Article(id=1320166057860518707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050247, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681715692, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681715692, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681715692, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681715692, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=235, endPage=244, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166058045068084, articleId=1320166057860518707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Flavor Quality Formation of Tanyang Congou Black Tea, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of different drying methods on the quality of Tanyang Gongfu black tea, five drying processes were employed in this study: Vacuum-freeze drying (FD), hot-air drying (HD), hot-air-vacuum-freeze combined drying (HFD), vacuum-freeze-hot-air combined drying (FHD), and microwave drying (MD). The five dried tea samples were compared by combining sensory evaluation, physicochemical component determination, aroma compound detection, and chemometric analysis. The results indicated that the Tanyang Gongfu black tea was characterized mainly by sweet floral aroma and sweet mellow taste. Among them, the FHD sample was characterized by a pure, sweet, refreshing taste and a pronounced sweet floral aroma, achieving the highest sensory score (90.90 points). Significant differences were observed in the quality components of the tea samples subjected to different drying methods. FD treatment was found to be conducive to increasing the thearubigins content (3.08%). The free amino acid (6.69%) and tea polyphenol (12.28%) contents in the FHD sample were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P<0.05). The highest water extract content (38.23%) was found in the HFD sample. Soluble sugars (44.34 mg/g) in the HD sample were found to contribute to its sweet mellow taste characteristic. Flavonoids were maximally retained (24.61 mg/g) in the MD sample. A total of 99 aroma compounds were detected in the five tea samples, mainly including aldehydes, esters, and alcohols. The FD sample possessed unique grassy and floral characteristics, mainly contributed by hexanal (OAV=33.51), linalool (OAV=75.45), and geraniol (OAV=239.77). The sweet and honey-like aroma characteristics of the HD sample were associated with the enrichment of isovaleraldehyde (OAV=254.73) and phenylacetaldehyde (OAV=41.44). Geraniol (OAV=210.22) was identified as the characteristic aroma compound for the FHD treatment. Geraniol (OAV=130.04) and isovaleraldehyde (OAV=122.23) were determined to be the main aroma-contributing components for HFD. Nonanal (OAV=71.89) was identified as the key aroma component for MD treatment. This study systematically elucidated the influence of different drying processes on the quality of Tanyang Gongfu black tea, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing black tea processing technology.

, authors=Panpan LIU1, Fuming LIN2, *, Qian ZHANG1, Fan ZHANG3, Caiyan WU4, Weijiang SUN1, *, authorsList=Panpan LIU, Fuming LIN, Qian ZHANG, Fan ZHANG, Caiyan WU, Weijiang SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fuming LIN, Weijiang SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166061048189759, articleId=1320166057860518707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同干燥方式对坦洋工夫红茶风味品质形成的影响, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同干燥方式对坦洋工夫红茶品质的影响,本研究采用真空冷冻干燥(FD)、热风干燥(HD)、热风-真空冷冻联合干燥(HFD)、真空冷冻-热风联合干燥(FHD)及微波干燥五种干燥(MD)工艺进行加工,并通过感官审评、理化成分测定和香气物质检测结合化学计量学方法分析对五个干燥茶样进行比较。结果表明,坦洋工夫红茶整体上以甜花香为主,滋味以甜醇为主,其中真空冷冻-热风联合干燥茶样滋味醇正甜爽,甜花香显,感官总分(90.90分)最高。不同干燥茶样的品质成分有较大差异,真空冷冻干燥处理有利于提高茶样的茶红素含量(3.08%);真空冷冻-热风联合干燥处理茶样的游离氨基酸(6.69%)和茶多酚(12.28%)含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05);热风-真空冷冻联合干燥处理茶样的水浸出物(38.23%)含量最高;热风干燥处理茶样的可溶性糖(44.34 mg/g)为其甜醇的滋味特征形成做出贡献;微波干燥处理最大程度保留了茶样的黄酮物质(24.61 mg/g)。5个茶样共检测出99种香气物质,主要包括醛类、酯类和醇类。FD茶样具有独特的青草香和花香特征,主要贡献物质是正己醛(OAV=33.51)、芳樟醇(OAV=75.45)和香叶醇(OAV=239.77);HD处理茶样的甜香和蜜香特征与异戊醛(OAV=254.73)和苯乙醛(OAV=41.44)的富集相关;香叶醇(OAV=210.22)是FHD处理的特征性香气物质;香叶醇(OAV=130.04)和异戊醛(OAV=122.23)是HFD的主要赋香成分;壬醛(OAV=71.89)是MD处理的关键香气成分。本研究系统阐明了不同干燥工艺对坦洋工夫红茶品质的影响,为优化红茶加工工艺提供了理论依据。

, authors=刘盼盼1, 林馥茗2, *, 张倩1, 张帆3, 吴彩焱4, 孙威江1, *, authorsList=刘盼盼, 林馥茗, 张倩, 张帆, 吴彩焱, 孙威江, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=林馥茗, 孙威江, authorNote=

刘盼盼(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:茶叶加工与品质化学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
林馥茗(1984−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:茶叶审评与品质调控,E-mail:。
孙威江(1964−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:茶树种质资源、茶叶品质化学与标准化,E-mail:。
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刘盼盼(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:茶叶加工与品质化学,E-mail:

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刘盼盼(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:茶叶加工与品质化学,E-mail:

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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 1−15[2025-09-16]. https://doi.org/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040108., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320166061283070784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166061291459393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, companyId=1320166061283070784, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166061295653698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, companyId=1320166061283070784, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1福建农林大学园艺学院,福建福州 350002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166061350179651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166061358568260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, companyId=1320166061350179651, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Anxi College of Tea Science (College of Digital Economy), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166061442454341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, companyId=1320166061350179651, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福建农林大学安溪茶学院(数字经济学院),福建泉州 362400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166061509563206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166061517951815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, companyId=1320166061509563206, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Fujian Xintanyang Tea Group Co., Ltd., Fu'an 355000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166061526340424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, companyId=1320166061509563206, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3福建新坦洋茶业集团股份有限公司,福建福安 355000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166061601837897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166061610226506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, companyId=1320166061601837897, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Fujian Jicha Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166061618615115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, companyId=1320166061601837897, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4福建基茶生物科技有限公司,福建厦门 361000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166065448014708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparative analysis of biochemical components in differently dried tea samples, figureFileSmall=NUM1KqECCOPOCgrO3mSNeA==, figureFileBig=G7+ZDQhfDJH+hA7cCtE7Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166065515123573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同干燥茶样生化成分含量对比

