Article(id=1320166273498071971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050286, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748361600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681767105, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681767105, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681767105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681767105, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=469, endPage=476, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166273686815652, articleId=1320166273498071971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Application of Starch and Its Lubricating Properties, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Starch, as one of the most fundamental components in food, plays a crucial role in daily human consumption. To provide a systematic understanding of the lubricating properties of starch and its applications across various industries, this paper reviews two widely accepted lubrication mechanisms: The lubricating film mechanism and the ball bearing mechanism. The paper emphasizes the application of starch in dairy products, gel-like foods, baked goods, 3D-printed foods, and as a fat substitute, particularly highlighting its function in enhancing lubrication sensation and sensory quality. Furthermore, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the research advancements and application potential of starch and its modified derivatives in the food industry and related sectors, including lubricants, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Studies indicate that starch-based lubricating materials offer notable advantages over traditional synthetic lubricants in specific areas such as oral food processing, pharmaceutical capsule lubrication, biodegradable coatings, and cosmetic formulations. These benefits align with the current global demand for sustainable development and eco-friendly manufacturing practices, underscoring the significant scientific and practical value of starch-based materials. This paper aims to provide a theoretical foundation and scientific reference for the development of healthier, tastier, and more sustainable starch-based lubricating materials in the future.

, authors=Hui CHEN1, Huaizhong LIU2, Yuxin ZHU1, An WU2, Mengqin LI1, Shunshun LIN1, *, authorsList=Hui CHEN, Huaizhong LIU, Yuxin ZHU, An WU, Mengqin LI, Shunshun LIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shunshun LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166276174037931, articleId=1320166273498071971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=淀粉及其润滑特性的应用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

淀粉作为食品中最基础的组成成分之一,在人们的日常生活中具有重要地位。为了系统阐述淀粉的润滑性能及其在不同行业中的应用,本文综述了当前学术界普遍认可的两种淀粉润滑机制:润滑膜作用机制与球轴承作用机制;重点探讨了淀粉在乳制品、凝胶类食品、烘焙制品、3D打印食品以及脂肪替代食品等领域的应用,并特别强调其在改善食品润滑感与感官品质方面的作用。同时,本文系统分析了淀粉及其改性产物在食品工业及其他相关领域(如润滑剂、医药及化妆品行业)中的研究进展与应用前景。研究表明,淀粉基润滑材料在食品口腔加工、药剂胶囊润滑、可降解润滑涂层以及化妆品等多个特定领域中,展现出相较于传统合成润滑材料更为显著的优势,符合当前可持续发展与绿色制造的迫切需求,具有重要的研究与应用价值。本文以期为未来健康、美味且可持续发展的淀粉基润滑材料的设计提供科学指导。

, authors=陈慧1, 刘怀忠2, 朱育欣1, 吴安2, 李梦琴1, 林顺顺1, *, authorsList=陈慧, 刘怀忠, 朱育欣, 吴安, 李梦琴, 林顺顺, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=林顺顺, authorNote=

陈慧(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
林顺顺(1985−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学、农产品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=DIU1uY78XlOBjr/KXnrxpA==, magXml=qfQFOLtjWEpOgqtoCgvwQw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=fD77hZ8EJT4iAOY5jn14HA==, pdfFileSize=1001051, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=uSRDfyxBmFVQ8lpZ/UTDVg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=nBD126Vok+hnlkLIQyJyXQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320166276568302515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166273498071971, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=852146029@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320166276647994293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166273498071971, authorId=1320166276568302515, language=EN, stringName=Hui CHEN, firstName=Hui, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320166276731880374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166273498071971, authorId=1320166276568302515, language=CN, stringName=陈慧, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1河南农业大学食品科学技术学院,河南郑州 450002, bio={"content":"

