Article(id=1320166144342867976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050136, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747324800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681736312, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681736312, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681736312, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681736312, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=199, endPage=210, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166144531611657, articleId=1320166144342867976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Highly Efficient Separation of Sheep Serum Albumin by Aqueous Two-phase Method and Its Functional Characterization, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to construct a novel aqueous two-phase system for the efficient separation of albumin components from sheep blood, followed by structural identification and functional characterization of the isolated sheep serum albumin. First, the optimal phase-separation system was screened from seven salts, and then a single-factor experiment combined with a Box-Behnken experimental design was used to determine the optimal process parameters for separating sheep blood albumin using an aqueous two-phase system. The isolated albumin was then characterized by using electrophoresis and spectroscopic techniques. Finally, the emulsification, foaming and gelling properties of albumin from different species were compared to evaluate its application potential in food. The results showed that the ethanol–sodium dihydrogen phosphate combination was the optimal aqueous two-phase system for albumin separation. Under the conditions of 3.8% (w/w) plasma loading, 27.6% (w/w) ethanol, 18.4% (w/w) sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and 2.6% (w/w) sodium chloride, efficient separation of sheep serum albumin was achieved within 30 minutes, yielding a recovery rate of 92.8% and a purity of 93.3%. The results of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the molecular weight of the separated sheep blood albumin was about 66 kDa, and the secondary and tertiary structures were consistent with standard albumin. Furthermore, the emulsifying stability, foam stability, and gel strength of the isolated sheep serum albumin were 3.3-, 2.4-, and 3.0-fold higher than those of egg albumin, respectively, demonstrating superior functional properties. This study provides a theoretical basis for the low-cost and high-efficiency recovery of sheep plasma albumin, while also offering critical insights for its advanced processing and potential applications in functional food products.

, authors=Xinfang KOU1, Simiao LIU1, Fuxun XU2, Lumeng CHAO2, Jianfei WANG2, Dong YANG3, Fazheng REN4, Hao ZHANG1, 4, *, authorsList=Xinfang KOU, Simiao LIU, Fuxun XU, Lumeng CHAO, Jianfei WANG, Dong YANG, Fazheng REN, Hao ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hao ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166149078237222, articleId=1320166144342867976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=双水相法高效分离羊血白蛋白及其功能特性评价, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文旨在构建一种新型双水相体系,高效分离羊血中的白蛋白成分,并对分离所得羊血白蛋白进行结构鉴定和功能特性评价。首先从七种盐中筛选最佳分相体系,进而采用单因素实验结合Box-Behnken试验设计,确定双水相体系分离羊血白蛋白的最佳工艺参数;通过电泳和光谱技术分析鉴定所得羊血白蛋白;最后对比不同物种白蛋白的乳化性、起泡性和凝胶性,评估其在食品中的应用潜力。结果表明,乙醇-磷酸二氢钠为最佳双水相体系,该组合能够在血浆添加比例为3.8%(w/w)、乙醇添加比例为27.6%(w/w)、磷酸二氢钠添加比例为18.4%(w/w)、氯化钠添加比例为2.6%(w/w)的条件下,实现30 min内高效分离羊血白蛋白,回收率达92.8%,纯度为93.3%。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infraredspectroscopy,FTIR)、圆二色谱(circular dichroism,CD)和荧光光谱分析结果显示,分离所得羊血白蛋白分子量约为66 kDa,二级结构和三级结构与标准白蛋白一致。此外,分离所得羊血白蛋白乳化稳定性、泡沫稳定性和凝胶强度分别是鸡蛋清白蛋白的3.3倍、2.4倍和3.0倍,表现出良好的功能特性。本研究为实现低成本、高效率回收羊血浆白蛋白提供了理论依据,同时为羊血浆白蛋白的精深加工及其在功能食品领域的应用提供了理论支持和参考。

, authors=寇馨芳1, 刘思淼1, 胥福勋2, 朝鲁孟2, 王剑飞2, 杨东3, 任发政4, 张昊1, 4, *, authorsList=寇馨芳, 刘思淼, 胥福勋, 朝鲁孟, 王剑飞, 杨东, 任发政, 张昊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张昊, authorNote=

寇馨芳(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

刘思淼(2001−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张昊(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
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Food Science and Technology, 2023, 48(1): 197−204., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320166178748743882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Xunan, CAI Zhenzhen, WANG Liying, et al. Unlocking liquid-liquid separation: Exploring the marvels of aqueous two-phase systems[J]. Microchemical Journal, 2024, 200: 110445., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320166179247866059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Yumei, DONG Ming, ZHANG Xinyue, et al. Effects of inulin on the gel properties and molecular structure of porcine myosin: A underlying mechanisms study[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2020, 108: 105974., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320166149296341031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166149304729640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, companyId=1320166149296341031, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166149313118249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, companyId=1320166149296341031, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166149392810026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166149405392939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, companyId=1320166149392810026, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Bayannnur Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Bayannur 015000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166149413781548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, companyId=1320166149392810026, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2巴彦淖尔市农牧业科学研究所,内蒙古巴彦淖尔 015000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166149497667629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166149506056238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, companyId=1320166149497667629, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Inner Mongolia Caoyuanxinhe Food Co., Ltd., Bayannur 015001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166149518639151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, companyId=1320166149497667629, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3内蒙古草原鑫河食品有限公司,内蒙古巴彦淖尔 015001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166149589942320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166149598330929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, companyId=1320166149589942320, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166149602525234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, companyId=1320166149589942320, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4中国农业大学营养与健康系,北京 100091)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166152316239974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Plasma splitting in different aqueous aqueous systems, figureFileSmall=OH6DoUKA1e/r5flvxRnxeQ==, figureFileBig=AW+XRrR5TA76neVkO5brRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166152391737447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, language=CN, label=图1, caption=血浆在不同双水相体系中分相情况, figureFileSmall=OH6DoUKA1e/r5flvxRnxeQ==, figureFileBig=AW+XRrR5TA76neVkO5brRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166152580481128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Recovery and purity of albumin in ethanol-salt aqueous two-phase system, figureFileSmall=ZX6n2pqPxKkmwzlMGhPT4w==, figureFileBig=9v2C20SdKIZ2t+D/hr9Asg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166152660172905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, language=CN, label=图2, caption=乙醇-盐双水相体系中白蛋白的回收率和纯度

