Article(id=1320166483121001226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060351, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751126400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681817082, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681817082, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681817082, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681817082, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=280, endPage=290, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166483418796811, articleId=1320166483121001226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Mixed Fermentation on Structure and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber from Panax notoginseng Flower Residue, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this work, the Panax notoginseng flower residue was mixed fermented with the kefir grains and kombucha consortium to investigate the effects of fermentation parameters on the functional properties of the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) by single-factor and response surface experiments. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: the broth ratio of kefir grains and kombucha 2:1 (v/v), inoculation amount 8% (v/w), culture temperature was 28 ℃, and fermentation time 53 h. Under these optimized conditions, the fermented SDF (F-SDF) yield was 40.32%, and its functional group abundance had been significantly enhanced. For F-SDF and F-IDF, the water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), water swelling capacity (WSC), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased by 80.30% and 89.77%, 69.37% and 76.77%, 111.98% and 67.18%, and 58.82% and 122.22%, respectively. The adsorption capacities of glucose and sodium cholate increased by 61.18% and 72.66%, 22.50% and 22.61%, respectively. Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, when the pH was 2.0, the adsorption capacities of cholesterol and nitrite were significantly increased by 24.77% and 20.65%, 21.48% and 19.28%; when the pH was 7.0, the adsorption capacities of cholesterol and nitrite were significantly increased by 22.67% and 29.45%, 19.27% and 24.90%, respectively. In conclusion, the mixed fermentation effectively modified the physical structure and functional properties of the dietary fiber derived from notoginseng flower residue. The results provide a theoretical basis for promoting the high-value application of notoginseng by-products.

, authors=Yang LUO1, Huiqiong GU1, Gao XIONG1, Yunjing ZHAN1, Ningli QI2, Xiao GONG3, *, authorsList=Yang LUO, Huiqiong GU, Gao XIONG, Yunjing ZHAN, Ningli QI, Xiao GONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao GONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166486325449498, articleId=1320166483121001226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=混菌发酵对三七花渣膳食纤维结构和功能特性的影响, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究采用雪莲菌(Kefir grains)与红茶菌(Kombucha)混合发酵对三七花渣膳食纤维进行改性,探究混菌发酵工艺参数对其可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)和不可溶性膳食纤维(IDF)功能特性的影响。通过单因素及响应面法优化试验,以发酵后SDF(F-SDF)得率为指标,确定最佳发酵条件为:雪莲菌与红茶菌发酵液比例2:1 (v/v)、接种量8% (v/w)、发酵时间53 h、发酵温度28 ℃。在此条件下,三七花渣 F-SDF 得率 40.32%,且其官能团数量显著增加。发酵显著提升了膳食纤维的功能特性,F-SDF 和 F-IDF 的持水力(WHC)分别提高80.30% 和 89.77%,持油力(OHC)分别提高69.37% 和 76.77%,吸水溶胀力(WSC)分别提高111.98% 和 67.18%,阳离子交换能力(CEC)分别提高58.82% 和 122.22%,葡萄糖的吸附能力分别提高61.18% 和 72.66%,胆酸钠吸附能力分别提高22.50%和22.61%。在模拟胃肠环境下,pH2.0条件下胆固醇吸附能力分别提高24.77%和20.65%,亚硝酸盐吸附能力分别提高21.48%和19.28%,pH7.0条件下胆固醇吸附能力分别提高22.67%和29.45%、亚硝酸盐吸附能力分别提高19.27%和24.90%。总之,混菌发酵有效改变了三七花渣膳食纤维的物理结构和功能特性,为推动三七副产物的高值化应用提供了理论依据。