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淀粉及其润滑特性的应用研究进展
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陈慧 1 , 刘怀忠 2 , 朱育欣 1 , 吴安 2 , 李梦琴 1 , 林顺顺 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(14): 469-476
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (14) : 469 -476
淀粉及其润滑特性的应用研究进展
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陈慧1 , 刘怀忠2, 朱育欣1, 吴安2, 李梦琴1, 林顺顺1, *
作者信息
  • 1河南农业大学食品科学技术学院,河南郑州 450002
  • 2贝一食品(山东)有限公司,山东临沂 276000
通讯作者:
林顺顺(1985−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学、农产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈慧(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Application of Starch and Its Lubricating Properties
Hui CHEN1 , Huaizhong LIU2, Yuxin ZHU1, An WU2, Mengqin LI1, Shunshun LIN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 2Bei Yi Food (Shandong) Co., Ltd., Linyi 276000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050286
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淀粉作为食品中最基础的组成成分之一,在人们的日常生活中具有重要地位。为了系统阐述淀粉的润滑性能及其在不同行业中的应用,本文综述了当前学术界普遍认可的两种淀粉润滑机制:润滑膜作用机制与球轴承作用机制;重点探讨了淀粉在乳制品、凝胶类食品、烘焙制品、3D打印食品以及脂肪替代食品等领域的应用,并特别强调其在改善食品润滑感与感官品质方面的作用。同时,本文系统分析了淀粉及其改性产物在食品工业及其他相关领域(如润滑剂、医药及化妆品行业)中的研究进展与应用前景。研究表明,淀粉基润滑材料在食品口腔加工、药剂胶囊润滑、可降解润滑涂层以及化妆品等多个特定领域中,展现出相较于传统合成润滑材料更为显著的优势,符合当前可持续发展与绿色制造的迫切需求,具有重要的研究与应用价值。本文以期为未来健康、美味且可持续发展的淀粉基润滑材料的设计提供科学指导。

食品口腔加工  /  淀粉  /  润滑性  /  感官属性  /  脂肪替代  /  凝胶

Starch, as one of the most fundamental components in food, plays a crucial role in daily human consumption. To provide a systematic understanding of the lubricating properties of starch and its applications across various industries, this paper reviews two widely accepted lubrication mechanisms: The lubricating film mechanism and the ball bearing mechanism. The paper emphasizes the application of starch in dairy products, gel-like foods, baked goods, 3D-printed foods, and as a fat substitute, particularly highlighting its function in enhancing lubrication sensation and sensory quality. Furthermore, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the research advancements and application