Article(id=1320166083395441642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050238, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681721781, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681721781, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681721781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681721781, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=211, endPage=224, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166083592573931, articleId=1320166083395441642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Fermentation Process Optimization of Lactobacillus kisonensis -Fermented Oats and Analysis of Active Components, Antioxidant and Glycemic/Lipid Control Activities in Vitro, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To simultaneously enrich polyphenols and β-glucan in Lactobacillus-fermented oats and enhance their activity in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to optimize fermentation conditions. Untargeted metabolomics was utilized to analyze the composition and relative abundance of polyphenols in fermented oats. Subsequently, the antioxidant activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from fermented oats, as well as their inhibitory effects on key enzymes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, were evaluated. Furthermore, representative polyphenolic components identified in fermented oats were used as ligands for molecular docking to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibition of these key enzymes. The results demonstrated that fermentation with Lactobacillus kisonensis (JCM 15041) under optimal conditions (inoculum size: 2%, solid-to-liquid ratio: 1:6 g/mL, fermentation time: 6 h, temperature: 30 ℃) significantly increased the β-glucan content in oats by 61.54%, while enhancing the inhibition rates against α-amylase and α-glucosidase by 28.61% and 24.11%. Compared to unfermented oats, both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of fermented oats exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity (P<0.05) and inhibitory effects on key glucose and lipid metabolism enzymes (P<0.001). Untargeted metabolomics revealed a significant increase (P<0.01) in the abundance of cinnamic acid post-fermentation. Molecular docking using cinnamic acid as the ligand indicated its potential binding modes: Forming two hydrogen bonds (2.1 Å) with Lys-466 of α-amylase (binding energy: −4.59 kcal/mol), two hydrogen bonds (2.2 Å) with Phe-416 and Lys-418 of α-glucosidase (binding energy: −4.43 kcal/mol), and five hydrogen bonds (1.6 Å, 2.1 Å, 2.4 Å, 2.6 Å, and 2.8 Å) with Pro-430, Arg-457, and Glu-458 of pancreatic lipase (binding energy: −5.77 kcal/mol). These interactions suggested that cinnamic acid likely inhibits enzyme activity by affecting the substrate-binding domain and catalytic active site. In conclusion, this study established a Lactobacillus-fermentation process capable of significantly enriching oat polyphenols and β-glucan. The resulting fermented oat extracts possessed potent in vitro antioxidant activity and significant potential for regulating glucose and lipid metabolism.

, authors=Xinyao ZHU, Pei GUO, Zihan LIN, Jinhong ZHANG, Yan WU, Lihua SONG*, authorsList=Xinyao ZHU, Pei GUO, Zihan LIN, Jinhong ZHANG, Yan WU, Lihua SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lihua SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166087254201343, articleId=1320166083395441642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=Lactobacillus kisonensis发酵燕麦工艺优化、活性成分及体外抗氧化和降糖降脂活性分析, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为同时富集乳酸菌发酵燕麦中的多酚与β-葡聚糖,并增强发酵燕麦调节糖脂代谢的活性,本研究利用单因素实验和响应面试验优化发酵工艺条件;使用非靶代谢组学解析发酵燕麦中多酚成分的组成及其相对丰度;在此基础上,分析乳酸菌发酵燕麦水提物和醇提物的抗氧化活性及对其糖、脂代谢关键酶活性的抑制作用,并进一步利用发酵燕麦中的代表性多酚组分作为配体进行分子对接,解析发酵燕麦抑制糖、脂代谢关键酶活性的分子机制。结果表明,利用Lactobacillus kisonensis(JCM15041)发酵,在接种量2%,料液比1:6(g/mL),发酵时间6 h,发酵温度30 ℃的工艺条件下,发酵可使燕麦中β-葡聚糖含量提高61.54%,对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率分别提高28.61%和24.11%。与未发酵燕麦相比,发酵燕麦醇提物和水提物的抗氧化活性(P<0.05)及糖、脂代谢酶抑制作用(P<0.001)均显著增强。非靶代谢组学结果表明,发酵后燕麦中的肉桂酸丰度显著增加(P<0.01),将其作为配体进行分子对接可得,肉桂酸可能通过两个氢键(距离2.1 Å)结合到α-淀粉酶的Lys-466残基上,结合能为−4.59 kcal/mol;通过两个氢键(距离2.2 Å)结合到α-葡糖糖苷酶的Phe-416和Lys-418残基上,结合能为−4.43 kcal/mol;通过五个氢键(距离1.6 Å、2.1 Å、2.4 Å、2.6 Å和2.8 Å)结合到胰脂肪酶的Pro-430、Arg-457和Glu-458残基上,结合能为−5.77 kcal/mol,由此推测肉桂酸可能通过影响底物结合结构域、催化活性中心等方式发挥抑制酶活性的作用。综上所述,本研究建立了可显著富集燕麦多酚和β-葡聚糖的乳酸菌发酵工艺,发酵后燕麦提取物具有较好的体外抗氧化及调节糖、脂代谢的活性。

, authors=朱欣瑶, 郭培, 林子涵, 张进红, 吴艳, 宋立华*, authorsList=朱欣瑶, 郭培, 林子涵, 张进红, 吴艳, 宋立华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋立华, authorNote=

朱欣瑶(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:谷物营养与加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
宋立华(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物营养与加工,E-mail:。
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Food Industry technology, 2007(3): 242−245., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320166087891735552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166087900123136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, companyId=1320166087891735552, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166087908511745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, companyId=1320166087891735552, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海交通大学农业与生物学院食品科学与工程系,上海 200240)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166096511029296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of inoculation amount on content of polyphenol, β-glucan (A) and inhibition rates of α-amylase, α-glucosidase (B) of oats, figureFileSmall=77JJQjDaFcWDMfwNdRqqvA==, figureFileBig=Els9bH42UW27XHSmXvVl0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166096586526769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=图1, caption=接种量对燕麦多酚、β-葡聚糖含量(A)和α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(B)的影响

注:不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05);图2~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=77JJQjDaFcWDMfwNdRqqvA==, figureFileBig=Els9bH42UW27XHSmXvVl0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166096850767922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of solid-liquid ratio on content of polyphenol, β-glucan (A) and inhibition rates of α-amylase, α-glucosidase (B) of oats, figureFileSmall=SXC/qP3jYC4t8XawYF6Zxw==, figureFileBig=ueASFkag622uUqBketyu1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166096938848307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=图2, caption=料液比对燕麦多酚、β-葡聚糖含量(A)和α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(B)的影响, figureFileSmall=SXC/qP3jYC4t8XawYF6Zxw==, figureFileBig=ueASFkag622uUqBketyu1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166097026928692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of fermentation time on content of polyphenol, β-glucan (A) and inhibition rates of α-amylase, α-glucosidase (B) of oats, figureFileSmall=M0mq8Hpnp5uf5HCX7UcaOQ==, figureFileBig=jrnkh/Cgc/jIQ3kKfDAX+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166097098231861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=图3, caption=发酵时间对燕麦多酚、β-葡聚糖含量(A)和α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(B)的影响, figureFileSmall=M0mq8Hpnp5uf5HCX7UcaOQ==, figureFileBig=jrnkh/Cgc/jIQ3kKfDAX+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166097203089462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of fermentation temperature on content of polyphenol, β-glucan (A) and inhibition rates of α-amylase, α-glucosidase (B) of