Article(id=1320166430620897643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040411, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681804566, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681804566, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681804566, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681804566, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=118, endPage=125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166432302813549, articleId=1320166430620897643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Mechanism of Sweet Potato Starch Flocculated by Weissella confusa, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A previous study demonstrated that Weissella confusa SJ-5, a strain isolated from sweet potato sour liquid during starch production, could efficiently flocculate sweet-potato starch, yet the underlying molecular mechanism and structural basis remained unclear. In this study, the bacterial surface was selectively enzymatically treated, and a combination of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Zeta-potential analysis, and bond-blocking assays was employed to elucidate the starch-flocculation mechanism of W. confusa SJ-5. Effect of pH and ionic strength on flocculation efficiency was also investigated. The results suggested that flocculation of starch by W. confusa SJ-5 was greatly influenced by surface protein, lipids, and extracellular polysaccharides. Heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and the chaperonin GroEL were identified as the key surface proteins responsible for starch-bonding. Interactions between the bacterium and starch were primarily mediated by ionic bonds, in accordance with the bridging-adsorption mechanism. Both pH and ion concentration significantly modulated flocculation performance. The flocculation rate initially increased and subsequently declined as pH or ionic strength rose, peaking at 69% under the optimized conditions of pH8.0 and 20 mmol/L K+. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of W. confusa SJ-5 as a low-cost biological flocculant in starch production.

, authors=Zijun LIANG1, Feiqi YANG1, Xiaomeng WU1, 2, *, authorsList=Zijun LIANG, Feiqi YANG, Xiaomeng WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaomeng WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166434064421242, articleId=1320166430620897643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=融合魏斯氏菌絮凝甘薯淀粉的机制, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

前期研究中发现从甘薯酸浆中分离出融合魏斯氏菌(Weissella confusa SJ-5)具有絮凝甘薯淀粉的作用,但其作用机制和结构基础不明。本研究对W. confusa SJ-5表面进行了酶解处理,通过红外光谱、Zeta电位和结合键阻断剂等实验探究了其絮凝淀粉的机制,并分析了pH和离子浓度等溶液条件对菌体絮凝的影响。结果表明,菌体表面的蛋白质、脂质、胞外多糖对于絮凝率均影响,其中热休克蛋白Hsp 70和GroEL是其絮凝淀粉的关键活性成分。菌体与淀粉主要是通过离子键的方式相互作用,其絮凝机制符合吸附架桥理论。pH和溶液中离子浓度对W. confusa SJ-5的絮凝率有显著影响,随着pH或离子浓度的增大,菌体絮凝率先升高后降低;当pH为8.0、K+浓度为20 mmol/L时,菌体絮凝率达69%。本研究为融合魏斯氏菌在淀粉生产中的应用奠定了理论基础。

, authors=梁子骏1, 杨斐淇1, 吴晓蒙1, 2, *, authorsList=梁子骏, 杨斐淇, 吴晓蒙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴晓蒙, authorNote=

梁子骏(2005−),女,本科,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴晓蒙(1986−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:绿色食品加工技术,E-mail:。
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梁子骏(2005−),女,本科,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

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梁子骏(2005−),女,本科,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

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注:不同的小写字母代表数据间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),图4~图5同。

, figureFileSmall=jhgz2ug5HiXPS9iHRLHTFQ==, figureFileBig=Qpo5bZLIWxXbyiNuihPs+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167254369612690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of W. confusa SJ-5 binding starch-surface protein, figureFileSmall=NSgHyQP31t2CWtZilf2DUQ==, figureFileBig=Z3AYO3E914/gHu0s5RSOAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167254436721555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=CN, label=图2, caption=W. confusa SJ-5结合淀粉表面蛋白的SDS-PAGE电泳