potential of starch and its modified derivatives in the food industry and related sectors, including lubricants, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Studies indicate that starch-based lubricating materials offer notable advantages over traditional synthetic lubricants in specific areas such as oral food processing, pharmaceutical capsule lubrication, biodegradable coatings, and cosmetic formulations. These benefits align with the current global demand for sustainable development and eco-friendly manufacturing practices, underscoring the significant scientific and practical value of starch-based materials. This paper aims to provide a theoretical foundation and scientific reference for the development of healthier, tastier, and more sustainable starch-based lubricating materials in the future.

food oral processing  /  starch  /  lubricity  /  sensory properties  /  fat substitution  /  gelatin
陈慧, 刘怀忠, 朱育欣, 吴安, 李梦琴, 林顺顺. 淀粉及其润滑特性的应用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 469 -476 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050286
Hui CHEN, Huaizhong LIU, Yuxin ZHU, An WU, Mengqin LI, Shunshun LIN. Research Progress on the Application of Starch and Its Lubricating Properties[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 469 -476 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050286
人类倾向于从食物消费中获取最大程度的感官满足,其中润滑感作为重要的感官属性,是食物具有享乐性特征的关键因素之一。食物在口腔咀嚼过程中的加工不仅关乎营养吸收,更涉及感官体验的构建。特别是在口腔加工过程中所感知到的润滑度(如光滑度或奶油感),作为感官愉悦的重要组成部分,是许多享乐性食品广受欢迎的主要原因。即便是如牛奶、酸奶等可直接吞咽的液态食品,也需经历复杂的口腔加工过程。食物在口腔中的润滑特性不仅显著影响其口感、风味、香气及物理稳定性等感官属性[1−3],还直接决定了食物的质地感知与整体食用愉悦程度。因此,关于食物在口腔加工过程中润滑质地的研究日益受到重视。研究表明,食团在口腔中的黏性和润滑性是影响光滑感或奶油感的关键物理参数,与口腔摩擦系数密切相关[4]。通过研究食物在口腔中的摩擦学特性,即用典型的摩擦学数据定量描述其润滑质地[5],从而揭示这些摩擦学特性与乳脂感、平滑度等感官属性之间的关系,从而进一步解释其对消费者食品偏好的影响。
淀粉是日常食品中最基础的组成成分之一,广泛存在于植物的种子、块茎、茎干及果实等部位。作为一种来源广泛且成本较低的天然高分子化合物,淀粉不仅是人类膳食结构中的关键组成部分,也是人体获取能量的重要营养来源[6−8]。此外,淀粉具有良好的润滑性能和质地调节功能,已被广泛应用于食品及化妆品行业中,对最终产品的质地特性,尤其是在提升食品润滑性方面,具有显著影响。淀粉能够显著改善食品的质地、口感和整体感官体验,并在诸多领域得到广泛应用[9−12]。食物的口腔咀嚼加工过程非常复杂,涉及不同物质状态和界面流体运动形式之间的动态转化。目前,对食物在口腔加工中界面剪切过程中的摩擦学机制尚不明确。对淀粉的研究也多集中在关于淀粉的溶解性、凝胶性能和黏弹性、老化和消化等方面,而关于淀粉的润滑性质,以及淀粉及其润滑性在不同行业领域的应用缺乏系统论述。
