Article(id=1320166052999315819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060271, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750608000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681714534, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681714534, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681714534, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681714534, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=189, endPage=198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166053204836716, articleId=1320166052999315819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Inoculation Chronology on the Characteristic Components and Antioxidant Activity of Navel Orange Wine through Mixed-culture Fermentation, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the regulatory effects of inoculation timing on the quality of navel orange wine in mixed-culture fermentation. Fermentation protocols were established using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae under four modalities: Simultaneous co-inoculation, non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae pre-inoculation, non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae delayed inoculation, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mono-culture fermentation. Characteristic components and antioxidant activity were systematically analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Results demonstrated significant quality modulation by inoculation timing. Mixed-culture fermentation generated 24 additional volatile compounds versus mono-culture. The pre-inoculation group exhibited peak levels of total alcohols at 1500.09 mg/L and total esters at 198.43 mg/L. Total phenolic content reached 753.93 mg GAE/L in the pre-inoculation group, while total flavonoids peaked at 138.30 mg RE/L under simultaneous inoculation. Antioxidant capacity was significantly enhanced in the pre-inoculation group, demonstrating IC50 values of 0.0483 mg/mL for DPPH radical scavenging, 0.071 mg/mL for hydroxyl radical scavenging, and 0.152 mg/mL for ferricyanide reducing power. Sensory evaluation favored the delayed inoculation (DC) and simultaneous inoculation groups (SC), with respective composite scores of 82.13 and 80.13. In conclusion, inoculation timing critically governs flavor quality, functional components, and antioxidant attributes in mixed-culture fermented navel orange wine. Systematic comparison across fermentation modes elucidated yeast interaction mechanisms and quality formation patterns, providing theoretical and empirical foundations for process optimization. This research facilitates value enhancement in citrus wine products and fosters sustainable development in navel orange processing industries.

