Article(id=1320166328267293012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060142, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681780162, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681780162, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681780162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681780162, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=512, endPage=521, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166329714327893, articleId=1320166328267293012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Food Quality Control and Safety Detection, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hyperspectral imaging technology integrates the strengths of spectral analysis and spatial imaging, allowing for non-destructive, high-throughput, and simultaneous detection of food components, contaminants, and foreign substances. This paper systematically elucidates the technical principles and system architecture of hyperspectral imaging technology, with a focus on its advanced applications in the quantitative analysis of food components (moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates), the identification of biological and chemical contaminants (microorganisms, pesticide and veterinary drug residues, heavy metals), and the detection of foreign objects. Furthermore, this study investigates the critical role of algorithm optimization in enhancing detection accuracy. It also identifies several key technical challenges, such as high equipment costs, limited real-time performance, and insufficient model generalization. It further proposes corresponding solutions, such as the development of lightweight hardware, the construction of cross-scenario universal models, and the implementation of edge intelligence decision-making systems, thereby providing a solid theoretical foundation and feasible technical pathways for intelligent monitoring of food quality and safety.

, authors=Shuaibin LI, Biying ZHANG, Jiasheng LU, Baohua KONG, Haotian LIU, Qian CHEN*, authorsList=Shuaibin LI, Biying ZHANG, Jiasheng LU, Baohua KONG, Haotian LIU, Qian CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qian CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166330888733020, articleId=1320166328267293012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=高光谱成像技术在食品质量控制与安全检测中的应用研究, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高光谱成像技术融合光谱分析与空间成像的优势,实现了对食品成分、污染物及异物的非破坏性、高通量同步检测。本文系统阐述了高光谱成像技术的技术原理与系统架构,重点综述其在食品成分(水分、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物)的定量分析、生物与化学污染(微生物、农兽药残留、重金属)识别,以及异物检测中的前沿应用,并深入讨论了算法优化在提升检测精度中的关键作用。同时,本文指出现有技术仍面临设备成本高、实时性不足及模型泛化能力有限等瓶颈,并提出轻量化硬件开发、跨场景通用模型构建及边缘智能决策等解决方案,为食品质量安全的智能化监控提供理论依据与技术路径。

, authors=李帅彬, 张碧莹, 鲁嘉晟, 孔保华, 刘昊天, 陈倩*, authorsList=李帅彬, 张碧莹, 鲁嘉晟, 孔保华, 刘昊天, 陈倩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈倩, authorNote=