本文综述了当前学术界普遍认可的两种淀粉润滑机制,重点探讨了淀粉在乳制品、凝胶类食品、烘焙制品、3D打印食品、脂肪替代食品等领域的应用,应用中特别强调了淀粉及其改性产物在改善食品润滑感和感官品质方面的作用,并进一步分析了其在食品工业及其他相关领域(如润滑剂、医药及化妆品行业)的应用研究进展(图1),旨在为开发健康、美味且具有可持续性的淀粉基功能性原料提供科学依据与理论支持。
食物的摩擦学行为通常用摩擦曲线(即Stribeck曲线)进行表示。该曲线是研究夹带速度、法向载荷、润滑剂粘度、摩擦副表面复合粗糙度与摩擦系数之间的关系的曲线。摩擦副(tribopair)是指两个直接接触并产生相对摩擦运动的物体所构成的体系。根据Stribeck曲线理论,随着润滑膜厚度的变化,将食物在口腔中的摩擦状态分为三种(图2),即边界润滑状态、混合润滑状态,以及弹性流体动力润滑状态[13−14]。
淀粉的摩擦机制主要取决于其分子结构、溶解性以及与润滑剂的相互作用。淀粉作为一种由直链淀粉和支链淀粉组成的多糖,其润滑性能受到直链与支链比例的显著影响[15]。在离子液体-水混合体系中,淀粉分子可溶解并形成分支结构,这些结构在摩擦过程中发挥润滑作用,有助于降低摩擦系数[16]。淀粉颗粒的形状和表面特性也对其摩擦性能有重要影响。例如,马铃薯淀粉颗粒呈椭圆形,易于滚动,因此动摩擦系数较低[17]。此外,颗粒间的氢键和范德华力等相互作用也显著影响其摩擦特性[18]。润滑条件对淀粉的摩擦机制同样具有重要影响。在边界润滑条件下,润滑剂可在接触表面形成保护膜,减少直接接触面积,从而有效降低摩擦系数[19]。
淀粉润滑机制主要依赖于淀粉颗粒在摩擦界面中的分布及其作用方式。淀粉颗粒通过填充摩擦间隙,减少两个接触表面的直接接触,从而有效降低摩擦系数。根据颗粒流润滑理论[16],固体颗粒(如淀粉)被引入到摩擦副之间,通过其微观运动(包括滑动、碰撞和滚动)来降低摩擦阻力。研究表明,润滑效果与颗粒的分布状态、几何形状以及颗粒间的相互作用密切相关[20]。此外,淀粉颗粒的表面特性(如亲水性或疏水性)也对其润滑性能产生显著影响。在溶剂化条件下,淀粉颗粒能够在摩擦界面形成致密的润滑膜,从而进一步降低摩擦[16]。同时,淀粉润滑还涉及流体动力润滑与边界润滑的混合机制:在高载荷条件下,淀粉颗粒可能形成局部润滑膜;而在低载荷条件下,则更倾向于表现为边界润滑。该混合润滑模型可通过实验测试与数值模拟进行验证。因此,目前普遍接受淀粉润滑存在两种主要作用模型(见图3):一是润滑膜作用[21−22],二是球轴承作用[23−24]。
在特定条件下,淀粉能够形成润滑膜,从而有效降低摩擦与磨损。可溶性直链淀粉[16]作为一种润滑剂,它可在两个相对运动的接触表面之间形成一层约2 nm厚的纳米级薄膜(见图3a),将原本直接接触的干摩擦界面分隔开来,转变为润滑剂分子间的摩擦作用,从而显著减小摩擦系数和磨损率。润滑膜的存在使摩擦界面的摩擦状态由干摩擦(常见于极低滑动速度条件下)转变为边界摩擦或流体摩擦,进而降低摩擦阻力和摩擦系数。
Ortigosa-Moya等[25]发现在低速下淀粉颗粒无法沿接触面流动,而在较高滑动速度(V≥10−2 ms−1)下,可形成允许淀粉颗粒自由移动的薄膜,摩擦系数增加。增加颗粒浓度会产生更粗糙的接触,导致在较小滑动速度下发生等黏弹性流体动力润滑状态。发生润滑膜作用的前提是随着滑动速度的增加,颗粒可以吸附在接触物表面从而形成颗粒膜。
淀粉颗粒的形态具有多样性,尽管不同植物来源和种类的淀粉颗粒在形态上表现出显著差异,但淀粉颗粒主要表现为球形或椭圆形颗粒。根据淀粉润滑机理中的球轴承机制(见图3b),淀粉颗粒能够通过减少摩擦副表面的接触面积,将局部的相对运动形式由滑动转变为滚动,从而有效降低摩擦系数。此外,淀粉颗粒所具备的滚动效应及其作为承载介质的功能也有助于提升润滑性能,从而在边界润滑和混合润滑条件下显著降低摩擦作用。
Yakubov等[16]采用弹性体聚二甲基硅氧烷(Polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)作为摩擦副材料,评估了淀粉悬浮液的摩擦学性能。研究发现,淀粉颗粒的存在显著降低了摩擦系数,悬浮液的Stribeck曲线在整体上呈现出与牛顿流体相似的趋势。当摩擦速度Uη低于10 μN/m时,与纯水相比,悬浮液进一步增强了润滑效果。基于这一现象,研究者推测在低速条件下(Uη<10 μN/m),摩擦系数的降低可能与颗粒被夹带进入接触界面有关,进而使摩擦机制由滑动摩擦为主转变为滚动摩擦为主,其中夹带的颗粒起到了类似滚珠轴承的作用。实现滚珠轴承润滑的前提是颗粒分布均匀、形态接近球形且表面光滑,从而有利于滚动行为的发生并显著降低摩擦。此外,Han等[26]研究替代蔗糖对脱脂鲜奶油物理特性及奶油感影响的实验中,发现含有玉米麦芽糊精的样品跨度最低但粒径较高,这有助于降低口腔摩擦系数。该现象可能归因于玉米麦芽糊精促进了小颗粒聚集并抑制了大颗粒的生成,从而使得粒径分布更加集中,进而实现了滚珠轴承润滑效应。