注:不同字母代表存在显著性差异(P<0.05),n=3,图3~图6、图11~图13同。

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注:A. 傅里叶红外光谱图;B. 圆二色谱图。

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注:(A)乳化活性;(B)乳化稳定性。

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注:(A)起泡性;(B)泡沫稳定性。

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Factors and levels of Box-Behnken experimental design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A血浆添加比例(%)3.04.05.0
B乙醇添加比例(%)25.027.530.0
C磷酸二氢钠添加比例(%)16.018.020.0
D氯化钠添加比例(%)0.02.55.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320166157789806721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Box-Behnken试验设计的因素和水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A血浆添加比例(%)3.04.05.0
B乙醇添加比例(%)25.027.530.0
C磷酸二氢钠添加比例(%)16.018.020.0
D氯化钠添加比例(%)0.02.55.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320166157873692802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Ethanol phase with different types of salts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
盐的种类成相情况
醋酸钠出现盐析现象,不成相
硫酸钠出现盐析现象,不成相
碳酸氢钾出现盐析现象,不成相
磷酸二氢钠成相稳定
磷酸氢二钾成相稳定
柠檬酸钠成相稳定
碳酸钠成相稳定
), ArticleFig(id=1320166158251180163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

乙醇与不同种类盐成相情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
盐的种类成相情况
醋酸钠出现盐析现象,不成相
硫酸钠出现盐析现象,不成相
碳酸氢钾出现盐析现象,不成相
磷酸二氢钠成相稳定
磷酸氢二钾成相稳定
柠檬酸钠成相稳定
碳酸钠成相稳定
), ArticleFig(id=1320166158326677636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Factors and results of Box-Behnken experiment design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A血浆添
加比例
(%)
B乙醇添
加比例
(%)
C磷酸二氢钠
添加比例
(%)
D氯化钠
添加比例
(%)
白蛋白
回收率
(%)
1527.518072.30
2427.520569.61
342518064.13
4527.5202.577.66
5327.518580.28
6525182.567.35
7427.520067.29
8325182.579.34
9327.518076.26
10430162.572.50
11425202.576.91
1243018572.40
13527.518561.89
14427.5182.590.44
15427.5182.591.23
1642518559.79
17427.5182.587.60
1843018057.31
19330182.585.16
20327.5202.583.18
21427.5182.592.15
22530182.568.14
23427.5182.590.37
24427.516553.82
25430202.566.69
26425162.553.53
27527.5162.569.87
28427.516062.15
29327.5162.574.85
), ArticleFig(id=1320166158649639045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Box-Behnken试验设计的因素与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A血浆添
加比例
(%)
B乙醇添
加比例
(%)
C磷酸二氢钠
添加比例
(%)
D氯化钠
添加比例
(%)
白蛋白
回收率
(%)
1527.518072.30
2427.520569.61
342518064.13
4527.5202.577.66
5327.518580.28
6525182.567.35
7427.520067.29
8325182.579.34
9327.518076.26
10430162.572.50
11425202.576.91
1243018572.40
13527.518561.89
14427.5182.590.44
15427.5182.591.23
1642518559.79
17427.5182.587.60
1843018057.31
19330182.585.16
20327.5202.583.18
21427.5182.592.15
22530182.568.14
23427.5182.590.37
24427.516553.82
25430202.566.69
26425162.553.53
27527.5162.569.87
28427.516062.15
29327.5162.574.85
), ArticleFig(id=1320166158741913734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance table of regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型3437.8914245.5630.77<0.0001***
A-血浆添加比例318.951318.9539.97<0.0001***
B-乙醇添加比例37.26137.264.670.0485*
C-磷酸二氢钠添加比例248.461248.4631.13<0.0001***
D-氯化钠添加比例0.225310.22530.02820.869
AB6.3116.310.79020.3891
AC0.070910.07090.00890.9262
AD52.07152.076.520.0229*
BC212.981212.9826.690.0001***
BD94.38194.3811.830.004**
CD28.37128.373.560.0803
A²51.77151.776.490.0233*
B²927.31927.3116.2<0.0001***
C²836.281836.28104.79<0.0001***
D²1500.2511500.25187.99<0.0001***
残差111.73147.98
失拟项100.161010.023.460.1213
纯误差11.5742.89
总变异3549.6128
), ArticleFig(id=1320166158821605511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166144342867976, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

回归模型的方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型3437.8914245.5630.77<0.0001***
A-血浆添加比例318.951318.9539.97<0.0001***
B-乙醇添加比例37.26137.264.670.0485*
C-磷酸二氢钠添加比例248.461248.4631.13<0.0001***
D-氯化钠添加比例0.225310.22530.02820.869
AB6.3116.310.79020.3891
AC0.070910.07090.00890.9262
AD52.07152.076.520.0229*
BC212.981212.9826.690.0001***
BD94.38194.3811.830.004**
CD28.37128.373.560.0803
A²51.77151.776.490.0233*
B²927.31927.3116.2<0.0001***
C²836.281836.28104.79<0.0001***
D²1500.2511500.25187.99<0.0001***
残差111.73147.98
失拟项100.161010.023.460.1213
纯误差11.5742.89
总变异3549.6128
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双水相法高效分离羊血白蛋白及其功能特性评价
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寇馨芳 1 , 刘思淼 1 , 胥福勋 2 , 朝鲁孟 2 , 王剑飞 2 , 杨东 3 , 任发政 4 , 张昊 1, 4, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(14): 199-210
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (14) : 199 -210
双水相法高效分离羊血白蛋白及其功能特性评价
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寇馨芳1 , 刘思淼1 , 胥福勋2, 朝鲁孟2, 王剑飞2, 杨东3, 任发政4, 张昊1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2巴彦淖尔市农牧业科学研究所,内蒙古巴彦淖尔 015000
  • 3内蒙古草原鑫河食品有限公司,内蒙古巴彦淖尔 015001
  • 4中国农业大学营养与健康系,北京 100091
通讯作者:
张昊(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