, authors=骆扬1, 顾慧琼1, 熊高1, 詹云静1, 齐宁利2, 龚霄3, *, authorsList=骆扬, 顾慧琼, 熊高, 詹云静, 齐宁利, 龚霄, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=龚霄, authorNote=

骆扬(1982−),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
龚霄(1984−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品发酵与酶工程,E-mail:。
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LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2022, 169: 114013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320166758212817343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO X, WANG Q, ZHENG B, et al. Hydration properties and binding capacities of dietary fibers from bamboo shoot shell and its hypolipidemic effects in mice[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2017, 109: 1003−1009., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320166747198574903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166747206963512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, companyId=1320166747198574903, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Notoginseng Medicine and Pharmacy, Wenshan University, Wenshan 663099, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166747219546425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, companyId=1320166747198574903, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1文山学院三七医药学院,云南文山 663099)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166747303432506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166747311821115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, companyId=1320166747303432506, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166747320209724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, companyId=1320166747303432506, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所,广东湛江 524001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166747399901501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166747420873022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, companyId=1320166747399901501, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3College of Food Science and Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166747429261631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, companyId=1320166747399901501, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3岭南师范学院食品科学与工程学院,广东湛江 524048)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166749723545960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Colony number and antagonistic results of Kefir and Kombucha, figureFileSmall=4aTE+a1skhKNTbcVk9P9cg==, figureFileBig=HQgSHzDuEUvY2qqeleGUsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166749828403561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, language=CN, label=图1, caption=雪莲菌和红茶菌的菌落数及拮抗结果, figureFileSmall=4aTE+a1skhKNTbcVk9P9cg==, figureFileBig=HQgSHzDuEUvY2qqeleGUsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166749945844074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of mixed fermentation conditions of kefir grains and Kombucha consortium on F-SDF extraction rate, figureFileSmall=tXUeeTsmgcnSPdJIno17RA==, figureFileBig=C9MBB3Ul6oL3Nq1YrhaxQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166750008758635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, language=CN, label=图2, caption=雪莲菌与红茶菌发酵条件对 F-SDF 得率的影响

注:字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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注:(a)三七花渣发酵前后SDF值变化;(b)三七花渣发酵前后IDF值变化。

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注:不同字母表示样品间差异显著(P<0.05),图6、图7 同。

