Article(id=1320166349880541678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749052800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681785316, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681785316, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681785316, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681785316, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=137, endPage=148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166350409023984, articleId=1320166349880541678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Extraction and Purification of Myosin and the Effects of Hydroxyl Radical Oxidation on Its Oxidation Sites, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, myosin was extracted from fresh mutton using precipitation centrifugation, purified via column chromatography, and concentrated through ammonium sulfate salting-out combined with ultrafiltration centrifugation. The results demonstrated that the improved protein extraction method was more efficient. The optimal loading amount of myosin onto the ion-exchange column was determined to be 20 mg, and the optimal saturation level for ammonium sulfate salting-out stood at 50%. To explore the impacts of hydroxyl radical oxidation on the structure and oxidation sites of myosin, a hydroxyl radical oxidation system was established by regulating the concentration of H2O2 (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 20 mmol/L), which enabled myosin to undergo oxidation to varying degrees. Research findings indicated that with the increase of H2O2 concentration, the carbonyl content of myosin increased by 2.376 times, while the contents of total sulfhydryl, free sulfhydryl, ionic bond and hydrogen bond decreased by 37.02%, 53.24%, 50.98% and 50.85%, respectively, upon treatment with 20 mmol/L H2O2 compared to the control group (0 mmol/L). In contrast, the disulfide bond content exhibited a tendency of first increasing and then decreasing. It reached its maximum value when the H2O2 concentration was 10 mmol/L, which was 2.28 times that of the control group. Measurements using a fully automatic amino acid analyzer revealed that four amino acids, namely Cys, Tyr, Phe, and His, were susceptible to oxidation, with the order of their susceptibility being Cys>Tyr>His>Phe. LC-MS/MS detection showed that under mild oxidation conditions, hydroxyl radicals mainly attacked the proteins around the SH1-SH2 region. When subjected to severe oxidation at an H2O2 concentration of 20 mmol/L, a large amount of myosin aggregated, and these aggregations primarily occurred in the head helical region and the 1502~1783 region of myosin.

, authors=Yingying CAO*, Xiaorui GUO, Huaiyu LI, authorsList=Yingying CAO, Xiaorui GUO, Huaiyu LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingying CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166358747300365, articleId=1320166349880541678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=肌球蛋白的提取纯化及羟自由基氧化对其氧化位点的研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究通过沉淀离心法提取新鲜羊肉中肌球蛋白,经柱层析法纯化后,用硫酸铵盐析法与超滤离心法进行浓缩。结果表明:优化后的蛋白提取工艺更高效,离子交换柱中肌球蛋白的最佳上样量为20 mg;硫酸铵盐析的最优饱和度是50%。通过设置H2O2浓度梯度(0、0.5、1、5、10、20 mmol/L)构建羟自由基氧化体系,对肌球蛋白进行不同程度的氧化处理,进而探究羟自由基氧化对肌球蛋白结构和氧化位点的作用机制。研究表明,随着H2O2浓度的增加,在20 mmol/L H2O2处理条件下,肌球蛋白的羰基含量相较于对照组(0 mmol/L)增加了2.376倍、总巯基含量降低了37.02%、游离巯基含量降低了53.24%、离子键含量降低了50.98%、氢键含量降低了50.85%,但二硫键含量呈现先升后降趋势,当H2O2浓度为10 mmol/L时达到峰值,是对照组含量的2.28倍。全自动氨基酸分析仪测得Cys、Tyr、Phe和His这四种氨基酸容易氧化,且难易顺序为Cys>Tyr>His>Phe。LC-MS/MS检测显示在轻度氧化时,其主要攻击的是SH1-SH2周围的蛋白。在20 mmol/L H2O2重度氧化时,肌球蛋白发生了大量的聚集,这些聚集主要发生在肌球蛋白的头部螺旋区以及1502~1783区。

, authors=曹莹莹*, 郭晓蕊, 李怀玉, authorsList=曹莹莹, 郭晓蕊, 李怀玉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曹莹莹, authorNote=

曹莹莹(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉制品加工与质量控制,E-mail:

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曹莹莹(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉制品加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
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曹莹莹(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉制品加工与质量控制,E-mail:

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曹莹莹(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉制品加工与质量控制,E-mail:

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Food Hydrocolloids, 2020, 106: 105869., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320167144613064848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167144621453457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, companyId=1320167144613064848, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167144629842066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, companyId=1320167144613064848, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=兰州理工大学生命科学与工程学院,甘肃兰州 730050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320167147876233388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes of myosin loading in DE-52 ion exchange column, figureFileSmall=aKPqxTAAzasuZ3aCQ2E7Jg==, figureFileBig=iFTlR6W7+I3/w9NQYWdVDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167147939147949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图1, caption=DE-52 离子交换柱中肌球蛋白的载量变化

注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05);图3、图5~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=aKPqxTAAzasuZ3aCQ2E7Jg==, figureFileBig=iFTlR6W7+I3/w9NQYWdVDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148027228334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Elution curve of myosin, figureFileSmall=dWWi3pL2KbwT7aAeUUGJ4g==, figureFileBig=pn1AR+M6aaQASfC4bqoX3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148102725807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图2, caption=肌球蛋白洗脱曲线, figureFileSmall=dWWi3pL2KbwT7aAeUUGJ4g==, figureFileBig=pn1AR+M6aaQASfC4bqoX3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148174028977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of ammonium sulfate saturation on myosin concentration, figureFileSmall=6Nrg///J67XDa5wQLaDJBg==, figureFileBig=9UPYV2MwltZHX/SNGq0fUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148232749234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图3, caption=硫酸铵饱和度对肌球蛋白浓度的影响, figureFileSmall=6Nrg///J67XDa5wQLaDJBg==, figureFileBig=9UPYV2MwltZHX/SNGq0fUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148295663795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=SDS-PAGE profile of myosin, figureFileSmall=WrwPZAuk65Bz75N6AwrDAg==, figureFileBig=bQBFpjqqy5to+4LhCtplqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148366966964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图4, caption=肌球蛋白的SDS-PAGE图谱