李帅彬(2002−)(ORCID:0009−0009−3679−8839),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈倩(1988−)(ORCID:0000−0001−6412−3315),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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keyword=食品加工)], refs=[Reference(id=1320166335959646608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=成诚, 成兴明, 周子善, 等. 供应链视角下食品质量安全风险调控研究[J]. 中国调味品, 2023, 48(7): 213−215,220. 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Sensors, 2023, 23(16): 7014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320166331178139997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166331190722910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, companyId=1320166331178139997, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166331199111519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, companyId=1320166331178139997, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166334923653510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Hyperspectral imaging system (a)[31] andschematic diagram of hyperspectral imaging system (b), figureFileSmall=vz9E1qKtdUoJN7wfqAKWkw==, figureFileBig=Mj7VcbSZbsiRaAHzWbI/hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166334986568071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, language=CN, label=图1, caption=高光谱成像系统(a)[31]和高光谱成像系统示意图(b)

注:1.平台;2.样品放置处;3.相机升降台;4.高光谱成像仪;5.光源;6.计算机。

, figureFileSmall=vz9E1qKtdUoJN7wfqAKWkw==, figureFileBig=Mj7VcbSZbsiRaAHzWbI/hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166335166923144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of three-dimensional data cube collected by hyperspectral imaging technology, figureFileSmall=sF5N+yDAE4l7tDJBVC+fJw==, figureFileBig=lbCKwxjSKSmiccRkcfKj4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166335229837705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, language=CN, label=图2, caption=高光谱成像技术采集的三维数据立方体示意图, figureFileSmall=sF5N+yDAE4l7tDJBVC+fJw==, figureFileBig=lbCKwxjSKSmiccRkcfKj4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166335301140874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spectral data map[32], figureFileSmall=Fzf58hapXHDhV8V3rm6bvQ==, figureFileBig=rF+D6ONwq3hzZwrtEYfEQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166335385026955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, language=CN, label=图3, caption=光谱数据图[32]

注:(a)原始全波长光谱数据图;(b)特征波长光谱数据图。

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Application of hyperspectral imaging technology in food composition detection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目样品光谱范围(nm)数据预处理手段特征波长提取手段模型参考文献
水分含量甘薯900~1700MSC、SNV、BC、NC、FD、SDRC、SPA、SR、CARSPLS[33]
红枣400~1000SNV、BC、FDSVR、BiLSTM、BiGRU、CNN-BiGRU[34]
白酒大曲400~1000MSC、SG、SNVSPAPLSR、SVR、ELM、PFA-ELM[31]
燕麦400~1000SNV、MSC、FD、SD、SNV+FD、SNV+SD、SNV+MSCPCABP、SSA-BP、ASFSSA-BP、Bayes-BP、Bayes-ASFSSA-BP[35]
蛋白质豌豆900~1700MC、SNV、FD、SDiPLSPLS[36]
亚麻籽380~1018SG、FD、SNV、MSC、MAPCA、ACO、FOACOPLSR、MLR[37]
高粱886~1735.34SG、MSC、SNV、FDSPA、CARS、PCA、UVEPLSR、1DCNN、LSTM、CLNet[32]