oats, figureFileSmall=citQ0YsSSXj3GlQaG+Oclw==, figureFileBig=SO7TBKwjtMdoPykHwhcbvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166097286975543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=图4, caption=发酵温度对燕麦多酚、β-葡聚糖含量(A)和α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(B)的影响, figureFileSmall=citQ0YsSSXj3GlQaG+Oclw==, figureFileBig=SO7TBKwjtMdoPykHwhcbvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166097375055928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of interaction between fermentation time and fermentation temperature on β-glucan content in oats fermented by Lactobacillus, figureFileSmall=LL4wOlU/ora6OczlCSk4Ew==, figureFileBig=cRvMC/MRzW7bd4fT/45MvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166097572188217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=图5, caption=发酵时间与发酵温度交互作用对乳酸菌发酵燕麦中β-葡聚糖含量的影响, figureFileSmall=LL4wOlU/ora6OczlCSk4Ew==, figureFileBig=cRvMC/MRzW7bd4fT/45MvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166097643491386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of interaction between inoculation amount and solid-liquid ratio on the inhibition rate of α-amylase in oats fermented by Lactobacillus, figureFileSmall=AlVWz/yrHUjPdEddibSLJQ==, figureFileBig=KEiNEryE5T1piv/ivoJZPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166097698017339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=图6, caption=接种量与料液比交互作用对乳酸菌发酵燕麦中的α-淀粉酶抑制率影响, figureFileSmall=AlVWz/yrHUjPdEddibSLJQ==, figureFileBig=KEiNEryE5T1piv/ivoJZPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166097760931900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Antioxidant activity in oats with different treatment groups, figureFileSmall=dqOKfGtc+Qk2CowA6VBevg==, figureFileBig=lPh9W3opAsbVUiGI3Su8Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166098406854717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同处理组燕麦的抗氧化活性

注:A. DPPH自由基清除率;B. 羟自由基清除率;C. ABTS+自由基清除能力;D. FRAP抗氧化能力;***表示P<0.001,**表示P<0.01,*表示P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=dqOKfGtc+Qk2CowA6VBevg==, figureFileBig=lPh9W3opAsbVUiGI3Su8Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166098490740798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Inhibition activity of glucose and lipid metabolism enzymes in oats with different treatment groups, figureFileSmall=bLMnVBLpZjlJcUmAYRqujQ==, figureFileBig=VO7GNodngJu+wZlN7UadbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166098557849663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同处理组燕麦的糖脂代谢酶抑制活性

注:A. α-淀粉酶抑制率;B. α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率;C. 胰脂肪酶抑制率;***表示P<0.001,**表示P<0.01,*表示P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=bLMnVBLpZjlJcUmAYRqujQ==, figureFileBig=VO7GNodngJu+wZlN7UadbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166100566921280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Simulation results of the docking of cinnamic acid with α-amylase (A), α-glucosidase (B) and pancreatic lipasen (C) molecules respectively, figureFileSmall=v/8qXaWa2C7dUl7G5/6mlQ==, figureFileBig=+20TRmdcSyTd8zUaKIJJvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166100919242817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=图9, caption=肉桂酸分别与α-淀粉酶(A)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(B)、胰脂肪酶分子对接结果(C), figureFileSmall=v/8qXaWa2C7dUl7G5/6mlQ==, figureFileBig=+20TRmdcSyTd8zUaKIJJvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166101007323202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental design of Box-Behnken response surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A接种量(%)B料液比(g/mL)C发酵时间(h)D发酵温度(℃)
−111:6425
021:7630
131:8835
), ArticleFig(id=1320166101359644739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Box-Behnken响应面试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A接种量(%)B料液比(g/mL)C发酵时间(h)D发酵温度(℃)
−111:6425
021:7630
131:8835
), ArticleFig(id=1320166101443530820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental results of Box-Behnken response surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A接种量B料液比C发酵时间D发酵温度R1多酚含量
(mg/100 g)
R2 β-葡聚糖含量(mg/g)R3 α-淀粉酶
抑制率(%)
R4 α-葡萄糖苷
酶抑制率(%)
1−1−1008.346.8857.7173.36
21−1008.716.8788.1480.30
3−11007.424.1848.0270.20
411007.183.3831.9669.19
500−1−16.845.4791.8581.19
6001−17.236.1362.4774.37
700−117.377.1455.2973.61
800118.656.2351.0170.58
9−100−17.255.5057.7972.60
10100−17.175.7670.1475.51
11−10018.027.3151.0171.59
1210017.896.7647.2270.58
130−1−108.176.2765.3877.90
1401−108.754.2645.8469.82
150−1108.006.6086.3678.79
1601107.413.8752.3071.84
17−10−107.985.3784.5078.41
1810−108.345.1171.5976.39
19−10106.274.5768.0474.75
2010106.164.1859.4872.60
210−10−16.607.0989.1081.57
22010−16.754.7960.4574.12
230−1018.587.5249.2369.44
2401017.545.7726.7268.31
2500007.675.2386.8480.30
2600008.245.5284.1079.42
2700008.455.5897.0183.33
2800008.185.2197.3480.81
2900008.475.5988.3080.81
), ArticleFig(id=1320166101535805509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Box-Behnken响应面试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A接种量B料液比C发酵时间D发酵温度R1多酚含量
(mg/100 g)
R2 β-葡聚糖含量(mg/g)R3 α-淀粉酶
抑制率(%)
R4 α-葡萄糖苷
酶抑制率(%)
1−1−1008.346.8857.7173.36
21−1008.716.8788.1480.30
3−11007.424.1848.0270.20
411007.183.3831.9669.19
500−1−16.845.4791.8581.19
6001−17.236.1362.4774.37
700−117.377.1455.2973.61
800118.656.2351.0170.58
9−100−17.255.5057.7972.60
10100−17.175.7670.1475.51
11−10018.027.3151.0171.59
1210017.896.7647.2270.58
130−1−108.176.2765.3877.90
1401−108.754.2645.8469.82
150−1108.006.6086.3678.79
1601107.413.8752.3071.84
17−10−107.985.3784.5078.41
1810−108.345.1171.5976.39
19−10106.274.5768.0474.75
2010106.164.1859.4872.60
210−10−16.607.0989.1081.57
22010−16.754.7960.4574.12
230−1018.587.5249.2369.44
2401017.545.7726.7268.31
2500007.675.2386.8480.30
2600008.245.5284.1079.42
2700008.455.5897.0183.33
2800008.185.2197.3480.81
2900008.475.5988.3080.81
), ArticleFig(id=1320166101619691590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of β-glucan content response surface regression model ANOVA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型32.20142.3018.28<0.0001****
A0.2610.262.030.1763
B18.70118.70148.64<0.0001****
C0.3510.352.760.1191
D2.9912.9923.770.0002***
A×B0.1610.161.240.2842
A×C0.004210.00420.0340.8572
A×D0.1610.161.300.2727
B×C0.1310.131.030.3273
B×D0.07610.0760.600.4510
C×D0.6210.624.900.0440*
A20.2310.231.820.1985
B20.001110.00110.00910.9256
C20.4810.483.810.0713
D26.6416.6452.80<0.0001****
残差1.76140.13
失拟项1.62100.164.470.0808
纯误差0.1440.036
总和33.9628
), ArticleFig(id=1320166101686800455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

β-葡聚糖含量响应面回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型32.20142.3018.28<0.0001****
A0.2610.262.030.1763
B18.70118.70148.64<0.0001****
C0.3510.352.760.1191
D2.9912.9923.770.0002***
A×B0.1610.161.240.2842
A×C0.004210.00420.0340.8572
A×D0.1610.161.300.2727
B×C0.1310.131.030.3273
B×D0.07610.0760.600.4510
C×D0.6210.624.900.0440*
A20.2310.231.820.1985
B20.001110.00110.00910.9256
C20.4810.483.810.0713
D26.6416.6452.80<0.0001****
残差1.76140.13
失拟项1.62100.164.470.0808
纯误差0.1440.036
总和33.9628
), ArticleFig(id=1320166101753909320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of α-amylase inhibition rate response surface regression model ANOVA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型9485.9314677.577.570.0003***
A0.1810.180.00200.9651
B2426.2212426.2227.100.0001***
C100.861100.861.130.3065
D1908.1511908.1521.310.0004***
A×B540.331540.336.030.0277*
A×C4.7314.730.0530.8215
A×D65.12165.120.730.4081
B×C52.71152.710.590.4557
B×D9.4219.420.110.7504
C×D157.501157.501.760.2060
A21406.5611406.5615.710.0014**
B22347.6412347.6426.220.0002***
C2356.341356.343.980.0659
D22018.5512018.5522.550.0003***
残差1253.461489.53
失拟项1105.3410110.532.980.1517
纯误差148.12437.03
总和10739.3928
), ArticleFig(id=1320166101846184009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