注:1 改进前的肌球蛋白;2 改进后的肌球蛋白;3 纯化肌球蛋白。

, figureFileSmall=WrwPZAuk65Bz75N6AwrDAg==, figureFileBig=bQBFpjqqy5to+4LhCtplqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148429881525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of hydroxyl radical oxidation on carbonyl content in mutton myosin, figureFileSmall=pzx8e55IRFoHvI7cdfXtcw==, figureFileBig=hyEHHok5SfEF5c1qDl/ekw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148639596726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图5, caption=羟自由基氧化对羊肉肌球蛋白中羰基含量的影响, figureFileSmall=pzx8e55IRFoHvI7cdfXtcw==, figureFileBig=hyEHHok5SfEF5c1qDl/ekw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148715094199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of hydroxyl radical oxidation on the content of sulfydryl group in myosin of mutton, figureFileSmall=hekaY280j1FLjWCpHUHvsw==, figureFileBig=I0LBtFlVbk6GOYPZKX1D0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148786397368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图6, caption=羟自由基氧化对羊肉肌球蛋白中巯基含量的影响, figureFileSmall=hekaY280j1FLjWCpHUHvsw==, figureFileBig=I0LBtFlVbk6GOYPZKX1D0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148849311929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of hydroxyl radical oxidation on free mercaptan (A) and disulfide bond (B) content of myosin, figureFileSmall=Tm9Rc51Rs4O/DIDdD+k1eQ==, figureFileBig=EVja5dZiAuEHKqse0P2m0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148912226490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图7, caption=羟自由基氧化对肌球蛋白游离巯基(A)和二硫键(B)含量的影响, figureFileSmall=Tm9Rc51Rs4O/DIDdD+k1eQ==, figureFileBig=EVja5dZiAuEHKqse0P2m0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167148975141051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Changes of the content of ion bonds (A) and hydrogen bonds (B) in myosin after hydroxyl radical oxidation, figureFileSmall=/az1H9Sm7gA0qDG6cnhYZg==, figureFileBig=8ttwMDRm8OXbS+gZWZtnpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167149033861308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图8, caption=羟自由基氧化后肌球蛋白离子键含量(A)和氢键含量(B)的变化, figureFileSmall=/az1H9Sm7gA0qDG6cnhYZg==, figureFileBig=8ttwMDRm8OXbS+gZWZtnpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167149092581565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=SDS-PAGE electrophoretic result of myosin protease hydrolysate, figureFileSmall=CpsU/ESPun1M9sg2m3+hQg==, figureFileBig=dJM9j7tNTB8cuwHYN/Tu1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167149159690430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图9, caption=肌球蛋白酶解产物SDS-PAGE电泳结果, figureFileSmall=CpsU/ESPun1M9sg2m3+hQg==, figureFileBig=dJM9j7tNTB8cuwHYN/Tu1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167149226799295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Electrophoresis result of myoglobin protease hydrolysate with different oxidation degree, figureFileSmall=vBcSiNgqF8DFCqKrM15Erg==, figureFileBig=+Of8HxOA1YMas5Y5dUvfcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167149289713856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同氧化程度肌球蛋白酶解液电泳结果

注:泳道上方“Marker”为蛋白质分子量标准品,上方红色方框为20 mmol/L H2O2(50~72 kDa)新生条带区域,下方红色方框为0~10 kDa低分子量肽段分布区域。

, figureFileSmall=vBcSiNgqF8DFCqKrM15Erg==, figureFileBig=+Of8HxOA1YMas5Y5dUvfcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167149356822721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=TIC results of myoglobin protease hydrolysis products oxidized by hydroxyl radical, figureFileSmall=Vk1kxjP/U3MbiE/DLPEMYA==, figureFileBig=TkTyPNim8JhZLc0cuNO/RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167149419737282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图11, caption=羟自由基氧化肌球蛋白酶解产物的TIC结果, figureFileSmall=Vk1kxjP/U3MbiE/DLPEMYA==, figureFileBig=TkTyPNim8JhZLc0cuNO/RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167149482651843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=BPC results of hydroxyl radical oxidation of myoglobin protease hydrolysis products, figureFileSmall=ph1KhkdFuQpiIvIFg4+EZg==, figureFileBig=nx1GyC7HJxmiX8FgOdWBTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167149549760708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图12, caption=羟自由基氧化肌球蛋白酶解产物的BPC结果, figureFileSmall=ph1KhkdFuQpiIvIFg4+EZg==, figureFileBig=nx1GyC7HJxmiX8FgOdWBTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167149612675269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Distribution of oxidized protease hydrolysates (0~10 kDa) in myosin sequence, figureFileSmall=yey/WGqSWqXf9sS2vQ/RdA==, figureFileBig=LtcEYdTsqlbDVpjFCWrr2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167151282008262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图13, caption=氧化肌球蛋白酶解产物(0~10 kDa)在肌球蛋白序列中的分布

注:灰色为1 mmol/L H2O2氧化样品相对0 mmol/L H2O2氧化样品新增加的肽段,黄色为20 mmol/L H2O2氧化样品相对于1 mmol/L H2O2样品新增加的肽段,红色为肌球蛋白空间模型(PDB ID: 5H53)新生成多肽的空间位置分布,红色圆圈为分布在肌球蛋白头部SH1和SH2区域的新增肽段。

, figureFileSmall=yey/WGqSWqXf9sS2vQ/RdA==, figureFileBig=LtcEYdTsqlbDVpjFCWrr2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167151391060167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Distribution of oxidized proteolytic hydrolysis samples (50~72 kDa) in myosin heavy chain, figureFileSmall=RbiAsRxL0vDp3W566O5n/A==, figureFileBig=zSy1cR9vOUGmYLxNIw8JPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167151449780424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=图14, caption=氧化肌球蛋白酶解样品(50~72 kDa)在肌球蛋白重链中的分布

注:红色为肌球蛋白空间模型(PDB ID: 5H53)酶解产物的空间位置分布,黄色为20 mmol/L H2O2(50~72 kDa)聚集肽段在氨基酸序列上的分布,红色圆圈为分布在肌球蛋白尾部氨基酸序号1502~1783范围内的聚集肽段。

, figureFileSmall=RbiAsRxL0vDp3W566O5n/A==, figureFileBig=zSy1cR9vOUGmYLxNIw8JPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167151512694985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Amino acid composition of oxidized myosin by H2O2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸含量(mg/100 mL)相对0 s减少量(%)
0 mmol/L0.5 mmol/L5 mmol/L20 mmol/L0.5 mmol/L5 mmol/L20 mmol/L
Asp20.23±0.1a19.75±0.13b17.36±0.16c14.15±0.14d2.3614.1930.02
Gln61.40±1.12a61.00±0.76a54.13±0.31b41.93±0.33c1.7212.8032.45
Ser13.28±0.16a12.92±0.1a11.12±0.46b8.42±0.36c2.7116.2636.63
Gly10.58±0.39a10.31±0.39a8.93±0.23b6.58±0.29c2.6015.6337.78
His6.67±0.12a6.49±0.12a5.63±0.24b3.89±0.17c2.3515.6041.70
Arg28.05±0.29a27.37±0.29b23.96±0.15c18.02±0.22d2.4314.6035.76
Thr17.82±0.21a17.34±0.21b14.93±0.21c10.91±0.21d2.7016.2338.80
Ala19.77±0.41a19.23±0.41a16.53±0.28b12.56±0.32c2.7316.3736.45
Pro11.19±0.15a10.92±0.15a9.56±0.36b7.63±0.31c2.4414.6331.87
Cys0.60±0.09a0.57±0.09a0.40±0.05b0.15±0.08c5.5933.5675.97
Tyr11.62±0.36a11.27±0.36a9.18±0.22b6.70±0.2c3.0021.0342.33
Val13.95±0.37a13.60±0.37a11.87±0.43b8.85±0.27c2.4814.9036.54
Met8.15±0.19a7.84±0.19a6.30±0.22b4.99±0.29c3.7822.6838.79
Ile16.21±0.45a15.76±0.45a13.51±0.37b10.12±0.39c2.7816.6937.59
Leu32.94±0.36a32.05±0.36b27.61±0.28c20.99±0.31d2.7016.1736.28
Phe13.81±0.28a13.39±0.28a11.25±0.31b8.23±0.35c2.8518.5740.44
Lys44.36±0.32a43.21±0.32b37.44±0.22c28.23±0.32d2.6015.5936.37
总和330.64±5.04a323.03±4.98a279.7±4.50b212.34±4.51c2.4915.5835.91
), ArticleFig(id=1320167151592386762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