注:M:标准品;分子量单位为kDa;SJ-5:W. confusa SJ-5样品。

, figureFileSmall=NSgHyQP31t2CWtZilf2DUQ==, figureFileBig=Z3AYO3E914/gHu0s5RSOAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167254495441812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Fourier-transform infrared spectra of starch and W. confusa SJ-5 before and after flocculation, figureFileSmall=Z10n2RA4ovGNwjxNM6SLDg==, figureFileBig=dBKg5jhQyNwuKhb2QjUnag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167254554162069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=CN, label=图3, caption=淀粉和W. confusa SJ-5在絮凝前后的红外光谱, figureFileSmall=Z10n2RA4ovGNwjxNM6SLDg==, figureFileBig=dBKg5jhQyNwuKhb2QjUnag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167254617076630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of different bonding blockers on flocculation rate of W. confusa SJ-5, figureFileSmall=Blt32HWWJtYHbuLgAyt1Lw==, figureFileBig=sHFHQQR4cAqFF4L4ahrOiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167254705157015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同结合键阻断剂对W. confusa SJ-5絮凝率的影响, figureFileSmall=Blt32HWWJtYHbuLgAyt1Lw==, figureFileBig=sHFHQQR4cAqFF4L4ahrOiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167254772265880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Flocculation rate of W. confusa SJ-5 at different pH conditions, figureFileSmall=CEHX3c1djSHBXixv25hh9w==, figureFileBig=HCAeYpfZMW/96C8EAZ5NMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167254839374745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同pH下W. confusa SJ-5絮凝率, figureFileSmall=CEHX3c1djSHBXixv25hh9w==, figureFileBig=HCAeYpfZMW/96C8EAZ5NMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167254910677914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Flocculation rate of W. confusa SJ-5 at different ion concentrations, figureFileSmall=tAFES/cu8hqFRaMZnXUjvg==, figureFileBig=8iZcQwNBitfzl9UhIzHCEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167254973592475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同离子和浓度对W. confusa SJ-5絮凝率的影响

注:不同的大写字母代表不同离子同一浓度的数据间存在显著性差异(P<0.05);不同的小写字母代表同一离子不同浓度的数据间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=tAFES/cu8hqFRaMZnXUjvg==, figureFileBig=8iZcQwNBitfzl9UhIzHCEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167255040701340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Results of W. confusa SJ-5 binding starch surface proteins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条带蛋白种类登录号肽段匹配数得分分子量(kDa)
1Hsp70ABC86990.1335909861
2chaperonin GroELWP-004901547.13841248956
3chaperonin GroELWP-004901547.163180256
), ArticleFig(id=1320167255103615901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

W. confusa SJ-5结合淀粉表面蛋白结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条带蛋白种类登录号肽段匹配数得分分子量(kDa)
1Hsp70ABC86990.1335909861
2chaperonin GroELWP-004901547.13841248956
3chaperonin GroELWP-004901547.163180256
), ArticleFig(id=1320167255170724766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of metal ions on starch potential and W. confusa SJ-5 potential

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
离子浓度
(mmol/L)
淀粉(mV)W. confusa SJ-5 (mV)
K+Na+K+Na+
0−27.00±0.20c−27.00±0.20c−26.57±0.40c−26.57±0.40c
1−12.72±2.65b−11.50±1.25b−19.47±1.03b−19.97±0.42b
10−3.29±0.23a−4.68±0.41a−16.53±0.55a−14.6±1.49a
), ArticleFig(id=1320167255237833631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166430620897643, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

金属离子对淀粉和W. confusa SJ-5的Zeta电位影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
离子浓度
(mmol/L)
淀粉(mV)W. confusa SJ-5 (mV)
K+Na+K+Na+
0−27.00±0.20c−27.00±0.20c−26.57±0.40c−26.57±0.40c
1−12.72±2.65b−11.50±1.25b−19.47±1.03b−19.97±0.42b
10−3.29±0.23a−4.68±0.41a−16.53±0.55a−14.6±1.49a
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融合魏斯氏菌絮凝甘薯淀粉的机制
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梁子骏 1 , 杨斐淇 1 , 吴晓蒙 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(11): 118-125
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (11) : 118 -125
融合魏斯氏菌絮凝甘薯淀粉的机制
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梁子骏1 , 杨斐淇1, 吴晓蒙1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2国家果蔬加工工程技术研究中心,农业农村部果蔬加工重点实验室,食品非热加工北京市重点实验室,北京 100083
通讯作者:
吴晓蒙(1986−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:绿色食品加工技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