α-淀粉酶抑制率响应面回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型9485.9314677.577.570.0003***
A0.1810.180.00200.9651
B2426.2212426.2227.100.0001***
C100.861100.861.130.3065
D1908.1511908.1521.310.0004***
A×B540.331540.336.030.0277*
A×C4.7314.730.0530.8215
A×D65.12165.120.730.4081
B×C52.71152.710.590.4557
B×D9.4219.420.110.7504
C×D157.501157.501.760.2060
A21406.5611406.5615.710.0014**
B22347.6412347.6426.220.0002***
C2356.341356.343.980.0659
D22018.5512018.5522.550.0003***
残差1253.461489.53
失拟项1105.3410110.532.980.1517
纯误差148.12437.03
总和10739.3928
), ArticleFig(id=1320166101972013130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of α-glucosidase inhibition rate response surface regression model ANOVA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型494.791435.346.900.0004***
A1.1211.120.220.6478
B119.571119.5723.340.0003***
C17.26117.263.370.0878
D103.551103.5520.210.0005***
A×B15.80115.803.080.1009
A×C0.004210.00420.000800.9775
A×D3.8413.840.750.4011
B×C0.3210.320.0620.8065
B×D9.9919.991.950.1844
C×D3.5913.590.700.4165
A294.88194.8818.520.0007***
B298.89198.8919.300.0006***
C225.38125.384.960.0429*
D2107.751107.7521.030.0004***
残差71.72145.12
失拟项63.25106.332.990.1514
纯误差8.4742.12
总和566.5128
), ArticleFig(id=1320166102223671371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率响应面回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型494.791435.346.900.0004***
A1.1211.120.220.6478
B119.571119.5723.340.0003***
C17.26117.263.370.0878
D103.551103.5520.210.0005***
A×B15.80115.803.080.1009
A×C0.004210.00420.000800.9775
A×D3.8413.840.750.4011
B×C0.3210.320.0620.8065
B×D9.9919.991.950.1844
C×D3.5913.590.700.4165
A294.88194.8818.520.0007***
B298.89198.8919.300.0006***
C225.38125.384.960.0429*
D2107.751107.7521.030.0004***
残差71.72145.12
失拟项63.25106.332.990.1514
纯误差8.4742.12
总和566.5128
), ArticleFig(id=1320166102294974540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Composition of polyphenols in fermented oats using UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称保留时间(min)质荷比峰面积
发酵前发酵后
1-Galloyl-glucose1
没食子酰葡萄糖
3.46331.072361.75±403.613384.75±308.60
4-Feruloylquinic acid 4-O
阿魏酰奎尼酸
4.30367.109410.00±186.021112.50±89.47
Cinnamic acid
肉桂酸
13.41295.23ND6134.75±1231.68**
3,4′,5-Trihydroxy-3′,7-dimethoxyflavanone
3,4′,5-三羟基-3′,7-二甲氧基黄烷酮
0.70377.09371801.00±6473.58375167.75±7427.99
Aromadendrin-3,7-diglucoside
香橙素-3,7-二葡萄糖苷
12.72662.635344.83±754.6165432.13±74.90**
1,8-Dihydrxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone
1,8-二羟基-3,7-二甲氧基黄酮
0.66333.0612739.20±1453.4713837.10±2117.98
), ArticleFig(id=1320166102357889101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166083395441642, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE检测发酵燕麦中多酚类物质组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称保留时间(min)质荷比峰面积
发酵前发酵后
1-Galloyl-glucose1
没食子酰葡萄糖
3.46331.072361.75±403.613384.75±308.60
4-Feruloylquinic acid 4-O
阿魏酰奎尼酸
4.30367.109410.00±186.021112.50±89.47
Cinnamic acid
肉桂酸
13.41295.23ND6134.75±1231.68**
3,4′,5-Trihydroxy-3′,7-dimethoxyflavanone
3,4′,5-三羟基-3′,7-二甲氧基黄烷酮
0.70377.09371801.00±6473.58375167.75±7427.99
Aromadendrin-3,7-diglucoside
香橙素-3,7-二葡萄糖苷
12.72662.635344.83±754.6165432.13±74.90**
1,8-Dihydrxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone
1,8-二羟基-3,7-二甲氧基黄酮
0.66333.0612739.20±1453.4713837.10±2117.98
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Lactobacillus kisonensis发酵燕麦工艺优化、活性成分及体外抗氧化和降糖降脂活性分析
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朱欣瑶 , 郭培 , 林子涵 , 张进红 , 吴艳 , 宋立华 *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(14): 211-224
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (14) : 211 -224
Lactobacillus kisonensis发酵燕麦工艺优化、活性成分及体外抗氧化和降糖降脂活性分析
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朱欣瑶 , 郭培, 林子涵, 张进红, 吴艳, 宋立华*
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学农业与生物学院食品科学与工程系,上海 200240
通讯作者:
宋立华(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物营养与加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

朱欣瑶(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:谷物营养与加工,E-mail:

Fermentation Process Optimization of Lactobacillus kisonensis -Fermented Oats and Analysis of Active Components, Antioxidant and Glycemic/Lipid Control Activities in Vitro
Xinyao ZHU , Pei GUO, Zihan LIN, Jinhong ZHANG, Yan WU, Lihua SONG*
Affiliations
  • School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050238
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为同时富集乳酸菌发酵燕麦中的多酚与β-葡聚糖,并增强发酵燕麦调节糖脂代谢的活性,本研究利用单因素实验和响应面试验优化发酵工艺条件;使用非靶代谢组学解析发酵燕麦中多酚成分的组成及其相对丰度;在此基础上,分析乳酸菌发酵燕麦水提物和醇提物的抗氧化活性及对其糖、脂代谢关键酶活性的抑制作用,并进一步利用发酵燕麦中的代表性多酚组分作为配体进行分子对接,解析发酵燕麦抑制糖、脂代谢关键酶活性的分子机制。结果表明,利用Lactobacillus kisonensis(JCM15041)发酵,在接种量2%,料液比1:6(g/mL),发酵时间6 h,发酵温度30 ℃的工艺条件下,发酵可使燕麦中β-葡聚糖含量提高61.54%,对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率分别提高28.61%和24.11%。与未发酵燕麦相比,发酵燕麦醇提物和水提物的抗氧化活性(P<0.05)及糖、脂代谢酶抑制作用(P<0.001)均显著增强。非靶代谢组学结果表明,发酵后燕麦中的肉桂酸丰度显著增加(P<0.01),将其作为配体进行分子对接可得,肉桂酸可能通过两个氢键(距离2.1 Å)结合到α-淀粉酶的Lys-466残基上,结合能为−4.59 kcal/mol;通过两个氢键(距离2.2 Å)结合到α-葡糖糖苷酶的Phe-416和Lys-418残基上,结合能为−4.43 kcal/mol;通过五个氢键(距离1.6 Å、2.1 Å、2.4 Å、2.6 Å和2.8 Å)结合到胰脂肪酶的Pro-430、Arg-457和Glu-458残基上,结合能为−5.77 kcal/mol,由此推测肉桂酸可能通过影响底物结合结构域、催化活性中心等方式发挥抑制酶活性的作用。综上所述,本研究建立了可显著富集燕麦多酚和β-葡聚糖的乳酸菌发酵工艺,发酵后燕麦提取物具有较好的体外抗氧化及调节糖、脂代谢的活性。

乳酸菌  /  发酵燕麦  /  酚类物质  /  抗氧化活性  /  体外降糖活性  /  体外降脂活性  /  分子对接

To simultaneously enrich polyphenols and β-glucan in Lactobacillus-fermented oats and enhance their activity in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to optimize fermentation conditions. Untargeted metabolomics was utilized to analyze the composition and relative abundance of polyphenols in fermented oats. Subsequently, the antioxidant activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from fermented oats, as well as their inhibitory effects on key enzymes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, were evaluated. Furthermore, representative polyphenolic components identified in fermented oats were used as ligands for molecular docking to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibition of these key enzymes. The results demonstrated that fermentation with Lactobacillus kisonensis (JCM 15041) under optimal conditions (inoculum size: 2%, solid-to-liquid ratio: 1:6 g/mL, fermentation time: 6 h, temperature: 30 ℃) significantly increased the β-glucan content in oats by 61.54%, while enhancing the inhibition rates against α-amylase and α-glucosidase by 28.61% and 24.11%. Compared to unfermented oats, both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of fermented oats exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity (P<0.05) and inhibitory effects on key glucose and lipid metabolism enzymes (P<0.001). Untargeted metabolomics revealed a significant increase (P<0.01) in the abundance of cinnamic acid post-fermentation. Molecular docking using cinnamic acid as the ligand indicated its potential binding modes: Forming two hydrogen bonds (2.1 Å) with Lys-466 of α-amylase (binding energy: −4.59 kcal/mol), two hydrogen bonds (2.2 Å) with Phe-416 and Lys-418 of α-glucosidase (binding energy: −4.43 kcal/mol), and five hydrogen bonds (1.6 Å, 2.1 Å, 2.4 Å, 2.6 Å, and 2.8 Å) with Pro-430, Arg-457, and Glu-458 of pancreatic lipase (binding energy: −5.77 kcal/mol). These interactions suggested that cinnamic acid likely inhibits enzyme activity by affecting the substrate-binding domain and catalytic active site. In conclusion, this study established a Lactobacillus-fermentation process capable of significantly enriching oat polyphenols and β-glucan. The resulting fermented oat extracts possessed potent in vitro antioxidant activity and significant potential for regulating glucose and lipid metabolism.