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Box-Behnken response surface test factors and levels

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水平因素
A雪莲菌与红茶菌
发酵液比例
B菌接种量
(%)
C发酵时间
(h)
D发酵温度
(℃)
−13:164824
02:185426
11:1106028
), ArticleFig(id=1320166750847619447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Box-Behnken响应面试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A雪莲菌与红茶菌
发酵液比例
B菌接种量
(%)
C发酵时间
(h)
D发酵温度
(℃)
−13:164824
02:185426
11:1106028
), ArticleFig(id=1320166750914728312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Response surface test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A雪莲菌与红茶
菌发酵液比例
B
菌接种量
C
发酵时间
D
发酵温度
F-SDF得率
(%)
1001134.63±0.31
201−1031.78±0.62
3−110026.72±0.49
4−10−1026.84±0.09
5−100−131.21±0.25
60−1−1031.34±0.41
7−1−10027.46±0.41
8−100132.47±0.41
90−10135.44±0.41
10000039.47±0.41
111−10029.46±0.41
12101027.02±0.41
13011032.01±0.41
14100138.97±0.41
15000039.89±0.41
16010−135.46±0.41
1700−1136.53±0.35
18000039.35±0.35
19−101027.28±0.35
20000040.62±0.35
21110032.89±0.35
220−11027.48±0.35
230−10−133.28±0.35
2400−1−134.66±0.35
2510−1034.85±0.35
26010137.91±0.35
27100−132.82±0.35
28001−130.46±0.35
29000038.65±0.35
), ArticleFig(id=1320166750994420089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A雪莲菌与红茶
菌发酵液比例
B
菌接种量
C
发酵时间
D
发酵温度
F-SDF得率
(%)
1001134.63±0.31
201−1031.78±0.62
3−110026.72±0.49
4−10−1026.84±0.09
5−100−131.21±0.25
60−1−1031.34±0.41
7−1−10027.46±0.41
8−100132.47±0.41
90−10135.44±0.41
10000039.47±0.41
111−10029.46±0.41
12101027.02±0.41
13011032.01±0.41
14100138.97±0.41
15000039.89±0.41
16010−135.46±0.41
1700−1136.53±0.35
18000039.35±0.35
19−101027.28±0.35
20000040.62±0.35
21110032.89±0.35
220−11027.48±0.35
230−10−133.28±0.35
2400−1−134.66±0.35
2510−1034.85±0.35
26010137.91±0.35
27100−132.82±0.35
28001−130.46±0.35
29000038.65±0.35
), ArticleFig(id=1320166751074111866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Response surface quadratic regression equation analysis of F-SDF extraction rate results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
回归模型536.101438.2966.90<0.0001**
A48.12148.1284.07<0.0001**
B12.63112.6322.060.0003**
C24.42124.4242.67<0.0001**
D27.18127.1847.78<0.0001**
AB4.3514.357.590.0155*
AC17.10117.1029.87<0.0001**
AD5.9815.9810.440.0060**
BC4.1814.187.310.0172*
BD0.0210.050.040.8508ns
CD1.3211.322.310.1508ns
A2221.201221.20386.44<0.0001**
B2113.591113.59198.44<0.0001**
C2160.771160.77280.86<0.0001**
D20.0810.080.130.7206ns
残差8.01140.57
失拟项5.91100.591.120.4963ns
纯误差2.1140.53
合计544.1228
), ArticleFig(id=1320166751162192251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面二次回归方程方差分析的F-SDF得率结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
回归模型536.101438.2966.90<0.0001**
A48.12148.1284.07<0.0001**
B12.63112.6322.060.0003**
C24.42124.4242.67<0.0001**
D27.18127.1847.78<0.0001**
AB4.3514.357.590.0155*
AC17.10117.1029.87<0.0001**
AD5.9815.9810.440.0060**
BC4.1814.187.310.0172*
BD0.0210.050.040.8508ns
CD1.3211.322.310.1508ns
A2221.201221.20386.44<0.0001**
B2113.591113.59198.44<0.0001**
C2160.771160.77280.86<0.0001**
D20.0810.080.130.7206ns
残差8.01140.57
失拟项5.91100.591.120.4963ns
纯误差2.1140.53
合计544.1228
), ArticleFig(id=1320166751233495420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Hydration characteristics and cation exchange capacity of SDF and IDF in P. notoginseng flower residue before and after fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品持水力
(g/g)
持油力
(g/g)
吸水溶胀力
(mL/g)
阳离子交换能力
(mmol/g)
F-IDF4.08±0.24a1.75±0.21bc6.52±0.33a0.20±0.02b
F-SDF2.38±0.19b3.76±0.44a5.13±0.43b0.27±0.01a
A-SDF1.32±0.27c2.22±0.26b2.42±0.27c0.17±0.01b