注:A:水浸出物;B:游离氨基酸;C:茶多酚;D:总黄酮;E:咖啡碱;F:可溶性糖。不同小写字母代表在P<0.05水平差异显著;图2、图3同。

, figureFileSmall=NUM1KqECCOPOCgrO3mSNeA==, figureFileBig=G7+ZDQhfDJH+hA7cCtE7Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166065712255862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of tea pigments in different dried teas, figureFileSmall=bDJY0Xv6n+vFdp2EMdeOcw==, figureFileBig=4v+A3Q7zLFIlcA65BTNvNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166065796141943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同干燥茶样茶色素含量对比, figureFileSmall=bDJY0Xv6n+vFdp2EMdeOcw==, figureFileBig=4v+A3Q7zLFIlcA65BTNvNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166065875833720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Volatile compound composition in differently dried tea samples, figureFileSmall=YRHnTWk2FKztk3y2LuRq0Q==, figureFileBig=xYwNayJ68oconKLh4y1Ilg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166065938748281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同干燥茶样挥发性物质种类、数量及占比

注:A.韦恩图;B.不同干燥茶样挥发性物质种类及占比;C.不同干燥茶样香气物质质量分数占比。

, figureFileSmall=YRHnTWk2FKztk3y2LuRq0Q==, figureFileBig=xYwNayJ68oconKLh4y1Ilg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166066005857146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of volatile compounds in differently dried tea samples, figureFileSmall=1koFfU4FOcPzyHYfPfYVvQ==, figureFileBig=qa/c0UmnejjgLelq/AtgHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166066077160315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同干燥茶样挥发性物质最小偏二乘分析

