超声进行后续工艺优化。
为了进一步探索pr-UAE高效提取的原因,本研究采用SEM对三种提取方法得到的残渣微观形貌进行观察。从图2a可以看出,空白对照样粉末保持完整纤维结构。摇床提取样表面呈现明显的溶剂侵蚀特征,包括粗糙表面和湿润纹理(图2b)[32]。两种超声处理样的残渣可观测到纤维断裂和多孔结构形成、破坏程度更高(图2c、d)。Fu等[33]的研究结果表明,原料经超声处理后,因超声在弹性介质中传播形成交替强弱循环,扰动使气核形成、生长、内爆,产生局部高温高压,导致细胞壁破碎,纤维结构破裂、出现孔洞和碎片。且聚能式超声处理样比平板式超声的孔洞结构更深、细胞壁破坏更彻底,其提取效果进一步得到了验证。
由图3a可知,在乙醇浓度40%~80%的试验范围内,RRP得率随乙醇体积分数的升高呈现先显著上升后逐渐下降的变化趋势。当乙醇浓度为60%时,得率达到峰值29.06±0.02 mg/g,显著高于其他浓度组(P<0.05)。戴倩倩等[34]发现60%乙醇提取多酚时得率最高,并得出适度乙醇浓度可有效破坏多酚与多糖/蛋白质间的氢键网络,促进溶出;过高浓度会降低溶剂极性,导致脂溶性杂质竞争性溶出。后续实验选定60%乙醇为最佳提取溶剂。
由图3b可知,在1:35~1:75 g/mL的考察范围内,RRP得率随溶剂用量增大呈现先上升后趋于平稳的变化趋势,且平稳阶段得率无显著提升。当料液比达到1:55 g/mL时,RRP得率达到峰值31.12±0.08 mg/g,显著优于其他组别(P<0.05)。Khan等[10]指出,适当料液比可实现最佳传质平衡,通过足够浓度梯度驱动萃取;持续增加溶剂用量虽略提高得率,但会增加乙醇消耗与能耗成本。综合考虑提取效率与经济性,确定1:55 g/mL为最优料液比参数。
由图3c可知,在45~65 ℃的试验范围内,RRP得率随提取温度的升高呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势。当提取温度达到55 ℃时,RRP得率达到最大值31.93±0.07 mg/g。刘馥源等[35]发现适度升温能增强分子运动,促进细胞壁多糖β-1,4糖苷键断裂,提高多酚溶出率;但过高温度会引发其酚羟基氧化及乙醇挥发,降低溶剂体积使得率下降。综上所述,水浴温度设为55 ℃用于后续实验。
由图3d可知,在150~550 W的试验范围内,RRP得率随超声功率升高呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势。当超声功率达到350 W时,RRP得率达到峰值32.04±0.07 mg/g,显著优于其他功率组(P<0.05)。Huang等[32]结论显示,适当增加超声功率可增强空化效应,空化泡崩溃的局部压力促进细胞壁破裂;过高功率会增加自由基产率,引发酚类氧化降解。基于提取效率与成分保护的双重考量,确定350 W为最佳超声功率参数。
由图3e可知,在10~30 min的试验范围内,RRP得率随时间延长呈现先上升后下降的趋势。在20 min时得率达到峰值32.43±0.04 mg/g,显著高于其他时间组(P<0.05)。适当延长提取时间可使细胞壁破碎,细胞内成分有效释放;提取时间过长则导致热敏性物质降解,从而抑制多酚类物质的溶出,提取得率降低[32]。因此,确定20 min为最佳提取时间。
基于单因素实验结果设计了四因素三水平响应面试验,试验设计及结果如表2所示。RRP得率与变量之间的关系得到的多元二次回归方程为:Y=32.92−0.9167A−0.3692B−0.2583C+0.1125D−0.2175AB−0.1100AC−0.0475AD−0.3825BC−0.2425BD−0.0275CD−0.9147A2−1.48B2−1.03C2−1.12D2。其中Y是RRP得率的预测值;A、B、C和D是上述自变量的编码值。
方差分析结果如表3所示,回归模型极显著(P<0.001),失拟项不显著(P=0.4823>0.05)。决定系数R2=0.9971,调整R2=0.9941,证实模型可靠性,说明该模型拟合度高,试验误差小,能够用于分析料液比(g/mL)、水浴温度(℃)、超声功率(W)、提取时间(min)四个因素对RRP的交互作用以及对RRP得率的预测。AC对RRP得率影响显著(P<0.05),AB、BC、BD、A2、B2、C2、D2对RRP得率影响极显著(P<0.001)。由F值大小可知,因素影响强度排序:料液比(A)>水浴温度(B)>超声功率(C)>提取时间(D)。该模型可准确预测RRP得率并解析多因素交互效应。
三维响应曲面和二维等高线图可以直观地显示不同因素之间的相互作用和单个因素的趋势。响应面线图曲线的斜率越大,表示其对环境变化的敏感度越高,反之,则会降低。等高线图是响应面的底部投影,表示两个因素之间的相互作用。当等高线为椭圆型和马鞍型时,表明两因素间存在着明显的交互效应;呈圆形时,则说明交互效应不显著[12,36]。