H2O2氧化肌球蛋白氨基酸组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸含量(mg/100 mL)相对0 s减少量(%)
0 mmol/L0.5 mmol/L5 mmol/L20 mmol/L0.5 mmol/L5 mmol/L20 mmol/L
Asp20.23±0.1a19.75±0.13b17.36±0.16c14.15±0.14d2.3614.1930.02
Gln61.40±1.12a61.00±0.76a54.13±0.31b41.93±0.33c1.7212.8032.45
Ser13.28±0.16a12.92±0.1a11.12±0.46b8.42±0.36c2.7116.2636.63
Gly10.58±0.39a10.31±0.39a8.93±0.23b6.58±0.29c2.6015.6337.78
His6.67±0.12a6.49±0.12a5.63±0.24b3.89±0.17c2.3515.6041.70
Arg28.05±0.29a27.37±0.29b23.96±0.15c18.02±0.22d2.4314.6035.76
Thr17.82±0.21a17.34±0.21b14.93±0.21c10.91±0.21d2.7016.2338.80
Ala19.77±0.41a19.23±0.41a16.53±0.28b12.56±0.32c2.7316.3736.45
Pro11.19±0.15a10.92±0.15a9.56±0.36b7.63±0.31c2.4414.6331.87
Cys0.60±0.09a0.57±0.09a0.40±0.05b0.15±0.08c5.5933.5675.97
Tyr11.62±0.36a11.27±0.36a9.18±0.22b6.70±0.2c3.0021.0342.33
Val13.95±0.37a13.60±0.37a11.87±0.43b8.85±0.27c2.4814.9036.54
Met8.15±0.19a7.84±0.19a6.30±0.22b4.99±0.29c3.7822.6838.79
Ile16.21±0.45a15.76±0.45a13.51±0.37b10.12±0.39c2.7816.6937.59
Leu32.94±0.36a32.05±0.36b27.61±0.28c20.99±0.31d2.7016.1736.28
Phe13.81±0.28a13.39±0.28a11.25±0.31b8.23±0.35c2.8518.5740.44
Lys44.36±0.32a43.21±0.32b37.44±0.22c28.23±0.32d2.6015.5936.37
总和330.64±5.04a323.03±4.98a279.7±4.50b212.34±4.51c2.4915.5835.91
), ArticleFig(id=1320167151680467147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Number and source of peptides of oxidized myosin protease hydrolysate (0~10 kDa)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽段来源蛋白匹配信息0 mmol/L1 mmol/L20 mmol/L
肌球蛋白1XP_004012755.2242716
肌球蛋白2XP_027830685.1415022
肌球蛋白3XP_027830682.110911278
), ArticleFig(id=1320167151747576012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166349880541678, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

氧化肌球蛋白酶解产物(0~10 kDa)的肽段数量及来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽段来源蛋白匹配信息0 mmol/L1 mmol/L20 mmol/L
肌球蛋白1XP_004012755.2242716
肌球蛋白2XP_027830685.1415022
肌球蛋白3XP_027830682.110911278
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肌球蛋白的提取纯化及羟自由基氧化对其氧化位点的研究
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曹莹莹 * , 郭晓蕊 , 李怀玉
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(11): 137-148
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (11) : 137 -148
肌球蛋白的提取纯化及羟自由基氧化对其氧化位点的研究
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曹莹莹* , 郭晓蕊, 李怀玉
作者信息
  • 兰州理工大学生命科学与工程学院,甘肃兰州 730050
通讯作者:
曹莹莹(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉制品加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

曹莹莹(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉制品加工与质量控制,E-mail:

Extraction and Purification of Myosin and the Effects of Hydroxyl Radical Oxidation on Its Oxidation Sites
Yingying CAO* , Xiaorui GUO, Huaiyu LI
Affiliations
  • College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060012
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本研究通过沉淀离心法提取新鲜羊肉中肌球蛋白,经柱层析法纯化后,用硫酸铵盐析法与超滤离心法进行浓缩。结果表明:优化后的蛋白提取工艺更高效,离子交换柱中肌球蛋白的最佳上样量为20 mg;硫酸铵盐析的最优饱和度是50%。通过设置H2O2浓度梯度(0、0.5、1、5、10、20 mmol/L)构建羟自由基氧化体系,对肌球蛋白进行不同程度的氧化处理,进而探究羟自由基氧化对肌球蛋白结构和氧化位点的作用机制。研究表明,随着H2O2浓度的增加,在20 mmol/L H2O2处理条件下,肌球蛋白的羰基含量相较于对照组(0 mmol/L)增加了2.376倍、总巯基含量降低了37.02%、游离巯基含量降低了53.24%、离子键含量降低了50.98%、氢键含量降低了50.85%,但二硫键含量呈现先升后降趋势,当H2O2浓度为10 mmol/L时达到峰值,是对照组含量的2.28倍。全自动氨基酸分析仪测得Cys、Tyr、Phe和His这四种氨基酸容易氧化,且难易顺序为Cys>Tyr>His>Phe。LC-MS/MS检测显示在轻度氧化时,其主要攻击的是SH1-SH2周围的蛋白。在20 mmol/L H2O2重度氧化时,肌球蛋白发生了大量的聚集,这些聚集主要发生在肌球蛋白的头部螺旋区以及1502~1783区。