梁子骏(2005−),女,本科,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

Mechanism of Sweet Potato Starch Flocculated by Weissella confusa
Zijun LIANG1 , Feiqi YANG1, Xiaomeng WU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beiing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040411
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前期研究中发现从甘薯酸浆中分离出融合魏斯氏菌(Weissella confusa SJ-5)具有絮凝甘薯淀粉的作用,但其作用机制和结构基础不明。本研究对W. confusa SJ-5表面进行了酶解处理,通过红外光谱、Zeta电位和结合键阻断剂等实验探究了其絮凝淀粉的机制,并分析了pH和离子浓度等溶液条件对菌体絮凝的影响。结果表明,菌体表面的蛋白质、脂质、胞外多糖对于絮凝率均影响,其中热休克蛋白Hsp 70和GroEL是其絮凝淀粉的关键活性成分。菌体与淀粉主要是通过离子键的方式相互作用,其絮凝机制符合吸附架桥理论。pH和溶液中离子浓度对W. confusa SJ-5的絮凝率有显著影响,随着pH或离子浓度的增大,菌体絮凝率先升高后降低;当pH为8.0、K+浓度为20 mmol/L时,菌体絮凝率达69%。本研究为融合魏斯氏菌在淀粉生产中的应用奠定了理论基础。

融合魏斯氏菌  /  淀粉  /  絮凝率  /  机制  /  吸附架桥

A previous study demonstrated that Weissella confusa SJ-5, a strain isolated from sweet potato sour liquid during starch production, could efficiently flocculate sweet-potato starch, yet the underlying molecular mechanism and structural basis remained unclear. In this study, the bacterial surface was selectively enzymatically treated, and a combination of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Zeta-potential analysis, and bond-blocking assays was employed to elucidate the starch-flocculation mechanism of W. confusa SJ-5. Effect of pH and ionic strength on flocculation efficiency was also investigated. The results suggested that flocculation of starch by W. confusa SJ-5 was greatly influenced by surface protein, lipids, and extracellular polysaccharides. Heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and the chaperonin GroEL were identified as the key surface proteins responsible for starch-bonding. Interactions between the bacterium and starch were primarily mediated by ionic bonds, in accordance with the bridging-adsorption mechanism. Both pH and ion concentration significantly modulated flocculation performance. The flocculation rate initially increased and subsequently declined as pH or ionic strength rose, peaking at 69% under the optimized conditions of pH8.0 and 20 mmol/L K+. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of W. confusa SJ-5 as a low-cost biological flocculant in starch production.