, authors=Nan AN1, Zhiying LU1, Gongliang LIU1, Weidong BAI1, Duo CHEN2, Hong WANG1, *, authorsList=Nan AN, Zhiying LU, Gongliang LIU, Weidong BAI, Duo CHEN, Hong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166057021653375, articleId=1320166052999315819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=接种时序对混菌发酵脐橙果酒特征成分及抗氧化活性的影响, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探究混菌发酵中接种时序对脐橙果酒品质的调控作用。采用酿酒酵母与非酿酒酵母构建四种发酵模式:酿酒酵母和非酿酒酵母同时接种(SC)、非酿酒酵母提前接种(PC)、非酿酒酵母延后接种(DC)及酿酒酵母单菌发酵(MC)。通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术和紫外分光光度法系统评估各组脐橙果酒特征成分和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,接种时序显著调控脐橙果酒品质。香气层面,混菌发酵较单菌发酵新增挥发性成分24种,PC组醇类总量达1500.09 mg/L,酯类总量达198.43 mg/L,均处最高水平;总酚含量在PC组达到753.93 mg GAE/L,总黄酮含量在SC组达到138.30 mg RE/L;抗氧化性能方面,PC组DPPH自由基、羟基自由基清除率IC50分别为0.0483和0.071 mg/mL,铁氰化钾还原力IC50为0.152 mg/mL,均显著优于其余各组;感官评价中,DC组综合得分82.13分,SC组80.13分,优于其他处理。综上所述,接种时序对混菌发酵脐橙果酒的风味品质、功能成分及抗氧化活性具有显著调控作用。通过系统比较四种发酵模式下关键指标差异,阐明非酿酒酵母与酿酒酵母互作机制与品质形成规律,可为脐橙果酒混菌发酵工艺优化提供理论依据与数据支撑,有助于提升柑橘果酒产品附加值,推动脐橙精深加工产业的高质量发展。

, authors=安楠1, 陆治颖1, 刘功良1, 白卫东1, 陈铎2, 王宏1, *, authorsList=安楠, 陆治颖, 刘功良, 白卫东, 陈铎, 王宏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王宏, authorNote=

安楠(2002−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王宏(1988−),女,博士,特聘副教授,研究方向:食品活性成分与功能评价,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=U5gHpUx0926mw1qL1AQOhA==, magXml=D+nLXbrGrIQesvqYFfVHiw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=0t2WdBNcn2HNh+juPpsx3Q==, pdfFileSize=1309415, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=3bfJV1+dY32kf27JaWW+bg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=TW4mPdo+Wpn9vOmbMfgcIg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320166057428500871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2065948422@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320166057592078729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, authorId=1320166057428500871, language=EN, stringName=Nan AN, firstName=Nan, middleName=null, lastName=AN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320166057667576202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, authorId=1320166057428500871, language=CN, stringName=安楠, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1仲恺农业工程学院轻工食品学院,广东广州 510225, bio={"content":"

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Yan’an: Yan’an University, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320166057260728704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166057264923009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, companyId=1320166057260728704, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166057273311618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, companyId=1320166057260728704, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1仲恺农业工程学院轻工食品学院,广东广州 510225)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166057348809091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166057357197700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, companyId=1320166057348809091, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Meizhou City Dragon Fruit Industry Co., Ltd., Meizhou 514600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166057365586309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, companyId=1320166057348809091, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2梅州市飞龙果业有限公司,广东梅州 