肌球蛋白  /  柱层析纯化  /  结构特性  /  氨基酸分析  /  氧化位点

In this study, myosin was extracted from fresh mutton using precipitation centrifugation, purified via column chromatography, and concentrated through ammonium sulfate salting-out combined with ultrafiltration centrifugation. The results demonstrated that the improved protein extraction method was more efficient. The optimal loading amount of myosin onto the ion-exchange column was determined to be 20 mg, and the optimal saturation level for ammonium sulfate salting-out stood at 50%. To explore the impacts of hydroxyl radical oxidation on the structure and oxidation sites of myosin, a hydroxyl radical oxidation system was established by regulating the concentration of H2O2 (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 20 mmol/L), which enabled myosin to undergo oxidation to varying degrees. Research findings indicated that with the increase of H2O2 concentration, the carbonyl content of myosin increased by 2.376 times, while the contents of total sulfhydryl, free sulfhydryl, ionic bond and hydrogen bond decreased by 37.02%, 53.24%, 50.98% and 50.85%, respectively, upon treatment with 20 mmol/L H2O2 compared to the control group (0 mmol/L). In contrast, the disulfide bond content exhibited a tendency of first increasing and then decreasing. It reached its maximum value when the H2O2 concentration was 10 mmol/L, which was 2.28 times that of the control group. Measurements using a fully automatic amino acid analyzer revealed that four amino acids, namely Cys, Tyr, Phe, and His, were susceptible to oxidation, with the order of their susceptibility being Cys>Tyr>His>Phe. LC-MS/MS detection showed that under mild oxidation conditions, hydroxyl radicals mainly attacked the proteins around the SH1-SH2 region. When subjected to severe oxidation at an H2O2 concentration of 20 mmol/L, a large amount of myosin aggregated, and these aggregations primarily occurred in the head helical region and the 1502~1783 region of myosin.