Weissella confusa  /  starch  /  flocculation rate  /  mechanism  /  bridging-adsorption
梁子骏, 杨斐淇, 吴晓蒙. 融合魏斯氏菌絮凝甘薯淀粉的机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 118 -125 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040411
Zijun LIANG, Feiqi YANG, Xiaomeng WU. Mechanism of Sweet Potato Starch Flocculated by Weissella confusa[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 118 -125 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040411
甘薯淀粉是甘薯的主要组分(占干重50%~80%)[1],在食品工业中应用广泛。传统的酸浆法利用自然发酵酸浆促使甘薯淀粉沉淀,是一种重要的甘薯淀粉生产方法[2]。然而,该方法对非人为因素依赖性强,难以大规模应用[2]。研究表明,酸浆中发挥淀粉絮凝作用的主要是其中的微生物,已鉴定出的活性菌株如副干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌HS1等均属于乳酸菌[3−4]。本团队前期从甘薯酸浆中成功分离出一株融合魏斯氏菌(Weissella confusa SJ-5),该菌株展现出较高的甘薯淀粉絮凝活性[5]。鉴于W.confusa SJ-5菌株所表现出的良好絮凝特性,深入探究其作用机制,对于开发更稳定、高效的甘薯淀粉分离技术具有潜在意义。
目前对乳酸菌絮凝甘薯淀粉的研究已有一定进展。研究证实乳酸菌的絮凝活性主要源于菌体本身[3,6],其黏附能力与表面疏水性有关,表面疏水性越高,黏附力越强[7]。李新华等[6]的研究发现,副干酪乳杆菌的细菌蛋白是关键的絮凝活性成分[6]。环境因素如pH、离子浓度等可调节絮凝率[3,8]。然而,对于菌体在絮凝过程的具体作用原理的阐释较少。此外,尽管融合魏斯氏菌因高产淀粉酶能力[9−10]及表面黏附特性[7]受到了广泛关注,但该菌在淀粉絮凝领域的相关研究尚未深入展开。
基于此,本研究以前期分离出的具有高絮凝活性的菌株W.confusa SJ-5为研究对象,通过酶解处理、蛋白及谱学分析,系统解析其絮凝甘薯淀粉的细胞结构基础并阐明絮凝过程的内在机制,以期拓展对乳酸菌絮凝淀粉机制的理解,为该菌株在甘薯淀粉加工领域的应用奠定理论基础。
实验所用菌株W.confusa SJ-5 由本实验室从甘薯酸浆中分离鉴定[5],保藏于−80 ℃冰箱;甘薯淀粉、MRS(De Man, Rogosa and SharPe)肉汤、胰蛋白酶(250 U/mg)、氯化钾、尿素、无水氯化钙 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;琼脂粉 北京奥博星生物技术有限责任公司;溶菌酶(20000 U/mg) 罗氏诊断产品(上海)有限公司;脂肪酶(100000 U/g)、乙腈(色谱纯) 阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司;右旋葡萄糖苷酶(100 U/g) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;氯化钠 天津市众联化学试剂有限公司;氢氧化钠 现代东方(北京)科技发展有限公司;六水合氯化镁(氯化镁) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;甲酸(色谱纯) 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;硝酸银 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;β-巯基乙醇 西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司;除已标明试剂外所有化学试剂均为分析纯。