514600)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166062050623920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Radar chart of the effect of inoculation chronology on sensory evaluation of navel orange wine, figureFileSmall=355dQAJFkRFrOoo6+FYNQw==, figureFileBig=3bfJV1+dY32kf27JaWW+bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166062172258737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=CN, label=图1, caption=接种时序对脐橙果酒感官评价影响雷达图, figureFileSmall=355dQAJFkRFrOoo6+FYNQw==, figureFileBig=3bfJV1+dY32kf27JaWW+bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166062365196722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of inoculation chronology on volatile substance content of navel orange wine, figureFileSmall=1+D6GhSixczmAQZr+XYXgg==, figureFileBig=Q6y/XmR6yX7bU6qR3OqRGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166062444888499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=CN, label=图2, caption=接种时序对脐橙果酒各类挥发性物质含量的影响, figureFileSmall=1+D6GhSixczmAQZr+XYXgg==, figureFileBig=Q6y/XmR6yX7bU6qR3OqRGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166062511997364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Correlation heat map of aroma components and sensory scores of navel orange wine, figureFileSmall=QmiJtadVJb0BOI6+0rpE4g==, figureFileBig=euYthUX8t/R0MVSesP72XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166062591689141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=CN, label=图3, caption=脐橙果酒的共有香气成分与感官得分的相关性热图, figureFileSmall=QmiJtadVJb0BOI6+0rpE4g==, figureFileBig=euYthUX8t/R0MVSesP72XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166062654603702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of inoculation chronology on total phenol content of navel orange wine, figureFileSmall=q6VbN7TAqsNIxi0RFTh93Q==, figureFileBig=UMThcavZAubm8I1+If7wOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166062717518263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=CN, label=图4, caption=接种时序对脐橙果酒总酚含量的影响

注:不同字母表示差异性显著(P<0.05),图5同。

, figureFileSmall=q6VbN7TAqsNIxi0RFTh93Q==, figureFileBig=UMThcavZAubm8I1+If7wOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166062780432824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of inoculation chronology on flavonoid content of navel orange wine, figureFileSmall=M+BdYjcOdiWWaze32bIN9Q==, figureFileBig=iKkb/xQIRuQgAFgamPOGDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166062855930297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=CN, label=图5, caption=接种时序对脐橙果酒黄酮含量的影响, figureFileSmall=M+BdYjcOdiWWaze32bIN9Q==, figureFileBig=iKkb/xQIRuQgAFgamPOGDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166062931427770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of inoculation chronology on DPPH radical scavenging activity of navel orange wine, figureFileSmall=qb/fCEmycJpIuod7JYbnoA==, figureFileBig=5iqeEz6OjHs1oqg9TI/t4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166064588177851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=CN, label=图6, caption=接种时序对脐橙果酒DPPH自由基清除率的影响, figureFileSmall=qb/fCEmycJpIuod7JYbnoA==, figureFileBig=5iqeEz6OjHs1oqg9TI/t4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166064659481020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of