由图4可知,交互项料液比与提取时间、超声功率与提取时间所映射的等高线排列稀疏且趋于圆形,表明这两种交互作用对RRP得率的影响不显著;其余四种交互项的等高线接近椭圆,且响应曲面陡峭,说明其交互作用对RRP得率影响显著。料液比通过直接和间接作用影响RRP得率,在超声功率和提取时间固定时,料液比偏离0水平会导致得率下降。其中,水浴温度与提取时间、水浴温度与超声功率的响应曲面斜率较大,对RRP得率的影响最为显著,这与表3的方差分析结果一致,表明各因素对RRP得率的影响并非简单的线性关系,部分因素间存在显著的交互作用[28]。
基于响应面模型预测,RRP最佳提取参数为:料液比1:54.49 g/mL、温度54.94 ℃、功率350 W、时间20.01 min,RRP得率预测值为33.13 mg/g。结合实际操作可行性,将最佳提取参数修正为:1:55 g/mL、55 ℃、350 W、20 min。经验证,该条件下RRP得率达33.03±0.12 mg/g,与预测值的相对误差较小,证实模型可靠性。
为了得到高纯度RRP,结合文献报道,本文从非极性、中级性及极性中选用了代表树脂进行筛选。结果表明,HPD-400的吸附量和吸附率分别为16.85±0.01 mg/g、80.24%±0.001%,解吸量和解吸率分别为15.21±0.06 mg/g、90.25%±0.004%,回收率为72.42%±0.003%,显著高于其他树脂(P < 0.05),显示出良好的吸附、解吸以及回收性能(表4),这可能是HPD-400极性与目标化合物相近,并具有较大的比表面积、可提供更多吸附位点[37]。叶佳丰等[38]研究结果显示HPD-400纯化油茶蒲黄酮粗提物具有最佳的回收率,为69.00%±0.22%。因此,选用HPD-400进行后续实验。
超声波处理会对多酚类物质的吸附动力学产生积极影响,使其在作用期间形成强烈的空化效应,从而增大孔径、改变吸附剂的性质、增强溶液扰动,促进多酚类物质的运输[39]。因此,本文进一步探究了RRP聚能式超声吸附动力学及不同功率对HPD-400吸附速率的影响,结果如图5A所示。吸附速率随超声功率提升而增加,且聚能式超声辅助吸附RRP效果显著优于静置和摇床吸附方式,在超声功率550 W时,吸附量达到了22.03±0.07 mg/g,Wu等[22]研究结果显示,超声能够提高MARs对花青素富集效率,与本研究所得结果一致。
吸附动力学曲线可以直观反映吸附速率的变化,并用于确定吸附平衡时间和平衡吸附量两个重要参数[40],并采用准一级、准二级动力学模型及颗粒内扩散模型量化吸附动态过程,揭示传质机制与速率限制因素,为树脂优化和吸附工艺参数调控提供理论依据[41]。吸附动力学及模型拟合结果如图5B~D与表5所示。由此可见,准二级动力学模型比准一级能更准确地整体描述RRP吸附过程;同时,RRP在HPD-400树脂内的吸附过程可被划分为三个阶段:膜扩散、颗粒内扩散、表面吸附。通常前两阶段主导吸附速率,因第三阶段不涉及电子转移且拟合直线均不经过原点(Ii≠0),证实液膜扩散共同控制吸附速率[42]。陈姝彤等[43]也得到了类似的研究结果,二级动力学更适合描述欧李多酚的吸附过程,且表明颗粒内扩散不是唯一的速率限制步骤,而是吸附的主要速率限制因素,树脂外表面扩散也影响吸附过程。
研究结果表明,聚能式超声不但有利于MARs对有效成分的吸附[39],也有利于MARs对有效成分的解吸过程及解吸效率[22]。因此,本文在2.4.2基础上进一步对RRP聚能式超声解吸动力学及不同功率对HPD-400解吸速率的影响进行了分析,结果如图6A所示。结果表明,在相同时间范围内,聚能式超声辅助解吸量显著高于静置和摇床;同时对HPD-400解吸具有较好的促进作用,随着超声功率的增加,解吸速率越快、解吸量越大、达到平衡的速度也更快、促进效果越好。这是由于超声波强化了RRP与树脂、醇相间的质量传递,进而提高了RRP在树脂中的扩散速率[36]。
进而采用准一级、准二级动力学模型及颗粒内扩散模型阐明RRP的解吸过程,结果如图6B~D及表6所示,与准一级模型相比,准二级动力学模型也能更准确地描述RRP的解吸过程,而颗粒内扩散模型显示解吸过程存在三阶段特征(界面释放→颗粒内扩散→液相传质),且非零截距(Ii≠0),证实液膜扩散共同控制解吸速率。这些结果与吸附过程形成机理互补,共同揭示了超声强化RRP传质的双重作用:既促进树脂孔隙内扩散,又加速界面传质。
吸附等温线描述一定温度下平衡吸附量与平衡浓度的关系,用于揭示吸附剂表面结构、孔分布及吸附质间相互作用本质[44]。因此,本文采用Langmuir、Friedrich和Temkin模型进一步对不同温度(25、35和45 ℃)RRP在最优树脂(HPD-400)上的吸附等温线进行研究,结果如图7A所示。HPD-400树脂对RRP的吸附能力随着浓度的增加而增加,当RRP浓度为200 mg/L时,吸附量最大,后续富集最佳进料浓度采用该浓度[45]。在相同平衡浓度(Ce)下,低温条件对应的Qe高于高温条件的Qe,表明低温有利于HPD-400树脂对RRP的吸附,为放热过程。