注:A.OPLS-DA 得分散点图;B.OPLS-DA交叉验证结果;C.挥发性物质VIP值。

, figureFileSmall=1koFfU4FOcPzyHYfPfYVvQ==, figureFileBig=qa/c0UmnejjgLelq/AtgHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166066169435004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Volatile compound clustering heatmap of differently dried tea samples, figureFileSmall=iH56z+N8HPY6LUQkcZUuIg==, figureFileBig=g5MJKmkyVh1SLRwG5SPBvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166066240738173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同干燥茶样挥发性化合物聚类热图, figureFileSmall=iH56z+N8HPY6LUQkcZUuIg==, figureFileBig=g5MJKmkyVh1SLRwG5SPBvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166066312041342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Specific parameters of different drying techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥方式干燥条件
真空冷冻干燥(FD)真空压范围70~110 Pa、解析干燥温度90 ℃
真空冷冻-热风联合干燥
(FHD)
真空冷冻解析干燥30 min,热风70 ℃至足干
热风-真空冷冻联合干燥
(HFD)
热风70 ℃、30 min-真空冷冻干燥(FD)
至足干
微波干燥(MD)功率P80、投叶量220 g、加热间隔2 min
热风干燥(HD)80 ℃足干
), ArticleFig(id=1320166066408510335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同干燥工艺具体参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥方式干燥条件
真空冷冻干燥(FD)真空压范围70~110 Pa、解析干燥温度90 ℃
真空冷冻-热风联合干燥
(FHD)
真空冷冻解析干燥30 min,热风70 ℃至足干
热风-真空冷冻联合干燥
(HFD)
热风70 ℃、30 min-真空冷冻干燥(FD)
至足干
微波干燥(MD)功率P80、投叶量220 g、加热间隔2 min
热风干燥(HD)80 ℃足干
), ArticleFig(id=1320166066467230592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation results of tea samples processed with different drying methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺外形(25%)汤色(10%)香气(25%)滋味(30%)叶底(10%)总分
评语得分评语得分评语得分评语得分评语得分
FD棕黄较紧结尚显金毫87.00橙红较亮90.00甜花香较显92.50甜醇带水中香93.00黄褐较亮舒展89.0090.68
FHD乌润细紧,较显金毫89.00橙黄较亮92.50甜花香较显92.00醇正甜爽92.50软亮较匀齐86.5090.90
HFD条索紧结,色泽乌润87.00橙黄亮92.00甜花香显93.00甜醇鲜爽92.50较软亮匀齐86.0090.55
MD紧结乌润88.00黄稍深89.00甜花香显92.50甜醇鲜爽92.50较匀齐软亮88.0090.58
HD色泽乌润,条索紧结,匀亮较匀整86.00橙黄亮90.00甜香较显90.00醇和91.00较软亮86.5088.95
), ArticleFig(id=1320166066542728065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同干燥茶样感官审评结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺外形(25%)汤色(10%)香气(25%)滋味(30%)叶底(10%)总分
评语得分评语得分评语得分评语得分评语得分
FD棕黄较紧结尚显金毫87.00橙红较亮90.00甜花香较显92.50甜醇带水中香93.00黄褐较亮舒展89.0090.68
FHD乌润细紧,较显金毫89.00橙黄较亮92.50甜花香较显92.00醇正甜爽92.50软亮较匀齐86.5090.90
HFD条索紧结,色泽乌润87.00橙黄亮92.00甜花香显93.00甜醇鲜爽92.50较软亮匀齐86.0090.55
MD紧结乌润88.00黄稍深89.00甜花香显92.50甜醇鲜爽92.50较匀齐软亮88.0090.58
HD色泽乌润,条索紧结,匀亮较匀整86.00橙黄亮90.00甜香较显90.00醇和91.00较软亮86.5088.95
), ArticleFig(id=1320166066605642626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Catechin contents in tea samples processed with different drying methods (mg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥工艺CEGCECEGCGECG
FD3.28±0.11a0.91±0.37c4.5±0.23ab1.32±0.03b1.57±0.05a
FHD2.57±0.09b1.18±0.46c3.6±1.07b0.42±0.06d0.12±0.03c
HFD2.39±0.46bc0.89±0.19c5.1±0a1.02±0.27c1.13±0.2b
MD0.92±0.04d3.82±0.21a4.34±0.4ab1.79±0.15a0.08±0c
HD2.03±0.18c2.11±0.13b3.96±0.35ab1.07±0.06bc1.6±0.05a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166066681140099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同干燥茶样儿茶素含量(mg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥工艺CEGCECEGCGECG
FD3.28±0.11a0.91±0.37c4.5±0.23ab1.32±0.03b1.57±0.05a
FHD2.57±0.09b1.18±0.46c3.6±1.07b0.42±0.06d0.12±0.03c
HFD2.39±0.46bc0.89±0.19c5.1±0a1.02±0.27c1.13±0.2b
MD0.92±0.04d3.82±0.21a4.34±0.4ab1.79±0.15a0.08±0c
HD2.03±0.18c2.11±0.13b3.96±0.35ab1.07±0.06bc1.6±0.05a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166066765026180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Relative odor activity value (OAV) of volatile compounds in differently dried tea samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号物质CAS阈值(μg/kg)FDFHDHFDMDHD香气描述
1异戊醛590-86-30.5140.67157.42122.239.21254.73花香、水果香[50]
2正己醛66-25-1533.5124.7216.8614.8929.72青草味[51]
3(E)-2-己烯醛6728-26-388.71.861.170.670.310.75青味、果香[37]
4正己醇111-27-35.619.6386.132.015.75果香[52]
5苯乙醛122-78-143033.6927.845.9841.44花果香、甜香、蜜香、青草味[53]
6顺-α,α-5-三甲基-5-乙烯基四氢化呋喃-2-甲醇5989-33-31001.821.411.080.391.28花香、木香气味[53]
7芳樟醇78-70-6675.4566.6145.8516.0249.28铃兰花香[53]
8壬醛124-19-61122.1181.0853.8971.8973.06果香[54]
9苯乙醇60-12-856.42.942.331.321.592.13玫瑰的花香[55]
10水杨酸甲酯119-36-84010.165.322.991.033.69冬绿薄荷味、脂味[56]
11橙花醛106-26-3531.861.270.530.220.68甜味、柠檬味[57]
12香叶醇106-24-17.5239.77210.22130.0473.89173.09花香[53]
13柠檬醛5392-40-5404.631.55−−甜味、柠檬味[58]
14(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛141-27-532−3.761.940.842.46柠檬[58]
15反式-橙花叔醇40716-66-32500.150.110.040.270.07清香、果香、花香[53]
), ArticleFig(id=1320166066832135045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166057860518707, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同干燥茶样挥发性物质OAV值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号物质CAS阈值(μg/kg)FDFHDHFDMDHD香气描述
1异戊醛590-86-30.5140.67157.42122.239.21254.73花香、水果香[50]
2正己醛66-25-1533.5124.7216.8614.8929.72青草味[51]
3(E)-2-己烯醛6728-26-388.71.861.170.670.310.75青味、果香[37]
4正己醇111-27-35.619.6386.132.015.75果香[52]
5苯乙醛122-78-143033.6927.845.9841.44花果香、甜香、蜜香、青草味[53]
6顺-α,α-5-三甲基-5-乙烯基四氢化呋喃-2-甲醇5989-33-31001.821.411.080.391.28花香、木香气味[53]
7芳樟醇78-70-6675.4566.6145.8516.0249.28铃兰花香[53]
8壬醛124-19-61122.1181.0853.8971.8973.06果香[54]
9苯乙醇60-12-856.42.942.331.321.592.13玫瑰的花香[55]
10水杨酸甲酯119-36-84010.165.322.991.033.69冬绿薄荷味、脂味[56]
11橙花醛106-26-3531.861.270.530.220.68甜味、柠檬味[57]
12香叶醇106-24-17.5239.77210.22130.0473.89173.09花香[53]
13柠檬醛5392-40-5404.631.55−−甜味、柠檬味[58]
14(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛141-27-532−3.761.940.842.46柠檬[58]
15反式-橙花叔醇40716-66-32500.150.110.040.270.07清香、果香、花香[53]
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不同干燥方式对坦洋工夫红茶风味品质形成的影响
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刘盼盼 1 , 林馥茗 2, * , 张倩 1 , 张帆 3 , 吴彩焱 4 , 孙威江 1, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(14): 235-244
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (14) : 235 -244
不同干燥方式对坦洋工夫红茶风味品质形成的影响
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刘盼盼1 , 林馥茗2, * , 张倩1, 张帆3, 吴彩焱4, 孙威江1, *
作者信息
  • 1福建农林大学园艺学院,福建福州 350002
  • 2福建农林大学安溪茶学院(数字经济学院),福建泉州 362400
  • 3福建新坦洋茶业集团股份有限公司,福建福安 355000
  • 4福建基茶生物科技有限公司,福建厦门 361000
通讯作者:
林馥茗(1984−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:茶叶审评与品质调控,E-mail:。
孙威江(1964−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:茶树种质资源、茶叶品质化学与标准化,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘盼盼(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:茶叶加工与品质化学,E-mail:

Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Flavor Quality Formation of Tanyang Congou Black Tea
Panpan LIU1 , Fuming LIN2, * , Qian ZHANG1, Fan ZHANG3, Caiyan WU4, Weijiang SUN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
  • 2Anxi College of Tea Science (College of Digital Economy), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362400, China
  • 3Fujian Xintanyang Tea Group Co., Ltd., Fu'an 355000, China
  • 4Fujian Jicha Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050247
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为探究不同干燥方式对坦洋工夫红茶品质的影响,本研究采用真空冷冻干燥(FD)、热风干燥(HD)、热风-真空冷冻联合干燥(HFD)、真空冷冻-热风联合干燥(FHD)及微波干燥五种干燥(MD)工艺进行加工,并通过感官审评、理化成分测定和香气物质检测结合化学计量学方法分析对五个干燥茶样进行比较。结果表明,坦洋工夫红茶整体上以甜花香为主,滋味以甜醇为主,其中真空冷冻-热风联合干燥茶样滋味醇正甜爽,甜花香显,感官总分(90.90分)最高。不同干燥茶样的品质成分有较大差异,真空冷冻干燥处理有利于提高茶样的茶红素含量(3.08%);真空冷冻-热风联合干燥处理茶样的游离氨基酸(6.69%)和茶多酚(12.28%)含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05);热风-真空冷冻联合干燥处理茶样的水浸出物(38.23%)含量最高;热风干燥处理茶样的可溶性糖(44.34 mg/g)为其甜醇的滋味特征形成做出贡献;微波干燥处理最大程度保留了茶样的黄酮物质(24.61 mg/g)。5个茶样共检测出99种香气物质,主要包括醛类、酯类和醇类。FD茶样具有独特的青草香和花香特征,主要贡献物质是正己醛(OAV=33.51)、芳樟醇(OAV=75.45)和香叶醇(OAV=239.77);HD处理茶样的甜香和蜜香特征与异戊醛(OAV=254.73)和苯乙醛(OAV=41.44)的富集相关;香叶醇(OAV=210.22)是FHD处理的特征性香气物质;香叶醇(OAV=130.04)和异戊醛(OAV=122.23)是HFD的主要赋香成分;壬醛(OAV=71.89)是MD处理的关键香气成分。本研究系统阐明了不同干燥工艺对坦洋工夫红茶品质的影响,为优化红茶加工工艺提供了理论依据。

红茶  /  干燥工艺  /  感官品质  /  挥发性成分  /  香气活度值

To investigate the effects of different drying methods on the quality of Tanyang Gongfu black tea, five drying processes were employed in this study: Vacuum-freeze drying (FD), hot-air drying (HD), hot-air-vacuum-freeze combined drying (HFD), vacuum-freeze-hot-air combined drying (FHD), and microwave drying (MD). The five dried tea samples were compared by combining sensory evaluation, physicochemical component determination, aroma compound detection, and chemometric analysis. The results indicated that the Tanyang Gongfu black tea was characterized mainly by sweet floral aroma and sweet mellow taste. Among them, the FHD sample was characterized by a pure, sweet, refreshing taste and a pronounced sweet floral aroma, achieving the highest sensory score (90.90 points). Significant differences were observed in the quality components of the tea samples subjected to different drying methods. FD treatment was found to be conducive to increasing the thearubigins content (3.08%). The free amino acid (6.69%) and tea polyphenol (12.28%) contents in the FHD sample were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P<0.05). The highest water extract content (38.23%) was found in the HFD sample. Soluble sugars (44.34 mg/g) in the HD sample were found to contribute to its sweet mellow taste characteristic. Flavonoids were maximally retained (24.61 mg/g) in the MD sample. A total of 99 aroma compounds were detected in the five tea samples, mainly including aldehydes, esters, and alcohols. The FD sample possessed unique grassy and floral characteristics, mainly contributed by hexanal (OAV=33.51), linalool (OAV=75.45), and geraniol (OAV=239.77). The sweet and honey-like aroma characteristics of the HD sample were associated with the enrichment of isovaleraldehyde (OAV=254.73) and phenylacetaldehyde (OAV=41.44). Geraniol (OAV=210.22) was identified as the characteristic aroma compound for the FHD treatment. Geraniol (OAV=130.04) and isovaleraldehyde (OAV=122.23) were determined to be the main aroma-contributing components for HFD. Nonanal (OAV=71.89) was identified as the key aroma component for MD treatment. This study systematically elucidated the influence of different drying processes on the quality of Tanyang Gongfu black tea, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing black tea processing technology.