myosin  /  column chromatography purification  /  structural properties  /  amino acid analysis  /  oxidation site
曹莹莹, 郭晓蕊, 李怀玉. 肌球蛋白的提取纯化及羟自由基氧化对其氧化位点的研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 137 -148 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060012
Yingying CAO, Xiaorui GUO, Huaiyu LI. Extraction and Purification of Myosin and the Effects of Hydroxyl Radical Oxidation on Its Oxidation Sites[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 137 -148 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060012
肌肉蛋白质按溶解性分为肌原纤维蛋白、肌浆蛋白和结缔组织蛋白,肌原纤维蛋白占肌肉总蛋白50%~60%,其核心成分肌球蛋白占肌原纤维蛋白50%~55%(约为肌肉总蛋白的1/3)[1−2]。肌肉蛋白是肉类的重要组分,对肉品品质和加工特性起着关键作用[3]。在众多肌肉蛋白中,肌球蛋白占据核心地位,它不仅是肌肉收缩的主要功能蛋白,还在很大程度上影响着肉的质地、保水性以及凝胶特性等[4−5]。深入了解肌球蛋白的性质并对其进行有效调控,对于提升肉品质量、开发高附加值肉产品具有至关重要的意义。
肌球蛋白的纯化是开展其相关研究的基础。通过有效的纯化方法,可以从复杂的肌肉组织体系中分离出高纯度的肌球蛋白,从而排除其他杂质蛋白和成分的干扰,准确地研究肌球蛋白自身的结构与功能之间的关系[6−7]。目前,虽然已经有多种肌球蛋白纯化方法被报道,但不同方法在纯化效率、纯度以及对蛋白结构完整性的保持等方面存在差异。因此,不断优化和改进肌球蛋白的纯化工艺,获取高质量的肌球蛋白样品,仍然是该领域研究的重点之一。
此外,肌球蛋白的氧化稳定性直接影响肉品品质。在肉类的加工和贮藏阶段,肌球蛋白易受到各种氧化应激的影响,发生氧化反应。氧化会导致肌球蛋白的结构改变[8],如二级结构的变化、氨基酸残基的修饰以及蛋白质交联等[9−10],进而影响其功能特性。例如,氧化可能降低肌球蛋白的溶解性,破坏其凝胶形成能力,导致肉的保水性下降、质地变硬,严重影响肉品的口感和消费者接受度[11−12]。此外,氧化还可能引发肌球蛋白的风味变化[13],产生不愉快的气味和味道,降低肉品的感官品质。同时,肌球蛋白的氧化还与肉品的营养价值密切相关。过度氧化可能导致蛋白质营养价值降低,甚至产生一些潜在的有害物质,可能对人体健康造成威胁[14−15]。因此,研究肌球蛋白的氧化稳定性,揭示其氧化机制,并寻找有效的抗氧化策略来延缓或抑制肌球蛋白的氧化,对于保障肉品的品质、延长货架期以及提高肉品的营养价值都具有深远的现实意义。
本研究旨在优化肌球蛋白的纯化方法,获得高纯度且结构完整的肌球蛋白样品,并研究肌球蛋白的氧化机理。通过探讨不同程度氧化对肌球蛋白的影响,揭示其氧化规律和机制,为制定针对性的抗氧化调控措施提供理论支撑,最终为改善肉品品质、推动肉类产业的可持续发展奠定基础。
新鲜里脊肉 购自甘肃省兰州理工大学附近的菜市场;DE-52纤维素 土锋生物科技有限公司;其他化学试剂均为国产分析纯。
CJJ 78-1磁力搅拌器 上海梅香仪器有限公司;DE-52离子交换柱 上海士锋生物科技有限公司;3 kDa超滤离心管 德国Merck Millipore公司;XH-C漩涡混匀器 江苏省金坛市医疗仪器厂;52N紫外分光光度计 上海仪电分析仪器有限公司;JIDI-16R台式冷冻离心机 广州吉迪仪器有限公司;AD300L-H数显匀浆机 上海昂尼仪器仪表有限公司;Mini-PROTEANT Tetra Cell垂直电泳系统、TripleTOF™ 5600+系统-液质联用仪 美国Bio-Rad公司;FD-A10N-50冻干机 冠森生物科技有限公司;L-8900全自动氨基酸分析仪 日本日立公司;ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱 美国Agilent Technologies公司;ChromXP C18分析柱 美国Eksigent公司。
基于朱宏星等[16]的研究并稍作修改。将刚宰杀的羊肉放入冰箱中冷却,去掉筋膜及多余的脂肪切碎后与预冷提取液A(0.5 mol/L KCl、0.1 mol/L KH2PO4、0.05 mol/L K2HPO4、0.0005 mol/L EDTA-2Na、0.004 mol/L 焦磷酸钠,pH6.5)按1:3(v/v)混合,冰浴匀浆(5000 r/min,5 s)后超声10 min,10000×g、10 min离心取上清液。再加10倍预冷水,4 ℃静置4 h后8000×g、10 min离心得沉淀。沉淀用提取液B(0.3 mol/L KCl,0.02 mol/L KH2PO4/K2HPO4,pH7.0)复溶搅拌20 min,10000×g、20 min离心取上清。通过水相稀释诱导沉淀(10倍体积超纯水,过夜),低温离心(8000×g,10 min)获得粗品。粗品用透析液(0.6 mol/L KCl,0.02 mol/L KH2PO4/K2HPO4,pH7.5)复溶后,用10 kDa膜透析24 h,10000×g、20 min离心获终产物。方法改进后将切碎肉样经绞肉机充分绞碎,去除超声步骤,均质时间延长至1 min,提取液B复溶搅拌时间缩短至1 min,稀释上清液后只需静置4 h,并降低离心转速与时间,其余步骤与改进前方法一致,获得改进后的肌球蛋白终产物。
本研究基于赵利拉[17]的方法,采用DE-52纤维素层析法优化肌球蛋白纯化工艺,主要流程包括样品与填料预处理、装柱、加样、洗脱、收集及浓缩,具体步骤如下。
粗蛋白液经透析平衡(20 mmol/L Tris-HCl,160 mmol/L KCl,pH8.2)后,30倍体积稀释,于4 ℃、5000×g离心5 min,收集上清液冷藏备用。根据双缩脲法测定蛋白浓度(y=0.0426x−0.0008,R2=0.9999)为0.1 mg/mL。
100 g DE-52纤维素用蒸馏水浸泡后,进行酸碱循环处理(0.5 mol/L HCl/NaOH各1 h),去离子水洗至中性,以上操作重复三次后4 ℃保存。
将预处理填料搅拌均匀后静置2 h,垂直装柱避免气泡,装填至距柱顶5 cm处停止,维持液面高于填料层3 cm。设备需放置在4 ℃下冷却过夜,以0.02 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(含0.16 mol/L KCl,pH8.2)、1.5 mL/min 的流速平衡填料柱,至280 nm处吸光值稳定。
将样品以1.0 mL/min流速向平衡后的DE-52离子交换柱连续上样300 mL肌球蛋白溶液,按50 min/管分段收集流出液,监测280 nm处吸光度,稳定后停止加样,根据公式计算得出最佳载量。在3个洗脱瓶中分别装入0.16、0.3、1.5 mol/L KCl的Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH8.2),以1.0 mL/min的速度依次进行洗脱至280 nm处的吸光值稳定,除去未吸附蛋白,合并各管中高浓度肌球蛋白进行浓缩。
$ \rm 载量(mg)= 上样体积(mL)\times 蛋白样品浓度(mg/mL)$
采用分段盐析法确定最佳饱和度:将收集液按每管20 mL分装,分别添加不同质量硫酸铵至饱和度20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%,磁力搅拌混匀后4 ℃静置1 h,经10000×g离心10 min收集沉淀,用0.02 mol/L KH2PO4/K2HPO4缓冲液(含0.6 mol/L KCl,pH7.0)复溶,测定蛋白浓度确定最佳饱和度。向收集液中加入硫酸铵至最佳饱和度,4 ℃、10000×g离心10 min收集沉淀,复溶透析后,使用3 kDa超滤离心管于4 ℃、4000×g离心浓缩至目标浓度。