在乳制品中存在一种恒定关系:食品中的脂肪含量越高,其口感的平滑度和乳脂感越强,这有助于在摩擦学分析中降低摩擦系数,从而减少涩味感知,减轻口腔中的涩感[27]。涩感被认为是由于黏膜表面润滑程度的降低和摩擦的增加导致的干燥粗糙和褶皱的感觉[28]。随着健康意识的提升,消费者对体重管理和健康饮食的关注日益增加,减脂食品提供了一种方便且有效的途径来帮助消费者控制体重和改善健康状况。食品行业在创造各种以植物为基础的乳制品替代品,如牛奶、奶油、酸奶和奶酪。这些乳制品替代品通常旨在模拟真实乳制品在物理化学性质、功能特性及感官特征方面的表现,包括外观、质地、口感、风味以及保质期等关键指标[29]。
淀粉在乳制品中可改善产品的质地、稳定性和感官特性。Yu等[30]开发了一种基于淀粉的脂肪替代品,并将其应用于低脂牛奶凝胶中。该脂肪替代品为低葡萄糖当量(DE)的淀粉水解物,因其优良的胶凝性能,被证实具有良好的脂肪替代效果。当DE为3.1%时,该脂肪替代品可替代30%的脂肪,同时保持与全脂牛奶凝胶相近的流变特性及微观结构。研究结果表明,该脂肪替代品有助于改善低脂牛奶的润滑口感,使其在感官特性方面接近全脂牛奶。此外,相关研究也显示,在酸奶中添加淀粉可有效减少乳清析出,提高产品黏度,从而改善酸奶的整体质地[31]。Nguyen等[32]的研究表明,改性淀粉(如羟丙基磷酸淀粉)能够增加酸奶样品的黏稠度,并赋予其粉质感和颗粒感的口感特征,同时对脱脂酸奶的润滑性能具有积极影响。豌豆的微观结构呈近似球形或椭球形,粒径范围为2~40 μm,与乳脂肪球的结构特性相似。因此,王玥[33]尝试将豌豆淀粉与酪蛋白结合,应用于低脂干酪中。豌豆淀粉作为脂肪替代物,可能通过改善质地和口感发挥作用,并借助球轴承机制增强食品的润滑感。近期,Farooq等[34]利用天然玉米淀粉颗粒与橄榄叶酚类提取物(OLE)制备了水包油型乳液,并将淀粉颗粒预处理后分为小颗粒(<5 μm)和大颗粒(<50 μm)两类。结果显示,由小颗粒稳定的乳液具有较高的摩擦系数,表现出颗粒润滑效应;而由大颗粒稳定的乳液则因油滴易于聚结形成连续油膜,表现出较低的摩擦系数,润滑性能更佳。这表明淀粉颗粒的粒径大小对其在乳液中的稳定机制及润滑性能具有显著影响。因此,随着健康理念的不断普及和深化,淀粉在低脂食品的研发与生产过程中正发挥着愈发不可替代的关键作用。
淀粉因其润滑特性常被用于凝胶食品中,例如酱汁、布丁、汤以及面糊混合物等。目前,吞咽困难患者的饮食通常由糊状或浓稠液体组成[35]。当淀粉与水接触时,会以分散的颗粒形式存在。在加热过程中,淀粉颗粒开始膨胀,随着膨胀颗粒体积比例的增加,淀粉悬浮液逐渐变得浓稠,这一过程被称为糊化[36]。经过糊化处理后的淀粉大多可以形成具有弹性和强度的半透明凝胶,这是因为直链淀粉分子发生了缠绕并趋于有序排列[37],进而形成了多羟基聚合物,有效提升了产品的黏度和稳定性[38]。在前期,Lin等[39]对三种淀粉凝胶(小麦、马铃薯和豌豆)的摩擦学性能进行比较分析,发现小麦淀粉凝胶的摩擦系数显著低于马铃薯和豌豆淀粉凝胶(P<0.05)。这可能归因于在摩擦过程中间隙含水量发生变化,小麦淀粉凝胶的截留水(96%)高于豌豆淀粉凝胶(89%)和马铃薯淀粉凝胶(95%)。在摩擦过程中,水分释放会降低摩擦系数。
淀粉及其润滑性能在凝胶制品中的应用是一个复杂而多方面的研究领域,涉及淀粉的结构、凝胶化行为、润滑性能以及其在食品中的应用。Liu等[40]通过天然淀粉制备油凝胶,研究发现小颗粒淀粉在豆油中的分散黏度随淀粉添加量的增加而上升。对于黏度较低的凝胶食品,易存在吞咽风险,且润滑性能较差,而由天然淀粉制备的油凝胶则表现出更优异的润滑特性。Mi等[41]研究表明,含有不同直链淀粉比例的淀粉基乳液能够显著改善海龙鱼鱼糜凝胶的微观结构,使其更加致密均匀,从而提升其口腔润滑性能及整体感官接受度。在如凉粉等传统食品中,淀粉与凉粉草多糖之间的相互作用可显著改变凝胶的结构特性,增强其短程有序性和双螺旋结构,进而提高产品的稳定性与爽滑口感[42]。因此,淀粉在凝胶食品中的适量应用,不仅有助于形成稳定的凝胶结构,还可通过其颗粒效应、黏度调节作用及水分保持能力,显著改善食品的润滑性能。未来的发展趋势将聚焦于开发具有智能响应特性的淀粉材料,以实现润滑性能在复杂食品体系中的动态调控。
淀粉在烘焙制品中的应用极为广泛。Akonor等[43]研究表明,在以木薯淀粉、虾粉和混合淀粉为原料制成的饼干中,木薯淀粉含量较高的饼干更受消费者青睐,这主要归因于木薯淀粉所具有的优良润滑性能。Berk等[44]指出,马铃薯淀粉具有较高的直链淀粉含量,这一特性使其能够与水分子发生更强的相互作用,并通过直链淀粉分子形成更为坚固的网络结构,从而使马铃薯淀粉面团表现出更为柔软的质地,这一特性在某些特定食品的应用中具有重要意义。林顺顺等[9]探索了六种不同来源的淀粉对饼干润滑质感的影响,研究结果显示,马铃薯淀粉饼干和红薯淀粉饼干表现出更好的润滑质地和口感,显著差异于其他淀粉饼干产品。因此,淀粉对提升烘焙产品的口感润滑质地及感官品质方面具有重要作用。淀粉在烘焙制品中的润滑性应用广泛且多样,不仅能够改善产品的柔软度和口感,还能增强结构稳定性,提升外观质量。