inoculation chronology on hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of navel orange wine, figureFileSmall=bihHZIBTGIhvEIuMVMSOaQ==, figureFileBig=g1i5I1HusY0r0OYImPKCSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166064726589885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=CN, label=图7, caption=接种时序对脐橙果酒羟基自由基清除率的影响, figureFileSmall=bihHZIBTGIhvEIuMVMSOaQ==, figureFileBig=g1i5I1HusY0r0OYImPKCSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166064797893054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of inoculation chronology on reducing power of potassium ferricyanide of navel orange wine, figureFileSmall=pd6jdsbGyJJ7oJJO6K+tvw==, figureFileBig=NDMthqbGTIjlNnsAX9oYyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166064881779135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=CN, label=图8, caption=接种时序对脐橙果酒铁氰化钾还原力的影响, figureFileSmall=pd6jdsbGyJJ7oJJO6K+tvw==, figureFileBig=NDMthqbGTIjlNnsAX9oYyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166064957276608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for navel orange wine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分值(分)评价标准
色泽9~10色彩饱满,有光泽
6~8有脐橙酒应有的金黄色或明亮的橙黄色色泽
<5与脐橙酒橙黄色的色泽略有不符,颜色暗沉
澄清度9~10澄清,透明
6~8较为澄清,无明显的悬浮物
<5有明显的悬浮物
香气26~30果香、酒香浓郁优雅,香气协调
21~25果香、酒香良好,较为和谐
16~20果香、酒香不足
<15无异香,但不悦人
滋味31~40酒体丰满醇厚,无明显苦味
21~30酒体柔顺,甜酸适度,有微苦味但能接受
11~20酒体不协调,酸味明显,口感寡
1~10有明显的苦味、酸味或其他缺陷
典型性9~10典型优良,酒体突出
7~8典型明确,风格较佳
5~6典型性不明显
<4失去本品典型性
), ArticleFig(id=1320166065036968385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

脐橙果酒感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分值(分)评价标准
色泽9~10色彩饱满,有光泽
6~8有脐橙酒应有的金黄色或明亮的橙黄色色泽
<5与脐橙酒橙黄色的色泽略有不符,颜色暗沉
澄清度9~10澄清,透明
6~8较为澄清,无明显的悬浮物
<5有明显的悬浮物
香气26~30果香、酒香浓郁优雅,香气协调
21~25果香、酒香良好,较为和谐
16~20果香、酒香不足
<15无异香,但不悦人
滋味31~40酒体丰满醇厚,无明显苦味
21~30酒体柔顺,甜酸适度,有微苦味但能接受
11~20酒体不协调,酸味明显,口感寡
1~10有明显的苦味、酸味或其他缺陷
典型性9~10典型优良,酒体突出
7~8典型明确,风格较佳
5~6典型性不明显
<4失去本品典型性
), ArticleFig(id=1320166065104077250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of inoculation chronology on physicochemical indicators of navel orange wine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别酒精度(%vol)pH可溶性固形物(°Bx)总酸(g/L)
MC组12.37±0.21a3.43±0.07b46.36±0.06c
SC组11.70±0.10bc3.36±0.03b46.78±0.08a
PC组11.93±0.15b3.56±0.03a46.83±0.06a
DC组11.57±0.12c3.41±0.04b46.54±0.08b
), ArticleFig(id=1320166065171186115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

接种时序对脐橙果酒理化指标的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别酒精度(%vol)pH可溶性固形物(°Bx)总酸(g/L)
MC组12.37±0.21a3.43±0.07b46.36±0.06c
SC组11.70±0.10bc3.36±0.03b46.78±0.08a
PC组11.93±0.15b3.56±0.03a46.83±0.06a
DC组11.57±0.12c3.41±0.04b46.54±0.08b
), ArticleFig(id=1320166065242489284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Volatile components and contents of navel orange wine with different inoculation methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号挥发性物质MC组(mg/L)SC组(mg/L)PC组(mg/L)DC组(mg/L)香气特征气味阈值(mg/L)MC组OAV值SC组OAV值PC组OAV值DC组OAV值