Lactobacillus  /  fermented oats  /  phenolic substances  /  antioxidant activity  /  hypoglycemi activity in vitro  /  lipid-lowering activity in vitro  /  molecular docking
朱欣瑶, 郭培, 林子涵, 张进红, 吴艳, 宋立华. Lactobacillus kisonensis发酵燕麦工艺优化、活性成分及体外抗氧化和降糖降脂活性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 211 -224 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050238
Xinyao ZHU, Pei GUO, Zihan LIN, Jinhong ZHANG, Yan WU, Lihua SONG. Fermentation Process Optimization of Lactobacillus kisonensis -Fermented Oats and Analysis of Active Components, Antioxidant and Glycemic/Lipid Control Activities in Vitro[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 211 -224 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050238
燕麦(Avena L.)是禾本科燕麦属一年生草本植物,按其外稃性状可分为两类,带稃型燕麦(皮燕麦,Avena sativa L.)和裸粒型燕麦(裸燕麦,Avena nuda L.)。燕麦营养成分丰富,包括膳食纤维、必需氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、维生素和矿物质以及多酚类物质等,具有较高的营养价值。其中,多酚和β-葡聚糖是燕麦中的重要活性成分,具有降糖降脂[1]、抗脂肪性肝炎[2]、维持肠道微生态平衡[3]、抗氧化[4]等功能活性。
燕麦虽具有良好的营养与功能特性,但目前产品形式较单一(主要是燕麦米和麦片),且存在营养物质生物利用度较低、蒸煮时间长、适口性不佳等问题。已有研究表明利用微生物发酵能够进一步增强谷物的生物活性,有效改善全谷物食品的消化吸收特性、食用品质和贮藏特性[5]。Li等[6]利用发酵乳杆菌对燕麦麸皮进行发酵,发现发酵可以提升燕麦麸皮的可溶性膳食纤维、还原糖、总酚、总黄酮含量以及抗氧化能力。Yu等[7]探究了燕麦发酵过程中有机酸、游离氨基酸和挥发性风味化合物等主要风味物质的变化,结果表明发酵有助于塑造燕麦饮料酸味、甜味等风味特征。Sun等[8]利用代谢组学方法探究发酵对燕麦营养和功能特性的影响,发现发酵可促进蛋白质代谢,改变氨基酸组成,并增加甜味和鲜味氨基酸的比例,减少苦味氨基酸含量,从而改善发酵燕麦的风味特征。Kütt等[9]探究了发酵对燕麦饮料感官特征和微生物群落生长及代谢产物的影响,也发现发酵能够增加挥发性风味物质浓度,并改善流变学特性。综上,目前围绕发酵燕麦的营养组成、风味以及功能性成分的释放、转化等相关研究较多,利用发酵双靶向富集燕麦主要活性成分及发酵产物的降糖降脂活性的研究较少。
功能性成分的降糖降脂活性通常与其对糖、脂代谢酶活性的调控有关,α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶是碳水化合物代谢的关键酶[10],胰脂肪酶在小肠中将脂肪分解成脂肪酸和甘油。适当抑制上述代谢关键酶活性,可以延缓碳水化合物的分解与葡萄糖吸收,减少脂肪的消化和吸收,从而控制餐后血糖的波动[11],预防和控制肥胖相关疾病,如2型糖尿病和心血管疾病等[12−13]。因此,本研究利用乳酸菌发酵燕麦,以双靶向富集多酚与β-葡聚糖,以及抑制糖代谢酶活性为目标,利用单因素实验和响应面试验优化发酵工艺条件;通过非靶代谢组学技术解析发酵燕麦中酚类物质组成及其相对丰度;为考察发酵燕麦的生物学活性和产业化实际应用成本,利用体外实验,分别探究发酵燕麦醇、水提取物的抗氧化活性及其对糖、脂代谢酶活性的影响;利用发酵燕麦的特征组分肉桂酸为配体进行分子对接,进一步解析发酵燕麦抑制糖、脂代谢关键酶活性的分子机制,为开发燕麦功能性食品提供可参考的理论依据。
燕麦(裸燕麦) 由洮南市洮之宝电子商务有限公司提供;Lactobacillus kisonensis JCM15041 由华东理工大学生物反应器工程国家重点实验室提供馈赠;耐高温α-淀粉酶(10 U/g) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;D-葡萄糖标准品(1 mg/mL) 上海金畔生物科技有限公司;羟自由基清除率检测试剂盒、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)检测试剂盒(ABTS 微板法) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;总抗氧化能力检测试剂盒(FRAP法) 碧云天生物技术有限公司;其他检测用有机溶剂均为国产分析纯。
DR-3000酶标分析仪 无锡华卫德朗仪器有限公司;THC数控超声波 济宁天华超声电子仪器有限公司;Legend Micro17高速离心机 德国Thermo Fisher公司;THE01504BATC手持糖度计 深圳市雅戈科技有限公司;LRH-150培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;Acqulity UPLC I-class & Vion IMS QTOF MSE超高效液相色谱和VION离子淌度四极杆飞行时间质谱联用仪 美国Waters公司。
燕麦预处理:挑选籽粒饱满的燕麦,使用研磨机粉碎后过筛(80目),收集筛下物即得燕麦粉,4 ℃保存备用。
菌种活化:于1.40 mL的MRS液体培养基中加入30 μL菌液,混合均匀后置于30 ℃培养箱培养16 h。
燕麦谷物培养基制备:准确称量20.00 g燕麦粉,按所需料液比加入去离子水混合均匀,按耐高温α-淀粉酶(10 U/g):谷物培养基=1:400(v/v)的比例加入耐高温α-淀粉酶,70 ℃下保温至谷物培养基糖化度达10%,得到燕麦谷物培养基,灭菌后室温备用。
接种与发酵:将活化后的菌株稀释至1.0×108 CFU/mL,按照一定体积比接种到燕麦谷物培养基中,混合均匀,于30 ℃水浴锅中密封避光恒温发酵,得到发酵液[14]。
在预实验的基础上,以多酚含量、β-葡聚糖含量、α-淀粉酶抑制率和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率作为评价指标,进行单因素实验,考察接种量(0%、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%),料液比(1:6、1:7、1:8、1:9、1:10),发酵时间(0、2、4、6、8、10 h),发酵温度(25、30、35、40 ℃)对燕麦的主要活性成分和生物活性的影响,确定响应面试验的单因素优化水平。
具体操作方法如下:控制料液比1:8、发酵时间6 h、发酵温度30 ℃,研究不同接种量对四项评价指标的影响;接种量3%、发酵时间6 h、发酵温度30 ℃,研究不同料液比对四项评价指标的影响;控制料液比1:8、接种量3%、发酵温度30 ℃,研究不同发酵时间对四项评价指标的影响;控制料液比1:8、接种量3%、发酵时间6 h,研究不同发酵温度对四项评价指标的影响。
样品提取液的制备:参考Ibrahim等[15]的方法,取0.20 g发酵液,加入1.80 mL无水乙醇,涡旋混匀后超声(200 W、30 ℃)提取30 min,4000 r/min离心10 min,取上清检测。