寇馨芳(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

刘思淼(2001−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

Highly Efficient Separation of Sheep Serum Albumin by Aqueous Two-phase Method and Its Functional Characterization
Xinfang KOU1 , Simiao LIU1 , Fuxun XU2, Lumeng CHAO2, Jianfei WANG2, Dong YANG3, Fazheng REN4, Hao ZHANG1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Bayannnur Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Bayannur 015000, China
  • 3Inner Mongolia Caoyuanxinhe Food Co., Ltd., Bayannur 015001, China
  • 4Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050136
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本文旨在构建一种新型双水相体系,高效分离羊血中的白蛋白成分,并对分离所得羊血白蛋白进行结构鉴定和功能特性评价。首先从七种盐中筛选最佳分相体系,进而采用单因素实验结合Box-Behnken试验设计,确定双水相体系分离羊血白蛋白的最佳工艺参数;通过电泳和光谱技术分析鉴定所得羊血白蛋白;最后对比不同物种白蛋白的乳化性、起泡性和凝胶性,评估其在食品中的应用潜力。结果表明,乙醇-磷酸二氢钠为最佳双水相体系,该组合能够在血浆添加比例为3.8%(w/w)、乙醇添加比例为27.6%(w/w)、磷酸二氢钠添加比例为18.4%(w/w)、氯化钠添加比例为2.6%(w/w)的条件下,实现30 min内高效分离羊血白蛋白,回收率达92.8%,纯度为93.3%。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infraredspectroscopy,FTIR)、圆二色谱(circular dichroism,CD)和荧光光谱分析结果显示,分离所得羊血白蛋白分子量约为66 kDa,二级结构和三级结构与标准白蛋白一致。此外,分离所得羊血白蛋白乳化稳定性、泡沫稳定性和凝胶强度分别是鸡蛋清白蛋白的3.3倍、2.4倍和3.0倍,表现出良好的功能特性。本研究为实现低成本、高效率回收羊血浆白蛋白提供了理论依据,同时为羊血浆白蛋白的精深加工及其在功能食品领域的应用提供了理论支持和参考。

羊血  /  白蛋白  /  双水相体系  /  结构鉴定  /  功能特性

This study aimed to construct a novel aqueous two-phase system for the efficient separation of albumin components from sheep blood, followed by structural identification and functional characterization of the isolated sheep serum albumin. First, the optimal phase-separation system was screened from seven salts, and then a single-factor experiment combined with a Box-Behnken experimental design was used to determine the optimal process parameters for separating sheep blood albumin using an aqueous two-phase system. The isolated albumin was then characterized by using electrophoresis and spectroscopic techniques. Finally, the emulsification, foaming and gelling properties of albumin from different species were compared to evaluate its application potential in food. The results showed that the ethanol–sodium dihydrogen phosphate combination was the optimal aqueous two-phase system for albumin separation. Under the conditions of 3.8% (w/w) plasma loading, 27.6% (w/w) ethanol, 18.4% (w/w) sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and 2.6% (w/w) sodium chloride, efficient separation of sheep serum albumin was achieved within 30 minutes, yielding a recovery rate of 92.8% and a purity of 93.3%. The results of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the molecular weight of the separated sheep blood albumin was about 66 kDa, and the secondary and tertiary structures were consistent with standard albumin. Furthermore, the emulsifying stability, foam stability, and gel strength of the isolated sheep serum albumin were 3.3-, 2.4-, and 3.0-fold higher than those of egg albumin, respectively, demonstrating superior functional properties. This study provides a theoretical basis for the low-cost and high-efficiency recovery of sheep plasma albumin, while also offering critical insights for its advanced processing and potential applications in functional food products.

