Article(id=1320166249779282648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748707200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681761449, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681761449, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681761449, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681761449, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=477, endPage=490, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166249947054810, articleId=1320166249779282648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Advances in the Study of Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Structure, Analysis, and Industrial Applications, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundant components in human milk, playing a pivotal role in shaping the characteristic gut microbiota and regulating immune function in infants and other populations. This review elaborates on the structure, content, detection methods, biological functions, and food applications of HMOs, while contrasting the differences between animal milk oligosaccharides and human milk oligosaccharides. Furthermore, it explores compounding strategies for infant formula and analyzes regulatory advancements in this field. By synthesizing these insights, this review aims to provide researchers and developers in the food industry with a practical, forward-looking, and instructive reference to advance the application of HMOs in the food sector.

, authors=Lunwei WU1, 2, Guoxia DUAN1, 2, *, Lijun LIU1, 2, Chunxia LIU2, Huili GONG1, Jing CHEN2, Xiaoli WU1, 2, Zhiyong LÜ1, 2, authorsList=Lunwei WU, Guoxia DUAN, Lijun LIU, Chunxia LIU, Huili GONG, Jing CHEN, Xiaoli WU, Zhiyong LÜ, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guoxia DUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166250643309275, articleId=1320166249779282648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=母乳低聚糖研究进展:结构特征、检测技术与产业化应用, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

母乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs)在人乳中的含量非常丰富,对构建婴幼儿等人群的肠道特征菌群和调节免疫方面发挥着重要作用。本文对HMOs的结构、含量、检测方法、功能和在食品中的应用进行了阐述,对比了动物乳低聚糖与人乳低聚糖的差异,探讨复配策略、分析法规进展,为食品行业的研究者和开发者提供一份解决实际问题的、具有前瞻性和指导意义的参考来推进母乳低聚糖在食品行业的发展。

, authors=武伦玮1, 2, 段国霞1, 2, *, 刘丽君1, 2, 刘春霞2, 宫慧丽1, 陈静2, 吴晓莉1, 2, 吕志勇1, 2, authorsList=武伦玮, 段国霞, 刘丽君, 刘春霞, 宫慧丽, 陈静, 吴晓莉, 吕志勇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=段国霞, authorNote=

武伦玮(1989−),男,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全与检测,E-mail:

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段国霞(1987−),女,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全与检测,E-mail:。
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BBA Advances, 2025: 100136., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320166250949493468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166250957882077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, companyId=1320166250949493468, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166250966270686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, companyId=1320166250949493468, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 010100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166251037573855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166251045962464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, companyId=1320166251037573855, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Cattle and Sheep Milk and Meat Products Risk Control and Key Technology, State Administration for Market Regulation, Hohhot 010100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166251054351073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, companyId=1320166251037573855, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(牛羊乳肉风险防控与关键技术),内蒙古呼和浩特 010100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166255886189339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Lactose and non-fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides are designated as the core structures of other human milk oligosaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构编号中文名称英文名称及缩写
Ⅰ乳糖Lactose (not considered an HMOs itself),Lac
Ⅱ乳糖-N-四糖Lacto-N-tetraose,LNT
Ⅲ乳糖-N-新四糖Lacto-N-neotetraose,LNnT
Ⅳ乳糖-N-六糖Lacto-N-hexaose,LNH
Ⅴ乳糖-N-新六糖Lacto-N-neohexaose,LNnH
Ⅵ对-乳糖-N-六糖para-Lacto-N-hexaose,pLNH
Ⅶ对-乳糖-N-新六糖para-Lacto-N-neohexaose,pLNnH
Ⅷ乳糖-N-八糖Lacto-N-octaose,LNO
Ⅸ乳糖-N-新八糖Lacto-N-neooctaose,LNnO
Ⅹ异乳糖-N-八糖iso-Lacto-N-octaose,iLNO
XI对-乳糖-N-八糖para-Lacto-N-octaose,pLNO
XII对-乳糖-N-新八糖para-Lacto-N-neooctaose,pLNnO
XIII乳糖-N-十糖Lacto-N-decaose,LND
XIV乳糖-N-新十糖Lacto-N-neodecaose,LNnD
), ArticleFig(id=1320166255957492508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

乳糖和非岩藻糖基化的母乳低聚糖可作为其他母乳低聚糖核心结构的名称

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构编号中文名称英文名称及缩写
Ⅰ乳糖Lactose (not considered an HMOs itself),Lac
Ⅱ乳糖-N-四糖Lacto-N-tetraose,LNT
Ⅲ乳糖-N-新四糖Lacto-N-neotetraose,LNnT
Ⅳ乳糖-N-六糖Lacto-N-hexaose,LNH
Ⅴ乳糖-N-新六糖Lacto-N-neohexaose,LNnH
Ⅵ对-乳糖-N-六糖para-Lacto-N-hexaose,pLNH
Ⅶ对-乳糖-N-新六糖para-Lacto-N-neohexaose,pLNnH
Ⅷ乳糖-N-八糖Lacto-N-octaose,LNO
Ⅸ乳糖-N-新八糖Lacto-N-neooctaose,LNnO
Ⅹ异乳糖-N-八糖iso-Lacto-N-octaose,iLNO
XI对-乳糖-N-八糖para-Lacto-N-octaose,pLNO
XII对-乳糖-N-新八糖para-Lacto-N-neooctaose,pLNnO
XIII乳糖-N-十糖Lacto-N-decaose,LND
XIV乳糖-N-新十糖Lacto-N-neodecaose,LNnD
), ArticleFig(id=1320166256045572893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Twelve glycosidic linkages that constitude diverse HMOs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
糖苷键的链接缩写
半乳糖苷键Galβ1-4Glc
Galβ1-3GlcNAc
Galβ1-4GlcNAc
N-乙酰葡糖苷键GlcNAcβ1-3Gal
GlcNAcβ1-6Gal
岩藻糖苷键Fucα1-2Gal
Fucα1-3Glc
Fucα1-3GlcNAc
Fucα1-4GlcNAc
唾液酸糖苷键Neu5Acα2-3Gal
Neu5Acα2-6Gal
Neu5Acα2-6GlcNAc
), ArticleFig(id=1320166256121070366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

构成多种母乳低聚糖的12种类型的糖苷键

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
糖苷键的链接缩写
半乳糖苷键Galβ1-4Glc
Galβ1-3GlcNAc
Galβ1-4GlcNAc
N-乙酰葡糖苷键GlcNAcβ1-3Gal
GlcNAcβ1-6Gal
岩藻糖苷键Fucα1-2Gal
Fucα1-3Glc
Fucα1-3GlcNAc
Fucα1-4GlcNAc
唾液酸糖苷键Neu5Acα2-3Gal
Neu5Acα2-6Gal
Neu5Acα2-6GlcNAc
), ArticleFig(id=1320166256251093791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Biosynthesis of fucosylated HMOs depends on Secretor and Lewis blood group Status

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因型组合FUT2活性(α-1,2)FUT3活性(α-1,3/4)岩藻糖基连接方式合成的部分岩藻糖基化HMOs人群分布(%)
Se+Le+++α-1,2,α-1,3,α-1,42’-FL、LNFPⅠ、3-FL、LNFPⅢ、LNFPⅡ70
Se-Le+−+α-1,3,α-1,43-FL、LNFPⅢ、LNFPⅡ20
Se+Le-+−α-1,2,α-1,32’-FL、LNFPⅠ、3-FL、LNFPⅢ9
Se-Le-−−α-1,33-FL、LNFPⅢ1
), ArticleFig(id=1320166257870095136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

岩藻糖基化的母乳低聚糖体内生物合成与分泌型基因和血型的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因型组合FUT2活性(α-1,2)FUT3活性(α-1,3/4)岩藻糖基连接方式合成的部分岩藻糖基化HMOs人群分布(%)
Se+Le+++α-1,2,α-1,3,α-1,42’-FL、LNFPⅠ、3-FL、LNFPⅢ、LNFPⅡ70
Se-Le+−+α-1,3,α-1,43-FL、LNFPⅢ、LNFPⅡ20
Se+Le-+−α-1,2,α-1,32’-FL、LNFPⅠ、3-FL、LNFPⅢ9
Se-Le-−−α-1,33-FL、LNFPⅢ1
), ArticleFig(id=1320166257949786913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of the constituent monomers of human milk oligosaccharides, bovine milk oligosaccharides, and plant-derivedosaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
母乳低聚糖组成单体牛乳低聚糖组成单体植物源低聚糖组成单体
(主要)
D-葡萄糖D-葡萄糖D-葡萄糖
D-半乳糖D-半乳糖D-半乳糖
N-乙酰葡萄糖胺N-乙酰葡萄糖胺水苏糖
L-岩藻糖L-岩藻糖棉子糖
N-乙酰神经氨酸N-乙酰神经氨酸木糖
N-羟乙酰神经氨酸鼠李糖
甘露糖
核糖
阿拉伯糖
果糖
), ArticleFig(id=1320166258025284386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

母乳低聚糖、牛乳低聚糖和植物源低聚糖的组成单体比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
母乳低聚糖组成单体牛乳低聚糖组成单体植物源低聚糖组成单体
(主要)
D-葡萄糖D-葡萄糖D-葡萄糖
D-半乳糖D-半乳糖D-半乳糖
N-乙酰葡萄糖胺N-乙酰葡萄糖胺水苏糖
L-岩藻糖L-岩藻糖棉子糖
N-乙酰神经氨酸N-乙酰神经氨酸木糖
N-羟乙酰神经氨酸鼠李糖
甘露糖
核糖
阿拉伯糖
果糖
), ArticleFig(id=1320166258084004643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Concentration of the major oligosaccharides detected in human milk, goat milk, cow milk, camel milk and sheep