脂肪糯米450~998MWS、SNV、MSC、SG1DCARS、RF、IRIV、VCPA、VISSAPLSR[38]
奶酪397~1004SG、SNV、SG1D、SG2D、SG+SNV、SNV+SG1D、SNV+SG2D信息区域选择、iPLSPLSR[39]
玉米866~1700SG、MA、D-WAVE、FD、SD、MSCSPA、CARS、PCAPLSR、MLR、SVR、ELM、ACNNR[40]
碳水化合物苹果376.80~1011.05SNV、SG、WT、VNVIP、SPA、XGBoostGBDT、RF、lightGBM[41]
草莓913~2166SG、SNVPCA、CARSPLSR、[42]
玉米399.75~1005.80SG、FD、MSC、SNVSPA、UVEPLSR、SVR、ELM[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1320166335682822541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

高光谱成像技术在食品成分检测中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目样品光谱范围(nm)数据预处理手段特征波长提取手段模型参考文献
水分含量甘薯900~1700MSC、SNV、BC、NC、FD、SDRC、SPA、SR、CARSPLS[33]
红枣400~1000SNV、BC、FDSVR、BiLSTM、BiGRU、CNN-BiGRU[34]
白酒大曲400~1000MSC、SG、SNVSPAPLSR、SVR、ELM、PFA-ELM[31]
燕麦400~1000SNV、MSC、FD、SD、SNV+FD、SNV+SD、SNV+MSCPCABP、SSA-BP、ASFSSA-BP、Bayes-BP、Bayes-ASFSSA-BP[35]
蛋白质豌豆900~1700MC、SNV、FD、SDiPLSPLS[36]
亚麻籽380~1018SG、FD、SNV、MSC、MAPCA、ACO、FOACOPLSR、MLR[37]
高粱886~1735.34SG、MSC、SNV、FDSPA、CARS、PCA、UVEPLSR、1DCNN、LSTM、CLNet[32]
脂肪糯米450~998MWS、SNV、MSC、SG1DCARS、RF、IRIV、VCPA、VISSAPLSR[38]
奶酪397~1004SG、SNV、SG1D、SG2D、SG+SNV、SNV+SG1D、SNV+SG2D信息区域选择、iPLSPLSR[39]
玉米866~1700SG、MA、D-WAVE、FD、SD、MSCSPA、CARS、PCAPLSR、MLR、SVR、ELM、ACNNR[40]
碳水化合物苹果376.80~1011.05SNV、SG、WT、VNVIP、SPA、XGBoostGBDT、RF、lightGBM[41]
草莓913~2166SG、SNVPCA、CARSPLSR、[42]
玉米399.75~1005.80SG、FD、MSC、SNVSPA、UVEPLSR、SVR、ELM[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1320166335770902926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Application of hyperspectral imaging technology in food safety detection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目样品光谱范围(nm)数据预处理手段特征波长提取手段模型参考文献
生物污染鸡胸肉400~1000SNV、MSC、FD、SDCARSPLSR、SVM[51]
羊肉1000~2500MC、MSC、FD、SDGA、CARS、SPA1DCNN、PLS-DA、SVM[52]
农药残留哈密瓜400~1000SNVGA、CARS、SPAPLS-DA、ELM、KNN[53]
花椰菜950~1666SG、MSC、SNVCARSPLS[54]
兽药残留羊肉400~1700SG、BC、SNV、DT、MSC、归一化SPA、CARS、VCPA、UVE、IRIVPLSR[55]
羊肉900~1700OSC、SG、SNV、MSC、BC、去趋势CARS、IRIV、IVISSACART、PLS-DA、CNN-SSAE[56]
重金属残留鸡蛋435.2~1002.2SG、SNV、FDVMD、SAE、VMD+SAELSSVR[57]
生菜480~1010SG、MSC、SNV、FD、SDSPA、CARS、IRIV、VISSA、WTSRMLR[58]
土壤350~2500SG、MSC、FD、SD、标准化SPASVM、RF、PLS[59]
), ArticleFig(id=1320166335850594703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166328267293012, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

高光谱成像技术在食品安全检测中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目样品光谱范围(nm)数据预处理手段特征波长提取手段模型参考文献
生物污染鸡胸肉400~1000SNV、MSC、FD、SDCARSPLSR、SVM[51]
羊肉1000~2500MC、MSC、FD、SDGA、CARS、SPA1DCNN、PLS-DA、SVM[52]
农药残留哈密瓜400~1000SNVGA、CARS、SPAPLS-DA、ELM、KNN[53]
花椰菜950~1666SG、MSC、SNVCARSPLS[54]
兽药残留羊肉400~1700SG、BC、SNV、DT、MSC、归一化SPA、CARS、VCPA、UVE、IRIVPLSR[55]
羊肉900~1700OSC、SG、SNV、MSC、BC、去趋势CARS、IRIV、IVISSACART、PLS-DA、CNN-SSAE[56]
重金属残留鸡蛋435.2~1002.2SG、SNV、FDVMD、SAE、VMD+SAELSSVR[57]
生菜480~1010SG、MSC、SNV、FD、SDSPA、CARS、IRIV、VISSA、WTSRMLR[58]
土壤350~2500SG、MSC、FD、SD、标准化SPASVM、RF、PLS[59]
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高光谱成像技术在食品质量控制与安全检测中的应用研究