sheep blood  /  albumin  /  aqueous two-phase system  /  structural characterization  /  functional properties
寇馨芳, 刘思淼, 胥福勋, 朝鲁孟, 王剑飞, 杨东, 任发政, 张昊. 双水相法高效分离羊血白蛋白及其功能特性评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 199 -210 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050136
Xinfang KOU, Simiao LIU, Fuxun XU, Lumeng CHAO, Jianfei WANG, Dong YANG, Fazheng REN, Hao ZHANG. Highly Efficient Separation of Sheep Serum Albumin by Aqueous Two-phase Method and Its Functional Characterization[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 199 -210 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050136
羊血,作为畜牧业屠宰过程中的关键副产物,富含丰富的必需氨基酸(如亮氨酸、赖氨酸、缬氨酸),具有较高的生物利用率[1]。然而,目前羊血的综合利用率仅约为25%,多数羊血被直接废弃或简单处理后作为肥料使用,造成蛋白质资源浪费和环境的污染。羊血被收集的部分主要应用于传统食品(如血豆腐、血肠)和动物饲料添加剂,产品附加值低,羊血高值化利用的潜力尚未被充分挖掘[2]。蛋白质是羊血中的主要营养成分,含量达到17%~19%,白蛋白是羊血中最重要的蛋白之一,占血浆总蛋白的60%,且羊血白蛋白含有丰富的必需氨基酸,具有较高的生物利用率,在营养增补剂和健康食品的开发中展现出重要价值[3]。由于其良好的营养成分,白蛋白在术后修复方面具有广阔的应用前景,能够迅速补充蛋白质,促进患者康复过程,帮助加速组织修复与恢复[4]。同时,白蛋白优异的乳化性、起泡性及凝胶形成能力使其在功能性食品加工中展现出重要价值。
现有羊血白蛋白的常用分离方法包括盐析法、有机溶剂沉淀法、超滤法和色谱法等。然而,这些传统方法在实际应用中存在一定的局限。例如,Odunuga等[5]用饱和硫酸铵沉淀法获取了血清白蛋白,尽管操作相对简单,但整体制备流程仍较为繁琐且需层析柱脱盐,成本较高。Babu等[6]使用三乙酸纤维素和再生纤维素膜对牛血清白蛋白溶液进行超滤,该法可在较低的压力下操作,从而避免蛋白质的变性或失活,但易引发膜污染与堵塞,从而降低回收率及分离效果。莫丽影等[7]采用冷乙醇法从人血浆蛋白中分离白蛋白,该方法无需复杂的设备,易于大规模生产,但受限于严格的分离条件,且处理过程中可能引起羊血白蛋白变性,影响其功能特征。色谱技术具有高选择性和高分辨率的优势,能够有效分离复杂混合物中的各类蛋白质,得到高纯度的产品,但同时该技术纯化成本高、设备维护较为复杂,目前仅限于实验室蛋白纯化研究,难以满足工业化大规模生产需求[8]。双水相体系(Aqueous Two-Phase System,ATPS)是指在水溶液中由两种不混溶的物质自发形成两相分离,从而实现对复杂混合物中单一组分的富集[9]。该技术具有操作简单、分离效率高、放大性好等优点,近年来在生物分离领域受到广泛关注。例如,Yang等[10]用乙醇-盐双水相体系同时分离平菇中的多糖和蛋白质,实现最高回收率分别为90.3%和76.4%。Meutelet等[11]通过将1.5%(w/w)NaCl添加到17.7%(w/w)PEG 400和17.3%(w/w)磷酸盐组成的双水相体系中,实现了在富盐的底部相中88%的DNA回收率,同时去除了超过99%的蛋白质。因此,双水相体系作为一种新型分离技术,凭借其高效的分离能力和较低的操作复杂性,成为传统方法的有力替代方案。目前双水相体系主要应用于蛋白、抗体、DNA、抗生素、多糖、多酚、黄酮等各种生物物质分离[12−13]。因此,研究一种适用于工业化生产、简便、快速、低成本且高回收率的双水相体系分离羊血白蛋白方法,不仅可以为白蛋白的工业化分离与纯化提供理论基础,还能为羊血深加工与高值化利用提供切实可行的技术支持。
本研究利用双水相技术分离羊血中的白蛋白成分,筛选得到最优双水相体系,通过单因素实验和响应面分析,确定双水相技术高效快速分离羊血白蛋白的最佳工艺条件,进一步对分离所得羊血白蛋白进行结构鉴定和功能特性评价,旨在实现羊血白蛋白高产高质的分离,为羊血白蛋白在食品工业中的进一步开发应用提供理论依据与技术参考。
液态鲜羊血 内蒙古草原鑫河食品有限公司;柠檬酸钠、磷酸二氢钠、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钾、磷酸氢二钾、硫酸钠、醋酸钠、氯化钠 分析纯,天津永大化学试剂有限公司;无水乙醇 分析纯,天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;溴化钾 光谱纯,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;冰醋酸、考马斯亮蓝G-250、玉米油、十二烷基硫酸钠、牛血清白蛋白(≥96%)、山羊血清白蛋白(≥95%) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;乙腈、三氟乙酸 色谱纯,北京迈瑞达科技有限公司;鸡蛋清白蛋白(≥99%) 北京普瑞因生物色谱技术有限公司;猪血清白蛋白(≥98%) 广东翁江化学试剂有限公司;非预染蛋白Marker(14.4~116 kDa) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司。
ALC-210分析天平 德国Acculab公司;UF/UVPL5124超纯水机 美国Pall公司;5418R低温离心机 德国Eppendorf公司;XH-C旋涡混合器 江苏金怡仪器科技有限公司;LC-20A高效液相色谱仪 日本SHIMADZU公司;Spectrum 100傅里叶红外光谱仪 美国PerkinElmer有限公司;Chirascan V100 圆二色谱分析仪 英国Applied Photophysics公司;165-8001电泳仪 美国Bio-Rad公司;Imager600凝胶成像仪 瑞典Amersham公司;Infinite M200 Pro酶标仪 瑞士Tecan公司;T10分散均质机 德国IKA公司。