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名(英文名,缩写)哺乳期母乳
(μg/mL)
山羊乳
(μg/mL)
牛乳
(μg/mL)
骆驼乳
(μg/mL)
绵羊乳
(μg/mL)
参考文献
3’-半乳糖基乳糖(3’-Galactosyl-lactose,3’-GL)初乳−51.9615.5927.53−[19,29,33]
成熟乳0.9130-504.1836.0412.68[33]
6’-半乳糖基乳糖(6’-Galactosyl-lactose,6’-GL)初乳−13.84−−−[13]
成熟乳−8.05−−−[12]
乳糖-N-新四糖(Lacto-N-neotetraose,LNnT)初乳5400.750.86−−[26]
成熟乳10.06~341.141.400.31~26.721.310.82[34]
乳糖-N-四糖(lacto-N-tetraose,LNT)初乳1440−0.11−−[22,33]
成熟乳1429.3−0.08−−[22,33]
乳糖-N-六糖(lacto-N-hexaose,LNH)成熟乳20−−−−[10]
乳糖-N-新六糖(Lacto-N-neohexaose, LNnH)成熟乳40−−−−[12]
2’-岩藻糖基乳糖(2’-fucosyllactose,2’-FL)初乳201062.92−−−[18]
成熟乳431.23.11nd0.192.51[22]
3’-岩藻糖基乳糖(3’-fucosyllactose,3’-FL)初乳2802.020.802.40−[22,33]
成熟乳827.60.440.363.021.11[22]
乳糖二岩藻糖四糖(Lactodifucotetraose,LDFT)初乳280−−−−[22]
成熟乳110−−−−[22]
乳糖-N-岩藻五糖Ⅰ(Lacto-N-fucopentaose
Ⅰ,LNFP Ⅰ)
初乳2080−−−−[22]
成熟乳36098.5971.17−−[22]
乳糖-N-岩藻五糖Ⅱ(Lacto-N-fucopentaose
Ⅱ,LNFP Ⅱ)
初乳780−−−−[22]
成熟乳270−−−−[22]
乳糖-N-岩藻五糖Ⅲ(Lacto-N-fucopentaose
Ⅲ,LNFP Ⅲ)
初乳260−−−−[22]
成熟乳430−−−−[22]
乳糖-N-岩藻五糖Ⅴ(Lacto-N-fucopentaose
Ⅴ,LNFP Ⅴ)
成熟乳30−−−−[22]
乳糖-N-二岩
藻六糖Ⅰ(lactoc-N-difuco-hexaose Ⅰ,LNDFH Ⅰ)
初乳1870−−−−[22]
成熟乳650−−−−[22]
乳糖-N-二岩
藻六糖Ⅱ(lacto-N-difuco-hexaose Ⅱ,LNDFH Ⅱ)
初乳20−−−−[22]
成熟乳30−−−−[22]
3’- 唾液酸乳糖(3’-sialyllactose,3’-SL)初乳19072.5850231.1±9.79−[22]
成熟乳169.343.6264.33235.82.24[22]
6’- 唾液酸乳糖(6’-sialyllactose,6’-SL)初乳40087.93141226.4±37.05−[22]
成熟乳29.6741.4720.7651.7±3.71−[22]
唾液酸化乙酰乳糖(sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine,SLN)初乳27.32117−−[22]
成熟乳−7.365.22−−[22]
6’-唾液基-3’-半乳糖基乳糖(6’-Sialyl-3’-Galactosyl-lactose,6’-S-3’-GL)初乳−3.67−−−[22]
成熟乳−2.46−−−[22]
二唾液酸乳糖(Disialyllactose,DSL)初乳3.59±0.183.39−−−[22,33]
成熟乳0.092.191.67−−[22]
唾液酸乳糖-N-四糖a(sialyllacto-N-tetraose a,LST a)初乳−−−−[22]
成熟乳10−−−−[22]
唾液酸乳糖-N-四糖b(sialyllacto-N-tetraose b,LST b)初乳−−−−−[22]
成熟乳15030.6915.39−−[22]
唾液酸乳糖-N-四糖c(sialyllacto-N-tetraose c,LST c)初乳170−−−−[22]
成熟乳509.92−−−[22,32]
双唾液基乳糖-N-四糖(Disialyllacto-N-tetraose,DSLNT)初乳−−−−−[22]
成熟乳366.30284.80−−−[22,32]
N-羟乙酰基神经氨酸乳糖(N-glycolylneuraminylsialylatose,NeuGcL)初乳−41.88−−−[22]
成熟乳−45.32−−−[22]
N-羟乙酰基神经氨酸氨基乳糖(N-glycolylneuraminyllactosamine,NeuGcLN)初乳−19.88−−−[22]
成熟乳−2.98−−−[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1320166258163696420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