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李帅彬 , 张碧莹 , 鲁嘉晟 , 孔保华 , 刘昊天 , 陈倩 *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(14): 512-521
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (14) : 512 -521
高光谱成像技术在食品质量控制与安全检测中的应用研究
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李帅彬 , 张碧莹, 鲁嘉晟, 孔保华, 刘昊天, 陈倩*
作者信息
  • 东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
通讯作者:
陈倩(1988−)(ORCID:0000−0001−6412−3315),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李帅彬(2002−)(ORCID:0009−0009−3679−8839),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:

Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Food Quality Control and Safety Detection
Shuaibin LI , Biying ZHANG, Jiasheng LU, Baohua KONG, Haotian LIU, Qian CHEN*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060142
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高光谱成像技术融合光谱分析与空间成像的优势,实现了对食品成分、污染物及异物的非破坏性、高通量同步检测。本文系统阐述了高光谱成像技术的技术原理与系统架构,重点综述其在食品成分(水分、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物)的定量分析、生物与化学污染(微生物、农兽药残留、重金属)识别,以及异物检测中的前沿应用,并深入讨论了算法优化在提升检测精度中的关键作用。同时,本文指出现有技术仍面临设备成本高、实时性不足及模型泛化能力有限等瓶颈,并提出轻量化硬件开发、跨场景通用模型构建及边缘智能决策等解决方案,为食品质量安全的智能化监控提供理论依据与技术路径。

高光谱成像  /  质量控制  /  安全检测  /  食品加工

Hyperspectral imaging technology integrates the strengths of spectral analysis and spatial imaging, allowing for non-destructive, high-throughput, and simultaneous detection of food components, contaminants, and foreign substances. This paper systematically elucidates the technical principles and system architecture of hyperspectral imaging technology, with a focus on its advanced applications in the quantitative analysis of food components (moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates), the identification of biological and chemical contaminants (microorganisms, pesticide and veterinary drug residues, heavy metals), and the detection of foreign objects. Furthermore, this study investigates the critical role of algorithm optimization in enhancing detection accuracy. It also identifies several key technical challenges, such as high equipment costs, limited real-time performance, and insufficient model generalization. It further proposes corresponding solutions, such as the development of lightweight hardware, the construction of cross-scenario universal models, and the implementation of edge intelligence decision-making systems, thereby providing a solid theoretical foundation and feasible technical pathways for intelligent monitoring of food quality and safety.

hyperspectral imaging  /  quality control  /  safety inspection  /  food processing
李帅彬, 张碧莹, 鲁嘉晟, 孔保华, 刘昊天, 陈倩. 高光谱成像技术在食品质量控制与安全检测中的应用研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 512 -521 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060142
Shuaibin LI, Biying ZHANG, Jiasheng LU, Baohua KONG, Haotian LIU, Qian CHEN. Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Food Quality Control and Safety Detection[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 512 -521 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060142