在新鲜液态羊血中按9:1的体积比加入3.8%(w/w)柠檬酸钠充分搅拌均匀后,在4 ℃条件下以4000 r/min离心20 min,取上清液。重复离心2~3次,直至获得澄清的血浆,最后将所得血浆分装并储存于−80 ℃[14]。
制备总重量为30 g的双水相体系,具体步骤为:分别称取20%(w/w)醋酸钠、硫酸钠、碳酸氢钾、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钾、柠檬酸钠、碳酸钠和3%(w/w)氯化钠,加入11 g蒸馏水并充分振荡溶解。随后,加入4%(w/w)血浆和30%(w/w)乙醇,用蒸馏水补充至总质量为30 g。充分涡旋后在室温下静置反应,取上相含有白蛋白的溶液。观察乙醇与不同盐的成相情况,并对比双水相分离血浆的速度。
总蛋白浓度测定采用考马斯亮蓝法[15]。将5 mg/mL羊血清白蛋白标准溶液分别稀释至0.125、0.25、0.5、0.8、1.0 mg/mL,每5 μL蛋白样品中加入200 μL考马斯亮蓝G-250溶液,室温下放置3 min后,使用酶标仪在595 nm波长下测定吸光度。以羊血白蛋白浓度ρ为横坐标,吸光值A为纵坐标,得到标准曲线的线性回归方程为A=0.82196ρ+0.02978,决定系数R2=0.99595,说明蛋白浓度与吸光值呈良好的线性关系。白蛋白浓度测定方法按照陈剑等[16]的方法稍作调整,取羊血白蛋白标准品溶于纯水中配置成0.2~20 mg/mL系列溶液,过0.45 μm滤膜后采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血浆及样品中白蛋白浓度。色谱条件:色谱柱为Waters XBridge C8柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),柱温40 ℃,流动相A为0.01%三氟乙酸水溶液,流动相B为0.01%三氟乙酸乙腈溶液,梯度洗脱程序:0~15 min流动相B组成比例由5%升至100%,15~20 min流动相B组成比例由100%降至5%,20~25 min流动相B组成比例维持到5%,流速为0.8 mL/min,进样体积为20 μL,测定276 nm下样品峰面积。以羊血白蛋白浓度ρ为横坐标,峰面积S为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,得到标准曲线的线性回归方程为S=643265ρ−58477,决定系数R2=0.99981,白蛋白浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。白蛋白回收率(Y)、纯度(Y1)计算公式如下:
$\rm \text{Y(\text{%})}=\frac{{\text{c}}_{1}{\text{V}}_{1}}{{\text{c}}_{2}{\text{V}}_{2}}\times 100 $
$\rm {\text{Y}}_{1}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{c}}_{1}}{{\text{c}}_{3}}\times 100 $
式中:c1表示样品中白蛋白浓度,mg/mL;V1表示样品中白蛋白体积,mL;c2表示血浆中白蛋白浓度,mg/mL;V2表示加入血浆的体积,mL;c3表示样品中总蛋白浓度,mg/mL。
分别考察血浆、乙醇、磷酸二氢钠和氯化钠的添加比例对羊血白蛋白回收率的影响。
固定总体系质量为30 g,在离心管中加入30%(w/w)的乙醇,20%(w/w)的磷酸二氢钠,再分别加入1%、2%、3%、4%和5%(w/w)的血浆,剩余质量用蒸馏水补齐。以羊血浆白蛋白回收率为评价指标,考察血浆添加比例对羊血白蛋白回收率的影响。
固定血浆添加比例为上述实验的最优值,其他条件不变,加入25%、27.5%、30%、32.5%和35%(w/w)的乙醇,考察乙醇添加比例对羊血白蛋白回收率的影响。
固定血浆添加比例、乙醇添加比例为上述实验的最优值,其他条件不变,分别加入16%、18%、20%、22%和24%(w/w)的磷酸二氢钠,考察磷酸二氢钠添加比例对羊血白蛋白回收率的影响。
固定血浆添加比例、乙醇添加比例量、磷酸二氢钠添加比例为上述实验的最优值,其他条件不变,分别加入0%、2.5%、5%、7.5%和10%(w/w)的氯化钠,考察氯化钠添加比例对羊血白蛋白回收率的影响。
根据单因素实验结果,选取影响羊血白蛋白回收率较大的血浆、乙醇、磷酸二氢钠、氯化钠添加比例作为响应因素,分别用A、B、C和D表示。以白蛋白回收率为响应值,利用Design-Expert 13中Box-Behnken试验原理,设计4因素3水平的优化试验。响应面试验因素水平如表1所示。
使用SDS-PAGE快速凝胶制备试剂盒完成分离胶与浓缩胶的配制。分别配制10%聚丙烯酰胺分离胶和5%浓缩胶。将待测样品蛋白浓度调至0.8 mg/mL,按4:1体积比加入5×上样缓冲液充分混匀,经沸水浴处理5 min后冷却至室温。用一次性针头修整上样孔道后,吸取7 μL变性样品及5 μL非预染蛋白Marker进行上样。初始电压设定为80 V,待样品进入分离胶后升压至120 V继续电泳。电泳完成后凝胶用0.5%考马斯亮蓝G-250染色液煮沸染色30 min,采用乙醇:冰乙酸:水=1:2:17(v/v)脱色液进行24 h脱色处理,最后通过凝胶成像系统采集图像。
根据刘锞琳等[17]的方法稍作修改,将提取所得白蛋白溶液冻干,称取白蛋白粉末样品1 mg,加入100 mg干燥的溴化钾,然后利用玛瑙磨钵对混合物进行充分研磨,直至样品与溴化钾完全混合且均匀,将其转移到压片模内进行压片,然后将压制出的薄片在光谱为4000~400 cm−1范围内进行测试,每组重复测定三次。
根据Shen等[18]的方法,将各组样品用超纯水进行稀释处理,使终浓度为0.15 mg/mL,体积统一设定为200 μL,在光谱分辨率0.2 nm,扫描速率100 nm/min,狭缝宽度1 nm条件下进行数据采集,采集前扣除超纯水空白对照。扫描范围为195~260 nm,每间隔0.2 nm记录数据,每组重复测定三次。
根据Bernini等[19]方法进行测定,取蛋白浓度为0.5 mg/mL的样品,使用酶标仪测定荧光信号强度,激发波长为280 nm、发射波长为300~450 nm,激发缝和发射缝均为3 nm,取200 μL样品溶液置于酶标板中,以超纯水为空白背景,每组重复测定三次。