TRY-380智能生化培养箱 宁波赛福实验仪器有限公司;CF 16RX2离心机 日立(中国)有限公司;KA1405050紫外-可见分光光度计 尤尼柯(上海)仪器有限公司;MLS-3750高压蒸汽灭菌锅 松下健康医疗器械(上海)有限公司;OrbitraP Fusion Lumos三合一超高分辨组合式质谱仪、Acclaim PepMap C18柱(300 μm×5 mm,5 μm,100 Å)、Acclaim PepMap C18柱(150 μm×150 mm,1.9 μm,100 Å)、Nicolet IS 10傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;Zetasizer Nano ZS电化学工作站 马尔文帕纳科公司;DSA100接触角测定仪 克吕士科学仪器(上海)有限公司;FE28-Standard pH计 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;Spectra/Por透析袋(截留分子量14 kDa) 瑞普利金(上海)生物科技有限公司。
菌株经MRS琼脂平板37 ℃活化48 h后,挑取单菌落接种于10 mL MRS液体培养基中,37 ℃培养18 h。随后按体积比1:100(v/v)接种量转接至250 mL新鲜MRS培养基,同条件培养16 h,离心(10 min,8000×g,4 ℃)收集菌体,经生理盐水洗涤两次后重悬备用。配制25 g/L甘薯淀粉溶液,加入氯化钾,浓度为20 mmol/L。将菌液和甘薯淀粉液按体积比2:25(v/v)混匀,摇晃30 s,静置沉降10 min。在液面下约0.5 cm处取样,测定OD550 nm,以生理盐水代替甘薯淀粉作为对照。絮凝率的计算公式为:
$\rm {FR}({\text{%}})=\frac{{{OD}}_{550\;{control}}-{{OD}}_{550\;{test}}}{{{OD}}_{550\;{control}}}\times 100 $
式中,FR表示絮凝率,%;OD550 control表示对照组在550 nm下的吸光度值;OD550 test表示实验组在550 nm下的吸光度值。
参考刘娇等[11]的方法并适当修改。用蒸馏水配制酶液:胰蛋白酶(1 mg/mL)、溶菌酶(400 μg/mL)、右旋糖酐酶(1 mg/mL)、脂肪酶(1 mg/mL)。离心(10 min,8000×g,4 ℃)收集培养的菌体并重悬于生理盐水中,按体积比1:1(v/v)加入酶液和菌体重悬液,调节pH为7(溶菌酶组为6),37 ℃下孵化30 min(溶菌酶组为15 min),离心(10 min,8000×g,4 ℃)收集菌体,生理盐水洗涤两次后重悬得酶处理液。酶处理液2 mL和甘薯淀粉液25 mL(甘薯淀粉25 g/L,KCl 10 mmol/L)混匀,测定絮凝率。
参考Malamud等[12]的方法分离细胞表面蛋白。离心(10 min,8000×g,4 ℃)收集培养的菌体并重悬于蒸馏水中,按体积比1:1(v/v)加入5 mol/L盐酸胍(Guanidine Hydrochloride,GHCl),在37 ℃下孵化处理30 min,离心(10 min,8000×g,4 ℃)收集上清液。所得上清液经0.45 μm滤膜过滤获得粗提液。含表面蛋白的滤液装入截留分子量为14 kDa的透析袋中,于4 ℃条件下用蒸馏水透析纯化72 h,期间每隔8 h更换一次透析液。透析结束后,用10 g/L AgNO3溶液检测洗出液至无白色沉淀出现,冻干后复溶于0.01 mol/L磷酸缓冲盐溶液(Phosphate Buffered Saline,PBS)缓冲液(1 mg/mL)。取1 mL蛋白液与10 mg甘薯淀粉37 ℃孵育30 min,离心(10 min,8000×g,4 ℃)弃去上清液收集蛋白-淀粉复合物。将复合物与上样缓冲液(0.2%溴酚蓝、4% SDS、100 mmol/L pH6.8 Tris-HCl、5% β-巯基乙醇、20%甘油)按体积比3:2(v/v)比例混合,煮沸10 min后离心得到上清液即结合蛋白。
采用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)对结合蛋白进行检测:配制4%~20%梯度分离胶,取40 μL样品与60 μL上样缓冲液混合煮沸,冷却后取40 μL与10 μL Marker上样于1.5 mm胶板。电泳参数设置为初始90 V恒压,待样品进入分离胶后调整为160 V恒压。电泳完成后用过滤的考马斯亮蓝染色液(25%甲醇、7%乙酸、0.1%考马斯亮蓝R250)染色,经脱色液(5%乙醇、10%乙酸)处理至条带清晰后通过凝胶成像系统分析。