A-IDF2.15±0.31b0.99±0.25c3.90±0.54b0.09±0.01c
), ArticleFig(id=1320166751459987837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166483121001226, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

发酵前后三七花渣SDF和IDF的水合特性和阳离子交换能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品持水力
(g/g)
持油力
(g/g)
吸水溶胀力
(mL/g)
阳离子交换能力
(mmol/g)
F-IDF4.08±0.24a1.75±0.21bc6.52±0.33a0.20±0.02b
F-SDF2.38±0.19b3.76±0.44a5.13±0.43b0.27±0.01a
A-SDF1.32±0.27c2.22±0.26b2.42±0.27c0.17±0.01b
A-IDF2.15±0.31b0.99±0.25c3.90±0.54b0.09±0.01c
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混菌发酵对三七花渣膳食纤维结构和功能特性的影响
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骆扬 1 , 顾慧琼 1 , 熊高 1 , 詹云静 1 , 齐宁利 2 , 龚霄 3, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(11): 280-290
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (11) : 280 -290
混菌发酵对三七花渣膳食纤维结构和功能特性的影响
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骆扬1 , 顾慧琼1, 熊高1, 詹云静1, 齐宁利2, 龚霄3, *
作者信息
  • 1文山学院三七医药学院,云南文山 663099
  • 2中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所,广东湛江 524001
  • 3岭南师范学院食品科学与工程学院,广东湛江 524048
通讯作者:
龚霄(1984−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品发酵与酶工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

骆扬(1982−),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

Effects of Mixed Fermentation on Structure and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber from Panax notoginseng Flower Residue
Yang LUO1 , Huiqiong GU1, Gao XIONG1, Yunjing ZHAN1, Ningli QI2, Xiao GONG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Notoginseng Medicine and Pharmacy, Wenshan University, Wenshan 663099, China
  • 2Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, China
  • 3College of Food Science and Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060351
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本研究采用雪莲菌(Kefir grains)与红茶菌(Kombucha)混合发酵对三七花渣膳食纤维进行改性,探究混菌发酵工艺参数对其可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)和不可溶性膳食纤维(IDF)功能特性的影响。通过单因素及响应面法优化试验,以发酵后SDF(F-SDF)得率为指标,确定最佳发酵条件为:雪莲菌与红茶菌发酵液比例2:1 (v/v)、接种量8% (v/w)、发酵时间53 h、发酵温度28 ℃。在此条件下,三七花渣 F-SDF 得率 40.32%,且其官能团数量显著增加。发酵显著提升了膳食纤维的功能特性,F-SDF 和 F-IDF 的持水力(WHC)分别提高80.30% 和 89.77%,持油力(OHC)分别提高69.37% 和 76.77%,吸水溶胀力(WSC)分别提高111.98% 和 67.18%,阳离子交换能力(CEC)分别提高58.82% 和 122.22%,葡萄糖的吸附能力分别提高61.18% 和 72.66%,胆酸钠吸附能力分别提高22.50%和22.61%。在模拟胃肠环境下,pH2.0条件下胆固醇吸附能力分别提高24.77%和20.65%,亚硝酸盐吸附能力分别提高21.48%和19.28%,pH7.0条件下胆固醇吸附能力分别提高22.67%和29.45%、亚硝酸盐吸附能力分别提高19.27%和24.90%。总之,混菌发酵有效改变了三七花渣膳食纤维的物理结构和功能特性,为推动三七副产物的高值化应用提供了理论依据。

混菌发酵  /  三七花渣  /  膳食纤维  /  结构  /  功能特性

In this work, the Panax notoginseng flower residue was mixed fermented with the kefir grains and kombucha consortium to investigate the effects of fermentation parameters on the functional properties of the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) by single-factor and response surface experiments. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: the broth ratio of kefir grains and kombucha 2:1 (v/v), inoculation amount 8% (v/w), culture temperature was 28 ℃, and fermentation time 53 h. Under these optimized conditions, the fermented SDF (F-SDF) yield was 40.32%, and its functional group abundance had been significantly enhanced. For F-SDF and F-IDF, the water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), water swelling capacity (WSC), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased by 80.30% and 89.77%, 69.37% and 76.77%, 111.98% and 67.18%, and 58.82% and 122.22%, respectively. The adsorption capacities of glucose and sodium cholate increased by 61.18% and 72.66%, 22.50% and 22.61%, respectively. Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, when the pH was 2.0, the adsorption capacities of cholesterol and nitrite were significantly increased by 24.77% and 20.65%, 21.48% and 19.28%; when the pH was 7.0, the adsorption capacities of cholesterol and nitrite were significantly increased by 22.67% and 29.45%, 19.27% and 24.90%, respectively. In conclusion, the mixed fermentation effectively modified the physical structure and functional properties of the dietary fiber derived from notoginseng flower residue. The results provide a theoretical basis for promoting the high-value application of notoginseng by-products.

mixed fermentation  /  Panax notoginseng flower residue  /  dietary fiber  /  structure  /  functional properties
骆扬, 顾慧琼, 熊高, 詹云静, 齐宁利, 龚霄. 混菌发酵对三七花渣膳食纤维结构和功能特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 280 -290 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060351
Yang LUO, Huiqiong GU, Gao XIONG, Yunjing ZHAN, Ningli QI, Xiao GONG. Effects of Mixed Fermentation on Structure and Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber from Panax notoginseng Flower Residue[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 280 -290 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060351
三七(Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen ex C. Chow)为五加科人参属草本植物,主产于中国云南、广西等地区,其主产区云南文山州的种植面积超过12万亩。2017年,三七地上部分(包括花)已被纳入药食同源目录。三七花年产量近500吨,除皂苷外,还含有粗纤维(10.18%)、总糖(18.96%)、蛋白质(21.91%)、脂肪(0.84%)等组分[1],在制药工业中,三七花通常用于提取皂苷,而三七花渣被废弃[2]。膳食纤维(Dietary Fiber,DF)是一类难以被人体小肠消化吸收的碳水化合物,主要在大肠内经微生物发酵降解。研究表明,DF在调节血糖、血脂以及促进肠道蠕动等方面具有重要作用,根据溶解性差异,分为可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble Dietary Fiber,SDF)和不溶性膳食纤维(Insoluble Dietary Fiber,IDF),二者在调控血糖、维持肠道菌群稳态及调节免疫应答等生理过程中具有协同互补效应[3]。通过微生物发酵改性技术,提升三七花渣中DF(尤其是SDF)的得率及其功能特性,探索其高值化利用途径,以期解决资源浪费问题,并拓展药食同源副产物的应用价值。
雪莲菌(Kefir grains)俗称藏灵菇、开菲尔粒,其粒径大小在3~35 mm之间,呈花椰菜状的不规则乳白色颗粒,是由乳酸菌、醋酸菌和酵母菌组成的微生物混合体,其发酵过程中会产生纤维素酶,从而分解不溶性膳食纤维,不仅改变了DF的物理化学性质,还显著提高了其功能特性[4−5]。红茶菌(Kombucha)是由醋酸菌、酵母菌及少量乳酸菌组成的一类复合菌群,其发酵液是指通过用红茶菌发酵含糖茶水后得到的微生态液体,富含茶黄素、茶红素、醋酸、葡萄糖酸等成分,具有多种保健功能[6−7]。红茶菌发酵还能产生细菌纤维素,通过其代谢产物对其他纤维进行改性,改善其持水性、持油性和抗氧化性[8−10],使其在食品、医药和环保等领域具有更广泛的应用。
相较于单一菌种发酵,混菌发酵通常能更有效地克服单一菌种的局限性,使IDF逐渐向SDF转化,实现更全面的纤维组分降解和结构改变,从而提升纤维的利用价值。研究表明,经菌种发酵改性后纤维的粒径变小、比表面积增加、持水、持油、膨胀性等指标都有提升,可应用于低GI、低脂等功能性食品的开发,提升副产品的价值[11−13]。混合发酵结合了不同微生物的优势,雪莲菌在发酵过程中能够产生半纤维素酶、纤维素酶等多种酶类,能够有效降解多糖类大分子物质,使其转化为更易被人体吸收的低分子功能性成分,红茶菌发酵过程中产生的有机酸、氨基酸等代谢产物,可以改善DF的理化性质,从而进一步改善纤维的结构和功能特性[14−15]。本文通过雪莲菌和红茶菌混合发酵探究其对三七花渣中DF结构和功能特性的影响,分析发酵处理前后渣中膳食纤维(SDF和IDF)的结构变化以及持水力、膨胀力、吸附胆固醇能力等功能特性的改变,以期为三七地上部分药食同源资源的高值化利用提供参考。
三七花 购于文山三七国际交易市场;雪莲菌 西藏天林生物有限公司;红茶菌 南京红茶菌实业有限公司;脱脂乳 内蒙古伊利实业有限公司;大豆油 九三食品股份有限公司;α-淀粉酶 (1000 IU) 北京鸿润宝顺科技有限公司;冰乙酸 成都市科隆化学品有限公司;磷酸 广东惠普化工科技有限公司;邻苯二甲醛 上海士峰生物科技有限公司;浓盐酸 广东鑫诚远科技有限公司;溴化钾、无水对氨基苯磺酸 天津市大茂化学试剂厂;胆酸钠 西亚试剂;以上试剂均为分析纯。
LDZX-50KBS立式高压蒸汽灭菌器 上海申安医疗器械厂;80-1低速台式离心机 常州金坛大地自动化仪器厂;HH-S2S恒温水浴锅 金坛市大地自动化仪器厂;V-5100分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;VERTEX 70v傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 上海尔迪仪器科技有限公司;LRH-250F生化培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司。
将脱脂乳高压灭菌处理冷却后,接入10%的雪莲菌,在28 ℃条件下恒温培养,每日定期更换脱脂乳,取第3 d的发酵乳,备用[15]。
称取相当于水质量0.5%的红茶,用沸水浸提15 min制备茶汤,加入茶汤质量10%的蔗糖,冷却后接入8%的红茶菌液室温放置,pH3.0时为发酵终点[16]。
参照于亭等[17]的方法。分别量取雪莲菌发酵液和红茶菌发酵液各1 mL,采用10倍浓度梯度稀释法制备10−3、10−4、10−5梯度菌悬液,取0.1 mL均匀涂布于MRS平板,30 ℃恒温培养48~72 h。
参照胡羚等[18]所述方法,将培养好的两种菌株在平板上划线,观察两菌株交叉点上是否产生抑菌圈,若未出现则表明2个菌株间无拮抗作用。
参照《中国药典》2020版中三七皂苷的提取方法提取皂苷后收集三七花渣,以雪莲菌和红茶菌共同对三七花渣进行发酵处理,将未发酵和发酵的三七花渣在40 ℃下干燥至恒重,研磨过80目筛后称取5.0 g,按料液比1:20加入去离子水,用磷酸盐缓冲液(6 mol/L)调pH至5.4。添加1%的α-淀粉酶,于85 ℃水浴30 min,然后加入7% NaOH溶液10 mL,搅拌静置30 min后在4000 r/min下离心15 min,得上清液和沉淀物。沉淀物用蒸馏水洗至中性后再用95%乙醇洗涤,烘干后制得未发酵三七花渣不溶性膳食纤维(A-IDF)和发酵三七花渣不溶性膳食纤维(F-IDF)。上清液中加入4倍体积的95%乙醇,室温静置2 h,收集沉淀并用95%乙醇清洗,40 ℃干燥至恒重,制得未发酵三七花渣可溶性膳食纤维(A-SDF)和发酵三七花渣可溶性膳食纤维(F-SDF)。