1苯甲醇−−1.27±0.36−茉莉花香0.1−−12.700−
2苯乙醇135.78±5.06d307.09±3.00b389.69±6.72a290.32±6.37c玫瑰花香0.2762491.601111.841410.901051.12
3异丁醇22.60±2.82d202.49±3.78c288.82±9.78a236.02±6.37b醇香味27.220.837.4410.618.67
4异辛醇−2.81±0.08b2.88±0.40b3.27±6.37a花香0.01−281.00288.00327.00
5辛醇−−2.97±0.40−清香、黄瓜味0.0399.00
6异戊醇546.81±6.48c671.53±8.18b743.12±4.83a546.81±6.48c香蕉香0.005109362.00134306.00148624.00109362.00
72,3-丁二醇20.50±4.65c18.83±6.06c67.58±3.92a49.01±6.37b水果味,奶油味1000.200.190.680.49
82-庚醇−−3.73±1.10a−柠檬味、花果味1−−3.73−
9薄荷醇6.41±4.07−−−薄荷香气0.0051282.00−−−
10正庚醇−4.54±0.09−−柑橘香0.3−15.13−−
醇类小计732.11±10.66c1207.31±11.27b1500.09±13.46a1125.46±14.29b
11邻苯二甲酸二
丁酯
1.17±0.81a0.69±0.21b0.502±0.16b0.55±0.12b花香0.0523.4013.8010.0411.00
12乙酸苯乙酯52.02±5.63a35.99±3.27b−49.12±1.97a花香、甜枣味0.00510404.007198.00−9824.00
13辛酸乙酯20.47±5.62a16.94±2.40a18.72±3.63a16.27±3.21a白兰地酒香0.0036823.335646.676240.005423.33
14癸酸乙酯2.55±0.47b2.71±0.45b3.83±0.43a3.49±0.74a椰子香、酒香0.0012550.002710.003830.003490.00
15甲酸辛酯3.07±0.68a2.21±0.46b−−水果香0.008383.75276.25−−
16水杨酸甲酯−2.10±0.12−−冬青叶香味0.01−210.00−−
17丁二酸二乙酯−9.32±2.57−−苹果香0.05−186.40−−
18乙酸异戊酯17.81±1.97d53.46±4.50c77.35±8.80a59.69±1.89b香蕉香0.535.62106.92154.70119.38
19棕榈酸乙酯3.00±1.55a2.57±0.51a3.73±1.19a3.61±1.21a脂肪味、奶油
香气
0.00056000.005140.007460.007220.00
203-羟基己酸
乙酯
8.91±5.27b7.81±1.22b16.52±1.56a11.10±4.73b果香0.0032970.002603.335506.673700.00
21苯乙酸乙酯−−1.58±0.51−蜂蜜香气0.0008−−1975.00−
223-羟基丁酸
乙酯
−3.01±1.46ab3.45±0.97a2.99±0.41b葡萄香、白酒香0.005−602.00690.00598.00
23丁酸乙酯12.74±1.44b−16.53±2.07a−果香、菠萝香0.011274.00−1653.00−
24十四酸乙酯−−0.75±0.37−椰子香0.0003−−2500.00−
25乙酸乙酯−−55.42±3.74a15.97±1.93b苹果、梨、香蕉皮香0.84−−65.9819.01
26十八酸乙酯−−−0.16±0.02a蜡质味<0.0001−−−>1600.00
酯类小计121.77±9.93d136.85±6.90c198.43±10.69a162.95±6.79b
27乙酸−−28.72±1.94b29.01±0.13a刺激性气味0.01−−2872.002901.00
28辛酸1.38±2.98b13.88±0.77a14.26±1.06a12.64±0.24a奶酪香、涩味0.00052760.0027760.0028520.0025280.00
29己酸−−7.69±0.84a4.38±0.79b汗臭味0.001−−7690.004380.00
30正癸酸−−0.53±0.16a0.57±0.14a难闻的气味0.0003−−1766.671900.00
31庚酸−16.77±0.78−−微有腐败的脂肪气味0.0008−20962.50−−
酸类小计1.38±2.98d38.93±1.10c51.21±2.37a46.61±0.85b
32苯乙酮1.54±0.48b1.99±0.37b2.04±0.70b6.04±1.60a坚果、水果味0.1510.2713.2713.6040.27
332-辛酮10.62±5.55a7.09±0.47b−10.10±2.34a泥土味、草本气息香0.011062.00709.00−1010.00
34乙酰丙酮−10.64±1.75a−0.78±0.13b不愉快臭味0.3−35.47−2.60
35香叶基丙酮−−0.66±0.17b1.11±0.28a果香0.0005−−1320.002220.00
36圆柚酮2.56±0.14b1.65±0.75c0.99±0.04d3.11±1.06a柑橘香、柚子香、葡萄柚皮香0.000125600.0016500.009900.0031100.00
37甲基环戊烯
醇酮
−−3.18±0.07−焦糖枫糖浆气味0.003−−1060.00−
38癸醛2.08±0.95b1.73±0.53b2.87±1.53a2.14±1.15b橙子、柠檬等水果香0.0012080.001730.002870.002140.00
39苯乙醛3.37±1.03a3.42±1.10a1.67±0.08b1.82±0.17b风信子香气0.00056740.006840.003340.003640.00
40壬醛3.28±1.99b1.27±0.23c1.44±0.17c6.04±1.60a油脂味和甜
橙香
0.00084100.001587.501800.007550.00
412,4-二甲基-苯甲醛42.37±4.76a24.21±5.11b19.24±4.06c10.10±2.3d樱桃、杏仁香
料味
0.00314123.338070.006413.333366.67
42乙醛−1.70±0.77a−0.78±0.13b刺激性果味0.018−94.44−43.33
醛酮类小计65.85±7.72a53.74±5.67b32.12±1.70d42.06±3.76c
43香茅醇16.86±1.75a15.12±1.61b15.47±6.37b16.06±2.15a玫瑰香0.00116860.0015120.0015470.0016860.00
44芳樟醇10.92±8.63b10.85±4.91b10.90±2.28b11.37±6.37a柑橘花香、玫瑰香0.000521840.0021700.0021800.0022740.00