多酚含量检测:参考彭璐[16]的方法,取0.20 mL样品提取液,加入0.10 mL福林酚试剂、0.30 mL碳酸钠溶液(8%)和0.40 mL蒸馏水,涡旋混匀,30 ℃下避光静置1 h后在750 nm波长处测定吸光度;分别取0.02 mg/mL没食子酸标准溶液0.00、0.10、0.20、0.30、0.40 mL,同样操作后测吸光度。测得工作曲线线性方程为:y=79.167x+0.0588,R2=0.9973,以没食子酸当量(mg/100 g)计算多酚含量。
样品提取液的制备:参考林伟静等[17]的方法,取0.20 g发酵液,加入1.50 mL 95%乙醇,4000 r/min离心10 min后弃上清,向沉淀中加入1 mL 50%乙醇重复离心弃上清,加入0.02 mL 50%乙醇混匀,加入0.40 mL 20 μmol/L磷酸钠混匀后沸水浴1 min,涡旋后沸水浴2 min,于50 ℃平衡5 min,加入0.02 mL地衣酶于50 ℃水浴1 h,每隔15 min涡旋。向混合溶液中加入0.50 mL 200 μmol/L醋酸钠,4000 r/min离心10 min,取上清检测。
β-葡聚糖含量检测:取0.05 mL样品提取液,加入0.05 mL β-葡聚糖苷酶,50 ℃反应10 min,再加入1.50 mL GOPOD,50 ℃反应20 min后在540 nm波长处测定吸光度;分别取1 mg/mL D-葡萄糖标准溶液0.00、0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08、0.10 mL,加入0.10、0.08、0.06、0.04、0.02、0.00 mL 200 μmol/L醋酸钠混匀,同样操作后测吸光度,测得工作曲线线性方程为:y=10.393x+0.0737,R2=0.999,以D-葡萄糖当量(mg/g)计算β-葡聚糖含量。
参考胡爱玲等[18]的方法,取0.10 mL样品提取液(制备方法同1.2.3.1),加入0.10 mL α-淀粉酶溶液,混匀,37 ℃预反应10 min后,加入0.10 mL可溶性淀粉溶液(1%)起始反应,37 ℃反应10 min后,加入0.20 mL DNS溶液终止反应,反应液置沸水浴中5 min后于冰水浴中迅速冷却,加蒸馏水补足体积至1.50 mL后测定540 nm波长处吸光度A。按照式(1)计算,其中A对照为含受试物、底物和蒸馏水(不加酶)的吸光度;A空白为含酶、底物和蒸馏水(不加受试物)的吸光度;A空白对照为只含底物和蒸馏水(不加酶和受试物)的吸光度。
$\rm \alpha \text {-淀粉酶抑制率} (\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{A}_{\text {样品}}-{A}_{ {对照}}}{{A}_{ {空白}}-{A}_{\text {空白对照}}}\right) \times 100 $
参考姚芬等[19]的方法,取0.10 mL样品提取液(制备方法同1.2.3.1),分别加入0.20 mL α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液,混匀,37 ℃预反应15 min后,加入0.20 mL pPNG溶液(2.50 mmol/L)起始反应,37 ℃反应10 min后,加入1 mL碳酸钠溶液(0.10 mol/L)终止反应,在405 nm处测定吸光度A。按照式(2)计算,其中A对照为含受试物、底物和蒸馏水(不加酶)的吸光度;A空白为含酶、底物和蒸馏水(不加受试物)的吸光度;A空白对照为只含底物和蒸馏水(不加酶和受试物)的吸光度。
$\rm \alpha \text {-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率} ({\text{%}})=\left({1}-\frac{{A}_{\text {样品}}-{A}_{\text {对照}}}{{A}_{\text {空白}}-{A}_{\text {空白对照}}}\right) \times {1 0 0} $
在单因素实验的基础上,以多酚含量(R1)、β-葡聚糖含量(R2)、α-淀粉酶抑制率(R3)和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(R4)作为响应值,以接种量(1%、2%、3%),发酵时间(4、6、8 h),料液比(1:6、1:7、1:8),发酵温度(25、30、35 ℃)为自变量,使用Design-Expert 13软件,基于Box-Behnken设计原理,采用四因素三水平响应面分析法进行优化实验,确定乳酸菌发酵燕麦的最优发酵条件。试验设计如表1所示。
取发酵燕麦0.25 g,加入750 μL 80%乙醇。将经过涡旋混匀后的样品放入−20 ℃的冰箱中下萃取3 h,4 ℃下离心(12000 r/min)20 min,取上清液分析,未发酵燕麦为对照组。
色谱分析条件:柱温45 ℃;流速0.4 mL/min;流动相A为0.1%甲酸水,流动相B为0.1%甲酸乙腈(1/1);洗针液H2O/CAN(10/90);进样体积1 L。梯度洗脱程序如下:0~3 min,95%~80% A;3~10 min,80%~0% A;10~12 min,0% A;12~15 min,0%~5% A;15~19 min,5% A。
质谱分析条件:采用电喷雾电离源在负离子模式(ESI)下采集数据,MSE采集模式为低能量与高能量交替扫描;设置毛细管电压2 kV,锥孔电压40 V,雾化气温度450 ℃,雾化气流量900 L/h,锥孔反吹气50 L/h,离子源温度115 ℃,扫描范围m/z 50~1000,扫描速度0.2 s,碰撞能量6 eV/20~45 eV;在线锁定质量(在线校正):250 pg/L亮氨酸脑啡肽持续进样,流速10 L/min;采集间隔0.5 s;采集时间0.5 s;碰撞能量6 eV。
利用软件UNIFI1.8.1采集色谱、质谱数据,在负离子模式下对样品导入到多酚黄酮库中进行比对,得到具体化合物分子质量、质量误差(mu)、保留时间(RT)、质荷比(m/z)、加和物等信息,对二级质谱离子碎片进行分析,确定同分异构体物质,判断化合物的合理性。同时结合在线数据库Metlin(https://metlin.scripps.edu/)、Chemspider (http://www.chemspider.com/)、HMDB(https://hmdb.ca/)进行比对。利用Metaboanalyst5.0(https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/)将上述比对得到的代谢物进行数据标准化和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)。利用UNIFI1.8.1对原始数据进行峰检测、峰积分及数据输出,以峰面积作为相对定量指标。酚类物质响应值的可视化采用GraphPadPrism8 (GraphPadSoftware,美国)软件[20]。
取发酵燕麦0.25 g,加入750 μL 80%乙醇或去离子水超声提取30 min,12000 r/min离心10 min,上清液分别为醇提液或水提液,未发酵燕麦为对照组。
参考任志龙等[21]的方法,使用无水乙醇配制0.1 mmol/L的DPPH溶液(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼),避光保存。将2 mL待测液与2 mL DPPH溶液加入试管中,充分振摇,在室温下避光反应30 min,在波长517 nm处测定吸光度A。按照式(3)计算,其中Ai为样品液与DPPH混合溶液的吸光度;Aj为样品液与等体积无水乙醇混合溶液的吸光度;A0为等体积无水乙醇与DPPH混合溶液的吸光度。
$\rm {DPPH 自由基清除率} ({\text{%}})=\left({1}-\frac{{A}_{{i}}-{A}_{{j}}}{{A}_{{0}}}\right) \times {1 0 0} $
按照试剂盒说明,按顺序加入空白管、未损伤管、损伤管、对照管和测定管。将所有的EP管放置在37 ℃的水浴锅中保温1 h。取各管上清液于560 nm处吸光度值A,依次记为A0、A1、A2、A'3、A3。