取三七花渣15.0 g、蒸馏水75 mL,在雪莲菌与红茶菌发酵液比例(1:0、0:1、3:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:3)、菌接种量(2%、4%、6%、8%、10%)、发酵温度(24、26、28、30、32 ℃)、发酵时间(36、42、48、54、60 h)条件下,以F-SDF得率为指标,确定三七花渣DF的混菌发酵工艺条件。考察单一因素时,其余因素固定为:雪莲菌与红茶菌发酵液比例2:1、菌接种量8%、发酵温度26 ℃、发酵时间54 h。
基于单因素实验结果,运用Box-Behnken试验设计原理,选取雪莲菌与红茶菌发酵液比例(A)、菌接种量(B)、发酵时间(C)、发酵温度(D)作为自变量,以F-SDF得率作为评价指标,构建响应曲面模型进行工艺优化,响应面因素水平见表1。
采用KBr圆盘法[19],将干燥的样品与KBr以1:150(w/w) 的比例混合,研磨均匀后,压制成片,利用傅里叶红外光谱仪在400~4000 cm−1范围扫描32次,完成光谱分析,绘制FT-IR光谱曲线。
在离心管中称取A-IDF、F-IDF、A-SDF和F-SDF样品各0.50 g(m0),加入10 mL去离子水,于室温下水合24 h,经4000 r/min离心15 min后,除去上清液,称量沉淀物质量(m1),根据公式计算持水力(W)[20]。
$ \text{W}(\text{g}/\text{g}) =\frac{{\text{m}}_{1}- {\text{m}}_{0}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}} $
称取A-IDF、F-IDF、A-SDF和F-SDF样品各0.50 g(m0),加入大豆油25 mL,混合后密封静置24 h,4000 r/min离心15 min,除去上层和管壁残留的油脂,称量吸油后的样品质量(m2),根据公式计算持油力(O)[20]。
$ \text{O}(\text{g/g}) =\frac{{\text{m}}_{2}-{\text{m}}_{0}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}} $
称取A-IDF、F-IDF、A-SDF和F-SDF样品各0.25 g(m0)于试管中,加入去离子水至10 mL(V0),混匀后静置12 h,记录样品溶胀后的体积(V1),根据以下公式计算吸水溶胀力(S)[20]。
$ \text{S}(\text{mL/g}) =\frac{{\text{V}}_{1}-\text{V}_{0}^{}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}} $
称取0.50 g(m)A-IDF、F-IDF、A-SDF和F-SDF样品分别浸入10 mL 0.1 mol/L盐酸中,静置24 h后过滤,将滤渣与100 mL的15% NaCl溶液混合,用0.1 mol/L的NaOH溶液进行酸碱滴定,以酚酞作指示剂记录消耗NaOH溶液体积(V1)。空白组以去离子水代替盐酸溶液,平行滴定并记录消耗NaOH溶液体积(V0),根据如下公式计算阳离子交换能力(P)[20]。
$ \text{P}(\text{mmol/g}) =\frac{({\text{V}}_{1}-\text{V}_{0})\times 0.1}{\text m} $
参照GB 5009.128-2016食品中胆固醇的测定与Yang等[21]方法,称量A-IDF、F-IDF、A-SDF和F-SDF样品1.00 g(m)分别加入25 mL蛋黄稀释液(1:9)中,用NaOH和HCl调节体系pH至2(模拟胃环境)和pH至7(模拟肠道环境),37 ℃水浴加热2 h,8000 r/min离心20 min,取上清液后用分光光度计测定550 nm吸光度值,带入标准曲线得到上清液中胆固醇的含量(M2)。用磷酸缓冲液代替样品,与25 mL蛋黄稀释液混合以上述方法得到吸附前蛋黄稀释液胆固醇含量(M1),根据如下公式计算胆固醇吸附力(C)。
$ \text{C}(\text{mg/g}) =\frac{{\text{M}}_{1}-\text{M}_{2}^{}}{\text{m}} $
根据曾蓓蓓等[22]、Hua等[23]的方法稍作修改,分别配制pH为2(模拟胃环境)和7(模拟肠道环境)的0.1 mg/mL NaNO2标准溶液,各取50 mL分别加入0.20 g(M0)A-SDF、F-SDF、A-IDF、F-IDF 4种样品,37 ℃水浴恒温2 h,4000 r/min离心15 min。取1 mL上清液加入2 mL的4 g/L对氨基苯磺酸溶液,5 min后加入1 mL的2 g/L盐酸萘乙二胺溶液,用去离子水定容至10 mL,静置15 min,取上清液用分光光度计测定538 nm吸光度值,得到亚硝酸盐含量(M2),以去离子水代替样品做空白,得到吸附前亚硝酸盐含量(M1),根据以下公式计算亚硝酸盐吸附能力(K)。
$ \text{K}(\text{mg/g}) =\frac{{\text{M}}_{1}-\text{M}_{2}^{}}{{\text{M}}_{\text{0}}} $
取0.50 g(m)A-IDF、F-IDF、A-SDF和F-SDF样品分别与50 mL(V0)100 mmol/L(C1)的葡萄糖溶液混合,37 ℃水浴恒温6 h,4000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液1 mL于540 nm处测定吸光度值,带入标准曲线中得到上清液葡萄糖浓度(C0),根据如下公式计算葡萄糖吸附力(G)[24]。
$ \text{G}(\text{mg/g}) =\frac{{\text{(C}}_{1}-\text{C}_{0}^{})\times {\text{V}}_{0}}{\text{m}} $
采用糠醛比色法,准确称取0.20 g胆酸钠溶解于100 mL 0.15 mol/L的NaCl溶液中,调节pH至7,分别加入1.00 g(m)A-IDF、F-IDF、A-SDF、F-SDF样品,充分搅拌后在37 ℃恒温水浴锅中2 h,取1 mL上清液620 nm测定吸光度值,带入标准曲线中得到吸附后上清液中胆酸钠含量(m2),以去离子水为空白得到吸附前胆酸钠含量(m1)[24],根据如下公式计算胆酸钠吸附能力(R)。
$ \text{R}(\text{mg/g}) =\frac{{\text{m}}_{1}-{\text{m}}_{2}}{{\text{m}}_{}} $
所有实验均重复3次,实验数据表示为平均值±标准误,采用IBM SPSS Statistics 26软件进行单因素方差分析及显著性分析,采用Origin 2022绘图,利用Box-Behnken试验设计原理,结合单因素分析结果,运用Design-Expert 13软件进行响应面优化。
根据(GB 4789.2-2022)菌落总数的计算方法,雪莲菌发酵液菌落总数为2.75×105 CFU/mL(图1a),红茶菌发酵液菌落总数为2.48×105 CFU/mL(图1b),菌落状态为大量白色点状,呈现明显的菌种富集特征,表明雪莲菌发酵液、红茶菌发酵液中含有大量菌种。
两株菌在MRS培养基平板上均生长良好(图1c),且两株菌交叉接触区域未见明显抑菌圈形成,表明雪莲菌与红茶菌之间未产生拮抗作用,相容性良好,可用于混合发酵,进行后续研究。
在发酵过程中,微生物更易降解IDF为SDF或小分子物质,导致SDF含量变化更为显著,本实验以F-SDF得率为指标进行。