black tea  /  drying techniques  /  sensory quality  /  volatile compounds  /  odor activity value (OAV)
刘盼盼, 林馥茗, 张倩, 张帆, 吴彩焱, 孙威江. 不同干燥方式对坦洋工夫红茶风味品质形成的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 235 -244 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050247
Panpan LIU, Fuming LIN, Qian ZHANG, Fan ZHANG, Caiyan WU, Weijiang SUN. Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Flavor Quality Formation of Tanyang Congou Black Tea[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 235 -244 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050247
红茶属于全发酵茶[1],按照制作方法可分为小种红茶、工夫红茶和红碎茶三类[2]。红茶销量占全球茶叶销量的80%左右,在各茶类中处于领先地位,主要销往部分亚洲国家及西方国家,而在我国红茶是第二大销量的茶叶品类[3−4]。花果香型红茶具有“紧结壮实”“橙红明亮”“花香果味”的卓越品质[5],广受消费者好评。干燥是茶叶形成良好品质的重要加工环节之一,其核心作用在于快速降低茶叶含水率,同时钝化酶活性,制止酶促氧化过程,促进茶叶内含物质的转化与稳定。这一过程不仅显著提升了茶叶的贮藏稳定性,更重要的是通过调控干燥工艺参数,能够定向优化茶叶的感官品质和功能成分[6]。
现有研究表明,不同干燥方式对茶叶理化成分和香气特征具有显著调控作用。Jin等[7]比较喷雾干燥与冷冻干燥对速溶茶香气的影响,发现冷冻干燥能有效保留花果香类化合物;Qu等[8]的研究则表明微波干燥工艺可显著提高红茶中茶多酚、儿茶素及茶黄素含量。苏丹等[9]系统综述了联合干燥技术在农产品加工中的应用,指出其在品质保持和能效提升方面的优势。魏昊等[10]通过分析4种干燥方式对金牡丹工夫红茶香气的影响,证实不同干燥工艺会导致香气成分组成及含量的显著差异。王婷婷等[11]的研究进一步揭示,热风干燥和冷冻干燥等工艺更有利于芳樟醇及其氧化物、香叶醇等关键香气物质的保留,从而促进红茶特征性花果香和甜香风味的形成。这些研究为红茶干燥工艺的优化提供了重要理论依据。
现有研究虽已探讨不同干燥工艺对红茶品质的影响,但未对坦洋工夫红茶干燥方式与品质进行系统研究,本研究针对红茶干燥工艺优化问题,在现有研究基础上进行系统性拓展,采用五种干燥工艺:真空冷冻干燥(FD)、热风干燥(HD)、热风-真空冷冻联合干燥(HFD)、真空冷冻-热风联合干燥(FHD)以及微波干燥(MD),通过多维度评价体系,系统探究不同干燥方式对坦洋工夫红茶感官品质(包括滋味与香气特征)的综合影响,以期为提高红茶干燥效率和品质提供依据。
红茶 选取福建省宁德市福安市坦洋村‘金牡丹’为原料,采摘一芽二三叶,于2024年5月在新坦洋集团的茶叶加工厂按照花果香红茶的工艺制成;儿茶素标准品、生物碱标准品 购自美国Sigma-AlFHDich公司;福林酚、茚三酮、碳酸钠、无水乙醇、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钾、氯化亚锡、浓硫酸、盐酸、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、无水草酸、碳酸氢钠 分析纯 购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司;植物可溶性糖试剂盒 购自南京建成科技有限公司;甲醇、乙腈、冰乙酸 色谱纯,购自德国默克公司;芦丁(色谱纯) 购自源叶生物技术有限公司。
MA150电子天平、MA150水分测定仪 购自德国Sartorius公司;HWS24型电热恒温水浴锅 购自上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;Infinite M200 PRO多功能酶标仪 购自奥地利Tecan集团公司;Waters 2695高效液相色谱、2998 PDA检测器、X-select-T3色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm×5 μm) 购自美国Waters公司;SHB-II循环水式多用真空泵 郑州长城科工贸有限公司;ZF-1㎡真空冷冻干燥机 购自诸城市盛世众发智能装备有限公司;定制款茶叶烘干机 购自厦门市同安裕能铁器加工厂;GFL-230烤箱 购自天津市莱玻瑞仪器有限公司;TDZ5B-WS台式多管架离心机 购自上海卢湘仪仪器有限公司;G70F20CN1L-FD(W0)微波炉 购自广州格兰仕集团有限公司。
加工流程:鲜叶→萎凋(10~14 h)→摇青(40 min)→揉捻(1 h)→发酵(3~5 h,温度30~35 ℃,相对湿度在80%~95%)→干燥(茶样含水率降至5%左右)。具体干燥参数如表1所示。在真空冷冻干燥过程中,解析干燥阶段的温度(隔板温度)设定为90 ℃,该条件有助于降低干燥能耗[12],红茶香气与滋味物质的充分激发。若温度偏低,则茶叶青味较重,影响其整体风味品质。
本次红茶感官审评严格依据国家标准GB/T 23776-2018《茶叶感官审评方法》,由3位国家级评茶师在标准环境下对茶样进行专业评定。采用3.0 g茶样沸水冲泡5 min的标准化流程,综合得分=外形×25%+汤色×10%+香气×25%+滋味×30%+叶底×10%,最后计算均分作为品质总分。审评过程规范、数据可靠,结果具有权威性和可重复性。
茶叶水浸出物含量测定按照GB/T 8305-2013《茶水浸出物测定》进行;游离氨基酸含量测定采用GB/T 8314-2013《茶游离氨基酸总量测定》;茶多酚和儿茶素含量测定按照GB/T 8313-2018《茶叶中茶多酚和儿茶素类含量的检测方法》相应方法进行;可溶性糖含量测定采用可溶性糖试剂盒进行;茶红素、茶褐素含量的测定参照NY/T 3675-2020《红茶中茶红素和茶褐素含量的测定 分光光度法》;茶黄素含量测定参照GB/T 30483-2015《茶叶中茶黄素的测定 高效液相色谱法》;黄酮采用三氯化铝比色法测定;咖啡碱检测参照GB/T 8312-2013《茶 咖啡碱测定》。