母乳、山羊奶、牛奶、骆驼奶和绵羊奶中检测到的主要寡糖的浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名(英文名,缩写)哺乳期母乳
(μg/mL)
山羊乳
(μg/mL)
牛乳
(μg/mL)
骆驼乳
(μg/mL)
绵羊乳
(μg/mL)
参考文献
3’-半乳糖基乳糖(3’-Galactosyl-lactose,3’-GL)初乳−51.9615.5927.53−[19,29,33]
成熟乳0.9130-504.1836.0412.68[33]
6’-半乳糖基乳糖(6’-Galactosyl-lactose,6’-GL)初乳−13.84−−−[13]
成熟乳−8.05−−−[12]
乳糖-N-新四糖(Lacto-N-neotetraose,LNnT)初乳5400.750.86−−[26]
成熟乳10.06~341.141.400.31~26.721.310.82[34]
乳糖-N-四糖(lacto-N-tetraose,LNT)初乳1440−0.11−−[22,33]
成熟乳1429.3−0.08−−[22,33]
乳糖-N-六糖(lacto-N-hexaose,LNH)成熟乳20−−−−[10]
乳糖-N-新六糖(Lacto-N-neohexaose, LNnH)成熟乳40−−−−[12]
2’-岩藻糖基乳糖(2’-fucosyllactose,2’-FL)初乳201062.92−−−[18]
成熟乳431.23.11nd0.192.51[22]
3’-岩藻糖基乳糖(3’-fucosyllactose,3’-FL)初乳2802.020.802.40−[22,33]
成熟乳827.60.440.363.021.11[22]
乳糖二岩藻糖四糖(Lactodifucotetraose,LDFT)初乳280−−−−[22]
成熟乳110−−−−[22]
乳糖-N-岩藻五糖Ⅰ(Lacto-N-fucopentaose
Ⅰ,LNFP Ⅰ)
初乳2080−−−−[22]
成熟乳36098.5971.17−−[22]
乳糖-N-岩藻五糖Ⅱ(Lacto-N-fucopentaose
Ⅱ,LNFP Ⅱ)
初乳780−−−−[22]
成熟乳270−−−−[22]
乳糖-N-岩藻五糖Ⅲ(Lacto-N-fucopentaose
Ⅲ,LNFP Ⅲ)
初乳260−−−−[22]
成熟乳430−−−−[22]
乳糖-N-岩藻五糖Ⅴ(Lacto-N-fucopentaose
Ⅴ,LNFP Ⅴ)
成熟乳30−−−−[22]
乳糖-N-二岩
藻六糖Ⅰ(lactoc-N-difuco-hexaose Ⅰ,LNDFH Ⅰ)
初乳1870−−−−[22]
成熟乳650−−−−[22]
乳糖-N-二岩
藻六糖Ⅱ(lacto-N-difuco-hexaose Ⅱ,LNDFH Ⅱ)
初乳20−−−−[22]
成熟乳30−−−−[22]
3’- 唾液酸乳糖(3’-sialyllactose,3’-SL)初乳19072.5850231.1±9.79−[22]
成熟乳169.343.6264.33235.82.24[22]
6’- 唾液酸乳糖(6’-sialyllactose,6’-SL)初乳40087.93141226.4±37.05−[22]
成熟乳29.6741.4720.7651.7±3.71−[22]
唾液酸化乙酰乳糖(sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine,SLN)初乳27.32117−−[22]
成熟乳−7.365.22−−[22]
6’-唾液基-3’-半乳糖基乳糖(6’-Sialyl-3’-Galactosyl-lactose,6’-S-3’-GL)初乳−3.67−−−[22]
成熟乳−2.46−−−[22]
二唾液酸乳糖(Disialyllactose,DSL)初乳3.59±0.183.39−−−[22,33]
成熟乳0.092.191.67−−[22]
唾液酸乳糖-N-四糖a(sialyllacto-N-tetraose a,LST a)初乳−−−−[22]
成熟乳10−−−−[22]
唾液酸乳糖-N-四糖b(sialyllacto-N-tetraose b,LST b)初乳−−−−−[22]
成熟乳15030.6915.39−−[22]
唾液酸乳糖-N-四糖c(sialyllacto-N-tetraose c,LST c)初乳170−−−−[22]
成熟乳509.92−−−[22,32]
双唾液基乳糖-N-四糖(Disialyllacto-N-tetraose,DSLNT)初乳−−−−−[22]
成熟乳366.30284.80−−−[22,32]
N-羟乙酰基神经氨酸乳糖(N-glycolylneuraminylsialylatose,NeuGcL)初乳−41.88−−−[22]
成熟乳−45.32−−−[22]
N-羟乙酰基神经氨酸氨基乳糖(N-glycolylneuraminyllactosamine,NeuGcLN)初乳−19.88−−−[22]
成熟乳−2.98−−−[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1320166258247582501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Methods for the detection of human milk oligosaccharides in milk and dairy products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乳制品基质检测物质分离方法(检测手段、检测器)衍生试剂色谱柱方法评价参考文献
婴幼儿配方粉和成人营养品2’-FL、3-FL、DFL、6’-SL、3’-SL、LNT和LNnTUHPLC-FLD2-ABAcquity UPLC BEH Glycan(1.7 μm,2.1mm×150 mm)色谱柱方法适用性和灵敏度较高。但对于特殊医学配方粉和豆乳基配方粉有一定的限制。[39–40]
母乳2’-FL、3- FL、3’-SL、6’-SL、LNFPⅠ、LNFPⅢ、LNDFHⅡ、LNnH、DSLNT、LSTa、LSTb、LSTcLC-MS/MS/ACQUITY UPLC氨基色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)建立了母乳中12种HMOs的测定方法,回收率在80%~120%之间。[45]
婴幼儿配方奶粉、母乳2‘-FL、3-FL、3’-SL、6‘-SL、LNFP I、LNFP ⅤLC-MS/MS2-AAAcquity BEH Glycan
(1.7 μm,2.1 mm×150 mm)色谱柱
该研究比较了2-AA、2-AB、AMA共3种衍生剂,建立了 6种母乳低聚糖的定量方法。[46]
母乳3’-SL、6’-SLHPLC-MS/MS/Hypercarb 色谱柱
(100 mm×2.1 mm,5 µm)
建立了化合物以醛基醇的形式通过石墨化碳液相色谱柱分离,麦芽三糖作为内标物进行定量的方法。[47]
母乳2′-FL、3-FL、LNT、LNnT、LNFP-I、LNFP-II、LNFP-V、LNFP-VI、LNDH-I、LNDFH-II、LNFP-IIIHPLC-MS/MS/Thermometer Hypercarb色谱柱 (100 mm×2.1 mm,3 μm)该方法使用石墨化碳色谱柱分离,硼氢化钠还原糖基末端,检测11种中性母乳低聚糖。并测量了个体之间和哺乳不同阶段母乳中低聚糖的差异。[49]
牛乳、母乳非乳糖低聚糖(non-lactose oligosaccharides,NLO)UHPLC-FLD/HPLC-MS/MS2-ABAcquity BEH Glycan 色谱柱(1.7 µm,2.1mm×150 mm)方法采用2AB衍生,麦芽三糖校正。验证了2AB标记的寡糖在检测器中具有等摩尔的荧光相应。回收率86%~120%之间。[30]
婴幼儿配方粉和成人奶粉2’-FL、3-FL、6’-SL、3’-SL、LNT和LNnTHPAEC-PAD/DIONEX
CarboPac PA-1分析色谱柱(250mm×4 mm)和保护柱
(50×4 mm)
该方法对六种母乳低聚糖进行测定,低聚半乳糖(GOS)并未对检测造成干扰。方法回收率85%~110%。[31]
羊乳和人乳2’-FLHPLC-MS/MSGirard’s reagent Pwaters Acquicy UPLC BEH Amide色谱柱
(100 mm×2.1 mm,5 µm)
该方法使用吉拉德试剂P对羊乳和人乳中的2’-FL进行测定研究,准确性和精密度均较好。[39]
婴幼儿配方粉和预混料2’-FL、3-FL、DFL、6’-SL、3’-SL、LNT和LNnTUHPLC-UV-CADbenzocaineThermo Fisher Scientific Accucore 150-Amide-HILIC 分析色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,2.6 μm)本方法以苯佐卡因为标记试剂,以吡咯硼烷为还原剂,检测7种母乳低聚糖,回收率91%~108%,其缺点是会受到半乳糖基乳糖的显著干扰。[3]
母乳、牛乳、羊乳、婴幼儿配方奶粉(牛、羊乳基)2’FL、3’-SL、6’-SL、LNT、LNnTUPLC-Cyclic IM-MS、HPLC-MS/MS/Waters ACQUITY BEH
Amide色谱柱(130 Å,100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)
利用超高效液相色谱-环离子淌度-质谱(UPLC-cIM-MS)技术对人乳和婴配粉中的低聚糖进行了特征描述。还进一步采用高灵敏度UPLC-MS/MS方法,对人乳中的五种低聚糖(HMOs)进行定量分析。发现母相比婴配粉中母乳低聚糖更加丰富且含量变化差异更大,而婴配粉中中则含有内源性低聚半乳糖种类和3’-SL。[56]
牛乳、母乳LNFP I、LNFP V、LSTa、3’-SL、6’-SL、2’-FL、3-FL、LNT和LNDFH II赛默飞LTQ Orbitrap Discovery™组合质谱高分辨液质联用仪/Thermo Scientific Hypercarb column
(2.1 mm×100 mm,3 µm)
Thermo Scientific Hypersil GOLD C8色谱柱
(2.1 mm×150 mm,1.9 μm)
方法比较了反向色谱-质谱联用
(RPLC-MS/MS)和多孔石墨化碳色谱质谱联用(PGC-MS/MS),为构建母乳数据库提供基础。
[51]
人乳、山羊乳、牛乳、绵羊乳、骆驼乳动物乳中多种寡糖的
鉴定
UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS(LC-30A+TripleTOF 5600+,AB SCIEX)/Waters Acquity UHPLC BEH Amide
色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)
采用四极杆飞行时间质谱,对多种乳寡糖进行了鉴定和定量。详细的比较了不同哺乳动物物种之间低聚糖的种类及含量变化。[19]
婴儿配方乳粉2’-FL、3’-FL、3’-SL、6’-SL、LNnT、DF-L、LNB、LNFP-I、LNFP-II、LNFP-V、LNnH、LSTa、LSTb、LSTcTriple Quad 5500三重四极杆质谱仪、安捷伦1290 Infinity超高效液相色谱仪/ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide色谱柱(2.1 mm×150 mm,1.7 μm)建立了测定婴幼儿配方粉中14种母乳低聚糖的检测方法。该方法使用乙醇沉淀蛋白,前处理简单,无需衍生,分析时间短,不受低聚半乳糖等其他糖类的干扰。[57]
母乳(初乳、过渡乳和成
熟乳)
2’-FL、3’-FL、4’-GOS、3’-GOS、6’-GOS、3’-SL、6’-SL、LNT、LNnT、LNFP-I、LNFP-II、LNFP-V、LNDFH-Ⅰ、DSLNT、LSTcThermo Fisher Scientific Ultimate 3000 RS超高效液相色谱仪2-ABACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)建立了可同时测定15个母乳低聚糖的检测方法,通过测定不同母乳样品中HMOs的含量差异,观察哺乳期HMOs的变化。[71−72]
), ArticleFig(id=1320166258335662886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166249779282648, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