$\rm \text {羟自由基清除率} ({\text{%}}) = \frac{\left[({A}_{3}-{{A}{\text{'}}_{3}})\right]-\left[({A}_{2}-{A}_{0})\right]}{\left[({A}_{1}-{A}_{0})\right]-\left[({A}_{2}-{A}_{0})\right]} \times 100 $
式中:A0为空白管;A1为未损伤管;A2为损伤管;A'3为对照管;A3为测定管。
参考陈宇等[22]的方法,从试剂盒中取出2.78 mg FeSO4·7H2O,使用去离子水溶解至1 mL,得到10 mmol/L浓度的溶液。然后将10 mmol/L FeSO4溶液进行稀释,使其浓度分别为0.15、0.30、0.60、0.90、1.20和1.50 mmol/L。使用去离子水配制溶液和标准品。
在96孔板中加入180 μL FRAP工作液,空白孔加5 μL去离子水;标准曲线检测孔中加入5 μL不同浓度范围的FeSO4标准溶液;样本检测孔则加入5 μL各个样本。然后轻轻混合均匀。将其置于37 ℃温度下孵育5 min,离心吸取上清液,在593 nm波长处测定吸光值。总抗氧化能力用 FeSO4标准溶液的浓度来表示。
按照试剂盒说明,先混合ABTS溶液和氧化剂,形成ABTS工作母液,随后在室温避光条件下存放16 h,室温避光下储存。在使用前,将ABTS工作母液用去离子水按需稀释成ABTS工作液,稀释倍数约为30倍。注意:在测定时,需扣除相应的空白对照(如无水乙醇、PBS或去离子水)吸光度,使得在710 nm处的吸光度约为0.70,对应的450 nm处吸光值约为1.40。
将Trolox溶液(10 mmol/L)逐步稀释至0.05、0.15、0.30、0.60、0.90、1.20、1.50 mmol/L。在进行样品加入时,应依据实验需求确定空白孔、标准孔和测定孔的位置,并按照预先设定的顺序将其逐一放入96孔板中。ABTS工作液与待测样品或标准品的加入比例为40:1。室温下静置5 min后,用酶标仪检测405 nm处吸光值,依次记为A空白、A标准、A测定。计算以系列Trolox 标准为横坐标,相应吸光度为纵坐标,绘制出总抗氧化能力的标准曲线。根据样品测定管的吸光度值计算出样品相当于多少浓度的Trolox标准的抗氧化能力。
参考姚芬等[19]的方法,将80 μL的50 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH8.00)、40 μL的样品溶液和120 μL的10 mg/mL胰脂肪酶溶液,混合均匀后于37 ℃下温育10 min,立即加入160 μL的0.80 mmol/L棕榈酸对硝基苯酯(pNPP)作为底物,于37 ℃下反应20 min。反应结束后,于100 ℃水浴5 min以终止反应。离心去除沉淀,取200 μL上清液在405 nm处测定吸光度。按照式(5)计算,其中A对照为只含受试物、底物和缓冲液(不加酶)的吸光度;A空白对照为只含底物和缓冲液(不加酶和受试物)的吸光度;A空白为含酶、底物和缓冲液(不加受试物)的吸光度。
$ \rm{胰脂肪酶活性抑制率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{A_{样品}-A_{对照}}{A_{空白}-A_{空白对照}}\right)\times100 $
分子对接主要包括蛋白和配体的制备、对接处理和结果分析三个程序。下载蛋白PDB文件(PDB数据库https://www.rcsb.org/)和配体MOL2文件(Zinc数据库https://zinc.docking.org/),包括人胰腺α-淀粉酶(PDB ID:1HNY)、人α-葡萄糖苷酶(PDB ID: 5NN3)及人胰脂肪酶(PDB ID: 2PPL)、肉桂酸(ZINC16051516)。由于发酵使燕麦中肉桂酸的丰度由0增加至6134.75,因此选择肉桂酸作为配体,进一步研究发酵燕麦调控上述酶活性的分子机制。使用分子对接软件AutoDock Tool v.1.5.7完成蛋白与配体预处理,将蛋白删除水、配体、同源链、加氢、计算电荷;将配体加极性氢,设置旋转点与柔性体;蛋白与配体均保存为PDBQT文件;然后,点击Grid-Grid Box,调整对接口袋大小至包裹蛋白,保存为GPF文件;将蛋白设为刚性文件后导入配体文件,进行对接,保存为DPF文件。最后,进行分子对接结合能计算并输出为PDBQT格式,使用OpenBabel将对接PDBQT文件转换为PDB文件,再导入PyMol 3.0.3进行可视化[23]。
采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),通过LSD多重比较分析各组平均值之间的差异(SPSS Statistics 21),P<0.01和P<0.05分别表示差异极显著和差异显著;用软件Origin2025进行绘图;所有实验至少重复三次,以“平均值±标准差”的形式表示。
选择接种量为0%、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%,研究接种量对燕麦主要活性成分和生物活性的影响。由图1可见,随着接种量的增加,燕麦多酚含量呈现先升高再降低的趋势,而β-葡聚糖含量呈现先降低再升高再降低的趋势,当接种量为3%时多酚和β-葡聚糖含量最高,其中,多酚含量显著高于未发酵组和5%接种量组(P<0.05),β-葡聚糖含量显著高于1%、2%、4%、5%接种量组(P<0.05);燕麦发酵物对α-淀粉酶抑制率呈现先升高再降低的趋势,当接种量为3%时α-淀粉酶抑制率最高,显著高于未发酵组(P<0.05);对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性在接种量为1%时较高,显著高于未发酵组(P<0.05)。这可能是由于乳酸菌能以酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸之类的芳香氨基酸为前体物质,合成多酚类次级代谢产物,并且发酵过程产生的酶类会使燕麦细胞壁降解,使得发酵后燕麦中的多酚、β-葡聚糖等有助于降糖的活性物质释放出来[24−25]。在接种量较低(1%~3%)时,燕麦培养基为发酵菌种提供了足够充分的底物,使得发酵能够充分进行,有利于酶的生成和发酵后燕麦中多酚、β-葡聚糖和一些有助于降糖的活性物质的释放;而当接种量过大时,发酵菌种数量过多,燕麦培养基不能够供给足够的养分,从而限制了燕麦中上述次级代谢活性物质的积累[26]。因此,选择接种量为1%、2%、3%作为后续响应面试验的优化条件。
选择料液比为1:6、1:7、1:8、1:9、1:10,研究料液比对燕麦主要活性成分和生物活性的影响。由图2可见,随着料液比的增加,发酵后燕麦中的多酚含量呈现降低的趋势,而β-葡聚糖含量呈现先升高再降低的趋势,当料液比为1:8时β-葡聚糖含量最高(P<0.05);燕麦对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,当料液比为1:7时α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率最高(P<0.05)。这可能是因为当料液比较低时,由于燕麦培养基粘稠度较大,导致营养物质和代谢产物传质效率的下降,限制了发酵菌种的生长发育,从而降低了燕麦中多酚、β-葡聚糖等活性物质的合成效率;而当料液比过高时,燕麦培养基营养组分浓度降低,发酵菌种就无法充分获得生长所需的营养支持,这也会限制燕麦中多酚、β-葡聚糖和一些有助于降糖的活性物质的合成[27]。因此,选择料液比为1:6、1:7、1:8作为后续响应面试验的优化条件。