精确称取0.5 g茶粉于20 mL进样瓶中,分别加入3 mL 60 ℃的水和20 μL的内标癸酸乙酯(质量浓度为8.63 μg/mL),振荡15 s后,先60 ℃平衡15 min,再推出已老化的萃取头吸附45 min,吸附结束后,将萃取头插入气相色谱仪的进样口,在250 ℃下热解析5 min。每个样品进行3次重复实验。
载气为高纯氦气(纯度≥99.999%),采用恒流模式,流速1.0 mL·min−1,不分流进样,进样口温度250 ℃。色谱柱升温程序设置为:初始温度35 ℃保持2 min,以5 ℃·min−1升至210 ℃保持3 min,再以10 ℃·min−1升至250 ℃保持1 min。
电离模式为电子轰击离子源(EI),电离能量70 eV,离子源、质谱接口温度分别为230、250 ℃,扫描范围40~500 m/z。
对气相色谱/质谱联用测得红茶样本挥发性有机物的总离子色谱图,经标准谱图(NIST08和NIST08 s)检索匹配,同时根据正构烷烃出峰时间来计算各挥发物保留指数并通过查阅文献,对挥发物的化学结构、名称等进行进一步的定性。用内标癸酸乙酯定量各挥发性组分,定量计算公式如下:
$\rm {X}_{i}=\frac{{I}_{i}{C}_{s}}{{I}_{s}} $
式中:Xi为待测样品中化合物i的质量分数(μg/kg);Ii为待测样品中化合物i的峰面积;Cs为内标物(癸酸乙酯)质量浓度(μg/kg);Is为内标物(癸酸乙酯)的峰面积。
气味活度值(odor activity value,OAV)是结合化合物的感觉阈值建立的确定食品关键风味化合物的方法,用于阐明每种香气化合物对样品整体香气特征的贡献,近几年OAV被越来越多的学者应用于确定各类食品中的关键风味化合物。一般来说OAV≥1,表明该化合物对样品风味有直接的贡献。其计算公式如下:
$\rm OA{V}_{\text{i}}=\frac{{C}_{i}}{{T}_{i}} $
式中:OAVi为化合物i的气味活度值;Ci为化合物的质量分数(μg/kg);Ti为化合物的阈值(Threshold,μg/kg)。
采用Microsoft Excel 2022进行基础数据统计,SPSS 25进行单因素方差分析,SIMCA 14.1软件进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis,OPLS DA),GraphPad Prism8.0绘制柱形图。
通过对五种不同干燥工艺(FD、FHD、HFD、MD、HD)红茶样品的感官品质分析,各工艺在外形、汤色、香气、滋味和叶底方面均呈现显著差异,审评结果见表2。综合评分显示,FHD工艺茶样感官得分以90.90分位列第一,其外形乌润细紧、汤色橙黄明亮、滋味甜醇滑爽的表现最为均衡;FD工艺茶样虽在滋味浓郁度(93分)和叶底品质(89分)上表现突出,但外形、色泽稍逊;MD工艺茶样香气表现优异但汤色偏深;HFD工艺茶样香气强度最佳;而HD工艺茶样因香气和滋味相对淡薄,总分最低(88.95分)。综合结果表明,联合干燥工艺(FHD/HFD)能更好地兼顾茶叶的外形与内质,其中FHD工艺茶样的感官综合品质最优。
水浸出物含量是评价茶叶品质的重要指标之一,通常与茶叶品质呈正相关[13],如图1A所示,不同干燥工艺处理茶样的水浸出物含量存在显著差异。其中,HFD茶样的水浸出物含量最高,达到38.23%,表明该工艺能较好地保留茶叶中的可溶性成分;HD茶样次之,含量为37.76%;而MD茶样的水浸出物含量最低,仅为34.12%,这可能与微波加热过程中部分热敏性物质的损失有关[14]。这一结果与感官审评中HFD茶样滋味得分较高的表现相一致,进一步验证了水浸出物含量与茶叶品质的正相关性[13]。
游离氨基酸作为茶叶重要呈味物质,其含量变化直接影响茶叶的鲜爽品质特征。如图1B所示,五种干燥工艺处理的茶样在游离氨基酸含量上呈现显著差异(P<0.05)。FHD茶样表现最为突出,其游离氨基酸总量达6.69%,显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05)。这一结果与感官审评中FHD茶样“醇正甜爽”的品质特征相吻合,表明较高的游离氨基酸含量有效提升了茶汤的鲜爽滋味。Yu等[15]认为低温有利于氨基酸的保留,FHD处理前期低温冷冻干燥,后续温和热风干燥避免了高温对氨基酸的破坏。相比之下,MD处理茶样的游离氨基酸含量最低(3.80%),可能是因为微波功率过高使茶叶中蛋白酶等失去活性[1],或少部分氨基酸与还原糖发生美拉德反应[16]。
茶多酚作为红茶最主要的滋味物质,其含量直接影响茶汤的醇厚度和收敛性特征[17]。不同干燥工艺对茶多酚的保留效果存在显著差异(P<0.05)。如图1C所示,FHD茶样的茶多酚含量最高(12.28%),显著优于其他处理组,HFD(11.04%)茶样和FD(10.62%)茶样分列二、三位,表明冷冻处理对多酚保护具有积极作用[18]。值得注意的是,MD茶样的茶多酚含量最低(8.43%),这一结果与Dong等[19]关于微波干燥有利于多酚保留的结论相左,可能与金牡丹叶片较厚,微波热传导效率差异有关[20]。
黄酮类化合物作为红茶重要的风味物质,主要由黄酮醇及其糖苷组成,通过与儿茶素、咖啡碱的协同作用影响茶汤的苦涩特征[17]。图1D显示不同干燥工艺对黄酮含量的影响呈现显著差异(P<0.05)。MD茶样表现出最高的黄酮含量(24.61 mg/g),HD茶样次之(20.43 mg/g),FD茶样黄酮含量最低(19.12 mg/g),黄酮是热敏性物质[21],干燥温度和时长对其含量产生影响,MD处理破坏细胞结构,使酶与底物接触更多,加快化学反应速率[22],刘春菊等[23]在研究干燥方式对黄秋葵花茶品质及体外抗氧化能力的影响时也得到了类似的结果;相比之下FD处理在前期通过低温冷冻和真空升华有效避免了热敏性物质的热降解,然而在后期解析干燥阶段,由于需要维持较高温度(90 ℃),反而导致黄酮类物质的整体降解程度较为显著。咖啡碱含量(图1E)无显著差异,FD、FHD等工艺因黄酮含量相对较低,减轻了黄酮-咖啡碱复合作用形成的苦涩感,使茶汤滋味更显甜醇,与马敬宜等[24]研究相吻合,即适度降低红茶中黄酮类物质含量有助于减轻茶汤的苦涩味。