通过液相色谱-电喷雾电离串联质谱技术(Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-tandem Mass Spectrometry Method,LC-ESI-MS/MS)处理甘薯淀粉结合蛋白,并和数据库中蛋白质序列进行比对得到候选肽段,定性鉴定甘薯淀粉结合蛋白。通过比较样品与标准品的保留时间和多反应监测模式下的离子对信息,对目标蛋白进行靶向定性确证。参考Mohsin等[13]的方法并稍作修改处理样品。样品前处理为:将SDS-PAGE分离得到的蛋白凝胶切成1 mm×1 mm×1 mm碎块,胶块经胶内消化脱色液(25 mmol/L碳酸氢铵、50%乙腈)脱色两次,用乙腈脱水至胶块变白后真空脱去乙腈。向样品中依次加入10 mmol/L DTT(56 ℃水浴还原1 h)和50 mmol/L IAA(避光烷基化40 min),随后加入1 μg胰蛋白酶37 ℃酶解过夜。酶解产物经自填充盐柱脱盐并冻干,脱盐处理冻干肽段以溶解液(0.1%甲酸、2%乙腈)复溶,离心(10000×g,4 ℃,10 min)后取上清用于质谱检测。
参考蔡芝鸿等[14]的方法设置液相色谱和质谱条件。液相色谱条件为:预柱为Acclaim PepMap C18柱(300 μm×5 mm,5 μm,100 Å);分析柱为Acclaim PepMap C18柱(150 μm×150 mm,1.9 μm,100 Å);流动相为A相(0.1%甲酸、2%乙腈),B相(0.1%甲酸、80%乙腈);流速为600 nL/min;梯度设置为5%B保持5 min,5~75 min B由5%线性升至35%,75~90 min由35%线性升至80%并保持10 min,2 min后B的浓度降低至5%并保持20 min。质谱参数为:一级质谱分辨率70000,AGC 3e6,最大注入时间60 ms,质荷比300~1400 m/z;二级质谱分辨率17500,AGC 5e4,最大注入时间15 ms,TopN=5,质荷比200~2000 m/z。
参考金桥等[15]的方法并稍作修改。离心收集培养的菌体(10 min,8000×g,4 ℃),蒸馏水洗涤2次后冻干48 h。甘薯淀粉50~60 ℃干燥过夜。将菌液和甘薯淀粉溶液(甘薯淀粉25 g/L,KCl 10 mmol/L)按2:25比例混匀,摇晃30 s,静置10 min,收集底部沉淀,冻干48 h获得菌体淀粉复合物。称取冻干后的菌体、菌体淀粉复合物和甘薯淀粉三种样品各2 mg与干燥溴化钾粉末200 mg压片,用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对样品扫描分析。设置参数为:光谱范围400~4000 cm−1,扫描次数64次,分辨率4 cm−1。
参考宁亚维等[16]的方法测定。在与絮凝溶液体系同比例的条件下分别测定甘薯淀粉和菌体在0、1、10 mmol/L的KCl和NaCl溶液体系中的Zeta电位。
参考冯佳霖等[17]的方法并稍作修改。将菌液2 mL和甘薯淀粉液25 mL(甘薯淀粉25 g/L,KCl 10 mmol/L)混匀,摇晃30 s,静置10 min。对照组直接测定絮凝率。尿素处理组向絮体中加入2 mL 5 mmol/L尿素溶液处理5 min,再加入25 mL KCl (10 mmol/L) 溶液重新絮凝后测定絮凝率。盐酸处理组向絮体中加入2 mL 0.01 mol/L HCl溶液处理5 min后重新絮凝。
设置pH水平为4~10,梯度为1,用0.1 mol/L HCl和0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液调整pH。将菌液2 mL和甘薯淀粉液25 mL(甘薯淀粉25 g/L,KCl 10 mmol/L)混匀,测定絮凝率。
分别配制浓度为1、10、20、50 mmol/L的KCl和NaCl溶液。向各溶液中加入甘薯淀粉,浓度为25 g/L。将菌液2 mL和甘薯淀粉液25 mL混匀,测定絮凝率。
每组实验重复三次,实验结果用平均值±标准差来表示。使用Graphpad Prism 8统计软件对数据进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)及多重比较(显著性水平为0.05)并作图。