45菠萝醇−3.71±1.86b6.17±0.15a6.04±6.37a酱油味0.003−1236.672056.672013.33
46二氢香芹醇−−2.98±0.15−留兰香、胡椒香0.0008−−3725.00−
474-萜烯醇23.44±3.67a14.91±2.78c18.78±3.81b16.61±6.37b胡椒香、泥土香、木香0.0054688.002982.003756.003322.00
萜烯类小计51.22±4.68a44.59±3.72b54.30±5.52a50.08±5.12a
48双酚A6.24±0.94a1.30±0.28b0.48±0.05b0.67±4.35b酚类气味
492-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚22.19±1.44a11.56±3.08b12.78±0.48b12.98±3.35b香辛料、丁香味0.000373966.6738533.3342600.0043266.67
其他类小计28.43±2.38a12.86±3.36b13.26±0.53b13.65±7.70b
), ArticleFig(id=1320166065326375365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166052999315819, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同接种时序下的脐橙果酒的挥发性成分和含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号挥发性物质MC组(mg/L)SC组(mg/L)PC组(mg/L)DC组(mg/L)香气特征气味阈值(mg/L)MC组OAV值SC组OAV值PC组OAV值DC组OAV值
1苯甲醇−−1.27±0.36−茉莉花香0.1−−12.700−
2苯乙醇135.78±5.06d307.09±3.00b389.69±6.72a290.32±6.37c玫瑰花香0.2762491.601111.841410.901051.12
3异丁醇22.60±2.82d202.49±3.78c288.82±9.78a236.02±6.37b醇香味27.220.837.4410.618.67
4异辛醇−2.81±0.08b2.88±0.40b3.27±6.37a花香0.01−281.00288.00327.00
5辛醇−−2.97±0.40−清香、黄瓜味0.0399.00
6异戊醇546.81±6.48c671.53±8.18b743.12±4.83a546.81±6.48c香蕉香0.005109362.00134306.00148624.00109362.00
72,3-丁二醇20.50±4.65c18.83±6.06c67.58±3.92a49.01±6.37b水果味,奶油味1000.200.190.680.49
82-庚醇−−3.73±1.10a−柠檬味、花果味1−−3.73−
9薄荷醇6.41±4.07−−−薄荷香气0.0051282.00−−−
10正庚醇−4.54±0.09−−柑橘香0.3−15.13−−
醇类小计732.11±10.66c1207.31±11.27b1500.09±13.46a1125.46±14.29b
11邻苯二甲酸二
丁酯
1.17±0.81a0.69±0.21b0.502±0.16b0.55±0.12b花香0.0523.4013.8010.0411.00
12乙酸苯乙酯52.02±5.63a35.99±3.27b−49.12±1.97a花香、甜枣味0.00510404.007198.00−9824.00
13辛酸乙酯20.47±5.62a16.94±2.40a18.72±3.63a16.27±3.21a白兰地酒香0.0036823.335646.676240.005423.33
14癸酸乙酯2.55±0.47b2.71±0.45b3.83±0.43a3.49±0.74a椰子香、酒香0.0012550.002710.003830.003490.00
15甲酸辛酯3.07±0.68a2.21±0.46b−−水果香0.008383.75276.25−−
16水杨酸甲酯−2.10±0.12−−冬青叶香味0.01−210.00−−
17丁二酸二乙酯−9.32±2.57−−苹果香0.05−186.40−−
18乙酸异戊酯17.81±1.97d53.46±4.50c77.35±8.80a59.69±1.89b香蕉香0.535.62106.92154.70119.38
19棕榈酸乙酯3.00±1.55a2.57±0.51a3.73±1.19a3.61±1.21a脂肪味、奶油
香气
0.00056000.005140.007460.007220.00
203-羟基己酸
乙酯
8.91±5.27b7.81±1.22b16.52±1.56a11.10±4.73b果香0.0032970.002603.335506.673700.00
21苯乙酸乙酯−−1.58±0.51−蜂蜜香气0.0008−−1975.00−
223-羟基丁酸
乙酯
−3.01±1.46ab3.45±0.97a2.99±0.41b葡萄香、白酒香0.005−602.00690.00598.00
23丁酸乙酯12.74±1.44b−16.53±2.07a−果香、菠萝香0.011274.00−1653.00−
24十四酸乙酯−−0.75±0.37−椰子香0.0003−−2500.00−
25乙酸乙酯−−55.42±3.74a15.97±1.93b苹果、梨、香蕉皮香0.84−−65.9819.01
26十八酸乙酯−−−0.16±0.02a蜡质味<0.0001−−−>1600.00
酯类小计121.77±9.93d136.85±6.90c198.43±10.69a162.95±6.79b
27乙酸−−28.72±1.94b29.01±0.13a刺激性气味0.01−−2872.002901.00
28辛酸1.38±2.98b13.88±0.77a14.26±1.06a12.64±0.24a奶酪香、涩味0.00052760.0027760.0028520.0025280.00
29己酸−−7.69±0.84a4.38±0.79b汗臭味0.001−−7690.004380.00
30正癸酸−−0.53±0.16a0.57±0.14a难闻的气味0.0003−−1766.671900.00
31庚酸−16.77±0.78−−微有腐败的脂肪气味0.0008−20962.50−−
酸类小计1.38±2.98d38.93±1.10c51.21±2.37a46.61±0.85b
32苯乙酮1.54±0.48b1.99±0.37b2.04±0.70b6.04±1.60a坚果、水果味0.1510.2713.2713.6040.27
332-辛酮10.62±5.55a7.09±0.47b−10.10±2.34a泥土味、草本气息香0.011062.00709.00−1010.00
34乙酰丙酮−10.64±1.75a−0.78±0.13b不愉快臭味0.3−35.47−2.60
35香叶基丙酮−−0.66±0.17b1.11±0.28a果香0.0005−−1320.002220.00