茶汤的甜醇滋味特征主要来源于可溶性糖类物质(图1F),这类成分不仅赋予茶汤甘甜的味感,还能提升汤感的黏稠度,并作为香气前体物质参与茶叶香气的形成[25]。5个干燥茶样中,HD茶样(44.34 mg/g)的可溶性糖含量最高,其次是MD茶样(40.99 mg/g),HFD茶样含量最低,与前人研究不同[26],可能是因为分段干燥影响了水解酶活性,多糖被分解的可能性降低[27–28]。
茶色素(茶红素、茶黄素和茶褐素)是决定红茶感官品质的关键呈色物质。不同干燥工艺对茶色素组成的影响存在显著差异(P<0.05),如图2所示,在茶红素含量方面,FD茶样表现最为突出(3.08%),显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),这与其茶汤“橙红较亮”的感官特征相吻合,证实了茶红素对汤色红度和滋味浓度的正向贡献[25]。值得注意的是,其余四种干燥工艺茶样的茶红素含量无统计学差异。茶黄素作为决定汤色亮度和鲜爽度的核心成分,其含量在不同工艺间差异显著:FD茶样含量最高(2.85%),其次是HFD茶样(2.54%),而MD茶样最低(0.91%)。与侯炳豪等[29]研究结果相似,即经过冷冻处理的萎凋叶在制作工夫红茶中可以显著提高红茶中茶黄素含量。5个茶样的茶褐素含量均保持相对稳定。FD茶样表现出最优的色素配比:较高的茶红素(3.08%)和茶黄素(2.85%)含量与稳定的茶褐素水平共同作用,不仅赋予茶汤明亮的橙红色泽,还提升了滋味的鲜爽度和浓度。这一结果与感官审评中FD茶样在汤色(90分)和滋味(93分)项的高分表现高度一致。
儿茶素类化合物作为茶叶关键品质成分,其组成特征直接影响茶汤的滋味属性(表1)[30]。如表3所示,在非酯型儿茶素方面,FD茶样的儿茶素(C)含量最高,MD茶样最低;EGC含量则以MD茶样(3.82 mg/g)显著高于其他组别(P<0.05),HD茶样次之(2.11 mg/g);EC含量则以HFD茶样(5.1 mg/g)居首。酯型儿茶素的分析结果显示,MD茶样的EGCG含量(1.79 mg/g)显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),而ECG含量最低(0.08 mg/g);HD茶样(1.6 mg/g)与FD茶样(1.57 mg/g)的ECG含量与其他处理组有显著差异(P<0.05)。特别值得注意的是,所有工艺处理的茶样均表现出非酯型儿茶素含量显著高于酯型儿茶素的特点,其中FHD茶样的非酯型/酯型儿茶素比值最大(13.61:1),这一组成特征与其感官评定的“醇正甜爽、苦涩感低”的品质表现高度吻合[31]。与前人研究较低比值的酯型/非酯型儿茶素构成了红茶滋味醇和、苦涩味较低的品质特点的结论相一致[32]。
通过对5种干燥工艺红茶样品的香气物质分析,如图3所示,本研究揭示了不同干燥方式对香气组成特征的显著影响。韦恩图(图3A)分析表明,各组茶样共检测出99种挥发性成分,其中70种为共有物质,香气物质分类占比结果(图3B)显示,99种挥发性成分可归类为醛类(26种)、酯类(25种)、醇类(19种)、杂环类(2种)、酮类(12种)、碳氢类(13种)和其他类(2种)。其中醛类(26.26%)占比最高,其次是酯类(25.25%)和醇类(19.19%)。
从物质含量分析,醇类物质在各类干燥茶样中均占据主导地位(41.35%~47.58%),其次是醛类(17.55%~21.83%)和酯类(8.24%~12.6%),这三类物质共同构成了花果香型红茶的特征香气基础。FHD茶样表现出最高的醇类(47.58%)和醛类(21.83%)占比,这与该工艺“甜花香显”的感官评价结果相印证;图3C显示FD茶样的酯类物质含量(12.6%)显著高于其他组别(P<0.05),可能解释了其“甜花香较显”的香气特征;MD茶样则在酮类(9.8%)和碳氢类(15.38%)物质上具有相对优势,但香气总质量分数最低(2374.84 ug/kg)。香气总质量分数分析显示,FD茶样以6507.42 ug/kg的总质量分数居首,FHD茶样次之(5350.46 ug/kg),而MD茶样最低(2374.84 ug/kg)。这种差异可能源于真空冷冻干燥通过低温升华作用最大程度保留了挥发性成分,而微波干燥的快速加热特性可能抑制了美拉德反应等香气形成途径[33],导致其香气总量最低。
为进一步了解不同干燥方式间香气物质差异情况,对5个茶样进行最小偏二乘(OPLS-DA)分析,如图4A所示,自变量拟合指数(R2X)为0.99,因变量拟合指数(R2Y=0.976),模型预测指数(Q2=0.765),模型拟合效果好[34]。经200次置换检验,结果如图4B所示,Q2回归线和纵轴相交点小于零,模型不存在过拟合情况,验证有效,该结果可用于这5种不同干燥方式所制红茶香气的差异分析。不同茶样分离清楚,重复性较好,其中真空冷冻-热风联合干燥、热风-真空冷冻联合干燥和热风干燥的香气物质具有相似性。
如图4C所示,根据VIP>1,共筛选出22种差异物质,对不同干燥方式所制红茶香气的区分起关键作用,分别是香叶醇、2-呋喃甲醇,5-乙烯基四氢-α,5-二甲基、水杨酸甲酯、芳樟醇、苯乙醛、异戊醛、正己醛、反式-橙花叔醇、2-甲基-癸烷、柠檬醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、正己醇、3,8-二甲基-十一烷、(Z)-己酸,3-己烯酯、顺-α,α-5-三甲基-5-乙烯基四氢化呋喃-2-甲醇、苯甲醛、苯乙醇、橙花醛、顺-3-己烯基-α-甲基丁酸酯、壬醛、(3E,5E)-辛-3,5-二烯-2-酮。
对筛选出的关键差异挥发性物质进行聚类分析,如图5所示,5个干燥茶样的挥发性成分的质量分数具有显著差异。FD茶样的柠檬醛、正己醇和橙花醛等物质质量分数较高;FHD茶样的苯甲醛和(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛质量分数较高;MD茶样特异性积累较高质量分数的反式-橙花叔醇;HD茶样的3,8-二甲基十一烷和异戊醛等物质质量分数较高。
醛类物质作为红茶特征香气的重要组分,主要通过脂肪酸[35]和氨基酸代谢途径形成,其含量与组成显著影响茶叶的花果香特征。FD和FHD茶样表现出更高的醛类物质总量,证实真空冷冻工艺能有效保留挥发性成分[36]。具体而言,FD茶样中柠檬醛、正己醛[37](青草、甜味)和(E)-2-己烯醛[37](草本、果味)等物质的富集,赋予其突出的青香和果香特征;而FHD茶样则因(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(果香)、苯甲醛[38](果香、甜香)和壬醛(果香)等物质的显著积累,形成了层次更丰富、强度更高的复合果香。