乳及乳制品中母乳低聚糖的检测方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乳制品基质检测物质分离方法(检测手段、检测器)衍生试剂色谱柱方法评价参考文献
婴幼儿配方粉和成人营养品2’-FL、3-FL、DFL、6’-SL、3’-SL、LNT和LNnTUHPLC-FLD2-ABAcquity UPLC BEH Glycan(1.7 μm,2.1mm×150 mm)色谱柱方法适用性和灵敏度较高。但对于特殊医学配方粉和豆乳基配方粉有一定的限制。[39–40]
母乳2’-FL、3- FL、3’-SL、6’-SL、LNFPⅠ、LNFPⅢ、LNDFHⅡ、LNnH、DSLNT、LSTa、LSTb、LSTcLC-MS/MS/ACQUITY UPLC氨基色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)建立了母乳中12种HMOs的测定方法,回收率在80%~120%之间。[45]
婴幼儿配方奶粉、母乳2‘-FL、3-FL、3’-SL、6‘-SL、LNFP I、LNFP ⅤLC-MS/MS2-AAAcquity BEH Glycan
(1.7 μm,2.1 mm×150 mm)色谱柱
该研究比较了2-AA、2-AB、AMA共3种衍生剂,建立了 6种母乳低聚糖的定量方法。[46]
母乳3’-SL、6’-SLHPLC-MS/MS/Hypercarb 色谱柱
(100 mm×2.1 mm,5 µm)
建立了化合物以醛基醇的形式通过石墨化碳液相色谱柱分离,麦芽三糖作为内标物进行定量的方法。[47]
母乳2′-FL、3-FL、LNT、LNnT、LNFP-I、LNFP-II、LNFP-V、LNFP-VI、LNDH-I、LNDFH-II、LNFP-IIIHPLC-MS/MS/Thermometer Hypercarb色谱柱 (100 mm×2.1 mm,3 μm)该方法使用石墨化碳色谱柱分离,硼氢化钠还原糖基末端,检测11种中性母乳低聚糖。并测量了个体之间和哺乳不同阶段母乳中低聚糖的差异。[49]
牛乳、母乳非乳糖低聚糖(non-lactose oligosaccharides,NLO)UHPLC-FLD/HPLC-MS/MS2-ABAcquity BEH Glycan 色谱柱(1.7 µm,2.1mm×150 mm)方法采用2AB衍生,麦芽三糖校正。验证了2AB标记的寡糖在检测器中具有等摩尔的荧光相应。回收率86%~120%之间。[30]
婴幼儿配方粉和成人奶粉2’-FL、3-FL、6’-SL、3’-SL、LNT和LNnTHPAEC-PAD/DIONEX
CarboPac PA-1分析色谱柱(250mm×4 mm)和保护柱
(50×4 mm)
该方法对六种母乳低聚糖进行测定,低聚半乳糖(GOS)并未对检测造成干扰。方法回收率85%~110%。[31]
羊乳和人乳2’-FLHPLC-MS/MSGirard’s reagent Pwaters Acquicy UPLC BEH Amide色谱柱
(100 mm×2.1 mm,5 µm)
该方法使用吉拉德试剂P对羊乳和人乳中的2’-FL进行测定研究,准确性和精密度均较好。[39]
婴幼儿配方粉和预混料2’-FL、3-FL、DFL、6’-SL、3’-SL、LNT和LNnTUHPLC-UV-CADbenzocaineThermo Fisher Scientific Accucore 150-Amide-HILIC 分析色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,2.6 μm)本方法以苯佐卡因为标记试剂,以吡咯硼烷为还原剂,检测7种母乳低聚糖,回收率91%~108%,其缺点是会受到半乳糖基乳糖的显著干扰。[3]
母乳、牛乳、羊乳、婴幼儿配方奶粉(牛、羊乳基)2’FL、3’-SL、6’-SL、LNT、LNnTUPLC-Cyclic IM-MS、HPLC-MS/MS/Waters ACQUITY BEH
Amide色谱柱(130 Å,100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)
利用超高效液相色谱-环离子淌度-质谱(UPLC-cIM-MS)技术对人乳和婴配粉中的低聚糖进行了特征描述。还进一步采用高灵敏度UPLC-MS/MS方法,对人乳中的五种低聚糖(HMOs)进行定量分析。发现母相比婴配粉中母乳低聚糖更加丰富且含量变化差异更大,而婴配粉中中则含有内源性低聚半乳糖种类和3’-SL。[56]
牛乳、母乳LNFP I、LNFP V、LSTa、3’-SL、6’-SL、2’-FL、3-FL、LNT和LNDFH II赛默飞LTQ Orbitrap Discovery™组合质谱高分辨液质联用仪/Thermo Scientific Hypercarb column
(2.1 mm×100 mm,3 µm)
Thermo Scientific Hypersil GOLD C8色谱柱
(2.1 mm×150 mm,1.9 μm)
方法比较了反向色谱-质谱联用
(RPLC-MS/MS)和多孔石墨化碳色谱质谱联用(PGC-MS/MS),为构建母乳数据库提供基础。
[51]
人乳、山羊乳、牛乳、绵羊乳、骆驼乳动物乳中多种寡糖的
鉴定
UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS(LC-30A+TripleTOF 5600+,AB SCIEX)/Waters Acquity UHPLC BEH Amide
色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)
采用四极杆飞行时间质谱,对多种乳寡糖进行了鉴定和定量。详细的比较了不同哺乳动物物种之间低聚糖的种类及含量变化。[19]
婴儿配方乳粉2’-FL、3’-FL、3’-SL、6’-SL、LNnT、DF-L、LNB、LNFP-I、LNFP-II、LNFP-V、LNnH、LSTa、LSTb、LSTcTriple Quad 5500三重四极杆质谱仪、安捷伦1290 Infinity超高效液相色谱仪/ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide色谱柱(2.1 mm×150 mm,1.7 μm)建立了测定婴幼儿配方粉中14种母乳低聚糖的检测方法。该方法使用乙醇沉淀蛋白,前处理简单,无需衍生,分析时间短,不受低聚半乳糖等其他糖类的干扰。[57]
母乳(初乳、过渡乳和成
熟乳)
2’-FL、3’-FL、4’-GOS、3’-GOS、6’-GOS、3’-SL、6’-SL、LNT、LNnT、LNFP-I、LNFP-II、LNFP-V、LNDFH-Ⅰ、DSLNT、LSTcThermo Fisher Scientific Ultimate 3000 RS超高效液相色谱仪2-ABACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)建立了可同时测定15个母乳低聚糖的检测方法,通过测定不同母乳样品中HMOs的含量差异,观察哺乳期HMOs的变化。[71−72]
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母乳低聚糖研究进展:结构特征、检测技术与产业化应用
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武伦玮 1, 2 , 段国霞 1, 2, * , 刘丽君 1, 2 , 刘春霞 2 , 宫慧丽 1 , 陈静 2 , 吴晓莉 1, 2 , 吕志勇 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(14): 477-490
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (14) : 477 -490
母乳低聚糖研究进展:结构特征、检测技术与产业化应用
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武伦玮1, 2 , 段国霞1, 2, * , 刘丽君1, 2, 刘春霞2, 宫慧丽1, 陈静2, 吴晓莉1, 2, 吕志勇1, 2
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 010100
  • 2国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(牛羊乳肉风险防控与关键技术),内蒙古呼和浩特 010100
通讯作者:
段国霞(1987−),女,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全与检测,E-mail:。
作者简介:

武伦玮(1989−),男,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全与检测,E-mail:

Advances in the Study of Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Structure, Analysis, and Industrial Applications
Lunwei WU1, 2 , Guoxia DUAN1, 2, * , Lijun LIU1, 2, Chunxia LIU2, Huili GONG1, Jing CHEN2, Xiaoli WU1, 2, Zhiyong LÜ1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010100, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Cattle and Sheep Milk and Meat Products Risk Control and Key Technology, State Administration for Market Regulation, Hohhot 010100, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060006
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母乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs)在人乳中的含量非常丰富,对构建婴幼儿等人群的肠道特征菌群和调节免疫方面发挥着重要作用。本文对HMOs的结构、含量、检测方法、功能和在食品中的应用进行了阐述,对比了动物乳低聚糖与人乳低聚糖的差异,探讨复配策略、分析法规进展,为食品行业的研究者和开发者提供一份解决实际问题的、具有前瞻性和指导意义的参考来推进母乳低聚糖在食品行业的发展。

母乳低聚糖  /  结构  /  含量  /  检测技术  /  生物功能特性  /  应用

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundant components in human milk, playing a pivotal role in shaping the characteristic gut microbiota and regulating immune function in infants and other populations. This review elaborates on the structure, content, detection methods, biological functions, and food applications of HMOs, while contrasting the differences between animal milk oligosaccharides and human milk oligosaccharides. Furthermore, it explores compounding strategies for infant formula and analyzes regulatory advancements in this field. By synthesizing these insights, this review aims to provide researchers and developers in the food industry with a practical, forward-looking, and instructive reference to advance the application of HMOs in the food sector.