雪莲菌发酵液与红茶菌发酵液的比例对三七花渣中可溶性膳食纤维得率有显著影响(P<0.05)(图2a)。当二者比例在3:1至2:1时,F-SDF得率呈上升趋势。在比例为2:1时,F-SDF得率达到最大值(38.65%),主要由于混菌体系中雪莲菌主导下产生的醋酸、乳酸等有机酸导致pH下降,有效抑制了杂菌(如铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等)的生长繁殖,减少了杂菌对底物(三七花渣)中碳源、氮源等营养物质的竞争性消耗,同时,较低的pH环境可能更有利于雪莲菌(通常偏好酸性环境)及其共生微生物(如酵母、乳酸菌)发挥活性,促进其分泌的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、果胶酶等胞外酶对三七花渣中IDF的降解[25−26],从而将更多IDF转化为SDF。当发酵液比例从2:1降至1:3(红茶菌比例增加)时,F-SDF得率持续下降,这可能源于两菌对有限营养物质的竞争加剧,导致部分菌株活性降低,削弱了整体群落代谢效率及IDF降解能力。所有混菌发酵的F-SDF得率均显著高于单菌发酵(P<0.05),表明雪莲菌与红茶菌混合存在协同增效作用。这种协同效应归因于:不同有机酸(乳酸、醋酸)共同维持了有利的酸性降解环境;两菌分泌的酶谱互补,共同作用于IDF组分;混菌体系具有更高的微生态稳定性。根据实验结果,选择3:1、2:1和1:1三个比例进行后续的响应面优化试验。
雪莲菌与红茶菌发酵液的添加量对三七花渣中F-SDF得率具有显著影响(P<0.05)(图2b)。当接种量在2%至8%范围内时,F-SDF得率随接种量增加而呈梯度上升趋势,接种量低时菌体密度不足,导致发酵效率低,未能充分发挥对底物(IDF)的降解能力。接种量为8%时达到最大值(36.35%),当接种量进一步增加至10%时,F-SDF得率则开始下降,这种现象可能归因于过高的菌体密度导致培养体系中有限的营养物质(如碳源、氮源)被快速消耗,菌体繁殖后期面临营养匮乏,生长速率下降甚至进入衰亡期,代谢活性减弱,同时高密度菌群代谢产生大量有机酸等副产物,导致环境胁迫(如pH过度下降),菌体呼吸耗氧量剧增,造成体系溶氧不足[27]。这些因素共同抑制了微生物的整体活性和关键胞外酶(如纤维素酶、半纤维素酶)的合成与分泌,从而降低IDF向SDF的转化效率。根据实验结果,选择6%、8%和10%三个接种量水平进行后续的响应面优化试验。
发酵时间对三七花渣F-SDF得率具有显著影响(P<0.05)(图2c)。F-SDF得率在36 h至54 h内随发酵时间延长而增加,并于54 h达到峰值(38.37%)。随后延长发酵时间至60 h,F-SDF得率呈下降趋势。原因可能是:发酵后期(>54 h),易降解碳源和氮源等关键营养物质逐渐耗尽,作为SDF主要来源的IDF被持续降解消耗,导致可用于转化的底物总量减少;同时,积累的有机酸(如乳酸、醋酸)等代谢产物浓度升高,抑制了微生物菌体生长与活性,降低了关键胞外酶(如纤维素酶、半纤维素酶)的活性与稳定性,共同削弱了IDF降解及SDF转化效率[6,28]。原本作为产物的SDF,后期变为维持微生物生存的底物,导致净含量下降。选择48、54和60 h三个时间点进行后续的响应面优化试验。
发酵温度对三七花渣F-SDF得率存在显著影响(P<0.05)(图2d)。在24至26 ℃范围内,F-SDF得率随温度升高而上升,并于26 ℃时达到最大值(33.91%),当温度进一步升高至28~32 ℃时,F-SDF得率则逐渐下降。这种现象可能由于雪莲菌和红茶菌具有其最适生长温度范围,当温度过高或过低时,均会抑制菌体的生长与代谢速率,进而影响F-SDF的生成效率[29]。选择24、26和28 ℃三个温度水平进行后续的响应面优化试验。
在单因素实验的基础上,雪莲菌与红茶菌4因素3水平发酵对三七花菌渣可溶性膳食纤维得率影响的响应面设计及结果见表2。经Design-Expert 13软件分析得到二次多项式回归模型方程为:Y=39.60+2.00A+1.03B−1.43C+1.51D+1.04AB−2.07AC+1.22AD+1.02BC+0.0725BD+0.5750CD−5.84A2−4.18B2−4.98C2−0.1084D2。
对表2响应面试验结果进行方差分析,结果见表3,回归整体模型极显著(P<0.01),失拟项不显著(P>0.05),该数学模型可以很好地描述F-SDF得率与各因素之间的关系。模型相关系数R2为0.9853,说明模型的拟合效果良好,且试验误差保持在合理范围内。R2Adj为0.9705,R2Pred为0.9314,说明回归方程能够较好地拟合参数变化。对F-SDF得率的影响程度顺序为:雪莲菌与红茶菌发酵液比例(A)>发酵温度(D)>发酵时间(C)>菌接种量(B)。差异主要源于:比例变化直接决定两种菌群的竞争-协同结构及底物利用路径,作用最显著;时间通过底物充分降解与过度代谢的动态平衡影响得率;温度则因酶活性和菌群最适生长区间的非线性效应而呈二次关系;接种量因存在饱和阈值且与其他因素交互有限,对得率的独立贡献最小。
根据上述试验结果,利用Design-Expert13.0软件绘制响应面及等高线图(见图3)。
由表3方差分析结果可知,雪莲菌与红茶菌发酵液比例(A)、菌接种量(B)、发酵时间(C)、发酵温度(D)四个因素对三七花渣F-SDF得率均具有显著影响。其中,雪莲菌与红茶菌发酵液比例为影响得率的最关键因素。方差分析进一步表明,该因素分别与接种量(A×B)、发酵温度(A×D)和发酵时间(A×C)之间的交互作用均对得率产生显著影响,而接种量与发酵温度(B×D)、发酵时间与温度(C×D)之间的交互作用则不显著。
等高线图(图3)也可以直观反映出各因素交互作用对得率的影响趋势:当雪莲菌与红茶菌发酵液比为(1:1~2:1)、菌液接种量(6%~8%)、发酵时间(48~54 h)与发酵温度(24~28 ℃)时,F-SDF得率较高,而当比例过高或过低超出上述优化范围时,得率均出现明显下降。等高线分析结果与方差分析结论一致,说明各因素及其交互作用对F-SDF得率有显著影响。通过优化获得最佳工艺参数为:菌液比例1.85:1、菌接种量7.66%、发酵时间52.53 h、发酵温度27.73 ℃,模型预测得率为40.94%,根据可操作性调整为菌液比例2:1、菌接种量8%、发酵时间53 h、发酵温度28 ℃。在此优化工艺下进行3次平行实验,得到发酵后三七花渣SDF实际得率均值为40.32%,与预测值吻合,说明该模型能有效预测三七花渣SDF的得率。
将使用雪莲菌与红茶菌混合发酵液发酵的三七花渣和没有处理的三七花渣中SDF、IDF进行红外光谱分析,结果见图4。
傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)(图4)显示,三七花渣SDF与IDF均呈现典型多糖特征吸收峰,但发酵前后峰形发生了明显改变,表明发酵过程改变了其内部化学结构。具体表现为:发酵后样品在3430~3670 cm−1(O-H伸缩振动)峰强减弱,表明纤维内部的氢键作用减少[30];在2840~2960 cm−1(C-H伸缩振动)与纤维素结构相关的区域,在发酵后吸收峰有所增强,提示发酵可能导致了鼠李糖等成分含量的增加[31];在1575~1735 cm−1(C=O伸缩振动)峰强减弱,对应糖醛酸的羰基[32]。可能与糖醛酸含量变化或羧基暴露程度改变有关,进而影响其阳离子交换能力;在1400 cm−1(木质素相关结晶带)峰强较高,这可能是由于木质素的存在[33];在1030~1162 cm−1(C-O伸缩振动)区域,发酵前后SDF谱图差异表明多糖氢键断裂及非晶区重排形成了新结构特征[34];其他区域如600 cm−1附近观察到了β-吡喃单糖的特征峰[35];2279~2401 cm−1区域的峰强在发酵后增强,可能与特定基团振动或环境因素有关。
未发酵三七花渣纤维和发酵后纤维均含有纤维素、半纤维素、木质素等膳食纤维的典型组分。发酵处理虽然没有产生全新的官能团,但它显著改变了原有官能团(如羟基、羧基、甲基/亚甲基等)的数量丰度和分子间/分子内的键合状态(如氢键),氢键网络重组促进亲水基团(羟基、羧基)暴露,增强水合能力,SDF的得率上升能改变纤维的溶解性,增强益生元的活性。这些结构层面的改变,可为三七花渣膳食纤维(尤其是可溶性部分)在功能食品的应用上提供依据。
未发酵三七花渣纤维和发酵后三七花渣纤维水合特性和阳离子交换能力测定结果见表4。