醇类物质作为红茶特征香气的重要载体[39],主要通过呈现花香、甜香和果香等风味特征影响茶叶的感官品质。本研究检测到多种关键芳香醇,包括香叶醇[40]、芳樟醇、苯乙醇和橙花醇等,这些物质不仅是构成茶叶基础香气的重要成分,更是典型花香物质的代表[41]。其中,香叶醇作为花香的关键呈香化合物[42],其质量分数分布呈现显著的工艺依赖性:FD>FHD>HD>HFD>MD。这一结果表明真空冷冻干燥技术对保留关键花香物质具有独特优势,可能与FD工艺通过维持-20 ℃的升华温度和持续真空环境,实现了双重保护机制:一方面通过低温升华高效去除水分,另一方面抑制了香叶醇等低沸点物质的热降解反应。
酯类物质作为红茶果香特征的关键贡献者[43],其质量分数分布显著影响茶叶的感官品质。不同干燥工艺对酯类物质的保留效果存在明显差异:FD茶样酯类总量最高,显著优于其他处理组,而FHD茶样最低。特别值得注意的是,水杨酸甲酯作为重要的果香物质,在FD茶样中质量分数最高(406.3 μg/kg),是MD茶样(41.13 μg/kg)的9.9倍,可能与MD处理的高功率微波加速其转化有关[44]。从香气协同效应看,水杨酸甲酯与橙花醇、苯甲醇等物质的相互作用对构建红茶复合果香具有重要作用[45],FD茶样中较高的水杨酸甲酯相对含量(406.3 μg/kg)与其“甜花香较显”的感官评价相符,证实了该物质对品质的正向贡献。
酮类与碳氢类物质的分布特征呈现出显著的干燥工艺特异性。本文结果显示,MD茶样中这两类物质的质量分数显著高于其他处理组,而FD茶样则表现出最低的积累水平。在具体物质组成上,(3E,5E)-辛-3,5-二烯-2-酮(酮类)和3,8-二甲基-十一烷(碳氢类)被鉴定为各自类别中丰度最高的特征性代谢物[46]。这一分布模式可能与微波干燥过程中的特异性保留机制相关[47]。
研究表明,OAV≥1的化合物可被认为具有关键的风味特征[48]。如表4所示,共有15种挥发性成分可计算OAV,除反式-橙花叔醇,其余14个香气物质的OAV均大于1,其中FD茶样有13个、FHD茶样有14个、HFD茶样有12个、MD茶样有9个,HD茶样有11个。研究表明,OAV值与物质贡献度成正相关[49],一般来说,OAV值越大,贡献度越大。在14个物质中,8种高贡献物质(OAV>10)包括异戊醛(巧克力、桃子香)、正己醛(青草香)、芳樟醇(铃兰花香)等,与其他香气物质共同构成了红茶典型的花香、果香与青草香复合特征,与感官审评中5个茶样整体上呈现甜花香特征相吻合。其中,FD处理的茶样中,香叶醇、壬醛等关键香气物质的OAV值在5个供试茶样中均显著高于其他干燥方式,其对茶样整体香气特征的贡献率尤为突出,能够有效保留茶叶的甜花香特征,赋予茶样突出的甜花香特征,但同时保留了较高含量的正己醛,可能影响香气协调性,这可能在一定程度上影响了茶叶香气的协调性。(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛作为关键香气物质,在FHD茶样中的香气贡献度显著高于其他干燥方式,其较高的OAV值表明该物质是构成FHD茶样果香特征的重要挥发性成分。HD茶样的特征香气主要表现为甜香与蜜香,其中异戊醛(OAV=254.73)和苯乙醛(OAV=41.44)的香气活性值显著高于其他组分,表明二者是该干燥方式下茶样香气特征的主要贡献物质。HFD茶样的特征香气主要由香叶醇和异戊醛共同贡献;MD处理则通过香叶醇(OAV=73.89)和壬醛(OAV=71.89)的协同作用形成典型花果香型。
本研究通过系统分析五种干燥工艺(FD、HD、HFD、FHD、MD)对坦洋工夫红茶品质的影响。结果表明,FHD茶样的综合感官评分最高(90.9分),不同干燥工艺对坦洋工夫红茶品质成分具有差异化影响,FHD在保留游离氨基酸(6.69%)、茶多酚(12.28%)方面表现最优;FD工艺显著提高了茶红素(3.08%)和茶黄素(2.85%)含量,且香气物质总量最高(6507.42),酯类、醛类和醇类是坦洋工夫红茶主要的香气物质,通过OAV分析发现,FD以香叶醇(OAV=239.77)为主,HD以异戊醛(OAV=254.73)为主,FHD特异性积累(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(OAV=3.76)。与已有研究相比,本研究验证了冷冻干燥对茶多酚、茶色素等物质以及香气成分的保留优势,值得注意的是,MD茶样表现出独特的成分特征,其茶多酚含量(8.43%)显著低于其他处理组,MD和HD茶样的可溶性糖含量(40.99、44.34 mg/g)显著高于FD处理组,与前人研究结果存在差异。这些发现为红茶干燥工艺优化提供了新的理论依据和实践指导,特别是FHD工艺因其相对均衡的品质表现具有重要应用价值。然而,干燥过程中酶活性动态变化及其对品质形成的影响机制仍需深入研究,未来可结合多组学技术和分子感官科学,进一步解析关键成分转化规律。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050247
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
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    1福建农林大学园艺学院,福建福州 350002
    2福建农林大学安溪茶学院(数字经济学院),福建泉州 362400
    3福建新坦洋茶业集团股份有限公司,福建福安 355000
    4福建基茶生物科技有限公司,福建厦门 361000

通讯作者:

林馥茗(1984−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:茶叶审评与品质调控,E-mail:。
孙威江(1964−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:茶树种质资源、茶叶品质化学与标准化,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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