human milk oligosaccharides  /  structure  /  content  /  detection technology  /  biofunctional properties  /  application
武伦玮, 段国霞, 刘丽君, 刘春霞, 宫慧丽, 陈静, 吴晓莉, 吕志勇. 母乳低聚糖研究进展:结构特征、检测技术与产业化应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 477 -490 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060006
Lunwei WU, Guoxia DUAN, Lijun LIU, Chunxia LIU, Huili GONG, Jing CHEN, Xiaoli WU, Zhiyong LÜ. Advances in the Study of Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Structure, Analysis, and Industrial Applications[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 477 -490 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060006
母乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs)是人乳中的一类结构和功能多样的功能性低聚糖。其含量在人乳中非常丰富,是仅次于乳糖和脂质的第三类固体组分[1]。母乳低聚糖的最早研究起源于19世纪末期,各个领域的科学家开始对人乳中含量较高的碳水化合物进行研究[2]。后经过一百多年的探索,有越来越多的母乳低聚糖被发现,并且被证实母乳低聚糖对新生儿具有多重的保护作用。
母乳低聚糖的化合物结构和含量存在个体差异。由于婴幼儿配方粉的原料通常是牛乳等动物乳,而动物乳中的低聚糖与母乳低聚糖差异很大[3]。因此,母乳低聚糖是婴幼儿配方粉在母乳化道路上不得不跨越的一道鸿沟[4]。目前,母乳低聚糖允许作为食品营养强化剂的相关法规已在包括我国在内的多个国家和地区获批[5−6]。婴幼儿配方食品中添加母乳低聚糖有利于改善婴幼儿的营养健康状况,行业内正在加快母乳低聚糖在婴配粉等中的应用,同时也在加强母乳低聚糖的科研支撑,希望能推动更多种类的母乳低聚糖作为新功能营养添加剂。
然而,母乳低聚糖从基础研究到食品工业的广泛应用仍然面临诸多挑战。首先,母乳低聚糖的微生物发酵技术不成熟,制约着母乳低聚糖从实验室走向产业化。母乳低聚糖巨大的结构多样性与其特定功能之间的构效关系尚未完全明晰,制约了在配方奶粉中科学复配策略的制定。其次,尽管高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)等技术已能鉴定母乳中多数低聚糖组分,但对微量存在的复杂结构异构体(如唾液酸化/岩藻糖基化同分异构体)的精准解析仍是当前技术瓶颈。在标准法规方面,目前全球法规批准的HMOs种类有限,与母乳中实际存在的数百种结构相去甚远,如何基于坚实的科学证据推动更多HMOs的法规获批是行业面临的共同课题。因此,本综述旨在系统梳理HMOs的结构、功能与检测技术的最新进展,并重点剖析当前研究中亟待解决的核心矛盾——即如何弥合科学认知、分析技术与产业化应用之间的鸿沟。通过对比分析不同检测技术的适用性与局限性,探讨HMOs复配应用的潜在策略,以期为相关研究者提供清晰的领域现状图景,并为推动HMOs在食品工业,特别是精准营养领域的深入应用提供学术参考。
母乳低聚糖由3~14个单糖通过直链或者支链的形式链接而成。理论上,母乳低聚糖可能有1000多种[7]。到目前为止,已经被鉴别出来的母乳低聚糖247种,并且有162种母乳低聚糖的结构已经被解析[8−9]。所有的母乳低聚糖都有一个相同的核心结构单元,这个核心结构包括五种基本的单糖:葡萄糖(glucose,Glc)、半乳糖(glalctose,Gal)、N-乙酰葡糖胺(N-acetylglucosamine,GlcNAc)、岩藻糖(fucose,Fuc)和N-乙酰神经氨酸(Neu5Ac,sialic acid)。除了乳糖(本身不被认为是HMOs)外,至少有15种中性低聚糖,包括线性和分支结构,已被确定为其他HMOs的核心结构。表1列出了14种核心结构的名称。
不同的结构之间,又是由12种类型的糖苷键相链接,其中包括三种半乳糖苷键、两种N-乙酰基葡糖苷键、四种岩藻糖苷键和三种唾液糖苷键,列表如表2所示。所有的母乳低聚糖结构都是从乳糖的还原性末端开始,其还原性末端通过β-1,3、β-1,6糖苷键连接N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(Gal-β-1,3-GlcNAc,LNB或Gal-β-1,4-GlcNAc,LacNAc);也可以通过α-1,2、α-1,3键连接岩藻糖;或α-2,3、α-2,6键连接唾液酸。通过不同的结构位点连接,形成多样的直链或者支链结构,从而形成有3~32个单糖结构单元的不同类型的母乳低聚糖[10−11]。
根据所含结构单元的不同,母乳低聚糖大致可以分为三类:a.仅含有Glc、Gal和GlcNAc的非岩藻糖基的中性低聚糖,如乳糖-N-四糖(lacto-N-tetraose,LNT)和乳糖正己糖(lacto-N-hexaose,LNH);b.含有Glc、Gal、GlcNAc和一个或多个岩藻糖基的中性低聚糖,如2’-岩藻糖基乳糖(2’-fucosyllactose,2’-FL)和乳糖二岩藻糖四糖(Lactodifucotetraose,LDFT);c.含有Glc、Gal、GlcNAc和一个或多个Neu5Ac单元的唾液酸化的酸性低聚糖,如3’-唾液聚糖(3’-sialyllactose,3’-SL)和双唾液基乳糖-N-四糖(Disialyllacto-N-tetraose,DSLNT)[12]。一些HMOs也同时包含岩藻糖和唾液酸,例如岩藻基-唾液酸乳糖-N-六糖(fucosyl- sialyllacto- N- hexaose,FS-LNH)[13−15]。由于每一个不同的结构单元存在不同连接的可能,因此,母乳低聚糖表现出丰富的结构多样性[16−17]。从进化的角度来讲,母乳低聚糖作为可溶性的诱导受体与病原菌凝集素结合,单一结构的母乳低聚糖无法有效阻断自然界中多种多样的病原体入侵。正是这种强大的自然选择压力,深刻阐释了母乳中为何演化出上百种结构各异的母乳低聚糖,而非仅仅局限于少数几种[18]。从结构的多样性是功能特异性的物质基础角度来讲,末端岩藻糖基化(如2’-FL)的HMOs可通过模拟宿主细胞表面受体,有效阻断特定病原体的粘附;而唾液酸化HMOs(如3’-SL)则既是神经发育的重要前体,也能抑制流感病毒。甚至核心骨架的微小差异(如LNT与LNnT)也可能导致其被不同益生菌偏好性利用。因此,精确解析HMOs结构是理解其功能并实现精准营养应用的关键。
然而,当前HMOs结构的全面解析仍面临显著的技术瓶颈,许多母乳低聚糖的结构未探明。首先,大量存在的同分异构体(如LNT/LNnT)对基于LC-MS的常规分析提出了巨大挑战,难以在不依赖标准品的情况下进行准确区分。其次,低丰度、复杂支链HMOs的检测和从头测序仍需依赖核磁(NMR)等耗时耗力的技术。虽然这些复杂的母乳低聚糖数量很少,但可能具有重要的生物学功能。克服这些分析技术上的限制,需要糖组学技术的发展和新型高通量仪器的迭代开发[9]。这将是未来揭示HMOs全部功能奥秘,包括探查某些疾病状态与HMOs的相关性的重要前提[8]。
母乳低聚糖含量仅次于乳糖和脂肪,约占母乳中碳水化合物的20%[19]。HMOs的主要成分是乳糖-N-四糖(lacto-N-tetraose,LNT)、乳糖-N-新四糖(Lacto-N-neotetraose,LNnT)以及单岩藻糖基化的乳糖、单唾液酸化的乳糖、双岩藻糖基化的乳糖和双唾液酸化乳糖。同时被岩藻糖基化和唾液酸化的母乳低聚糖也被发现[8,20]。在这之中,中性母乳低聚糖占母乳低聚糖总量的75%以上[21]。仅含有Glc、Gal和GlcNac的中性低聚糖占总母乳低聚糖的42%~55%,其中中性母乳低聚糖中含量最丰富的为岩藻糖基化的母乳低聚糖,占母乳低聚糖总量的33%~50%,而岩藻糖基化的母乳低聚糖中,2’-FL最为丰富,约占总母乳低聚糖的30%以上,也是目前研究最为广泛的寡糖之一;唾液酸化的母乳低聚糖占总母乳低聚糖的12%~14%[22]。十大最丰富的HMOs种类大约占HMOs总质量的46%。混合母乳样本中最丰富的50个HMOs种类丰度占总质量的83%,总数中的最不丰富的一半只构成整个丰度的8%,其中有20~25个母乳低聚糖被认为是主要成分,大部分包含3~9个单糖单位。在日本妇女(85%为分泌型)的初乳中和成熟的人乳中,2’-FL,乳糖-N-岩藻五糖Ⅰ(LNFP I),乳糖-N-二岩藻六糖Ⅰ(lactoc-N-difuco-hexaose Ⅰ,LNDFH I)和LNT是最丰富的组成成分。最丰富的酸性HMOs为唾液酸乳糖-N-四糖c(sialyllacto-N-tetraose c,LSTc)、双唾液基乳糖-N-四糖(Disialyllacto-N-tetraose,DSLNT)、6’-SL、3’-SL和唾液酸乳糖-N-四糖a(sialyllacto-N-tetraose a,LSTa)[8],这与Wang等[22]的研究结果相一致。