根据Fan等[20]的方法进行测定,采用高速剪切均质机,设定转速为10000 r/min分别对6 mL 1 mg/mL羊、牛、猪和鸡白蛋白样品进行预乳化处理,同时在持续均质过程中,缓慢注入2 mL玉米油,直至形成水相:油相=3:1(v/v)的乳浊体系。随后进行均质处理,确保蛋白溶液和油充分混合。立即(0 min)和静置10 min后,分别取50 μL下层底部乳液,加入5 mL 0.1%(w/v)十二烷基硫酸钠稀释液中。采用紫外分光光度计于500 nm波长处测定稀释样品的吸光值,记录不同时间点的测定结果。每个样品重复测定三次取平均值,乳化活性(Emulsifying Activity Index,EAI)和乳化稳定性(Emulsion Stability Index,ESI)的计算公式如下:
$ \text{EAI}({\text{m}}^{2}\text{/g)=}\frac{\text{2×T×}{\text{A}}_{0}\text{×D}}{\text{c×}\varphi \times 10000} $
$\rm \text{ESI(\text{%})}=\frac{{\text{A}}_{10}}{{\text{A}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:T表示常数2.303;D表示稀释倍数;c表示蛋白质的浓度,mg/mL;φ表示油相所占比;A0表示均质后第0 min时吸光值;A10表示均质后第10 min时吸光值。
根据Chen等[21]的方法分别将30 mL 1%(w/v)羊、牛、猪和鸡白蛋白蛋白溶液置于100 mL量筒中,使用高速均质机以10000 r/min均质3 min。每个样品重复测定三次取平均值,起泡性(Foaming Ability,FA)和泡沫稳定性(Foam Stability,FS)的计算公式如下:
$\rm \text{FA(\text{%})}=\frac{{\text{H}}_{0}}{{\text{H}}_{1}}\times 100 $
$\rm \text{FS(\text{%})}=\frac{{\text{H}}_{30}}{{\text{H}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:H0表示均质后0 min时液面高度;H1表示均质前液面高度;H30表示静置30 min后液面高度。
根据江竑宇[22]的方法分别制备羊、牛、猪和鸡白蛋白凝胶,用蒸馏水将蛋白冻干粉末溶解配制为10%(w/v)的蛋白溶液,将其置于室温水浴锅中,以2 ℃/min的升温速率加热至90 ℃并保温30 min。将凝胶样品切成直径12 mm的等高圆柱,凝胶破断力(g)和断裂距离(mm)的测定参照Zhang等[23]的方法并作调整,通过TA 50球形探头(5 mm)在30%形变、触发点负载5.0 g和0.5 mm/s测试速度下测定。凝胶强度(g×cm)等于破断力(g)和断裂距离(cm)的乘积。
采用Origin进行图表制作,Design-Expert 13进行响应面分析,利用IBM SPSS Statistics 22、Microsoft Excel 2016进行数据方差显著性处理和分析,所有实验均重复三次,取平均值,显著性水平为P<0.05。
为了研究乙醇与不同种类盐的成相稳定性,选取了醋酸钠、硫酸钠、碳酸氢钾、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钾、柠檬酸钠和碳酸钠分别与乙醇混合,并观察其成相情况,以探讨不同盐类对双水相体系稳定性的影响。成相情况如表2所示,不同种类的盐与乙醇的相互作用导致了不同的成相情况。其中,醋酸钠、硫酸钠和碳酸氢钾在乙醇存在下出现盐析现象,未能形成稳定的双水相体系,这可能是当乙醇加入后,导致这些盐的溶解度降低,从而析出并破坏两相分离的稳定性[24]。相反,磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钾、柠檬酸钠和碳酸钠则能够在乙醇存在下形成稳定的双水相体系,可进行进一步筛选,这与其良好的水溶性和较强的离子作用力有关[25]。
选择2.1.1四种均能与乙醇稳定成相的盐(磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钾、柠檬酸钠和碳酸钠),在乙醇添加比例为30%,盐添加比例为20%的条件下加入相同质量的血浆,并通过直观观察评估其对血浆蛋白的分离能力。实验结果如图1所示,其中乙醇与磷酸二氢钠构成的双水相体系在30 min时已经分相完全且无大量蛋白沉淀,乙醇与磷酸氢二钾、柠檬酸钠构成的双水相体系在240 min才分相完全,乙醇与碳酸钠构成的双水相体系虽分相较快,但大量血浆蛋白变性沉淀。
为进一步量化双水相体系分离效果,选择2.1.1四种均能够稳定成相的体系在乙醇添加比例为30%,盐添加比例为20%的条件下测定回收率和纯度。图2(A)表示乙醇与四种不同盐构成的双水相体系对血浆白蛋白回收率的影响,乙醇-磷酸二氢钠双水相体系白蛋白回收率最高为73.37%±1.14%,显著高于其他三种盐形成的双水相体系(P<0.05)。磷酸氢二钾、柠檬酸钠和碳酸钠与乙醇形成的双水相体系白蛋白回收率分别为55.63%±2.36%、58.40%±5.67%和51.90%±1.20%,低于磷酸二氢钠与乙醇构成的体系。图2(B)展示了乙醇与四种不同盐构成的双水相体系对血浆白蛋白纯度的影响,乙醇-磷酸二氢钠表现出最高的白蛋白纯度为89.52%±1.49%,显著高于乙醇-磷酸氢二钾和乙醇-碳酸钠体系(P<0.05)。综合上述分离血浆的速度、回收率和纯度指标,确定分离羊血白蛋白的最佳双水相体系组合为乙醇-磷酸二氢钠,并进一步进行单因素实验和响应面试验确定最佳条件。
血浆添加比例分别为1%、2%、3%、4%和5%(w/w)时,白蛋白回收率结果见图3。控制乙醇和磷酸二氢钠用量一定时,随着血浆添加比例从1%(w/w)增加至4%(w/w),白蛋白的回收率从59.22%±0.72%逐渐增加至71.25%±1.31%(P<0.05)。其原因可能是初期增加血浆量时,体系中的白蛋白浓度增加,促进了白蛋白在双水相中的分配,使得白蛋白能够更有效地被萃取到亲水性更高的乙醇相中,从而提高了回收率[26]。然而,血浆添加比例继续增加到5%(w/w)时,白蛋白的回收率显著降低13.3%(P<0.05),过量的血浆可能增加体系的复杂性,例如蛋白质间的相互作用和竞争结合现象增强,导致白蛋白与其他成分形成聚集,从而降低了白蛋白的回收率[27]。此外,过量的血浆可能干扰双水相的稳定性,进一步影响分离效果。故后续选择血浆添加比例4%(w/w)为中心值进行优化实验。