食品质量与安全问题始终是人类社会面临的严峻挑战,其直接影响人类的健康福祉和经济的稳健发展。随着现代农业集约化和食品供应链全球化,食品安全风险源已从传统的“单点污染”演变为“多环节、多介质、跨时空”的复合污染体系[1]。例如,在食品掺假方面,轰动全球的“三聚氰胺奶粉事件”暴露了乳制品中非法添加化学物质的风险[2];在食品腐败方面,冷链运输中断导致肉类变质或乳制品酸败的现象屡见不鲜[3];在微生物污染方面,沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等食源性致病菌引发的群体性中毒事件时有发生[4];而在化学物质残留问题上,果蔬中农药残留超标以及水产品中重金属富集等问题也频繁发生[5]。因此,如何高效且精准地评估食品质量并识别潜在的食品安全风险,已成为食品科学领域亟需解决的关键方向。
目前,食品质量控制与安全检测主要依赖于化学分析法、生物学分析法和物理检测法等传统手段。其中,化学分析法(如气相色谱和高效液相色谱)被广泛应用于农药残留、黄曲霉毒素等物质的检测[6−7],但其前处理步骤繁琐、设备成本高昂、仪器维护费用高以及流动相消耗量大等问题限制了其应用范围[8−9]。生物学分析法(如酶联免疫吸附法和聚合酶链式反应技术)在毒素筛查和致病菌检测中表现出较高的实用性,然而交叉反应率高、保存条件苛刻以及抑制剂干扰等问题仍需进一步解决[10−12]。作为新兴方法,生物传感器在重金属离子检测领域展现出潜力,但受限于选择性不足和器件稳定性差[13−14],其实际应用也受到一定的限制。此外,物理检测法(如红外光谱、拉曼光谱和近红外光谱)通过分析分子振动或表面增强信号来检测掺假物质和污染物,但在水分干扰、荧光背景干扰及模型跨设备迁移性差等方面存在局限性[15−17]。因此,现有的检测手段在精确性、灵敏度、成本控制及稳定性等方面仍面临诸多挑战。
面对以上多种瓶颈,需要一种能够无需复杂前处理、无需预设靶点且能够实时监测的新策略。高光谱成像技术作为一种新兴的检测技术,结合了成像技术与光谱分析的优势,能够提供物质在不同波长下的光谱信息,从而实现对食品中多种成分的高效、非接触式和实时分析[18]。与传统检测方法相比,高光谱成像技术具有以下几个显著优势:a.无损检测:高光谱成像技术无需对样品进行前处理,即可实现非接触式、无损检测,有效避免了传统方法中因前处理步骤可能带来的误差或污染[19];b.高通量分析:高光谱成像能够在短时间内扫描大面积样品,快速获取大量数据,实现高效的批量分析,极大提高了检测效率,特别适用于食品质量的快速筛查[20];c.多组分同时检测:通过解析高光谱图像的光谱特征,可以同时监测样品中多种物质的含量和分布。例如,它可以同时检测食品中的农药残留、掺假成分以及微生物污染等,提供全面的分析结果[21];d.高灵敏度:高光谱成像技术在某些情况下能够实现较高的灵敏度,尤其是在低浓度的污染物或微量成分的检测中表现出色,可提供可靠的定量分析[22];e.减少标定需求:与传统方法相比,高光谱成像无需依赖大量的标准样本进行校准,而是基于内置的光谱数据库和先进的算法分析,即可得到准确的结果[23];f.实时监测能力:该技术适用于在线实时监控,尤其是在食品生产或加工过程中,能够实现即时反馈和问题诊断,从而提高食品安全管理的时效性和灵活性[24]。鉴于上述优势,高光谱成像技术近年来在食品质量控制和安全检测领域逐渐受到关注。
因此,本文将系统介绍高光谱成像技术的基本原理、核心结构及其工作方法,并全面综述该技术在食品质量控制与安全检测领域的应用现状与最新的研究进展,旨在为食品质量控制与安全检测领域提供技术支撑。
高光谱成像技术是一种融合了光谱技术与图像技术的新型检测方法,其发展最初源于遥感领域的需求。20世纪80年代,美国国家航空航天局率先将高光谱成像技术应用于卫星遥感,通过捕获地表物质在不同波长的光谱反射信息,实现了对地球资源的精细化分析[25]。高光谱成像技术的核心特性之一是“光谱指纹”,即每种物质在特定电磁波波段的光谱反射或吸收特征具有唯一性,类似于人类的指纹。这种光谱特性能够精确反映物质的分子结构和成分组成,为物质的识别和分类提供了可靠的科学依据[26]。这一特性使得高光谱成像技术在许多需要高精度检测的领域得到了广泛应用。
随着技术的不断进步和成熟,高光谱成像技术已经从传统的遥感领域拓展到了医疗诊断、环境监测和工业检测等多个领域。在医疗领域,这项技术被用于辅助诊断皮肤癌和识别病变组织[27];在农业领域,其广泛应用于作物健康状况评估、病虫害监测以及作物产量预测[28];而在工业领域,则主要用于生产过程中的质量控制和异物检测[29]。凭借其出色的光谱和空间信息获取能力,这一技术正迅速成为跨学科研究和应用的重要方向。
近年来,食品质量与安全问题日益突出,为高光谱成像技术提供了新的契机。具体而言,食品体系中的水分O-H键(970/1450 nm)、蛋白质N-H键(1500 nm)、脂肪C-H键(1720 nm)及农药中苯环(365 nm)等窄带吸收峰,与高光谱成像技术小于5 nm光谱分辨率天然匹配。这使得高光谱成像技术无需样品前处理即可实现对食品成分与污染物的同步检测,从而在实时监控与大规模筛查中展现出独特优势。目前,高光谱成像技术正在食品行业显示出日益广泛的应用前景[30]。
如图1所示,高光谱成像系统是一个精密的检测平台,通过多个关键组件的协同工作获取样品的光谱和空间信息,进而实现对样品的定量和定性分析。其主要组成部分包括光源、成像光学系统、光谱仪、成像系统和数据采集与处理系统。这些组件的协同工作使得高光谱成像技术能够提供物质在不同波长下的光谱信息,从而实现对食品中多种成分的高效、非接触式和实时分析。
高光谱成像以“图谱合一”为核心理念,其物理链路由光源对样品的均匀照明开始:入射光经反射、透射或散射后,携带了由样品化学成分、微观结构决定的光谱指纹。该光信号首先通过成像光学系统完成空间聚焦,随后经由狭缝截取特定样品区域,再由光栅或棱栅等色散元件将连续光谱离散为成百上千条窄波段。与此同时,高灵敏度的面阵探测器逐帧记录每个窄波段对应的二维空间强度分布。通过平台移动、旋转镜扫描或计算成像策略,完成第三维度的采样,最终在计算机中构建出包含两个空间维度(x,y)与一个光谱维度(λ)的三维数据立方体,从而为后续的定性识别和定量分析提供了直接可解的物理模型(图2)。
高光谱成像系统采集到的三维数据立方体包含大量的光谱信息和空间信息。然而,由于数据量巨大,直接进行分析和建模可能面临计算成本高、模型复杂度高等问题,因此预处理和特征波长提取成为高光谱数据分析中的关键步骤。其中预处理的目的是提升数据质量、减少噪声干扰、增强有用信息、从而提高后续分析的准确性和可靠性。特征波长提取旨在从大量的波长中筛选出对目标变量具有显著影响的波长,以降低数据维度,提升模型的计算效率和预测性能(图3)。通过预处理和特征波长提取,高光谱数据的质量和可用性显著提高,为后续建模和分析奠定了坚实基础。在此基础上,可以更高效、准确地开展模型构建与验证工作。