近年来,淀粉的润滑性能在三维(3D)打印领域受到广泛关注。Zheng等[45]研究了3D打印高内相乳液-大米淀粉凝胶的特性,发现含有较高水平直链淀粉的3D打印凝胶表现出结构清晰、表面光滑、打印稳定且尺寸偏差小的特点。Cheng等[46]研究将天然玉米淀粉及三种改性淀粉添加到乳液凝胶中,发现改性淀粉降低了凝胶的机械强度,增加了结合水含量,并形成更灵活的网络结构,且通过了吞咽性测试,润滑质地得到改善。另外,Ng等[47]发现预糊化淀粉可作为分子润滑剂和亲水性增塑剂成功掺入生物墨水中,并提高了生物墨水的力学性能。Liu等[48]探究玉米淀粉对银耳多糖-蛋清蛋白-橙汁复合凝胶的调节作用,发现随着玉米淀粉浓度的增加,复合凝胶的表观黏度、G'、G''、持水性、硬度和弹性均得到增强,且微观结构表现出逐渐致密化,伴随孔径减小,润滑质地增加的现象,更适用于3D打印。
大量研究表明,淀粉由于其独特的物理特性(如黏弹性、成膜性、假塑性和流变性),能够形成稳定的晶体结构、双螺旋结构以及层状结构[49],因此被视为3D食品打印油墨的理想材料。此外,淀粉的润滑性能有助于提升3D打印食品的打印性能、结构稳定性和打印精度,从而改善其感官品质。
随着肥胖和糖尿病等慢性疾病的日益增加,减少饮食中脂肪的摄入被认为是降低慢性病风险的重要策略之一。因此,脂肪替代品的研究已成为当前食品科学领域的热点方向。淀粉因其具备类似脂肪的胶体特性,能够模拟油脂的口感,具有涂抹性和“假塑性”以及黏性,同时具备良好的口腔润滑性能,因此在改善食品口感和质地方面表现出显著优势,被广泛研究并应用于脂肪替代物中。Agyei-Amponsah等[50]研究表明,直链淀粉-脂质复合物能够抑制脂肪乳剂形成高黏度结构,从而在脂肪替代物中发挥关键作用。此外,玉米淀粉纳米颗粒已被应用于沙拉酱中作为脂肪替代品,成功替代了60%的脂肪含量,不仅未影响产品的质量品质,还表现出良好的润滑性和口感品质[51]。Geetanjali等[52]研究发现,经过超声处理的改性淀粉可作为松饼中脂肪的有效替代品,当超声处理淀粉添加量为16%时,松饼的口感与质地显著改善,为烘焙食品提供了更健康的替代方案。Paramitasari等[53]研究采用天然淀粉(如西米、木薯和玉米淀粉)替代全脂蛋黄酱中的部分脂肪,结果显示木薯淀粉效果最佳,即添加12%木薯淀粉可有效降低热量和脂肪含量,同时显著提升乳液稳定性(达99.43%),改善产品口感与品质,契合当前消费者对健康膳食结构的关注。
因此,淀粉可作为很好的脂肪替代品,通过应用天然淀粉或适当进行改性,使其与食品成分发生交互作用,提升感官品质。
在工业应用领域,淀粉被广泛用作润滑剂。Zhang等[54]研究了特定浓度范围内淀粉颗粒悬浮液的润滑性能,发现随着玉米淀粉浓度的增加,摩擦系数逐渐降低。该现象归因于淀粉颗粒被带入接触区域,形成边界润滑层,从而阻止了PDMS表面之间的直接接触。然而,当浓度达到某一临界值后,颗粒层已充分覆盖接触表面,继续增加淀粉浓度对摩擦系数的影响趋于不显著。Ji等[55]通过采用三种不同浓度的玉米淀粉,系统分析了淀粉糊化与溶胀过程对其润滑性能的影响,进一步验证了淀粉作为润滑添加剂的应用潜力。He等[56]基于淀粉的润滑特性,研究了可溶性淀粉与物理改性氟化石墨烯复合材料作为水基润滑添加剂的摩擦学性能,结果表明该类材料在水中展现出优异的协同润滑效果。此外,淀粉型润滑剂在水基钻井液中表现出良好的稳定性和分散性,其润滑性能优于传统油基钻井液[57−59]。Zhang等[60]对莲藕淀粉/碳纳米管复合水基润滑剂进行了研究,并开展了摩擦性能实验。结果表明,在中高速条件下,含有2.5%莲藕淀粉和0.075%碳纳米管的润滑剂表现出优异的润滑性能,具有较低的摩擦系数和良好的稳定性,且能够迅速进入超润滑状态。
综上表明,淀粉作为一种重要的润滑剂,在润滑剂应用领域正发挥着关键作用。
在多种常规片剂和胶囊制剂中,淀粉常被用作稀释剂、崩解剂、黏合剂及润滑剂[61],其作用在于降低粉末颗粒间的摩擦力,改善片剂的外观和硬度,从而提升其整体质量与工艺性能。Majumder等[62]研究表明,小米淀粉因其固有的抗菌和抗氧化特性,可制成生物活性薄膜,作为药片薄膜的天然替代品,有效保持片剂的完整药效。为了解决淀粉胶囊表面摩擦带电导致药物粉末吸附的问题,研究人员开发了甘油改性的淀粉胶囊,该胶囊具有优良的抗摩擦起电和润滑性能[63]。淀粉微球(Starch microspheres,SMs)是由淀粉链或淀粉衍生物构成的微米级球形颗粒,近年来被广泛应用于药物递送系统,展现出良好的润滑性能。Puncha-Arnon等[64]通过水解与交联工艺制备了木薯淀粉微球,所得微球粒径较小且形态规整,常用于药物递送系统。Luo等[65]采用反相微乳液法合成了藜麦淀粉微粒,其粒径分布为28.5 μm,并成功作为多种抗生素(如盐酸四环素、阿莫西林、环丙沙星和莫西沙星)的输送载体。Putro等[66]利用乙醇沉淀法制备了马铃薯淀粉纳米颗粒,该材料结晶度较低,由于其分子链柔性较高、自由体积较大,更易于在接触界面形成润滑膜,从而降低摩擦系数,并具备较高的药物负载能力。
综上所述,淀粉在制药领域的主要应用在于其作为药物载体及辅料所具备的关键功能。其不仅有助于提升药物的稳定性与可控释放性能,同时在制剂过程中亦能提供必要的物理与化学特性支持。