持水力是评价膳食纤维水分保持能力的核心参数,较高的持水性能不仅能通过增加粪团体积促进肠道蠕动,还能改善膳食纤维的结构功能特性及感官品质[36]。由表4可知,三七花渣IDF的持水力显著高于SDF(P<0.05),发酵后膳食纤维持水力较未发酵组显著提升,其中SDF提高80.30%,IDF提高89.77%。这一结果与混合发酵过程中的酶解作用密切相关:红茶菌与雪莲菌在协同发酵过程中分泌的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶等活性酶类,可有效降解三七花渣膳食纤维中的纤维素、半纤维素等大分子物质,破坏其原有的致密纤维结构,使其形成疏松多孔的微观形态;纤维结构的疏松化显著增大了比表面积,进而增加了水分吸附位点,最终实现持水力的显著提升[37−38]。该结论与FTIR(图4)分析结果高度一致,发酵后膳食纤维的红外光谱显示,氢键作用特征峰强度减弱,而原本被致密纤维结构包裹或新形成的分子内键合亲水基团(如羟基-OH、羧基-COOH)特征峰强度显著增强。这表明发酵不仅通过酶解作用改变了纤维的宏观结构,还通过暴露更多亲水基团进一步增强了纤维与水分子的相互作用能力。综上,混合发酵可使三七花渣膳食纤维形成更开放的疏松网络结构,从结构优化与基团暴露两方面协同提升纤维的水合能力,最终表现为持水力的显著增强。
吸水溶胀力主要取决于膳食纤维的无定形结构及其表面亲水基团的丰度[39],F-DF吸水溶胀力较A-DF显著提升(P<0.05),其中SDF与IDF增幅分别为111.98%和67.18%,这一变化与图4中羧基亲水基团含量的增加一致。持水性和吸水溶胀力的提升表明,改性纤维可作为亲水胶体的替代,可以改善低脂食品的质构特性,具备在低脂食品开发中应用的潜力。
持油力是评价膳食纤维油脂吸附能力的关键指标,F-DF的持油力较A-DF显著提升(P<0.05),其中SDF与IDF发酵后持油力分别提高了69.37%和76.77%,与图4所示结构变化一致,包括氢键网络的破坏(3430~3670 cm−1峰减弱)、纤维结构疏松化(1030~1162 cm−1),疏水基团丰度上升(2840~2960 cm1峰增强)。SDF的多孔结构提供更多油脂结合位点,发酵进一步疏松纤维网络,疏水基团暴露增强脂质结合[35],油脂吸附能力增强,可将改性纤维用于低热量食品的开发。
阳离子交换能力(CEC)通过调节消化道pH与渗透压发挥生理保护作用[3]。F-DF和A-DF间均存在显著差异(P<0.05),F-DF的CEC优于A-DF,其中F-SDF与F-IDF分别提升58.82%和122.22%,与图4中破坏氢键(3430~3670 cm−1峰减弱)释放被束缚的羧基,重组非晶区(1030~1162 cm−1)扩大了离子扩散通道,增加羧基可利用性(1575~1735 cm−1峰减弱),阳离子结合位点密度上升结论一致,表明发酵改性后的三七花渣可作为天然螯合剂,降低食品重金属残留。
在相同pH条件下,SDF的胆固醇吸附能力均显著高于IDF(P<0.05)(图5)。经混合发酵处理的膳食纤维其胆固醇吸附力较未发酵组显著提升(P<0.05)。F-SDF组在pH2和pH7条件下较A-SDF吸附力分别提升24.77%与22.67%,F-IDF组在pH2和pH7条件下吸附力较A-IDF分别提升20.65%与29.45%,与图4中疏水峰增强、非晶区扩大结果一致。发酵后膳食纤维粒径减小且粒径分布均一化,显著增加了有效吸附表面积,同时结构变化暴露更多活性位点,促进胆固醇分子结合[40−41]。在pH7(模拟小肠环境)下,SDF与IDF的胆固醇吸附力均明显高于pH2(模拟胃环境)条件,这表明三七花渣膳食纤维的胆固醇吸附作用主要发生于小肠阶段,其次在胃部发生。
在相同pH条件下,SDF的亚硝酸盐吸附能力显著高于IDF,混菌发酵处理后DF较未发酵组吸附力显著提升(P<0.05)(见图6)。SDF在pH2与pH7条件下吸附力分别提升21.48%和19.72%,IDF在pH2与pH7条件下吸附力分别提升19.28%和24.90%,发酵导致纤维粒径减小及活性基团暴露增加;膳食纤维中的多糖组分与酚酸类物质形成稳定复合物[42],与图4中发酵处理后三七花渣羧基增加一致,提供了新的吸附位点,通过配位作用强力吸附亚硝酸根离子。模拟胃环境吸附力显著高于模拟肠环境吸附力,可能是由于碱性条件(pH上升)增加纤维表面负电荷,降低有效结合位点密度;增强亚硝酸根离子(NO2−)静电斥力,抑制吸附效率,证实了三七花渣膳食纤维的亚硝酸盐清除作用主要发生在胃部。
发酵后的三七花渣改性纤维对胆固醇及亚硝酸盐的吸附能力的提升,实现对胆固醇的高效靶向吸附及有效清除亚硝酸盐,可应用于低脂、低硝肉制品等健康食品开发,满足营养提升与安全风险控制的双重需求。
三七花渣F-DF的葡萄糖吸附力显著高于A-DF(P<0.05)(图7),SDF葡萄糖吸附力提高了61.18%,IDF葡萄糖吸附力提高了72.66%。葡萄糖吸附能力与SDF含量及纤维结构疏松度、亲水基团的暴露程度、黏度提升(1575~1735 cm−1峰减弱)呈正相关,与Lu等[43]结果一致,高SDF含量促使纤维形成多孔疏松结构,提升了葡萄糖截留效能。
SDF胆酸盐吸附力显著高于IDF(P<0.05),F-DF较A-DF吸附力显著增加(P<0.05),SDF与IDF增幅分别为22.50%和22.61%,与疏水基团增加、羟基暴露、木质素存在(1400 cm−1)协同相关。由于发酵暴露亲脂基团(如疏水蛋白域)形成疏松多孔结构,比表面积增大,表面活性位点(-COOH/-OH)通过螯合作用提升了结合胆酸盐能力,与Luo等[44]研究结果一致。发酵改性纤维通过羧基介导的离子交换与凝胶网络物理截留,同步实现胆酸盐清除与葡萄糖缓释功能。二者协同可开发降糖降脂双效食品,为糖尿病合并高血脂人群提供精准营养解决方案。
雪莲菌与红茶菌混合对三七花渣进行发酵,通过酶-酸协同效应(雪莲菌高产酶+红茶菌产酸)实现纤维大分子解聚、活性基团(-COOH/-OH)暴露、表面吸附位点密度增加,进而增加了水分吸附位点,最终实现持水力的显著提升。F-SDF比A-SDF持水力、吸水溶胀力、持油力、阳离子交换能力比A-SDF分别提升80.30%、111.98%、69.37%、58.82%,F-IDF比A-IDF持水力、吸水溶胀力、持油力、阳离子交换能力分别提高89.77%、67.18%、76.77%、122.22%。F-SDF和F-IDF葡萄糖的吸附能力分别提高61.18%和72.66%,胆酸钠吸附能力分别提高22.50%和22.61%。在模拟胃肠环境下,pH2.0条件下F-SDF和F-IDF胆固醇吸附能力分别提高24.77%和20.65%,亚硝酸盐吸附能力分别提高21.48%和19.28%,pH7.0条件下胆固醇吸附能力分别提高22.67%和29.45%、亚硝酸盐吸附能力分别提高19.27%和24.90%,均显著增强。改性后的纤维可作为功能性成分应用于血糖调控食品(如低GI烘焙品)、脂质管理食品(如低脂肉制品)及食品安全增效剂(如降硝腌制品),为药食同源废弃资源高值化利用提供新策略。发酵后的DF的组分变化、多孔结构与吸附效能的构效关系及体内生理活性还需进一步研究。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060351
  • 接收时间:2025-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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    1文山学院三七医药学院,云南文山 663099
    2中国热带农业科学院农产品加工研究所,广东湛江 524001
    3岭南师范学院食品科学与工程学院,广东湛江 524048

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龚霄(1984−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品发酵与酶工程,E-mail:。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spgykj/CN/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060351
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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