通过SDS-PAGE检测提取所得肌球蛋白的纯度。选取12%的分离胶浓度和5%的浓缩胶浓度[18]。将肌球蛋白浓度调整至2 mg/mL。取1.5 mL离心管,向其中加入160 μL肌球蛋白溶液和40 μL的蛋白上样缓冲液(含SDS、DTT、Tris-HCl、甘油和指示剂的混合溶液),在漩涡混匀器上混合均匀(30 s),将离心管置于沸水中加热5 min,将其冷却至室温后离心(4 ℃,10000×g、5 min)。在电泳槽中倒入0.25 mol/L Tris-Gly电泳缓冲液(含0.1% SDS,pH8.3),Marker和样品的上样体积分别为5、10 μL。调节开始电压为70 V,进入分离胶之后电压加大至120 V,当样品跑至距胶底部1 cm左右处停止跑胶。恒温振荡器中染色(含0.125% R250,10%冰乙酸,25%乙醇)2 h,脱色(含10%冰乙酸,25%乙醇)至出现清晰蛋白条带,拍照保存图像。
参照ZHANG等[19]方法略作修改。将肌球蛋白用磷酸盐缓冲液(50 mmol/L KH2PO4、50 mmol/L K2HPO4、0.6 mol/L KCl,pH6.5)配制成20 mg/mL溶液,与等体积氧化体系(含0.1 mmol/L FeCl3、1 mmol/L C6H8O6及0、0.5、1、5、10、20 mmol/L H2O2)混合,4 ℃避光反应24 h,加入1 mmol/L EDTA终止。随后,用低浓度磷酸盐缓冲液(20 mmol/L KH2PO4、20 mmol/L K2HPO4,pH6.5)将体系KCl浓度稀释至0.1 mol/L,经8000×g离心(4 ℃,5 min)收集沉淀,重复洗涤两次。沉淀物用磷酸盐缓冲盐水(Phosphate Buffered Saline,PBS)缓冲液(20 mmol/L KH2PO4、20 mmol/L K2HPO4、0.6 mol/L KCl,pH7)溶解,4 ℃保存备用。
参照CHEN等[20]方法并稍作修改。肌球蛋白经PBS缓冲液稀释至5 mg/mL,取6支试管各加0.8 mL不同氧化程度的该溶液。接着加入1600 μL含0.002 g/mL二硝基苯肼的2 mol/L HCl溶液,反应30 min;加800 μL 0.4 g/mL 三氯乙酸,混匀后低温离心(8000×g,5 min)弃上清。用乙醇-乙酸乙酯(1:1)混合液洗涤沉淀,加3 mL磷酸盐缓冲液(20 mmol/L KH2PO4、20 mmol/L K2HPO4、6 mol/L 盐酸胍(pH6.5)溶解沉淀,室温暗处静置12 h。以2 mol/L HCl溶液为对照,于370 nm处测吸光度,依据摩尔消光系数(22000 L/(mol·cm)),按公式(2)计算羰基含量。
$ \rm 羰基含量(nmol/mg)=\frac{A}{22000\times C}\times {10}^{6} $
式中:A,样品在370 nm处的吸光度;C,蛋白样品的浓度,mg/mL。
参照BU等[21]的方法并作调整。将肌球蛋白样品用PBS缓冲液稀释至5 mg/mL。取6支试管,分别加入1 mL不同氧化程度的肌球蛋白溶液,再用9 mL磷酸盐缓冲液(20 mmol/L KH2PO4、20 mmol/L K2HPO4、6 mol/L尿素、0.6 mol/L KCl、10 mmol/L EDTA-2Na,pH7.0)稀释。取3 mL稀释液于试管中,加入0.4 mL 0.1% DTNB,40 ℃避光水浴30 min。冷却至室温后,于412 nm波长处测定吸光度。巯基含量根据摩尔消光系数(13600 L/(mol·cm))按公式(3)计算。
$ \rm 巯基含量(nmol/mg)=\frac{A\times {10}^{5}}{136\times C} $
式中:A,样品在412 nm处的吸光度;C,蛋白样品的浓度,mg/mL。
基于ZHOU等[22]的实验方法稍作调整。用PBS缓冲液将肌球蛋白稀释为1 mg/mL溶液,准确量取肌球蛋白质溶液1.0 mL,加入5.0 mL 0.02 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液与0.4 mL DTNB溶液,40 ℃避光水浴30 min,冷却后于412 nm测定吸光度,以Tris-HCl溶液作空白对照。
$ \rm 游离巯基含量({\text µ}mol/g)=73.53{A}_{412}\frac{D}{C} $
式中:A412,412 nm处的吸光度;D,稀释倍数;C,肌球蛋白浓度,mg/mL。
$ \rm 二硫键含量({\text µ}mol/g)=\frac{总巯基含量-游离巯基含量}{2} $
以杜艳[23]的方法为基础稍作改进。冻干保存不同氧化程度的肌球蛋白,取氧化度相同的蛋白试样(每组0.1 g)3组,分别为A、B、C。A组加入5 mL 0.15 mol/L NaCl溶液(SA),B组加入6 mL 0.6 mol/L NaCl溶液(SB),C组加入含0.15 mol/L尿素和0.5 mol/L NaCl的混合溶液(SC)。振荡混匀后,4 ℃静置30 min,经4800×g离心10 min(4 ℃)取上清液,用对应溶剂稀释后测定蛋白含量。离子键含量由SB与SA溶液蛋白含量差值计算,氢键含量通过SC与SB溶液的蛋白含量差值确定。
参照GB/T 5009.124-2016,使用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定0、0.5、5、20 mmol/L不同浓度H2O2处理的肌球蛋白中17种氨基酸(Asp、Thr、Ser、Glu、Gly、Ala、Cys、Val、Met、Ile、Leu、Tyr、Phe、Lys、His、Arg、Pro)的浓度。
用胰蛋白酶(1 mg/mL)水解肌球蛋白,以酶:蛋白=1:100(m/m)在37 ℃恒温水浴中进行,分别水解0、1、2、3、4 h,90 ℃加热5 min终止酶解,选出最适酶解时间。
参考SHEN等[18]的方法。以最适酶解时间为基础对不同氧化程度的肌球蛋白水解液进行SDS-PAGE分析,配制5%浓缩胶和12%分离胶。将蛋白浓度调整为2 mg/mL,取160 μL样品与40 μL含DTT的上样缓冲液混合,涡旋30 s后沸水浴5 min,冷却至室温后4 ℃、10000×g离心5 min。电泳槽加入0.25 mol/L Tris-Gly缓冲液(含0.1% SDS,pH8.3),Marker蛋白和样品上样量分别为5 μL和10 μL。调节初始电压75 V,样品进入分离胶后调至120 V,至胶底部停止电泳。加入染色液(含0.125% R250,25%乙醇,10%冰乙酸)振荡染色6 h,再用脱色液(含25%乙醇,10%冰乙酸)脱色,每2 h更换一次脱色液至条带清晰,拍照记录。
从SDS-PAGE凝胶上切取条带进行胶内酶解。将凝胶切片置于1.5 mL离心管,用500 µL超纯水振荡清洗5 min,重复2次;随后用400 µL脱色液(100 mmol/L NH4HCO3,30%乙腈)冲洗至透明,冻干备用。4 ℃下用5 µL 10 ng/μL猪胰蛋白酶预消化1 h,促进凝胶充分吸收酶液。再加入25 mmol/L NH4HCO3缓冲液,37 ℃酶解24 h后吸取酶解液于新试管。原管中加入20 μL 60%乙腈/0.1%三氟乙酸混合液,600 W超声30 min,合并两次溶液后冻干备用。
参照蒋文馨[24]的方法取冻干样品溶解,溶解好的蛋白质(含0.1%甲酸、2%乙腈与98%水)进样后,先经C18柱(5 µm,50 mm×4.6 mm)以5 nL/min流速处理,再以300 nL/min流速在100 min内洗脱至C18分析柱(75 µm×150 mm),流动相由A相(3%二甲基亚砜、97%水、0.1%甲酸)和B相(3%二甲基亚砜、97%乙腈、0.1%甲酸)组成,洗脱梯度设置为:0~5 min保持95% A相、5% B相;5~100 min B相由5%升高至95%(A 相由95%下降至5%)。经液相色谱-串联质谱(Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)分析后,所得数据通过美国国家生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information,NCBI)数据库进行蛋白质鉴定与氨基酸序列比对。