通过上述过程,高光谱成像技术能够在一次非接触、无标记的采集过程中,同时获取图像与光谱双重信息,从而实现对复杂且非均质样品内部或表面分布的快速、原位且无损解析。
食品成分直接影响营养价值和感官品质,常见的食品成分分析指标包括水分含量、蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物等。如表1所示,高光谱成像技术通过采集样品在不同波段的光谱反射信息,实现了对食品成分的无损检测,其应用范围已涵盖多种食品类型。
水分作为决定食品品质与货架期的关键指标,其非破坏性检测长期依赖近红外光谱技术;高光谱成像基于水分O-H键伸缩振动在近红外区形成的980与1450 nm特征吸收峰,通过融合空间-光谱信息,实现对水分含量的高精度、无损、实时监测,在动态过程中展现独特优势,并且随着技术发展,也涌现了不同的波长处理手段以及模型优化方法,来进一步提升检测结果的准确性。
在静态检测场景中,HE等[33]对甘薯中水分含量的检测研究表明,通过近红外高光谱成像技术,结合CARS选择的9个特征波长构建PLS模型,水分含量预测决定系数(Rp2)达0.984,预测均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error of Prediction,RMSEP)仅0.907%,显著优于全波段模型,且模型优化后检测效率显著提升。在动态检测场景中,LIU等[34]利用55~65 ℃热风干燥红枣实验,结合SG1st进行预处理,提出的卷积神经网络-双向门控循环单元模型将水分预测的R2从支持向量回归模型的0.935提升至0.9972,残差预测偏差(Residual Predictive Deviation,RPD)值提高0.216,实现了干燥过程中水分-温度耦合效应的可视化。但是作者指出卷积神经网络-双向门控循环单元模型容易在小模型上过度拟合,并且需要较高的成本,难以应用在实际生产过程。除了对水分含量的静态和动态检测之外,高光谱成像技术采集的数据处理方法也在不断创新。例如,XIE等[31]对白酒大曲在发酵过程中的水分含量检测研究表明,通过重构31个关键波段(400~700 nm)的RGB-HSI光谱,结合支持向量回归模型,水分含量预测Rp2达0.9984,RMSEP仅0.4093 g/100 g,显著优于全波段模型,且采样时间由18.728 s缩短至0.795 s,检测效率提升95.7%。值得注意的是,该研究并未采用传统的特征波长提取方法,而是通过光谱重构技术实现了高效且准确的水分含量检测,这为高光谱成像技术在实际应用中提供了新的思路和方法。而在算法优化方面,ZHANG等[35]使用高光谱成像技术检测燕麦种子的水分含量,提出Bayes-ASFSSA-BP双优化框架:通过主成分分析算法压缩200维光谱至60维(保留95.2%方差),结合贝叶斯优化网络结构与自适应螺旋飞行麻雀搜索算法微调权重,使测试集R2达0.963,RMSE仅0.188,较传统反向传播神经网络模型误差降低45.4%。
综上所述,高光谱成像技术在水分检测中的应用不断拓展和深化,不仅提高了检测的精度和效率,还为食品品质监测提供了新的技术手段。未来,随着算法的进一步优化和成本的降低,该技术有望在实际生产中得到更广泛的应用。
蛋白质是食品中重要的营养成分,对食品的营养价值、口感、质地和稳定性等方面具有关键性影响。高光谱成像技术通过分析蛋白质在特定光谱波段的吸收特征,能够实现对食品中蛋白质含量的无损、快速检测。相比传统化学分析方法,该技术不仅显著提高检测效率,还能有效避免样品损失和污染问题。
KUCHA等[36]对豌豆衍生产品中蛋白质含量的检测研究表明,通过近红外高光谱成像技术,结合iPLS选择的特征波长构建PLS模型,蛋白质含量预测Rp2达0.99,RMSEP仅为2.07%,显著优于全波段模型。并且该技术能够同时对豌豆衍生产品中的多种化学成分进行高通量检测,为豌豆产品的质量控制提供了一种快速、无损且高效的检测手段。此外,使用新的特征波长提取手段可以更进一步提升高光谱成像技术的检测精度,WANG等[37]在已有蚁群优化算法的基础上改进出分数阶蚁群优化,通过该模型可以从320个波长中筛选20个关键波段,使模型压缩93%,建立的MLR模型预测精度仍保持R2=0.9248、RMSE=0.4346。目前高光谱数据冗余,进行分析前需要进行太多前处理,HU等[32]提出的CLNet(1DCNN+LSTM混合架构)则突破此瓶颈:其中一维卷积神经网络提取局部光谱-蛋白关联特征,长短期记忆神经网络捕捉长程波长依赖性,无需预处理即可在0.3秒内完成高粱蛋白预测(R2=0.987,RMSEP=0.0676 g/100 g),较PLSR(R2=0.949)显著提升。
综上所述,高光谱成像技术在食品中蛋白质含量的无损检测中表现出了显著的优势,尤其是在结合新型算法后,检测精度得到了进一步提升。未来的研究可以进一步探索该技术在更多食品类型中的应用潜力。
脂肪在食品中不仅提供能量,还对口感、质地、保质期和营养价值产生重要影响。因此,准确测定食品中脂肪含量及其脂肪酸组成,对于食品质量控制和营养分析至关重要。高光谱成像技术作为一种高效、无损的检测方法,已被广泛应用于食品脂肪含量的测定。
JIMOH等[38]针对糯米干燥体系的实验显示,经SG1st预处理后,使用VISSA算法将原本的272个波段压缩至50个核心波长,PLSR模型对脂肪含量的预测R2由0.459跃升至0.986,RMSE降至0.029%,证明了高光谱成像技术对脂肪的检测能力。相较于传统方法,高光谱成像技术具有更好地检测能力,da SILVA等[39]对比了高光谱成像技术与光谱仪在奶酪成分预测中的应用,结果表明,高光谱成像技术能够有效预测奶酪中的水分、蛋白质和脂肪含量。然而,从生产角度来看,高光谱成像技术的成本较高,需要根据具体生产需求做出选择。此外,SONG等[40]进一步在单粒玉米研究中引入多阶段网格搜索框架,对Savitzky–Golay滤波窗口、LAR特征波长数及PLSR模型主成分进行系统性寻优,结果使单粒油分预测R2达0.905,较人工经验调整参数提升5.5%。
综上所述,相较于传统方法,高光谱成像技术在食品中脂肪含量的无损检测中表现出了显著的优势,并且随着技术的发展,可以通过引入多阶段网格搜索框架等人工智能参数优化工具提高高光谱成像技术的自动化,但在实际应用中仍需考虑成本因素。未来的研究可以进一步优化该技术的成本效益,以提高其在食品行业的应用范围。
碳水化合物是食品中重要的营养成分,主要包括单糖(如葡萄糖、果糖)、双糖(如蔗糖、乳糖)和多糖(如淀粉、纤维素),它们不仅为人体提供能量,还对食品的口感和质量产生重要影响。