等温吸附模型拟合结果表明,温度对RRP在HPD-400树脂上的吸附行为有显著影响,Temkin模型较Langmuir和Freundlich模型能更准确描述RRP吸附行为(图7B~D及表7)。Temkin模型结果表明,当温度不同最大吸附量并不一致;随着温度升高,KT呈下降趋势,表明高温不利于HPD-400树脂对RRP的吸附。将lnCe和Qe进行线性回归分析,根据直线的截距和斜率可计算出KT和BT,BT值在25~45 ℃的温度范围内均小于0.2 kJ/mol。陈姝彤等[43]也得到了类似的结果,因此,可推测该吸附类型主要为物理吸附。
吸附热力学研究阐明吸附驱动力、评估进行程度,揭示操作条件与体系特性的影响。吸附视为特殊相平衡,其过程的热效应即为吸附热[46]。热力学参数见表8,在25~45 ℃温度范围内,ΔG均小于0,且随温度降低负值增大,证实低温有利于自发吸附;ΔH绝对值<40 kJ/mol,ΔS>0,符合物理吸附特征,属于放热过程,且整个过程伴随体系无序度增加,属于典型的熵驱动机制[47]。吸附质、吸附剂与溶剂间存在多种相互作用:放热源于吸附质与吸附剂间作用力形成释放的能量,熵增则由溶剂化层破坏及吸附质在吸附剂表面的构型变化所致,该结果与Chen等[31]研究一致,从热力学角度阐明了HPD-400树脂对RRP的选择性吸附优势。
抗氧化活性是多酚最显著特性之一,其通过供电子给自由基、中和自由基,清除其引发的细胞氧化应激损伤,而清除自由基的活性与多酚含量正相关,多酚含量越高其自由基猝灭能力更强,且半抑制浓度(Scavenging concentration,SC50)值更低[48]。DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力和总还原力三种抗氧化评价结果如图8所示。经式(16)计算HPD-400富集前RRP的纯度为9.50%±0.03%,富集后的RRP纯度达到33.00%±0.10%。当RRP浓度从0.02增加至0.1 mg/mL时,富集前RRP对DPPH、ABTS+的清除率分别从73.70%增至83.00%、58.31%增至74.42%,FRAP值从1.23增至1.96 mmol/L;富集后RRP对DPPH、ABTS+的清除率分别从81.99%增至93.98%、62.29%增至90.16%,FRAP值从1.6增至2.05 mmol/L;富集前后DPPH、ABTS+的SC50值分别由0.0128±0.0015降至0.0072±0.0008 mg/mL、0.0145±0.0018降至0.0098±0.0011 mg/mL。结果表明,RRP具有很强的抗氧化活性,且富集后的RRP抗氧化活性显著提高。这一增强效应可能归因于以下两个因素:一是MARs富集过程对RRP活性成分的富集作用;二是酚羟基含量及其分子分布特征的优化[49]。张春艳等[50]研究发现黑树莓酚类物质纯化物对DPPH和ABTS+自由基的清除率和VC相当,且高于粗提物抗氧化能力,与本研究结果类似。
聚能式超声辅助乙醇提取对胭脂萝卜多酚具有很高的提取得率,通过单因素结合响应面法优化了其最优提取工艺,最优提取工艺下多酚得率达33.03±0.12 mg/g。经筛选,确定了HPD-400为RRP富集树脂,RRP在吸附及解吸过程中均符合准二级动力学;低温有利于HPD-400树脂对RRP的吸附,为放热过程,吸附类型主要为典型的熵驱动的物理吸附机制。RRP抗氧化实验结果显示,随着RRP浓度的增加,富集前后RRP对DPPH、ABTS+自由基的清除率以及FRAP值均有所提升。富集前后DPPH、ABTS+的SC50值分别由0.0128±0.0015降至0.0072±0.0008 mg/mL、0.0145±0.0018降至0.0098±0.0011 mg/mL,由此可知,RRP具有很强的抗氧化活性,且富集后的RRP抗氧化活性显著提高。本研究为RRP提取技术提供了理论依据,可为胭脂萝卜精深加工提供参考。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070121
  • 接收时间:2025-07-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-10
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    1天津农学院食品科学与生物工程学院,天津 300384
    2九江学院药学与生命科学学院,九江市食品加工与安全重点实验室,九江市鲤科重要经济鱼类保护及开发重点实验室,江西九江 332000
    3江西丹霞生物科技股份有限公司,江西鹰潭 335000

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张平平(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工与安全、动植物活性物质研究及产品开发的研究,E-mail:。
江慎华(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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