母乳低聚糖的组成与含量存在显著的个体差异,这种差异主要由遗传因素调控。其核心机制在于,母乳低聚糖是在母亲乳腺中的特定糖基转移酶的催化作用下合成的,而这些糖基转移酶的编码基因表达与否,直接决定了最终合成的低聚糖种类与数量。研究表明,除岩藻糖基转移酶外,其他参与母乳低聚糖合成的糖基转移酶在所有母亲体内均可正常合成[13]。因此,岩藻糖基化母乳低聚糖的分子结构和丰富程度取决乳腺细胞中α-1,2-岩藻糖基转移酶(α-1,2-fucosyltransferas,FUT2)和α-1,3/4-岩藻糖基转移酶(α-1,3/4-fucosyltransferas,FUT3)的表达,岩藻糖基转移酶的表达由分泌基因(Secretor,Se)和路易斯(Lewis,Le)血型特征决定[23]。FUT2和FUT3分别由Se基因和Le基因编码[24]。根据Se基因和Le基因是否表达,母乳低聚糖的分泌模式可分为以下四种类型[25−27]:a. Se+Le+型:此类母亲可分泌可分泌2’-岩藻糖基乳糖(2’-FL)、3’-岩藻糖基乳糖(3’-FL)、乳酰-N-岩藻五糖Ⅰ(Lacto-N-fucopentaose Ⅰ,LNFP Ⅰ)、乳酰-N-岩藻五糖Ⅱ(Lacto-N-fucopentaose Ⅱ,LNFP Ⅱ)和乳酰-N-岩藻五糖Ⅲ(Lacto-N-fucopentaose Ⅲ,LNFP Ⅲ)五种类型岩藻糖基化的母乳低聚糖;b. Se+Le-型:此类母亲可分泌2’-FL、3’-FL、LNFP Ⅰ、LNFP Ⅲ,但由于Le基因不表达,无法合成LNFPⅡ;c.Se-Le+型:此型母亲无法合成依赖FUT2的2’-FL和LNFPⅠ,但可分泌3’-FL、LNFP Ⅱ和LNFP Ⅲ;d. Se-Le-型:在此类型中,尽管Se和Le基因均不表达,但研究发现,可能存在其他补偿性岩藻糖基转移酶的低水平表达,因此3’-FL和LNFP Ⅲ等低聚糖并未完全缺失[28−29]。
综上,分泌型母亲母乳中HMOs平均含量(15.91±2.80 μmol/mL)比非分泌型母乳(8.94±1.51 μmol/mL)的要高且成分组成更丰富,并且大约有79%母亲为分泌型母亲[12,25]。岩藻糖基化的母乳低聚糖生物合成与分泌基因和血型的关系见表3。除遗传因素以外,其它多种动态因素,都会影响母乳低聚糖的构成谱[30]。例如,唾液酸化的母乳低聚糖,主要是由唾液酰转移酶(sialyltransferases)的表达差异调控,虽然唾液酰转移酶在所有母体中均可正常合成,但是母体因素(胎次、分娩方式、年龄、饮食和健康状况)、地域、环境等仍然影响酶活性,导致唾液酸化HMOs浓度波动。总之,不同研究的母乳低聚糖浓度之间存在较大的差异,但总体而言,初乳中的母乳低聚糖含量总是高于成熟乳[31]。
日常消费的乳制品主要来源于动物乳汁加工而成,如山羊乳、牛乳、骆驼乳和绵羊乳等。然而,可溶性的低聚糖并非人类乳汁所独有,几乎所有哺乳动物的乳汁中都含有低聚糖,但不同动物乳中的低聚糖的数量和多样性因生物物种而异。例如,牛乳中的低聚糖是由3~10个单糖通过糖苷键共价连接而成的碳水化合物,单体包括葡萄糖(glucose,Glc)、半乳糖(galactose,Gal)、N-乙酰葡萄糖胺(N-acetylglucos-amine,GlcNAc)、N-乙酰半乳糖胺(N-acetylgalactosamine,GalNAc)、岩藻糖(fucose,Fuc)、N-乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetylneuraminic acid,NeuAc)和N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(N-glycotylneuramini acid,NeuGc)。植物源性的低聚糖的组成单体则与动物源的低聚糖完全不同[28],表4对此进行了详细的比较。此外,研究表明,在其他哺乳动物中发现的乳寡糖(milk oligosaccharides,MOs)与母乳低聚糖同为乳源低聚糖,也具有与母乳低聚糖相似的生理功能。非人类哺乳动物乳中所含的低聚糖在不同物种之间具有不同的化学结构。
表5列举了动物乳及母乳中的主要乳寡糖的含量,牛、羊、驼乳中低聚糖的种类和含量与母乳差异较大,且牛、羊乳中低聚糖主要为酸性结构,而母乳中的低聚糖主要为中性结构[19]。牛乳低聚糖大部分由乳糖核心(Gal-β1,4-Glc)构成,与母乳低聚糖(HMOs)相似;但部分分子以乳糖胺核心(还原末端含N-乙酰乳糖胺,即Gal-β1,4-GlcNAc)为基础,这一结构与HMOs存在差异[22]。羊乳低聚糖的总体种类范围与牛乳高度相似,但其结构多样性更丰富(如异构体数量更多),且含量显著更高(羊乳低聚糖含量约为牛乳的5倍)。在酸性低聚糖(唾液酸化修饰)中,羊乳的组成谱更接近HMOs,而牛乳与HMOs的相似性主要体现在中性低聚糖结构域(如岩藻糖基化修饰类型)[19,32]。
与人乳相比,牛、山羊、绵羊、驴和猪等家畜的乳汁中寡糖的浓度要低100至1000倍,或者其结构更简单、多样性更低[8,20],已知检测到的牛乳低聚糖有50~60种[21]。寡糖在结构上被分为两类:中性寡糖和酸性寡糖。这两种成分的组成主要受动物种类、基因型和泌乳期等因素的影响。人乳寡糖主要是岩藻糖基化的,而动物乳中唾液酸化寡糖更加丰富[8]。人乳中的非岩藻糖基化的中性寡糖主要为LNT-1型结构(Gal(β1-3)GlcNAc),而家畜的乳汁中仅含有LNnT-2型结构(Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc),已经研究过的哺乳动物乳汁中,猪乳中数量最多的低聚糖是3’-SL(26%)、LNT/LNnT(20%)、2’-FL(7%)、6’-SL(5%)[33],猪乳相比其他动物乳也是中性低聚糖的比例最高的动物乳(大约20%)[22]。此外,山羊乳中的岩藻基化低聚糖浓度高于其他反刍动物的乳汁。在人乳中,10%~30%的低聚糖被唾液酸化,含有N-乙酰神经氨酸(Neu5Ac),这是人乳中唯一的唾液酸[23−25],最丰富的唾液酸化的HMOs是6’-唾液酸乳糖(6’-SL),3'-唾液酸乳糖(3’-SL),双唾液基乳糖-N-四糖(disialyllactose-N-tetraose,DSLNT)和唾液基乳糖-N-四糖(sialyllacto-N-tetraose,SLNT)。至于其他哺乳动物,大多数寡糖都带有的唾液酸,是含有N-乙酰神经氨酸(Neu5Ac)和N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(Neu5Gc)两种类型的唾液酸。牛、猪、马和骆驼的乳汁中的酸性寡糖均被Neu5Ac修饰,修饰程度均在98%以上,而山羊和绵羊乳汁中被N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(Neu5Gc)修饰的寡糖占酸性寡糖的比例分别为64%和94%[32]。就构成大多数婴儿配方的基础的牛乳而言,牛乳寡糖在初乳中的唾液酸修饰程度超过80%,而在分娩后12~24 h内,唾液酸修饰程度迅速下降,在6 d后收集的乳汁中约为40%[26−28]。值得注意的是,3’-SL是牛乳中主要的唾液酸化的寡糖,而在人乳中,6’-SL则占主导地位[35]。
综上,母乳低聚糖在含量、结构多样性上均显著优于动物乳低聚糖,这一差异不仅揭示了母乳喂养的生物学优势,也为婴幼儿配方奶粉的改良指明了方向——需通过技术创新实现HMOs的精准模拟,或开发更高效的益生元替代方案,以弥合配方奶粉与母乳在肠道健康保护上的差距。
母乳低聚糖作为低聚糖中的一类,可以采用传统的反向高效液相色谱(RPLC)分离,但由于其在RP柱反向色谱固定相上弱保留,通常会采用以阳离子为交换剂的离子交换柱,这类色谱柱以水、乙酸钠或者稀酸为流动相,或者采用化学键合固定相,常用的键合相为氨基,流动相为乙腈-水[36]。检测器的应用方面,如高效液相-示差检测器(HPLC-RID)、高效液相-蒸发光散射检测器(HPLC-ELSD)、高效液相色谱-电喷雾检测器(HPLC-CAD)、均可对HMOs进行分析[37],CAD检测器较示差检测器和蒸发光检测器有更高的灵敏度,在检测无/弱紫外吸收的母乳低聚糖上表现出很好的优势。以上三种检测器均有一定的缺陷,对母乳低聚糖并没有特异选择性[38],仅适合于纯度较高的原料产品测定,在母乳样品或婴幼儿配方奶粉等复杂基质中,非挥发性杂质(尤其是高浓度乳糖)会显著干扰检测结果,乳糖与HMOs共存时,因其结构相似性及高丰度,易掩盖目标物信号;母乳及配方粉中乳糖浓度通常远高于HMOs,进一步加剧干扰。
衍生法-亲水性色谱(HILIC)结合荧光检测器(FLD)或者二极管阵列检测器(DAD),已成为母乳低聚糖定量分析的重要手段[39−41]。近年来,诸多学者使用HILIC-FLD/DAD[3]法对各类乳品基质中的母乳低聚糖进行了定量分析,该方法通过化学衍生化增强母乳低聚糖的检测灵敏度,同时利用HILIC对极性和离子型化合物优异的分离性能,实现复杂基质中母乳低聚糖的精准定量。有许多荧光或紫外活性的衍生试剂用于母乳低聚糖的测定,最常用的是苯胺类衍生试剂,如2-氨基苯甲酰胺(2-AB)、2-氨基苯甲酸(2-AA)、2-氨基吖酮(2-AMAC)[42],其原理是在糖类的还原性末端与衍生物发生胺化还原反应,连接一个荧光标记物。其他类的衍生试剂,如苯佐卡因(4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester,benzocaine)1-苯基-3-甲基5-吡喃唑酮(PMP)、4-氨基苯甲酸乙酯(ABEE)和吉拉德试剂P(Girard’s reagent P)对母乳低聚糖也具有较好的衍生效果[43−45]。由于配方组成可能影响衍生效率,许多研究中会加入内标物进行结果校正。常见的内标物包括甘露三糖和昆布三糖,这些内标物具有稳定的化学性质,不与样品发生化学反应,并且不会对目标物产生干扰,这能够确保实验结果的准确性。