在一种产品中,通常包含多种糖类成分,而高光谱成像技术能够实现对特定糖类的单独检测。例如,ZHAN等[41]利用高光谱成像技术对富士苹果中的蔗糖含量进行检测,获得的数据经VN预处理削弱散射差异后,采用SPA+VIP筛选出33个关键特征波长,随后引入机器学习算法LightGBM进行建模,最终对蔗糖含量的预测精度大幅提升:Rp2由未筛选时的0.697升至0.907,RMSEP降至0.4656°Brix,RPD达3.29。高光谱成像技术除了对单一类型的碳水化合物进行测定外,还可测定可溶性糖含量。可溶性糖主要包括葡萄糖、果糖等单糖和蔗糖等双糖。SEKI等[42]以白草莓为研究对象,在913~2166 nm的近红外高光谱区间,通过SG-SNV联合预处理后,再经CARS算法把200个原始波段压缩至35个特征波长,最终构建的PLSR模型对可溶性糖含量的预测性能显著提升:R2由未筛选时的0.753升至0.841,RMSEP降至0.576°Brix,并且实现了果肉糖度的二维可视化。而QIAO等[43]以270份含水12.3%~50.9%的玉米籽粒为样本,在可见-近红外高光谱区间,先以MSC削弱水分干扰,随后使用UVE从原始波长筛选出28个核心波长,构建的ELM预测模型对淀粉含量的预测精度达Rp2=0.885,RMSEP=1.122%,RPD=2.38。
综上所述,上述研究充分验证了高光谱成像在无损、快速且精准测定特定糖类方面的工程可行性,结果表明,高光谱成像技术能够有效实现单糖和双糖的无损检测,并准确探测其空间分布。高光谱成像技术在食品中碳水化合物含量的无损检测中表现出了显著的优势,但在不同食品类型中的应用效果可能存在差异。未来的研究可以进一步探索该技术在更多食品类型中的应用潜力,以期拓展其在食品检测领域的应用范围。
除了对水分、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物等基本成分的检测外,高光谱成像技术还可用于分析食品中其他重要物质。例如蛋白质的次级物质氨基酸和脂肪的次级物质游离脂肪酸等。DONG等[44]结合高光谱成像技术与质构参数,成功预测了牛肉中精氨酸和丙氨酸的含量。GAMA等[45]则使用该技术检测了坚果仁中的游离脂肪酸水平、过氧化值、油酸和亚油酸的含量。此外,高光谱成像技术可用于检测蛋白质和脂肪腐败产物的相关指标。例如,SHEN等[46]就利用该技术测定了鸡胸肉的菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮和TBARS值。不仅如此,高光谱成像技术还能用于定量分析食品中的多种关键成分,如色素、叶绿素、维生素、花青素[47−50]等成分。这一系列应用充分体现了高光谱成像技术在食品质量检测中的广泛前景。
生物污染、化学污染和物理污染是威胁食品安全的三大主要因素。传统检测方法通常需要较长时间、高成本,并涉及复杂的样品处理。相比之下,高光谱成像技术凭借其非破坏性、高灵敏度和实时性,为食品安全检测提供了全新的解决方案。如表2所示,以下将从生物污染、化学污染和物理污染三方面展开讨论。
生物污染主要指由微生物(如细菌、霉菌、酵母菌等)引起的污染,其不仅会导致食品变质,还可能对人体健康构成严重威胁,甚至引发食源性疾病。传统的微生物检测方法通常需要较长时间且过程复杂,难以快速识别潜在的污染风险。为提高检测效率并确保食品安全,高光谱成像技术逐渐成为一种重要的检测手段。该技术通过捕捉微生物在不同波段的特定光谱特性,能够无损、快速地检测样品中的细菌、真菌或霉菌污染。这些微生物的光谱特性来源于其细胞成分(如蛋白质、脂肪、DNA)或代谢产物(如霉菌毒素)的吸收与反射特征[60]。目前高光谱成像技术对于生物性污染检测主要集中在细菌方面。例如总活菌数、大肠杆菌、热杀索丝菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、假单胞菌等。
JIN等[51]研究了高光谱成像技术结合荧光(F–HSI)在不同包装条件下对鸡胸肉微生物生长的预测能力。实验结果显示,在真空、托盘和组合包装条件下,使用支持向量机建立的总活菌数(Total Viable Count,TVC)预测模型表现优异,其R2分别为0.91、0.90和0.89,RMSE分别为0.47、0.54和0.58,RPD分别为2.44、2.32和2.21。此外,F–HSI技术在预测组合包装鸡胸肉的TVC和大肠菌群时,相较于单独的高光谱成像,取得了更好的预测结果,其TVC预测的R2达到0.93,RMSE为0.44,RPD为2.74;大肠菌群预测的R2为0.92,RMSE为0.46,RPD为2.57。这表明荧光作为一种补充技术,能够显著提升高光谱成像在鸡肉供应链中预测微生物生长的能力。BAI等[52]结合传统机器学习和深度学习方法,利用高光谱成像技术对羊肉中的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌进行了检测,结果表明,高光谱成像技术能够有效地识别羊肉中的污染状况,并区分不同类型的病原菌。未来的研究方向可以进一步探讨高光谱成像技术在病原菌检出限方面的应用。高光谱成像技术对热杀索丝菌、假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等都有一定的预测精度,表明了高光谱成像技术在检测细菌污染方面的可行性。
食品中的化学污染主要来自农药残留、兽药残留和重金属污染。农药的过量使用导致其残留物进入食物链,对人类健康构成潜在风险,可能引发急性中毒或慢性疾病。兽药残留同样对食品安全构成威胁,可能影响人体的内分泌系统或引发抗药性问题。重金属如铅、镉等通过污染的土壤和水源进入食品,可能损害免疫系统和神经功能[60]。目前,高光谱成像技术已经应用于各种食品中化学污染的检测,通过早期检测和精准识别这些有害物质,高光谱成像技术有助于确保食品的安全性和质量,进一步提升公众健康保护和食品供应链的信任度。
高光谱成像技术通过识别农药分子在光谱上的特定吸收峰,能够快速检测果蔬表面或内部的农药残留。BIAN等[53]模拟了哈密瓜实际生产过程中农药喷洒的情况,并使用高光谱成像技术对成熟哈密瓜的农药残留进行了检测。基于特征波长建立的PLS-DA模型,预测农药残留的准确率达到了86.99%。作者指出,未来的研究应该扩大到更多水果品种的农药残留分析,同时不断提高PLS-DA模型的适应性。LI等[54]则采用高光谱成像技术检测花椰菜中的农药残留量及农药残留消散率。在农药残留量方面,建立的PLS模型表现出较好的精度;而对于农药残留消散率,使用高光谱成像技术与色谱仪进行对比分析,结果表明,两种方法预测农药半衰期的差异仅为0.14 d。虽然色谱法以高精度著称,但它非常耗时,需要详细的样品制备和昂贵的设备,相比之下,高光谱成像技术提供了更快速、无损的检测方式,毫无疑问其为农药残留检测提供了一个理想的方案。