选择发酵时间为0、2、4、6、8、10 h,研究发酵时间对燕麦主要活性成分和生物活性的影响。由图3可见,随着发酵时间的增加,发酵后燕麦中多酚含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,当发酵时间为4 h时多酚含量最高,显著高于未发酵组(P<0.05);β-葡聚糖含量呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势,当发酵时间为6 h时β-葡聚糖含量最高,显著高于2、4、8、10 h发酵组(P<0.05);燕麦对α-淀粉酶抑制率和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率均呈现先升高再降低的趋势,当发酵时间为6 h时α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率显著高于未发酵组与2、8、10 h发酵组(P<0.05)。这可能是因为在发酵初期(0~4 h)发酵菌数量较少,导致发酵不充分,燕麦中多酚、β-葡聚糖等活性物质的合成效率较低;随着发酵时间的延长(4~6 h),发酵菌种生长充分,增加了多酚、β-葡聚糖等活性物质的合成;在发酵后期(6~10 h),发酵菌种大量死亡和裂解,细胞内的各种分解酶被释放出来,可能造成多酚、β-葡聚糖等成分的降解[28]。因此,选择发酵时间为4、6、8 h作为后续响应面试验的优化条件。
选择发酵温度为25、30、35、40 ℃,研究发酵温度对燕麦主要活性成分和生物活性的影响。由图4可见,随着发酵温度的增加,发酵后燕麦中的多酚含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,当发酵温度为30 ℃时多酚含量最高(P<0.05);β-葡聚糖含量呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势,当发酵温度为35 ℃时β-葡聚糖含量最高(P<0.05);燕麦对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率均呈现先升高再降低的趋势,当发酵温度为30 ℃时体外降糖活性最高(P<0.05)。这可能是因为发酵菌种最适培养温度在30~35 ℃,这也是发酵菌种内一些酶活性最大的温度[28]。因此,选择发酵温度为25、30、35 ℃作为后续响应面试验的优化条件。
表2为响应面试验结果。运用Design Expert 13软件进行二次多元回归拟合,得到多酚含量(R1)、β-葡聚糖含量(R2)、α-淀粉酶抑制率(R3)、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(R4)和接种量(A)、料液比(B)、发酵时间(C)、发酵温度(D)之间的多元二次回归模拟方程:
R1=8.20+0.014A−0.28B−0.31C+0.52D−0.15AB−0.12AC−0.013AD−0.29BC−0.30BD+0.22CD−0.37A2−0.029B2−0.31C2−0.47D2
R2=5.43−0.15A−1.25B−0.17C+0.50D−0.20AB−0.033AC−0.20AD−0.18BC+0.14BD−0.39CD−0.19A2+0.013B2−0.27C2+1.01D2
R3=90.72+0.12A−14.22B−2.90C−12.61D−11.62AB+1.09AC−4.03AD−3.63BC+1.53BD+6.27CD−14.73A2−19.02B2−7.41C2−17.64D2
R4=80.93+0.31A−3.16B−1.20C−2.94D−1.99AB−0.033AC−0.98AD+0.28BC+1.58BD+0.95CD−3.82A2−3.90B2−1.98C2−4.08D2
如表3~表5所示,响应面模型的方差分析及显著性分析结果如下:
指标调整:多酚模型的决定系数R2为0.5648,校正决定系数R2Adj为0.1297,表明拟合优度相关性较差[29];显著性检验P>0.05,失拟项P<0.05,表明模型对该指标的预测能力不足,可能存在未被解释的变异因素。为了保证模型的可靠性和优化结果的实用性,后续分析将剔除该指标,基于β-葡聚糖含量及α-淀粉酶抑制率、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率进行优化。
模型有效性:除多酚模型外,其余模型的显著性P<0.05,且失拟项P值(0.0808、0.1517、0.1514)均>0.05,模型有效。
各指标显著性:β-葡聚糖含量:一次项D(P<0.001)、B(P<0.0001)、二次项D2(P<0.0001)极显著,交互项CD(P<0.05)影响达到显著水平。α-淀粉酶抑制率:一次项B、D、二次项B2、D2影响极显著(P<0.001),A2影响极显著(P<0.01),交互项AB(P<0.05)影响达到显著水平。α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率:一次项B、D、二次项A2、B2、D2极显著(P<0.001),C2(P<0.05)影响达到显著水平。
模型可靠性:决定系数R2分别为0.9481、0.8833、0.8734,校正决定系数R2Adj分别为0.8963、0.7666、0.7468,其中β-葡聚糖模型解释度最佳(R2=0.9481)。变异系数CV分别为6.27%、14.25%、3.01%,α-淀粉酶抑制率属于较高变异。
工艺参数重要性排序:由回归方程的F值可以确定,各因素对β-葡聚糖含量影响的重要顺序依次为:B>D>C>A,对α-淀粉酶抑制率影响的重要顺序依次为:B>D>C>A,对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率影响的重要顺序依次为:B>D>C>A。综上所述,以β-葡聚糖含量及α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率作为工艺定向优化指标,构建的模型提示各发酵工艺参数重要性排序为B>D>C>A。
为简化起见,选择方差分析中交互作用对成分含量及酶抑制率具有显著影响的结果进行阐述。图5为发酵时间与发酵温度交互作用对发酵燕麦β-葡聚糖含量影响的响应面图,从图5中可以看出,交互等高线呈马鞍形,响应面呈下凹的曲面,在实验范围内存在一个优化的凹谷区域。两者交互作用对发酵燕麦中β-葡聚糖含量影响显著(P<0.05)。
图6接种量与料液比交互作用对发酵燕麦α-淀粉酶抑制率影响的响应面图。从图6中可以看出,响应面呈现山丘状曲面,存在极大值,交互等高线呈近椭圆状,坡面较陡峭。接种量与料液比的交互作用对乳酸菌发酵后燕麦的α-淀粉酶抑制率显著影响(P<0.05),与方差分析结果一致。
根据响应面试验结果,得到最佳发酵工艺参数为:接种量2.462%,料液比1:6.049 g/mL,发酵时间5.550 h,发酵温度25.477 ℃,β-葡聚糖含量、α-淀粉酶抑制率、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率预测值为6.69 mg/g、85.91%、80.19%。综合考虑实际加工效率和温度对菌种生长的影响,将最佳发酵工艺参数调整为:接种量2%,料液比1:6 g/mL,发酵时间6 h,发酵温度30 ℃。
经验证,在最优发酵条件下,发酵燕麦中β-葡聚糖含量为6.30±0.30 mg/g,α-淀粉酶抑制率为87.20%±8.10%,α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率为80.30%±3.30%;未发酵组分别为3.90±0.10 mg/g、67.80%±4.40%、64.70%±2.30%。发酵可使燕麦中β-葡聚糖含量提高61.54%,其对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率分别提高28.61%和24.11%。预测值和实际值有较好的拟合相关性,R2为0.99985,表明利用响应面试验建立的预测模型具有较好的稳定性、准确性和可靠性,该模型对乳酸菌发酵后燕麦的β-葡聚糖含量、α-淀粉酶抑制率、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率分析具有实际应用价值。此外,在该工艺条件下,乳酸菌发酵燕麦可显著富集β-葡聚糖,增强其体外降糖活性。
由于植物乳杆菌发酵可促进发酵燕麦中多酚的富集,因此本实验进一步分析发酵燕麦中多酚类物质组成。通过软件UNIFI1.8.1分析对比中药多酚黄酮数据库,根据保留时间及分子和碎片离子信息,共检测出6种酚类化合物(表6所示)。其中与发酵前相比,发酵后的肉桂酸和香橙素-3,7-二葡萄糖苷含量显著增加(P<0.01)。