实验各处理均设置3次重复,数据以平均值±标准差呈现。使用Origin 2021进行数据处理与分析,借助SPSS 27.0软件,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),并通过Duncan多重比较法开展显著性检验(P<0.05),质谱图解析及数据处理由peakview 2.0软件完成,绵羊肌球蛋白氨基酸序列来源于NCBI蛋白数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)。
由图1所示,当肌球蛋白上样量超过200 mL时,吸光度趋于稳定,表明填料吸附已经达到饱和,经计算确定该层析体系最佳载量为20 mg。
采用DE-52纤维素层析法对蛋白质进行纯化。以洗脱液的体积作为横坐标,在280 nm处的吸光度作为纵坐标,绘制出肌球蛋白的洗脱曲线。观察图2可知,分别用含0.3 mol/L KCl、1.5 mol/L KCl的Tirs-HCl(0.02 mol/L)溶液洗脱时,洗脱出一个高峰(峰A),一个低峰(峰B),并且峰A中所含的肌球蛋白含量明显高于峰B,所以肌球蛋白主要在低盐条件下洗脱(峰A),可能是结合条件未优化或蛋白特性导致的。合并峰A中肌球蛋白高的各管样品可初步富集目标蛋白。
基于离心分离技术探究肌球蛋白硫酸铵盐析的最优饱和度条件[25]。根据图3可知,硫酸铵在20%~70%饱和度范围内,复溶液的蛋白质浓度呈现先上升后平稳的变化趋势;当硫酸铵饱和度在20%~50%区间时,复溶液蛋白质浓度呈显著递增趋势(P<0.05);而当饱和度超过50%后,蛋白质浓度变化不显著(P>0.05),该结果表明50%硫酸铵饱和度就能实现肌球蛋白的高效沉淀。综合考虑高盐浓度对后续实验步骤可能产生的干扰因素,最终确定50%为硫酸铵盐析纯化肌球蛋白的最适饱和度。
图4展示了羊肉肌球蛋白提取纯化过程的电泳图谱。结果显示,样品1~3均呈现出特征性条带:1条分子量为250 kDa的肌球蛋白重链,以及3条分子量分别为22.5、17.0和13.5 kDa的轻链。其中样品1存在4条分子量介于25~50 kDa的杂蛋白条带,样品2则含有2条分子量在30~40 kDa的杂蛋白条带。对比样品1与样品2,后者的肌球蛋白亚基条带颜色加深,杂蛋白数量明显减少,这表明改良朱宏星等[16]的提取方法后,肌球蛋白纯度显著提升。进一步观察发现,样品3中肌球蛋白亚基条带颜色更深,且未检测到杂蛋白条带,说明经纯化处理后的肌球蛋白纯度最高。
肉品储藏时,蛋白质的羰基化修饰是其氧化反应的关键环节,也因此被视作蛋白质氧化过程中最核心的步骤[26]。由图5可知,随H2O2浓度升高,肉品中羰基含量呈现显著上升趋势。对照组羰基含量为1.982 nmol/mg,处于较低水平;随着浓度增至5、10、20 mmol/L,羰基含量大幅攀升,分别是3.244、4.292、4.711 nmol/mg。其中H2O2浓度为10 mmol/L时,羰基含量与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),是对照组的2.165倍,当H2O2浓度为20 mmol/L时,羰基含量是对照组的2.376倍,增长幅度变缓。由此猜测,当H2O2浓度超过10 mmol/L时,蛋白质可能已接近完全氧化状态。这一现象可能与羟自由基攻击肌球蛋白中的特定氨基酸残基并促使其转化为羰基衍生物,进而导致羰基数量增加有关。已有研究表明,活性氧可对蛋白质的肽键或侧链基团发起攻击,使其发生氧化并形成羰基衍生物[27−28]。
巯基含量减少是蛋白质氧化的典型特征之一[29]。如图6所示,当H2O2浓度从5 mmol/L提升至20 mmol/L时,样品中巯基浓度呈现显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。与对照组的巯基含量为49.53 nmol/mg相比,当处理组H2O2浓度为5、10、20 mmol/L时,测得巯基含量分别为42.25、39.69和31.19 nmol/mg,其中最高浓度组的巯基损失率达37.02%,表明蛋白质氧化损伤程度与处理强度呈正相关,这与CAO等[30]结果相同,即高浓度H2O2会引发氨基酸侧链修饰,进而导致游离氨和总巯基的流失。巯基含量下降可能源于·OH氧化诱导,致使肌球蛋白构象改变暴露内部巯基,并夺取半胱氨酸等含硫氨基酸的活性氢原子[31]。
巯基作为维持蛋白质高级结构和功能特性的关键化学基团,在凝胶网络形成过程中通过二硫键交换作用调控分子间交联强度,直接影响蛋白质的功能表达[32]。如图7A所示,随着H2O2浓度增加,游离巯基含量呈递减显著趋势(P<0.05)。对照组中游离巯基含量为40.93 μmol/g,当H2O2浓度为0.5、1、5、10、20 mmol/L时,游离巯基含量依次是37.06、34.44、29.76、20.34、18.73 μmol/g。这与胡婷[33]研究氧化对牦牛肉蛋白质结构影响的结果保持一致,可能是由于巯基对氧化反应更敏感,H2O2可以促进部分自由巯基的氧化,使巯基含量减少。当H2O2浓度达到10 mmol/L和20 mmol/L时,游离巯基含量显著下降,推测此时肌球蛋白接近完全氧化状态,故此游离巯基急剧减少,这一结果与前文当H2O2浓度超10 mmol/L时蛋白近乎全氧化的推断一致。
由图7B可知,二硫键含量随H2O2浓度增加呈现先升后降态势。对照组(0 mmol/L H2O2)二硫键含量为4.221 μmol/g,当H2O2浓度为10 mmol/L时,二硫键含量达到最大值9.627 μmol/g。二硫键含量的增加可能是肌球蛋白经过H2O2氧化后巯基转化而成的,这与XIAO等[34]发现导致鳄鱼尾部和躯干中游离巯基含量降低的原因相同,DONG等[35]也提出了此观点。H2O2浓度达到顶峰可能是在该浓度下肌球蛋白已完全氧化,此时巯基-二硫键动态平衡体系被打破,巯基几乎全部转化为二硫键,但在H2O2浓度为20 mmol/L时,二硫键含量下降可能是部分二硫键经超氧化作用转化为亚磺酸、磺酸等稳定氧化终产物,这类不可逆转化过程造成二硫键的损耗[36]。
离子键和氢键是驱动蛋白质交联聚集的关键作用力,其中氢键在麦谷蛋白与麦醇溶蛋白构建面筋网状结构中起重要作用[37]。由图8可知,随H2O2浓度的逐渐升高,氢键和离子键含量不断减少,对照组的离子键和氢键含量分别为5.93 mg/mL和15.93 mg/mL,当H2O2浓度为10 mmol/L时,离子键和氢键含量分别为3.217 mg/mL和8.372 mg/mL,当H2O2浓度为20 mmol/L时,离子键和氢键含量下降至2.907 mg/mL和7.829 mg/mL。氢键、离子键通过影响蛋白质结构的稳定性,从而影响蛋白质的溶解度,其含量的减少会导致蛋白质的溶解度下降,邹敏等[38]研究表明,冷藏可致使ɑ-螺旋氢键断裂,破坏面筋蛋白二级结构,促使疏水基团外露,降低蛋白质溶解度,此结论也与赵康程等[37]发现热处理通过改变谷物及豆类蛋白的二级结构,影响基团空间位置进而导致部分离子键和氢键断裂,使蛋白质溶解性降低的结论相似。
选取0 mmol/L(对照组)、0.5 mmol/L(轻度氧化)、5 mmol/L(中度氧化)、20 mmol/L(极端氧化)4个具有代表性的浓度节点,分析不同H2O2氧化程度对蛋白质氨基酸组成的影响。由表1可知,随着氧化浓度升高,总氨基酸含量显著降低(P<0.05)。其中对照组(0 mmol/L)与0.5 mmol/L H2O2处理组蛋白质氨基酸组成无显著差异(P>0.05),而当浓度升至5 mmol/L和20 mmol/L时,氨基酸含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。由表1可知,当H2O2浓度为0、0.5、5和20 mmol/L时,氨基酸总量分别为330.64、323.03、279.7和212.34 mg/100 mL,这与实验设定的蛋白浓度(3 mg/mL)计算结果相近。