摩擦性能是化妆品配方设计中的关键物理特性之一,与其滑度及黏性等感官属性密切相关[67−68]。淀粉颗粒粉末常被用于添加至护肤霜及化妆品中,以增强产品性能并改善使用时的肤感体验。
香蕉淀粉常用于化妆品粉末配方中,以提升产品的平滑度和涂抹性能,常作为滑石粉的替代成分[69]。玉米淀粉和大米淀粉因其良好的油脂吸收能力,可有效减少皮肤表面的油腻感,同时保持肌肤柔软与光滑[70−71]。大米淀粉是一种来源于植物的精细粉末,在温度低于50 ℃时表现出超柔滑、半透明的特性。其多孔结构和较强吸附性有助于吸收多余油脂、减少油光、改善毛孔外观,并具有防止皮肤干燥的作用[72]。荞麦淀粉具备独特的理化性质,其颗粒呈不规则多边形,结晶度较低,吸水能力较强,因此在化妆品中表现出良好的润滑保湿性能。通过改性处理(如超微粉碎和预糊化),可进一步优化其性能,如提高溶解度与膨胀能力、降低结晶度、增强润滑性,从而提升其在化妆品中的应用效果[73−74]。此外,朱雯雯[75]的研究表明,通过特定化学改性方法制得的疏水性淀粉微球已成功应用于粉底液中作为填充剂,表现出良好的稳定性。罗阳等[76]的研究发现,将藜麦淀粉制成交联淀粉微球后用于化妆品中,可作为吸附剂和摩擦剂,有效清除污垢和老化角质,兼具保护与缓释功能。综上所述,淀粉及其改性产物在化妆品领域中具有多重功能,不仅可改善使用肤感、提供保湿作用,还可作为功能性成分的载体和乳化剂,应用前景广阔。
本文综述了当前学术界普遍认可的两种淀粉润滑机制,即润滑膜作用机制与球轴承作用机制。研究表明,这两种机制并非孤立存在,而是受到滑动速度的显著影响。在较高滑动速度条件下,淀粉颗粒易于吸附于接触表面,形成颗粒膜,从而以膜润滑机制为主导;而在较低滑动速度下,淀粉颗粒更易被带入接触界面,发挥类似滚珠轴承的功能,使摩擦机制由滑动摩擦为主转变为滚动摩擦为主,即球轴承作用机制占主导。此外,本文重点探讨了淀粉在乳制品、凝胶类食品、烘焙制品、3D打印食品以及脂肪替代食品等领域的应用,特别强调其在改善食品润滑感与感官品质方面的作用。同时,本文还系统分析了淀粉及其改性产物在食品工业及其他相关领域(如润滑剂、医药及化妆品行业)中的研究进展与应用前景。研究认为,淀粉基润滑材料在食品口腔加工、药剂胶囊润滑、可降解润滑涂层以及化妆品等多个特定领域中,已展现出相较于传统合成润滑材料更为显著的优势,符合当前可持续发展与绿色制造的迫切需求。综上可知,淀粉及其改性衍生物因其优异的润滑性能,在多个行业中展现出广泛的应用潜力。作为一种重要的天然高分子材料,其不仅可改善产品的润滑质地,还可作为功能性成分的载体及乳化剂,具有重要的研究与应用价值。
未来应重点开展以下研究方向:a.润滑机制的深入研究:系统探究淀粉分子结构(包括直链与支链比例、分子量分布、取代基种类与取代程度)及其聚集态结构(如凝胶网络结构与晶体结构)与润滑行为(涵盖边界润滑、混合润滑及流体动压润滑等微观与宏观润滑机制)之间的构效关系,以揭示其润滑作用的本质。b.高性能润滑材料的开发:进一步提升淀粉基凝胶在高载荷、极端温度(高温稳定性与低温流动性)、宽pH范围以及长期储存条件下的性能稳定性与耐久性;同时,探索淀粉与新型生物基添加剂(如离子液体、植物油衍生物、功能化纳米纤维素)之间的协同润滑效应,以实现性能优化。c.应用精准化与标准化研究:根据具体应用场景,设计定制化的淀粉基润滑配方及剂型(如溶液、凝胶、乳液、固体粉末及薄膜);建立针对生物基润滑剂(特别是淀粉类材料)的性能评价标准与测试方法体系,以推动其在工业领域的规范化应用与广泛接受。总之,淀粉因其天然润滑性能、良好的生物相容性及环境友好特性,在替代传统润滑材料方面展现出显著优势。随着基础研究的不断深入与改性技术的持续进步,淀粉基润滑材料有望在绿色润滑领域发挥关键作用。通过对其润滑机制的深入理解,将进一步拓展其在相关领域的应用范围,更好地满足市场对健康、安全和可持续产品日益增长的需求,为功能性、可持续性淀粉基材料的开发提供坚实的理论基础与科学支撑。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050286
  • 接收时间:2025-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-28
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    1河南农业大学食品科学技术学院,河南郑州 450002
    2贝一食品(山东)有限公司,山东临沂 276000

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林顺顺(1985−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学、农产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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