乙醇的添加比例从25%(w/w)升高至27.5%(w/w)后白蛋白回收率升高1.16倍(P<0.05),随着乙醇添加比例的继续升高,白蛋白回收率呈现下降的趋势(P<0.05),当乙醇添加比例为35%(w/w)时,白蛋白回收率仅为14.74%±0.46%(图4)。在实验范围内,乙醇的适度添加有助于增加白蛋白的回收率,但过高或过低的乙醇比例可能会影响体系的平衡,导致回收率下降。其原因可能是乙醇作为一种有机溶剂,可以适量调节水相的亲水性,随着乙醇浓度的提高,上相争夺水分子能力增强,使上相中白蛋白溶解度更高,提高蛋白质在体系中的分配。然而,乙醇的过量添加会使体系的极性降低,两相变得不稳定,进而影响萃取效率[28]。此外,高浓度乙醇会影响蛋白质的结构稳定性,可能导致蛋白质变性,减少其回收率。故后续选择乙醇添加比例为27.5%(w/w)为中心值进行优化试验。
由图5可知,当乙醇用量保持不变时,随磷酸二氢钠添加比例的增加,白蛋白的回收率呈现先升后降的趋势。在磷酸二氢钠的添加比例达到18%(w/w)时,白蛋白的回收率最高,随着磷酸二氢钠含量的增加,白蛋白的回收率逐渐降低,由82.16%±3.43%降至43.26%±1.35%(P<0.05)。这种现象可能与体系中乙醇的亲水性与疏水性之间的平衡变化有关。乙醇本身同时具有极性基团和非极性基团,因此在与蛋白质分子相互作用时,同时存在亲水作用和疏水作用。当磷酸二氢钠含量增加时,上相中乙醇的亲水/疏水平衡值会经历先增加再减少的变化过程,作为一种亲水性的蛋白质,白蛋白回收率随之表现为先提高后降低的趋势[29]。综上因素考虑,后续实验确定以磷酸二氢钠添加比例为18%(w/w)作为中心值进行进一步的优化研究。
据报道,氯化钠的加入可以增加蛋白质分布的差异,从而增强其分离效果[30],因此本研究加入不同比例的氯化钠,以探究其对白蛋白回收率的影响。结果如图6所示,在乙醇-磷酸二氢钠双水相体系中,随着氯化钠添加比例的增加,白蛋白回收率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,当氯化钠添加比例达到2.5%(w/w)时,回收率达到87.05%±2.80%。然而,当氯化钠添加比例达到10%(w/w)时,回收率降低42.32%(P<0.05)。其原因可能是氯化钠的加入可以影响双水相体系中水相的极性和疏水性,从而改变蛋白质在上相和下相之间的分配。适量的氯化钠可以增强蛋白质在水相之间的分布差异,提升回收率,但过高的浓度可能导致蛋白质聚集或改变其溶解性,从而降低回收率[31]。因此,选择氯化钠添加比例为2.5%(w/w)作为中心值进行后续优化研究。
采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化乙醇-磷酸二氢钠双水相体系分离羊血白蛋白的结果如表3所示。
利用Design-Expert 13软件对试验数据进行回归分析,拟合方程如下:
Y=−3095.55319+36.06380A+132.25697B+143.53400C−13.07645D−0.502233AB−0.066588AC−1.44313AD−1.45939BC+0.777203BD−0.532645CD−2.82518A2−1.91304B2−2.83864C2−2.43331D2
方差分析结果如表4所示,基于Box-Behnken设计进行了29次实验运行,模型的离差平方和为3437.89,F值为30.77,说明模型极显著(P<0.01)。失拟项F为3.46,没有显著性,说明模型有良好的可靠性和准确性。同时R2和R2Adj分别为0.9685和0.9370,说明模型拟合程度较好且预测性良好,模型可用于后续分析,具有统计学意义。变异系数(CV)低于5%表明结果精确且可重复。综合上述分析,该回归模型构建符合统计学要求。
血浆、乙醇、磷酸二氢钠及氯化钠添加比例之间相互作用的响应面曲线图如图7所示。通过响应面图直观显示出各因素之间相互影响的显著性,模型中结果显示各指标相互作用对白蛋白回收率的影响差异显著(P<0.05)。此外,4个因素对白蛋白回收率的影响次序为A>C>B>D,即血浆添加比例>磷酸二氢钠添加比例>乙醇添加比例>氯化钠添加比例。
根据Box-Behnken响应面模型,以白蛋白最大得率为指标,预测的乙醇-磷酸二氢钠双水相体系分离羊血浆白蛋白的最佳工艺条件为:血浆添加3.84%(w/w),乙醇添加27.57%(w/w),磷酸二氢钠添加18.39%(w/w),氯化钠添加2.59%(w/w),模型预测该条件下白蛋白回收率为91.59%;考虑到实际应用操作,将最佳工艺条件调整为:血浆添加3.8%(w/w),乙醇添加27.6%(w/w),磷酸二氢钠添加18.4%(w/w),氯化钠添加2.6%(w/w),在此条件下进行验证,平行实验3次,验证结果得到实际的白蛋白回收率为92.79%±1.05%(95%可信区间为84.97%~98.20%),与预测值相近,表明该模型适用于羊血白蛋白的分离。
双水相体系分离后的白蛋白和标准品的SDS-PAGE电泳图见图8,经过双水相体系分离后的样品在蛋白条带上与标准白蛋白一致,分子量为66 kDa,表明所分离的蛋白为白蛋白[32],纯度为93.30%。相比于血浆泳道,样品泳道中的杂蛋白明显减少,说明该分离方法能够有效去除白蛋白以外的蛋白成分,提高白蛋白的纯度。同时,进一步验证了双水相体系在羊血白蛋白分离中的高效性和可行性,为后续功能研究及应用提供了实验依据。
样品和标准白蛋白的FTIR结果(图9(A))显示,两者在1654 cm−1处出现明显吸收峰,说明其对应的蛋白质C=O伸缩振动(即酰胺I带)未被破坏[33]。此外,在2874 cm−1处吸收峰与C-H伸缩振动相关,其强度一致性表明样品疏水性环境未明显改变[34]。而在3281 cm−1附近的峰对应N-H伸缩振动,其频率和峰形相似性表明α-螺旋的分子间氢键网络未遭破坏[35]。样品和标准白蛋白的CD谱图见图9(B),两者在190~260 nm范围内呈现相同的趋势,尤其在208 nm和222 nm附近出现典型的负峰,对应蛋白质α-螺旋结构的特征吸收峰[30]。表明乙醇-磷酸二氢钠双水相体系分离得到的羊血白蛋白与标准白蛋白的主要二级结构相同,均以α-螺旋为主要构象。综上所述,双水相法分离白蛋白对其二级结构未造成显著破坏。
蛋白质中含有天然的荧光基团,如色氨酸、酪氨酸等,当蛋白质的结构发生变化时,这些荧光基团的极性或疏水性等环境也会随之改变,从而影响其荧光的强度等特征,通过分析这些荧光信号的变化,进而可推测蛋白质的三级结构[36]。图10展示了样品和标准白蛋白的荧光光谱,两者均在333 nm附近显示出明显的最大吸收峰,这一特征通常与白蛋白中芳香族残基,尤其是色氨酸的内在荧光性质密切相关。色氨酸的荧光特性对其所处的微环境非常敏感,当其所在的疏水或极性环境发生变化时,荧光发射峰的位置和强度也会相应改变[37]。因此,吸收峰位置的相似性表明样品中色氨酸残基的微环境与标准白蛋白相近,蛋白质内部空间构象未发生明显改变,样品蛋白维持了相对完整的三级结构且未发生显著的损伤或变化。