根据表1可知,随着H2O2浓度升高,氨基酸含量呈下降趋势,其中Cys、Tyr、Phe和His的含量下降较为显著(P<0.05),且以Cys的变化最为突出,当H2O2氧化浓度达到20 mmol/L时,其含量较对照组减少75.97%。结合上述结果,可推测羟自由基对这四种氨基酸的氧化作用较强。基于氨基酸含量变化,推测其被氧化的难易顺序为Cys>Tyr>His>Phe,这一结果与FRANCO等[39]和CATALDO等[40]关于臭氧选择性氧化芳烃类氨基酸和半胱氨酸的结论有所区别,可能是由于臭氧在水溶液中产生的自由基对其他氨基酸也发生了氧化作用。此外,不同研究得出的氨基酸氧化顺序存在差异:MURPHY等[41]研究的氨基酸氧化顺序Met>His>Trp>Tyr;而庄坤等[42]研究发现氨基酸的氧化难易顺序为:Ser>Cys>Met>Tyr>Phe,他们还猜想氧化顺序可能与氨基酸在不同蛋白中的空间位置相关。郑淋[43]发现,二肽中Tyr和Trp因空间位置差异,导致不同二肽对氧化剂的敏感性存在区别。
肌球蛋白酶解产物SDS-PAGE如图9所示。随着胰蛋白酶酶解时间延长,肌球蛋白的重链与轻链逐步分解。酶解4 h后,肌球蛋白重链完全消失,标志着酶解反应充分完成。基于此,本研究选取4 h作为酶解时间,在此条件下探究不同氧化程度肌球蛋白的氧化位点。
不同氧化程度下肌球蛋白酶解液电泳图如图10所示。在0~10 kDa区间内,条带颜色随H2O2浓度增加呈现先加深后变浅趋势,当H2O2浓度为1 mmol/L时,条带颜色最深,表明此时蛋白质经酶解后产生的小片段数量最多,可能是由于轻度氧化促使蛋白质结构展开,暴露出更多活性位点,该区域小片段含量的变化可反映肌球蛋白酶解程度的差异。此外,当H2O2氧化浓度为20 mmol/L时,在50~72 kDa区间出现一条新条带。为进一步分析肌球蛋白肽链的氧化状态,根据电泳结果,选取0~10 kDa范围内0、1和20 mmol/L浓度下的电泳条带,以及50~72 kDa范围内20 mmol/L浓度下的电泳条带,进行凝胶酶解处理后,使用LC-MS/MS进行检测分析。
质谱样品的总离子流图如图11所示,从图中可以看出0 mmol/L H2O2(0~10 kDa)、1 mmol/L H2O2(0~10 kDa)和20 mmol/L H2O2(0~10 kDa)的TIC图谱整体峰形走势基本一致,而20 mmol/L H2O2(50~72 kDa)样品,无论是峰的数量、位置,还是整体的峰形轮廓,都与前三者存在差异,这表明前三者样品之间的主要碎片组成相似。
质谱样品的基峰图如图12所示,在0~20 mmol/L H2O2处理范围内,低分子量区(0~10 kDa)的蛋白质碎片谱呈现高度保守性,其基峰模式未发生显著改变。然而,在高分子量区(50~72 kDa),20 mmol/L处理组于质荷比(m/z)约为680~750的区域出现特征性峰型变化。表明不同氧化程度肌球蛋白(0~10 kDa)样品之间的主要碎片相同,这与上文的TIC结果相符。
氧化肌球蛋白酶解产物(0~10 kDa)的肽段数量及来源如表2所示。检测出的肽段主要来源于绵羊肌球蛋白1、肌球蛋白2和肌球蛋白3,其中肌球蛋白3的肽段数量最多。随着H2O2氧化浓度升高,三种肌球蛋白肽段的变化趋势一致:在0~10 kDa区间内,20 mmol/L H2O2浓度下样品的肽段数量少于0 mmol/L和1 mmol/L浓度组。H2O2浓度增加过程中,样品在产生新肽段的同时伴随部分肽段消失,表明蛋白质结构同时经历展开与折叠的动态变化[44]。
在此基础上,本实验通过对比不同H2O2浓度氧化后酶解肽段的氨基酸序列,筛选不同氧化下蛋白结构发生变化的关键位点。在0~10 kDa范围内,1 mmol/L H2O2浓度样品相较于0 mmol/L H2O2组新增的肽段、20 mmol/L组相较于1 mmol/L组新增的肽段及其在重链中的分布如图13所示。结果显示,肌球蛋白经H2O2处理后,新生成的多肽主要分布于SH1和SH2区域(以红色圆圈标注)。其中,SH1和SH2分别对应序列号为707和697的半胱氨酸[24]。已有研究显示,SH1可调控ATPase活性[45−46],其具备高活性、易被氧化的特点,推测原因是邻近的精氨酸(707位)促使巯基易于释放H+[47]。据此推测,新生成多肽富集于SH1-SH2周围,可能是由于SH1-SH2位点易被氧化,进而引发邻近蛋白质结构改变并暴露新的酶解位点。这表明,在H2O2轻度氧化条件下,蛋白质的主要氧化位点集中于SH1-SH2周边区域。
20 mmol/L H2O2氧化蛋白酶解样品在肌球蛋白重链中的分布如图14所示。SDS-PAGE分析(图10)可知,仅在20 mmol/L H2O2组出现分子量在50~72 kDa的高分子量特征条带,推测该条带是蛋白质经重度氧化发生交联聚集后形成的。由于聚集体的酶解位点被包裹,无法被蛋白酶水解,因此其分子量较大。由图14可知,所有黄色标注的聚集体中,绵羊肌球蛋白3的数量显著高于肌球蛋白1和2,这可能与肌球蛋白3的丰度较高有关。在三种肌球蛋白尾部的氨基酸序号1502~1783范围内(以红色圆圈标注)均检测到肽段分布。此外,绵羊肌球蛋白3头部的SH1螺旋区及其尾部1502~1783区域有大量肽段聚集,而肌球蛋白1和2头部的SH1螺旋区仅有少量肽段聚集,尾部1502~1783区域则存在肽段聚集。肌球蛋白3检测到较多肽段聚集,推测可能与其含量较高且更易被氧化有关。值得注意的是,三种肌球蛋白尾部的1502~1783区域均出现肽段聚集,这可能是过度氧化导致该区域肽段发生折叠聚集,或该区域肽段在过度氧化后更易形成聚集体。DAI等[48]的研究证实,过度氧化时肌球蛋白尾部更易发生聚集,支持上述推测。
本研究采用沉淀离心法初步提取肌球蛋白,柱层析法纯化肌球蛋白,层析柱最佳上样量为20 mg,硫酸铵盐析的最优饱和度是50%以及超滤离心法浓缩肌球蛋白。随着H2O2浓度的增大,肌球蛋白总巯基、游离巯基及离子键、氢键含量均下降,而二硫键呈先上升后下降趋势,在H2O2浓度为10 mmol/L时到达峰值,为初始含量的2.28倍。羟自由基对半胱氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸及组氨酸的氧化作用较强,且氧化难易程度的顺序为Cys>Tyr>His>Phe。H2O2氧化浓度较低时,产生的羟自由基先攻击肌球蛋白头部SH1-SH2附近的区域,使其蛋白质结构展开;当H2O2浓度过高时,会使得肌球蛋白尾部1502~1783区域和少量头部螺旋区域的肽段形成聚集体。
通过优化肌球蛋白提取纯化工艺和研究其氧化位点特征,在提升蛋白产量与稳定性的同时,揭示了氧化对肌球蛋白的构效影响,但尚未阐明氨基酸序列特征与氧化位点选择性的内在关联机制,后期研究可针对被氧化蛋白的氨基酸序列进行分析,研究其与氧化位点之间的关系,为后续肌球蛋白的研究提供理论基础和数据支撑。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060012
  • 接收时间:2025-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05
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    兰州理工大学生命科学与工程学院,甘肃兰州 730050

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曹莹莹(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉制品加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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