在兽药残留检测方面,LI等[55]引入多层级数据融合策略,用于羊肉中培氟沙星残留的预测。通过中间层融合结合迭代保留信息变量算法,模型在仅54个特征波长下实现R2=0.940、RMSEP=0.375的预测精度,较单波段模型提升5.4%。其关键发现在于:1100~1200 nm与1600~1700 nm波段对喹诺酮类药物的C=O伸缩振动(酰胺I带)与C-H弯曲振动敏感,为兽药-光谱的分子机制解析提供了实验依据。进一步,DONG等[56]基于卷积神经网络-堆叠稀疏自编码器模型,在氧氟沙星残留检测中引入了SHAP可解释性分析。通过特征波长提取方法提取之后,SHAP分析进一步确定了这些特征波长中对模型预测结果贡献最大的波长。研究结果显示卷积神经网络-堆叠稀疏自编码器模型在识别氧氟沙星残留的存在时准确率达到了100%,并且在对残留水平(低浓度1~2 mg/kg、中浓度3~4 mg/kg、高浓度≥5 mg/kg)的识别中,模型的准确率达到了93.65%。该研究实现了兽药残留的“可解释AI”检测,为快速、准确检测兽药残留提供了新的技术手段。
重金属污染对人体健康造成严重危害,长期暴露可能引发多种疾病。传统的重金属检测方法,如原子吸收光谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱法,虽然方法精确,但通常需要复杂的样品前处理且检测过程较慢。因此,急需开发更快速、便捷的重金属检测技术。高光谱成像技术通过检测重金属对食品光谱特性的影响,能够实现重金属的快速检测。YAO等[57]使用高光谱成像技术结合深度学习方法对不同铅暴露梯度下的鸡蛋进行了重金属铅的检测,结果表明该方法对铅含量预测具有较高的可行性,其建立的基于VMD-SAE深度光谱特征的最小二乘支持向量回归模型在铅含量预测上表现优异(R2p=0.9372,RMSEP=0.0447 mg/kg,RPD=3.9589)。除此之外,该研究还发现铅暴露会对鸡蛋的多种品质产生影响,这些品质指标的变化会在可见-近红外高光谱图像中产生相应响应,从而揭示了高光谱成像技术用于检测鸡蛋中铅含量的机制。除此之外,高光谱成像技术还可以用来检测复合重金属污染,例如,ZHOU等[58]使用荧光高光谱成像技术对生菜叶中的复合重金属(镉和铅)进行了无损检测和可视化研究,结果表明该技术结合优化算法在复合重金属检测方面具有巨大潜力。研究中提出了一种基于小波变换和逐步回归的方法,用于荧光光谱数据的降维处理,并建立了镉和铅含量的检测模型。其中,镉含量预测模型R2p为0.7905,RMSEP为0.0269 mg/kg,RPD为2.477;铅含量预测模型R2p为0.8965,RMSEP为0.0096 mg/kg,RPD为3.211。同时生成了生菜叶中镉和铅含量的分布图,进一步证实了荧光高光谱成像技术结合优化算法在检测复合重金属方面的有效性。
此外,高光谱成像还可以用于土壤中重金属污染的快速检测,为农田生产的安全性提供保障。CHEN等[59]利用高光谱成像技术结合机器算法对黑土区保护性耕作农田土壤中的重金属含量进行了反演分析。研究结果表明,高光谱成像技术能够有效检测土壤中的重金属含量,为土壤污染监测提供了新的技术手段。通过检测土壤中重金属元素的光谱特性,可评估重金属对粮食作物的潜在威胁,进而实现从源头上保障食品安全。
食品异物是指在食品加工或储存过程中意外混入的非食品物质,例如金属片、玻璃、塑料或有机杂质。这些异物不仅会影响食品质量,还可能对消费者的健康构成严重威胁[61]。传统的异物检测方法,如X射线和金属探测器,虽然在一定程度上有效,但在检测非金属异物时往往存在局限性。近年来,高光谱成像技术因其能够精确区分异物与食品之间的图像差异,成为一种备受关注的检测手段。高光谱成像技术通过获取不同波长的反射光谱信息,能在多维度上对食品和异物进行分析,从而实现高效、准确的异物检测[62]。SHU等[63]利用高光谱成像技术对辣椒中的石头、纸张、织物和塑料袋等异物进行了检测。通过随机森林法进行像素级分类,并结合YOLOv5分类算法对辣椒和异物进行区分,最终取得了96%的异物识别准确率。此外,SAEIDAN等[64]采用该技术对可可豆中的异物进行了检测,结果表明,支持向量机(SVM)模型能够有效分类,且准确率达到了89.1%。SONG等[65]则使用高光谱成像技术对鱼肉中的鱼骨头进行检测,实验结果表明,该技术能够有效检测小于2.5 mm的鱼骨,并且检测性能达到了90.5%。此外,高光谱成像技术还广泛应用于其他样品的异物检测,如海藻、鱼肉和禽肉等[66−68]。总体而言,高光谱成像技术在食品异物检测中的应用展现了巨大的潜力,不仅能够提高检测的准确性,还能有效突破传统检测方法的局限性。随着技术的不断进步,未来在食品安全领域,尤其是在自动化生产线上的应用前景将更加广阔。
尽管高光谱成像技术在食品质量安全检测中展现出显著优势,但其规模化应用仍面临诸多挑战。首先,高精度光谱成像设备的购置与维护成本高昂,成为制约中小食品企业在技术部署上的硬件成本壁垒。其次,高光谱成像所产生的高维数据(通常超过100个波段)分析耗时较长,难以满足高速生产线对实时检测的需求。此外,同一食品在不同批次中常出现光谱基线漂移现象,导致检测模型需频繁标定。最后,目前缺乏跨实验室的光谱与理化参数关联数据库,这在很大程度上制约了高光谱成像技术的标准化进程与产业化推广。
未来,人工智能(Artificial Intelligence,AI)与高光谱成像技术的融合将为食品检测领域带来智能化升级。通过构建通用AI模型,可利用少量数据快速识别食品的光谱特征,从而减少对大规模样本的依赖,并提升模型自适应能力,降低人工干预频率。同时,建立数据共享机制,有助于增强模型的泛化能力;结合多模态传感器,则可提高在复杂场景下的检测准确性。此外,开发具备实时学习能力的系统,使其能自动适应原料变化,从而优化检测效率,以匹配不同生产线速度。最终,借助AI驱动的决策系统,将检测结果直接转化为对工艺参数的调整指令,实现生产过程中的智能化调控。通过上述一系列改进与创新,有望推动高光谱成像技术在食品行业的广泛应用,为食品质量安全检测提供更高效、精准的技术支持,助力食品产业向智能化方向发展。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060142
  • 接收时间:2025-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-12
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    东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030

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陈倩(1988−)(ORCID:0000−0001−6412−3315),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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