白蛋白的乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别代表蛋白在油-水界面上形成稳定乳液的能力和乳液在一定时间内保持不分层的能力,不同物种白蛋白的乳化活性和乳化稳定性见图11。羊白蛋白的乳化活性分别是牛白蛋白和鸡蛋清白蛋白的1.28和1.45倍(P<0.05),说明其能够更有效地降低油水界面张力,提高乳化能力。不同来源的白蛋白乳化活性有所不同可能与疏水性差异相关[38],羊白蛋白通常具有较强的疏水性,这使得其能够更有效地吸附在油水界面上,降低界面张力并提高乳化活性。相较之下,鸡白蛋白的疏水性较弱,导致其在乳液中的分布较差,乳化能力也随之降低。羊白蛋白的乳化稳定性最高,达到45.24%±1.65%(P<0.05),是鸡蛋清白蛋白的3.30倍,表明其在乳液体系中能有效维持稳定的油滴分布,不易发生相分离。牛白蛋白和鸡白蛋白的乳化稳定性较低,分别为羊白蛋白的46.54%和30.35%(P<0.05),表明这两种蛋白在长时间乳化过程中易发生分层,稳定性较差。综合乳化活性与乳化稳定性指标,羊白蛋白在两方面均表现最为优异,具有作为乳化剂应用于食品工业及其他乳化体系的潜力。而牛血清白蛋白和鸡蛋清白蛋白的乳化性能较低,可能更适用于非乳化类产品或其他功能性用途。从工业应用角度来看,羊白蛋白出色的乳化性能使其在食品加工、乳制品开发及化妆品制备等领域具有显著优势。一方面,其良好的乳化稳定性有助于提高产品的储存稳定性,延长货架期。另一方面,其高乳化活性可在较低添加比例下实现理想乳化效果,从而提升配方效率并降低生产成本。此外,已有研究指出,高稳定性的乳化剂在功能饮料和医药等领域展现出广阔的应用前景[39]。因此,羊白蛋白不仅适用于传统食品乳化系统,也具备进一步拓展至高端功能性产品开发的潜力。
图12(A)为不同物种白蛋白的起泡性,即蛋白在搅拌或振荡后形成泡沫的能力。结果表明,猪和羊白蛋白的起泡性相当,分别为218.33%±7.64%和187.67%±12.58%,显著高于其他白蛋白(P<0.05),这可能是由于猪和羊白蛋白在空气-水界面上的吸附能力较强,能够更有效地形成泡沫,鸡白蛋白和牛白蛋白的起泡性次之,表明其形成泡沫的能力相对较弱[40]。图12(B)展示了不同物种白蛋白的泡沫稳定性,即泡沫在一定时间内保持不破裂的能力。结果显示,鸡白蛋白的泡沫稳定性最低,仅为羊白蛋白的42.18%(P<0.05),说明其泡沫更容易坍塌,蛋白的分子结构和氨基酸组成在其中起关键作用,鸡白蛋白相对较低的疏水性和较弱的泡沫膜结构使其在泡沫形成后容易破裂[41]。相反,羊白蛋白和猪白蛋白具有较强的泡沫稳定性,分别是鸡白蛋白泡沫稳定性的2.37倍和2.34倍(P<0.05),表明其形成的泡沫结构更稳定,抗塌陷能力较强。高起泡性和较强泡沫稳定性的蛋白质在多个食品工业中具有广泛应用,尤其是在改善食品质构方面。这些蛋白质能够有效提升充气食品的泡沫结构稳定性,因此常作为糕点、蛋白酥皮、冰激凌等食品中的理想成分,提供更细腻的质地和绵密口感[42]。
凝胶强度是衡量蛋白质凝胶网络稳定性的重要指标,反映蛋白质在形成三维凝胶网络时的交联能力和结构完整性。图13结果表明,羊白蛋白的凝胶强度最高,可达到33.32±2.75 g·cm,是鸡蛋清白蛋白凝胶强度的2.95倍(P<0.05)。猪和鸡白蛋白的凝胶强度较低,分别是羊白蛋白的33.80%和33.86%(P<0.05)。羊白蛋白较高的半胱氨酸含量及其二硫键交联能力使其能够形成更致密、更稳定的凝胶网络,而猪和鸡白蛋白可能由于其二硫键含量较低或疏水相互作用较弱在热诱导过程中形成的三维网络较为松散,从而导致凝胶强度较低[43]。在食品工业中,蛋白质的凝胶强度直接影响产品的质地、结构和稳定性。例如,在肉制品和蛋白质基食品的加工中,蛋白质凝胶能够提供必要的支撑力和形状保持能力,使得最终产品具备更好的咀嚼性和口感[44]。使用凝胶强度较高的羊和牛白蛋白可提升这类产品的质量,确保其在加工和储存过程中的稳定性。
本研究成功构建了适用于羊血白蛋白分离的乙醇-磷酸二氢钠双水相体系,通过单因素实验与响应面优化试验,确定了最优的分离条件,并验证了其高效性。在最佳工艺条件下,血浆添加比例为3.8%(w/w),乙醇添加比例为27.6%(w/w),磷酸二氢钠添加比例为18.4%(w/w),氯化钠添加比例为2.6%(w/w),此条件下的白蛋白回收率可达92.79%,纯度为93.30%,表明乙醇-磷酸二氢钠双水相体系在分离羊血白蛋白时,不仅具有较高的分离效率,还能保持较高的纯度。SDS-PAGE电泳图显示所分离的白蛋白与标准白蛋白一致,分子量约为66 kDa;FTIR、CD和荧光光谱进一步验证了分离所得白蛋白的二级结构与三级结构未受到显著破坏。相比于牛、猪和鸡白蛋白,羊血白蛋白表现出优异的乳化稳定性、起泡稳定性和凝胶强度,分别是鸡蛋清白蛋白的3.30倍、2.37倍和2.95倍,表明其在乳化剂、泡沫剂以及凝胶材料的应用方面具有广阔前景。本研究方法具有操作简便、条件温和、成本低、效率高等优点,但本实验中分离羊血白蛋白仅停留在实验室规模,下一步可对羊血白蛋白的分离进行放大化实验,为工业化生产奠定基础。总体而言,本文创新性地建立了一种高效快速分离羊血白蛋白的双水相体系方法,为畜禽血液资源的高值化利用提供了技术支持,并进一步证实了不同物种白蛋白在食品加工中的功能特性及其应用潜力。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050136
  • 接收时间:2025-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-16
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    1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    2巴彦淖尔市农牧业科学研究所,内蒙古巴彦淖尔 015000
    3内蒙古草原鑫河食品有限公司,内蒙古巴彦淖尔 015001
    4中国农业大学营养与健康系,北京 100091

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张昊(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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