目前T/SAFC 002-2024《婴幼儿配方乳粉及调制乳粉中7种母乳低聚糖的测定》和出入境检验检疫行业标准《进出口婴幼儿配方食品及儿童用调制乳粉中多种母乳低聚糖的测定超高效液相色谱法》中介绍了使用荧光检测器检测母乳低聚糖,除此之外,AOAC也有标准方法采用荧光标记物标记母乳低聚糖进行测定的方法。有部分文章对检测方法进行了优化和验证,如Bénet等[46]使用UPLC-FLD对母乳和婴幼儿配方乳粉中母乳低聚糖组分2’-FL、3-FL、DFL、6’-SL、3’-SL、LNT和LNnT进行分析,并从前处理条件,色谱条件两方面对方法进行了优化,回收率范围可达90.9%~109%,定量限范围为1.5~5 mg/100 g[47−49]。
综上,衍生法—亲水性色谱结合合适的衍生试剂和内标校正策略,为母乳低聚糖的精确测定提供了可靠的技术支持。随着衍生试剂的发展和色谱技术的进步,该方法将在更多类型的食品分析中发挥重要的作用,推动母乳营养成分的研究和应用。
高效阴离子交换色谱—脉冲安培检测(HPAEC-PAD)[50−52]已成为目前测定低聚糖的成熟技术之一。该技术是利用母乳低聚糖在电化学检测器的金电极表面发生氧化还原反应产生信号响应,不需要对母乳低聚糖进行衍生化,并且检测信号的灵敏度高。HPAEC-PAD是一种相对新型的检测仪器,与RID、ELSD或质谱检测器(MS)相比,如适用范围宽、仪器容易操作、检测时基线漂移小、对溶剂流速不敏感、能消除流动相梯度洗脱对结果带来的不良影响等,其在乳制品等复杂基质领域有强的应用,并正在逐渐成为母乳低聚糖分析检测的重要方法。美国化学家协会于2022年推荐的离子色谱法用于同时测定6种母乳低聚糖[47–48],国内受到广泛认可并收录的团标,也用到离子色谱法。包括可以同时测定食品中2’-岩藻糖基乳糖、3-岩藻糖基乳糖、乳糖-N-四糖、乳糖-N-新四糖、3’-唾液酸乳糖、6’-唾液酸乳糖6种母乳低聚糖[53]。离子色谱法测定母乳低聚糖的前处理简单,对于母乳、乳粉等乳制品,一般情况下只需沉淀蛋白,过滤后即可上机测定;如果样品中乳糖含量较高或者添加有低聚果糖、麦芽糊精、低聚半乳糖等成分时,需要视情况加入果聚糖酶、淀粉葡萄糖苷酶或β-半乳糖苷酶进行酶解去除样品中的其他糖类的干扰。例如加入β-半乳糖苷酶之后,可以去除高背景乳糖对2’-FL的干扰,但同时也会有一些母乳低聚糖会在除杂的过程中被完全水解或部分水解,例如乳糖-N-四糖和乳糖-N-新四糖。离子色谱法测定母乳低聚糖的定量限一般情况在20~50 mg/100 g范围之间,而市场上某些奶粉的添加量低于该范围,例如部分跨境电商的二段和三段奶粉产品中,3’-SL的添加量在10 mg/100 g以下,母乳中部分母乳低聚糖含量也低于该定量限,准确定量时不能满足要求。
总之,离子色谱法在同时测定多组分母乳低聚糖时受到其他糖类的干扰较大,尤其是在同时添加了低聚半乳糖和母乳低聚糖的婴幼儿配方乳粉中,并且检出限较高,难以满足低含量的样品测定要求,但是当样品中母乳低聚糖的含量较高时,对于单一或少量化合物组分的同时测定,是一种很好的检测方式。
除了基于色谱的技术,毛细管电泳(CE)利用带电粒子在电场中的迁移,分离多种物质。因为其所需样品量少,缓冲液消耗少,以及快速和高分辨率的分离能力,也被广泛用作糖分析工具,酸性母乳低聚糖本身带有电荷,无需衍生直接经CE测定,中性的寡糖需要经过带电的荧光标记物衍生,以确保它们适当的电迁移。应用带电的荧光标记物,如使用2-氨基吖啶酮衍生,基于毛细管电泳-紫外检测方法同时测定17种母乳低聚糖,在高乳糖背景下,仍有较好的分离[54]。毛细管电泳分离之后采用激光诱导荧光(Laster-induced fluorescence,LIF)检测,也是分析母乳低聚糖的重要手段。Rusin等[24]开发并验证了一种基于CE-LIF的方法,对初乳样品中的三种低聚糖(DSLNT、3'SL和6'SL)进行定量。线性相关性达到0.9949~0.9989、检测限(5.49~16.40 ng/mL)和定量限(18.30~54.67 ng/mL),该方法准确性较好,有望应用于相关检测方面。
母乳低聚糖的分离和检测因其基质复杂、存在同分异构体及含量差异大而颇具挑战。液相色谱-电喷雾电离-串联质谱法(LC-ESI-MS/MS)是定量分析HMOs的常用方法[55−57]。在多反应监测(MRM)模式下,HMO异构体因具有相同单糖单元会产生共同片段,也会因键断裂方式不同产生特征离子。但由于特征离子响应较低,研究常以共同片段作为定量离子,这使得定量准确性高度依赖色谱分离效果。若分离不佳,质谱会出现“分叉峰”,导致分析时间延长和特征信息丢失[34,58]。为应对分离难题,多孔石墨化碳(PGC)固定相可实现HMO异构体(包括连接异构体和α/β异构体)的独特分离,但也因峰数量倍增而增加了色谱图分析的复杂性。硼氢化物还原可将低聚糖末端还原为同一结构以简化分析,然而会引入硼酸和钠盐干扰质谱。另一种降低色谱分离依赖的方法是利用发色活性标记物进行衍生,将还原性末端转化为具有荧光响应的物质。童文烽等[59]开发的基于衍生反应的质谱检测方法,使用Waters BEH Amide酰胺基色谱柱对6种HMOs进行了测定,衍生后HMOs的质谱响应均优于未衍生者。
质谱法在HMOs分析中的最大优势在于结构表征和鉴定[60−62],目前飞行时间质谱和傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱应用较多[63]。例如,Oursel等[64]采用赛默飞LTQ Orbitrap Discovery™组合高分辨液质联用仪,并结合全甲基化衍生(使糖类羟基被甲基取代,保护分子、减少副反应并提高质谱响应灵敏度与准确性)进行研究,为构建母乳数据库提供了基础。全离子碎片液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-离子迁移率质谱联用技术(AIF LC-ESI-IM-MS)是一种整合了全离子碎片(AIF)、液相色谱(LC)、电喷雾离子化(ESI)及离子淌度质谱(IM-MS)的四维分析技术,具备高分辨率、高稳健性和多维度结构解析能力,在复杂生物分子表征领域展现出重要应用价值。Gonsalves等[65]、Sakaguchi等[66]、Chen等[67]对200多种母乳低聚糖进行了结构表征。随着分离技术的不断发展,质谱技术在寡糖鉴定分析中的应用将更为广泛[68−70]。
通过对以上各种分析手段的分析,将具有代表性的一些检测方法进行了整理,包括适用基质、检测的母乳低聚糖种类、分析手段、衍生试剂和色谱柱等关键信息进行了罗列,并且对方法进行了简短的评价,统一归纳至表6。
总之,对于母乳低聚糖的检测方法而言,包括了高效液相色谱-荧光检测法、离子色谱法、液质法,这些都是很好的检测手段,MS是目前最精细的母乳低聚糖检测手段,可以多组分同时测定,分析其分子结构,探索未知母乳低聚糖的结构;而离子色谱法受各种糖类的影响较大,特异性并不强,并且检测灵敏度并没有液相色谱荧光检测法高,可以对基质较为简单的原料以及食品进行测定。高效液相色谱-荧光检测法更好的灵敏度和特异性,对复杂样品基质中母乳低聚糖的检测特异性较强,有利于实验室对母乳低聚糖的日常检测。因此,高效液相色谱-荧光检测法可成为一种快速且结果精确的首选日常检测方法。然而,每一种方法都有其各自的优缺点,检测人员需对待测样品的特征、设备以及实验室条件等综合因素选择合适的检测方法。
母乳低聚糖作为重要的功能性营养指标,对人体健康益处良多,尤其在婴幼儿健康方面发挥着关键作用。其核心功能围绕调节肠道菌群、免疫防御、疾病预防及神经系统发育展开:
约99%的母乳低聚糖(HMOs)可完整通过上消化道,因其难以被胃液和消化酶分解而直达结肠,并作为特定微生物(如双歧杆菌科和拟杆菌科)的专属底物,为其(尤其是双歧杆菌)提供碳源与能源[23,73]。这些益生菌通过发酵HMOs产生短链脂肪酸(SCFAs),如乙酸、丁酸和丙酸[74–75],在降低肠道pH,参与宿主基因表达调控及免疫细胞活化与分化方面,产生系统性生理效应[40]。这种对菌群的调节作用构成了HMOs多重生理功能的核心基础。同时,受益于HMOs的菌群通过多种机制促进宿主健康:双歧杆菌可竞争性占据营养与肠道上皮结合位点、释放抗菌物质、合成维生素及神经递质(如组胺)[76−78];拟杆菌则能产生鞘脂等有益代谢物。研究证实,HMOs的益生元效应能显著改变高达61.5%的婴儿肠道微生物群结构[79],深刻影响早期肠道微生态的建立。