为了探究W. confusa SJ-5表面各组分对絮凝的影响,采用胰蛋白酶、溶菌酶、脂肪酶和右旋糖酐酶对菌体进行处理后,结果如图1所示。经溶菌酶处理后细菌细胞壁被破坏[18],菌体絮凝率显著下降了14.23%(P<0.05),这表明完整的细胞结构可能有利于絮凝。易建华等[19]研究发现,酵母细胞壁可以絮凝光合细菌,这与本研究的结果相似。胰蛋白酶分解了菌体的表面蛋白[20],菌体絮凝率降至2.14%,与对照组(71.17%)差异显著(P<0.05),这表明菌体絮凝淀粉的活性成分主要是细菌表面的蛋白质,这与Zhang等[21]对副干酪乳杆菌亚种L1的研究结果一致。经脂肪酶处理后,菌体对淀粉的絮凝率显著下降了37.01%(P<0.05),说明脂类也在菌体的絮凝过程中发挥了显著的促进作用[22]。经右旋糖酐酶处理后,菌体表面的胞外多糖被降解,其絮凝率反而上升了6.05%,但结果不显著(P>0.05),说明胞外多糖对W. confusa SJ-5的絮凝起到一定的阻碍作用,而右旋糖酐酶的酶解减少了这种阻碍。细菌胞外多糖具有许多官能团[23],一般情况下有着较强的吸附性,可以吸附各种有机或无机物质[24],实验结果表示,胞外多糖不仅没有协助絮凝作用反而抑制了絮凝,这可能是由于胞外多糖对表面蛋白的屏障作用导致部分表面蛋白无法结合淀粉,菌体絮凝率下降[25]。以上结果与Magdalena等[26]的研究结果基本一致,他们发现Lactobacillus rhamnosus PEN的黏附能力主要依赖于表面蛋白和特定脂肪酸,胞外多糖的存在会阻碍细菌的黏附。以上结果表明,W. confusa SJ-5的主要絮凝活性成分是表面蛋白,细胞壁和表面脂类成分有利于絮凝,而胞外多糖的存在不利于絮凝作用的发生。
通过SDS-PAGE电泳和LC-ESI-MS/MS进一步鉴定了W. confusa SJ-5发挥絮凝作用的主要表面蛋白,结果如图2和表1所示。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明,有两种表面蛋白结合了淀粉。通过LC-ESI-MS/MS进一步鉴定这两种蛋白,得分最高的是Hsp70和GroEL。Hsp70在细胞内主要作为分子伴侣,能够增强细胞对应激的抵抗能力,维持蛋白质的稳态[27−28]。GroEL是一种伴侣素,在原核和真核生物中普遍存在[29],对折叠蛋白质起重要作用[30]。在对志贺菌的研究中发现,GroEL还能帮助黏蛋白黏附,从而利于病原体的侵袭和定居[29]。Hsp70和GroEL具有的絮凝淀粉活性可能与它们本身的结构以及它们帮助折叠或黏附其他絮凝相关表面蛋白有关。
为了探究W. confusa SJ-5的絮凝淀粉的机制,通过分析絮凝前后菌体和淀粉红外吸收峰的变化初步判断了菌体与淀粉间的相互作用力,红外测试结果如图3所示。从图3A可以看出,与淀粉相比,絮凝后的复合物在两个吸收峰处发生了显著位移。3230 cm−1处的O-H振动吸收峰[31]移动至3234 cm−1,1646 cm−1处酰胺Ⅰ带吸收峰移动至1644 cm−1[32],O-H振动吸收峰的位移表示W. confusa SJ-5和淀粉间可能形成了氢键,利用光谱差减技术得到了絮凝前后W. confusa SJ-5的红外光谱(图3B)。从未絮凝菌体的红外特征吸收峰来看,菌体表面主要是蛋白、脂类以及糖类的特征吸收峰,絮凝后菌体有三处吸收峰发生了显著改变:1651 cm−1处酰胺Ⅰ带吸收峰移动至1646 cm−1,1542 cm−1处酰胺Ⅱ带吸收峰和1238 cm−1的酰胺Ⅲ带吸收峰消失。这表明细菌表面蛋白的二级结构发生了变化,酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带的位移说明菌体与淀粉间有静电相互作用[33]。红外光谱的分析结果表明,W. confusa SJ-5和淀粉可能通过氢键和静电相互作用结合。
为了进一步探究W. confusa SJ-5与淀粉间的静电作用力,实验测定了菌体与淀粉的Zeta电位,结果如表2所示。当离子浓度为零时,W. confusa SJ-5和淀粉颗粒的表面电位均为−27 mV,具有高负电性,说明W. confusa SJ-5不是通过电荷中和实现絮凝的。Zeta电位绝对值越小,体系稳定性越低[34]。随着离子浓度的逐渐升高,淀粉和菌体的Zeta电位绝对值逐渐降低,表明体系的稳定性也随之下降。这是由于金属阳离子在中和表面电荷以及压缩双电层方面发挥了作用。当金属离子浓度为10 mmol/L时,菌体和淀粉表面仍带负电,这说明菌体和淀粉不是靠两者间的静电作用相结合的。结合微生物絮凝剂絮凝机理主流学说中的吸附架桥作用以及红外光谱的结果推断,在絮凝过程中金属离子通过在菌体和淀粉间形成金属桥接离子键实现两者结合[35−36]。