研究表明[30],谷物中的多酚类化合物以游离态、可溶结合态和不可溶结合态三种形态存在,其中结合态主要通过酯键与细胞壁结构成分(包括纤维素、果胶及多糖等)形成稳定复合物。在植物乳杆菌发酵过程中,菌株分泌的水解酶系(如酯酶、糖苷酶等)能够特异性裂解这些结合态复合物,从而显著提升游离态多酚的检测含量[31]。值得注意的是,菌种的代谢活动不仅促进大分子物质的酶解过程,还能通过激活酚类代谢相关酶(如苯丙氨酸解氨酶、查尔酮异构酶等),重构次生代谢网络,加速前体物质向终产物的生物转化,这一双路径协同作用构成了游离酚类物质增量的核心机制。代谢组学研究为此提供了直接证据:Zhang等[32]分析乳酸菌发酵山楂发现,一方面多酚生物合成通路上调(发酵激活苯丙氨酸解氨酶,促进L-苯丙氨酸这种多酚合成重要前体物质生成),另一方面纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶与酚酸酯酶介导,促进结合态酚类物质的释放,提示发酵燕麦多酚的富集是由于前体物质生物转化与结合态酚类物质的释放双重作用的结果。
发酵燕麦体外抗氧化分析结果如图7所示,总体上,发酵燕麦醇提物和水提物的抗氧化活性强于未发酵燕麦;具体地,发酵燕麦醇提物对DPPH自由基的清除率为35.37%±1.07%、羟自由基的消除率为12.32%±1.06%、ABTS+自由基清除能力为0.66±0.01 mmol/g、FRAP总抗氧化能力为0.62±0.01 mmol/g,较未发酵燕麦分别提高了155.75%(P<0.001)、75.50%(P<0.05)、230.00%(P<0.001)、93.75%(P<0.001)。发酵燕麦水提物对DPPH自由基的消除率为22.60%±0.63%、羟自由基的消除率为22.42%±1.82%、ABTS+自由基清除能力为0.35±0.01 mmol/g、FRAP总抗氧化能力为0.36±0.01 mmol/g,较未发酵燕麦水提物分别提高了170.01%(P<0.001)、28.11%(P<0.05)、191.67%(P<0.001)、63.64%(P<0.001)。除羟基自由基清除率外,总体上发酵燕麦醇提物的抗氧化活性优于水提物,这是因为乙醇能够更有效地提取多酚和黄酮等抗氧化活性成分[33]。
为考察发酵燕麦对糖、脂代谢的调节作用,本研究利用体外实验分析了发酵燕麦对α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶的抑制活性。如图8所示,发酵燕麦醇提物和水提物对α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶活性抑制率均显著高于未发酵燕麦(P<0.001)。具体地,发酵燕麦醇提物对α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶的抑制率分别为67.88%±0.57%、56.45%±1.52%和76.20%±1.05%,较未发酵燕麦分别提高了44.80%(P<0.001)、121.55%(P<0.001)、84.95%(P<0.001);发酵燕麦水提物对α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶的抑制率分别为48.33%±0.67%、35.53%±0.93%和65.60%±1.21%,较未发酵燕麦水提物分别提高了76.52%(P<0.001)、143.86%(P<0.001)、124.66%(P<0.001)。这是因为发酵可促进肉桂酸等多酚类和β-葡聚糖功能性成分的富集;此外醇提物中的多酚类等代谢产物通常具有较强的酶抑制能力,能够通过氢键、疏水相互作用或者静电相互作用结合到酶的不同位点上,从而调节酶活性[34]。
为揭示发酵燕麦调控糖、脂代谢关键酶的分子互作机制,本研究聚焦发酵过程中新生成的特征多酚——肉桂酸,基于人胰腺α-淀粉酶、人α-葡萄糖苷酶及人胰脂肪酶的晶体拓扑结构,采用AutoDock Tool平台进行分子对接。如图9所示,肉桂酸与上述三种酶的结合自由能分别为−4.59、−4.43和−5.77 kcal/mol,均显著低于常规结合阈值(−4 kcal/mol)[35−36],提示其具有稳定的酶结合特性。
进一步分析配体-受体互作模式发现:在酸性条件下,肉桂酸分子中羧酸基团(-COOH)的羟基H作为供体,与α-淀粉酶Lys-466上的ε-氨基(-NH2)形成氢键(距离2.1 Å),同时羧酸羰基O作为受体与Lys-466上的ε-氨基(-NH2)形成氢键(距离2.1 Å),可能作用于α-淀粉酶的底物结合结构域[37],从而影响α-淀粉酶和底物的结合过程。
通过肉桂酸与α-葡萄糖苷酶的分子对接模型分析发现,其羧酸基团(-COOH)的羟基H作为氢键供体,与酶活性中心Lys-418侧链的质子化ε-氨基(-NH3+)形成氢键(距离2.2 Å);此外,肉桂酸与Phe-416残基之间可能以疏水效应和π-π堆积为主,辅以范德华力,这些非共价作用力(距离2.2 Å)协同稳定复合物,可能在酶的疏水口袋或底物通道中起关键作用,通过竞争性占据底物结合位点并干扰催化微环境,阻碍酶与底物的特异性识别与结合。
在胰脂肪酶的分子对接模型中,肉桂酸羧酸基团(-COOH)的羟基H作为氢键供体,与Pro-430主链羰基O形成氢键(距离2.8 Å);同时,羧酸羰基O作为氢键受体,与Arg-457胍基上的伯氨基(-NH2)和仲氨基(-NH-)形成双重氢键(距离2.6 Å与1.6 Å)。此外,羧酸基团中的羟基H和羰基O分别与Glu-458侧链羧酸基团(-COOH)的羰基O和羟基H形成互补氢键网络(距离2.4 Å与2.1 Å),从而可能将肉桂酸锚定在胰脂肪酶的底物结合口袋附近,通过空间位阻和静电干扰抑制酶与底物的结合。
上述分子对接分析初步表明:发酵衍生产物肉桂酸能够通过多靶点、多模式的分子结合机制,竞争性地占据糖、脂代谢关键酶的底物结合活性位点,进而发挥其生物调控功能。
本研究以双靶向富集多酚和β-葡聚糖以及抑制糖代谢关键酶活性为目的,经过指标调整优化后建立了Lactobacillus kisonensis发酵燕麦的最优发酵工艺:接种量为2%,料液比为1:6 g/mL,在30 ℃下发酵燕麦6 h。在此工艺条件下发酵燕麦醇/水提物的抗氧化活性及其对糖、脂代谢关键酶活性抑制作用均显著高于未发酵组。发酵燕麦中新增代表性酚类物质肉桂酸能够以羧酸基团(-COOH)的羟基H作为供体, 羰基O作为受体,通过氢键分别与糖、脂代谢关键酶中Lys、Pro、Arg、Glu等氨基酸残基结合,影响底物结合结构域、催化活性中心等,从而抑制糖、脂代谢关键酶活性。
综上,本研究建立了可显著富集β-葡聚糖的乳酸菌发酵燕麦优化工艺,明确了乳酸菌发酵燕麦的生物学活性。研究可为利用燕麦开发改善糖、脂代谢的谷物基功能性食品提供可参考的依据。但本研究还存在一些不足:发酵燕麦的体内抗氧化和调节糖、脂代谢作用效果及作用机制还需深入研究,以进一步探究发酵燕麦的实际转化潜力。另外,分子对接结果还需结合其他分析技术进一步验证发酵燕麦抑制糖、脂代谢关键酶活性的分子机制。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050238
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
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    上海交通大学农业与生物学院食品科学与工程系,上海 200240

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宋立华(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物营养与加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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