母乳低聚糖对婴幼儿物理屏障的作用主要体现在维持肠道屏障的完整性和降低通道通透性两方面。它可以直接作用于肠上皮细胞,改变上皮细胞的反应,增强肠道粘膜细胞间的链接紧密性,减少细胞间隙,阻止病原体和毒素渗透。许多病原微生物依赖其表达的凝集素(聚糖结合蛋白),通过识别并结合宿主上皮细胞表面的特定聚糖结构,从而实现附着、定植并最终引发感染。母乳低聚糖在功能上模拟了这些宿主细胞表面的聚糖靶点,作为可溶性诱饵受体与病原菌凝集素结合,有效阻碍病原体对宿主细胞的黏附,从而降低疾病发生的风险。α-1,2岩藻糖苷键连结的母乳低聚糖是关键的诱饵受体。有研究表明,α-1,2岩藻糖苷键连结的母乳低聚糖能有效阻断某些致病菌和病毒的感染,从而降低婴儿腹泻的发生率。例如:2’-FL能有效抑制空肠弯曲杆菌在体内的定植,这是一种能引发婴儿严重腹泻的致病菌。此外,母乳中含有高含量的LNDFH时,杯状病毒腹泻的发生率较低[16]。
母乳低聚糖可直接进入体循环,调节婴儿免疫系统的成熟过程,尤其是平衡Th1/Th2免疫应答[80−82]。新生儿免疫系统存在Th1活性过低、Th2活性过高的特点,易引发牛奶蛋白过敏(CMPA)等过度免疫反应,而HMOs能刺激脐带血T细胞产生更多Th1型细胞因子,促进免疫系统平衡,降低免疫病理现象风险。母乳低聚糖在免疫调节和预防坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)方面作用显著[83],能调节上皮细胞和免疫细胞反应,减少过度的粘膜白细胞浸润和活化,从而降低早产儿常见致命肠道疾病NEC的风险[84−86]。
母乳低聚糖(主要是唾液酸化的母乳低聚糖)也是人体唾液酸的提供者[87−89],唾液酸化的母乳低聚糖在胃液中被消化产生唾液酸(Neu5Ac),Neu5Ac在小肠中被吸收转移到肝脏,参与合成对婴儿大脑发育和认知至关重要的唾液酸糖脂(神经节苷脂)和唾液酸糖蛋白,然后通过血脑屏障将这类代谢产物转移至大脑。其次,结肠细菌在分解HMOs时产生的代谢产物,在通过结肠转移到大脑后可能刺激大脑活动,有学者研究,2’-FL也有刺激大脑发育的作用[90−92]。
当前,母乳低聚糖的应用已从简单“添加”向基于其生物学功能的“精准模拟”方向演进,其核心应用领域仍是婴幼儿配方奶粉。
尽管已在婴配粉中应用,但现有产品与母乳仍然存在巨大差距,主要体现在多样性和浓度上。婴幼儿配方奶粉多以牛、羊乳为基料。一些添加了母乳低聚糖的婴幼儿乳制品中也仅限于有限的几种类型,现行标准婴幼儿配方奶粉中母乳低聚糖的浓度和多样性明显不足[93]。Hou等[69]采用UPLC-Cyclic IM-MS和UPLC-MS/MS的方法,对人乳、牛乳、羊乳以及以不同阶段婴幼儿配方奶粉中五种母乳低聚糖(2’FL、3’-SL、6’-SL、LNT、LNnT)进行研究,所有的母乳中均含有5种低聚糖,但婴配粉中只检测到3种(3’-SL、6’-SL和微量LNnT),从分布上看,母乳中主要以中性(2’-FL)为主,而婴幼儿配方奶粉中主要以酸性低聚糖(3’-SL、6’-SL)为主,5种低聚糖的总含量是婴幼儿配方奶粉的48倍,其中3’-SL、6’SL和LNnT分别为3、25、188倍,差异非常显著[94–95]。这意味着婴配粉仅能模拟HMOs的部分功能(如唾液酸化HMOs的神经发育支持),而缺失了岩藻糖基化HMOs关键的“诱饵”抗感染和免疫调节功能。
其次的差距在与非人源益生元的对比上,市场上大部分的婴幼儿配方奶粉仍然添加的是低聚半乳糖(GOS)和低聚果糖(FOS),基于其与母乳低聚糖核心分子的结构相似性来模拟母乳低聚糖的生物学效应,但GOS和FOS并不存在于人乳中。GOS的作用也并不能模仿母乳低聚糖的所有功能。同时,婴幼儿大量摄入这些非人类乳聚糖的长期健康益处和潜在风险仍不确定[96]。因此,用HMOs逐步替代或复配GOS/FOS是提升婴配粉功能性的必然趋势。
未来的婴配粉研发策略,不应是单一的HMOs的添加,而应是根据目标功能进行科学复配。例如,为增强抗感染能力,可侧重添加2’-FL等岩藻糖基化HMOs;为支持神经发育,则可优化3’-SL等唾液酸化HMOs的比例。
从迈向个性化营养的潜力的角度研究。由于受到母亲基因型、饮食、年龄和地区的影响,母乳低聚糖结构和含量有显著差异。相比之下,婴幼儿配方奶粉来自混合原料奶,并经过标准化的工业流程,确保了稳定的营养成分。设计个性化配方,可实现更精准的营养干预。例如,分泌型母亲的乳汁对婴幼儿的腹泻有保护作用,包括弯曲杆菌和杯状病毒[97−99]。针对非分泌型遗传背景母亲所生婴儿,可能需要额外的膳食补充母乳低聚糖,以达到与分泌型母乳中同等的益生元效果。除此之外,在母乳因个体差异导致的低聚糖摄入不足的情况下,补充强化母乳低聚糖的奶粉也可以为婴儿提供更充足更全面的营养。
近年来,随着细胞工程、化学酶和化学合成工艺生产2’-FL、3’-SL、6’-SL,LNT、LNnT和DFL等取得了重大技术突破[65]。HMOs在食品中的应用研究已逐步加快,这给婴儿营养品行业带来了革命性的变化,如Glycom A/S、Abbott Laboratories、Glycosyn LLC、Inbiose、Jennewein和GeneChem等几家公司已经获得了大规模生产这些HMO的能力。截至目前,美国和欧盟已经批准2’-FL、3-FL、LNT、LNnT、3’-SL、6’-SL及2’-FL/二岩藻糖基乳糖(difucosyllactose,DFL)混合成分7种母乳低聚糖的使用。美国还批准了乳糖-N-岩藻五糖Ⅰ(lactose-N-fucopentaose Ⅰ,LNFP-1)/2’-FL的应用[100−102]。从2016年开始,国内外越来越多的添加母乳低聚糖的婴幼儿奶粉产品不断涌现[26]。在我国,主要采用酶法和基因工程菌发酵法实现简单的、聚合度较低的低聚糖的合成。但是生物转化酶的稳定性差限制了母乳低聚糖的高效生产,工程菌株对复杂糖链的立体构型控制不完善导致的产出率不平衡问题也是生产工艺的技术障碍之一。例如,酶法合成6’-SL比3’-SL更加容易,这是因为α-2,6唾液酸化酶反应速率仅为α-2,3型的42%,但是6’-SL的生物活性较低,研究目标是要产出更多的3’-SL。其次,生物合成法生产HMOs的安全性评价和法规还有待完善,审批相对滞后。相关研究机构对母乳低聚糖进行了大量细致的安全性研究后,国家卫健委于2023年10月发布了2’-岩藻糖基乳糖(2’-FL)和乳糖-N-新四糖(LNnT)成为食品营养强化剂的公告,可应用于婴幼儿配方食品、调制乳粉(儿童用)以及特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品。而其余的2’-FL、6’-SL等多种母乳低聚糖仍然在审批中,限制了产品的应用。母乳低聚糖的纯化也是制约发展的一个重要因素,高纯度的单体分离需要多步层析技术,该步骤占用了大量了生产成本。本土化生产仍然弱于欧美的一些公司。上述的这些问题也是造成母乳低聚糖“天价”的原因[103]。
综上所述,未来应持续进行HMOs生物合成技术创新,构建稳定性高的特异性生物转化酶制剂,同时,构建新型安全的HMOs基料。母乳低聚糖在婴幼儿配方奶粉中的应用已经成为行业趋势,随着原料生产技术的进步和政策的推动,母乳低聚糖的使用范围正在向老年食品、特殊医学食品、孕乳期妇女食品以及成人营养补充品等多个方向拓展,展现出了广阔的市场前景和科研价值。
母乳低聚糖作为母乳中特有的一类复杂的低聚糖,对人类婴幼儿的生长发育起到了不可替代的重要作用。在母乳低聚糖的独特性方面,非人类哺乳动物乳中的低聚糖与人乳低聚糖不论在含量上或者种类上均有较大的差异,母乳作为婴幼儿配方奶粉的“金标准”,母乳低聚糖的强化已经成为一个大的趋势,并且对于非分泌型母亲中母乳缺乏关键母乳低聚糖,强化母乳低聚糖的婴幼儿配方乳粉是很好的补充剂。建立母乳低聚糖数据库,掌握不同地域和不同人群的母乳低聚糖含量和类别,具有重要的价值,定制化配方乳粉是未来的发展方向。在检测技术方面,高效液相色谱-荧光检测法、离子色谱法、液质法,这些都是很好的日常检测手段。随着母乳低聚糖结构类型的持续破解,研究需要借助分辨率更高的质谱或者灵敏度更高的核磁(NMR)来探索未知母乳低聚糖,前处理的复杂性和衍生可能造成的结构破坏也是母乳低聚糖面临的一项挑战。在功能和结构方面,虽然已揭示部分母乳低聚糖的功能,但大多数具体作用机制仍然未探明。人工合成母乳低聚糖的技术是打破成本和提升生产效率的核心。未来能否突破这些技术瓶颈,是决定HMOs从“高端成分”走向大规模普及的关键。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060006
  • 接收时间:2025-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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    1内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 010100
    2国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(牛羊乳肉风险防控与关键技术),内蒙古呼和浩特 010100

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段国霞(1987−),女,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全与检测,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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