为了验证菌体和淀粉间是否形成了氢键和金属桥接离子键,采用尿素和盐酸对W. confusa SJ-5絮凝淀粉后形成的絮体进行了处理,并重新测定了絮凝率。如图4所示,尿素处理组和对照组的絮凝率没有显著差异。尿素可以破坏复合物之间的氢键[17],该结果说明W. confusa SJ-5与淀粉间的氢键作用并不是它们结合的主要原因。红外光谱中展示的O-H键的变化可能是菌体或者淀粉和水之间的作用。另一方面,图4中盐酸处理组的絮凝率降到几乎为零。盐酸是一种离子键破坏剂[17],这一结果说明菌体与淀粉结合主要依赖的是离子键的作用。这与许艳婷[37]对Streptomyces sp. hSN06的研究结果一致。结合上述研究结果,可以推断出W. confusa SJ-5与淀粉间的短程相互作用力为桥接金属离子键。W. confusa SJ-5絮凝淀粉的机制符合吸附架桥机理[38],即菌体作为絮凝剂吸附在淀粉颗粒表面,并通过金属离子的桥接作用,将多个淀粉颗粒连接起来,形成较大的菌体-淀粉絮体,进而通过重力作用使颗粒从体系中沉降出来。
W. confusa SJ-5的絮凝活性对环境pH有很大依赖性。菌体的絮凝率随着pH的升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势(图5)。pH在4.0~8.0内,菌体的絮凝率随pH的增大而不断上升至最大值(65.08%)。pH为8.0~10.0时,菌体絮凝率随pH的增大出现小幅度的下降。pH可能是通过改变W. confusa SJ-5的表面电荷和表面蛋白的性质以及菌体与淀粉间的离子键来影响絮凝过程。酸性环境下,H+会干扰菌体和淀粉间的金属桥接离子键的形成,因此絮凝率会随着pH的降低而下降。在碱性条件,W. confusa SJ-5会发生去质子化现象[39]。因此,当pH>8时,菌体和淀粉间的静电斥力随着pH的增高不断增大,絮凝率不断下降。这与李新华等[40]的研究结果类似,他们也发现随着pH的增大,副干酪乳杆菌的絮凝率先增大,至pH为7.5时活性最高,随后絮凝率随pH增大而减小。
溶液中的离子,尤其是金属阳离子,在W. confusa SJ-5絮凝淀粉的过程中发挥着重要作用。为了研究助凝离子对菌体絮凝的影响,调节溶液中Na+和K+的浓度,得到的菌体絮凝率与离子浓度变化的关系如图6所示。随着Na+、K+的浓度增大,W. confusa SJ-5的絮凝率先上升后下降。当溶液浓度为20 mmol/L时,絮凝率达到最大值(Na+为43.53%,K+为69.40%)。金属阳离子的加入减弱了菌体和淀粉之间的静电斥力[41],增加金属桥接离子键的数量可以显著促进絮凝过程。当盐溶液浓度超过20 mmol/L时,大量离子占据了菌体和淀粉的活性位点并把两者隔开抑制絮凝,絮凝率下降[42]。通过对Na+和K+对菌体絮凝率的影响进行对比分析,同一浓度下,K+组的菌体絮凝率显著高于Na+组(P<0.05),说明K+在促进菌体絮凝方面的效果更为显著。这与候颖等[4]对植物乳植杆菌HS1的研究结果一致。钾离子助凝效果更好的原因可能是其水合半径小,能够更显著地压缩菌体和淀粉的双电层。
本研究通过酶解处理、蛋白及谱学分析,明确了融合魏斯氏菌SJ-5(Weissella confusa)的表面热休克蛋白Hsp70与伴侣素GroEL是其介导甘薯淀粉絮凝的关键活性蛋白,并基于FTIR、Zeta电位及化学键阻断实验,证明该菌与淀粉颗粒间的相互作用以金属阳离子(K+/Na+)桥接离子键为主,氢键贡献微弱,整体絮凝机理符合吸附架桥理论。W. confusa SJ-5对甘薯淀粉的絮凝效率显著受到溶液化学条件的调控,絮凝率随着pH和离子浓度增强而提高,但过高的离子强度会导致絮凝率的回落。本研究结果为定向改造融合魏斯氏菌表面蛋白表达水平提供了明确的分子靶点,为优化甘薯淀粉生产工艺、开发基于高效生物絮凝剂奠定了理论与实验基础。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040411
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06
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    1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    2国家果蔬加工工程技术研究中心,农业农村部果蔬加工重点实验室,食品非热加工北京市重点实验室,北京 100083

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吴晓蒙(1986−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:绿色食品加工技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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