36圆柚酮2.56±0.14b1.65±0.75c0.99±0.04d3.11±1.06a柑橘香、柚子香、葡萄柚皮香0.000125600.0016500.009900.0031100.00
37甲基环戊烯
醇酮
−−3.18±0.07−焦糖枫糖浆气味0.003−−1060.00−
38癸醛2.08±0.95b1.73±0.53b2.87±1.53a2.14±1.15b橙子、柠檬等水果香0.0012080.001730.002870.002140.00
39苯乙醛3.37±1.03a3.42±1.10a1.67±0.08b1.82±0.17b风信子香气0.00056740.006840.003340.003640.00
40壬醛3.28±1.99b1.27±0.23c1.44±0.17c6.04±1.60a油脂味和甜
橙香
0.00084100.001587.501800.007550.00
412,4-二甲基-苯甲醛42.37±4.76a24.21±5.11b19.24±4.06c10.10±2.3d樱桃、杏仁香
料味
0.00314123.338070.006413.333366.67
42乙醛−1.70±0.77a−0.78±0.13b刺激性果味0.018−94.44−43.33
醛酮类小计65.85±7.72a53.74±5.67b32.12±1.70d42.06±3.76c
43香茅醇16.86±1.75a15.12±1.61b15.47±6.37b16.06±2.15a玫瑰香0.00116860.0015120.0015470.0016860.00
44芳樟醇10.92±8.63b10.85±4.91b10.90±2.28b11.37±6.37a柑橘花香、玫瑰香0.000521840.0021700.0021800.0022740.00
45菠萝醇−3.71±1.86b6.17±0.15a6.04±6.37a酱油味0.003−1236.672056.672013.33
46二氢香芹醇−−2.98±0.15−留兰香、胡椒香0.0008−−3725.00−
474-萜烯醇23.44±3.67a14.91±2.78c18.78±3.81b16.61±6.37b胡椒香、泥土香、木香0.0054688.002982.003756.003322.00
萜烯类小计51.22±4.68a44.59±3.72b54.30±5.52a50.08±5.12a
48双酚A6.24±0.94a1.30±0.28b0.48±0.05b0.67±4.35b酚类气味
492-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚22.19±1.44a11.56±3.08b12.78±0.48b12.98±3.35b香辛料、丁香味0.000373966.6738533.3342600.0043266.67
其他类小计28.43±2.38a12.86±3.36b13.26±0.53b13.65±7.70b
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接种时序对混菌发酵脐橙果酒特征成分及抗氧化活性的影响
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安楠 1 , 陆治颖 1 , 刘功良 1 , 白卫东 1 , 陈铎 2 , 王宏 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(14): 189-198
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (14) : 189 -198
接种时序对混菌发酵脐橙果酒特征成分及抗氧化活性的影响
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安楠(2002−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

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安楠1 , 陆治颖1, 刘功良1, 白卫东1, 陈铎2, 王宏1, *
作者信息
  • 1仲恺农业工程学院轻工食品学院,广东广州 510225
  • 2梅州市飞龙果业有限公司,广东梅州 514600
通讯作者:
王宏(1988−),女,博士,特聘副教授,研究方向:食品活性成分与功能评价,E-mail:。
作者简介:

安楠(2002−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

Effect of Inoculation Chronology on the Characteristic Components and Antioxidant Activity of Navel Orange Wine through Mixed-culture Fermentation
Nan AN1 , Zhiying LU1, Gongliang LIU1, Weidong BAI1, Duo CHEN2, Hong WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
  • 2Meizhou City Dragon Fruit Industry Co., Ltd., Meizhou 514600, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060271
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本研究旨在探究混菌发酵中接种时序对脐橙果酒品质的调控作用。采用酿酒酵母与非酿酒酵母构建四种发酵模式:酿酒酵母和非酿酒酵母同时接种(SC)、非酿酒酵母提前接种(PC)、非酿酒酵母延后接种(DC)及酿酒酵母单菌发酵(MC)。通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术和紫外分光光度法系统评估各组脐橙果酒特征成分和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,接种时序显著调控脐橙果酒品质。香气层面,混菌发酵较单菌发酵新增挥发性成分24种,PC组醇类总量达1500.09 mg/L,酯类总量达198.43 mg/L,均处最高水平;总酚含量在PC组达到753.93 mg GAE/L,总黄酮含量在SC组达到138.30 mg RE/L;抗氧化性能方面,PC组DPPH自由基、羟基自由基清除率IC50分别为0.0483和0.071 mg/mL,铁氰化钾还原力IC50为0.152 mg/mL,均显著优于其余各组;感官评价中,DC组综合得分82.13分,SC组80.13分,优于其他处理。综上所述,接种时序对混菌发酵脐橙果酒的风味品质、功能成分及抗氧化活性具有显著调控作用。通过系统比较四种发酵模式下关键指标差异,阐明非酿酒酵母与酿酒酵母互作机制与品质形成规律,可为脐橙果酒混菌发酵工艺优化提供理论依据与数据支撑,有助于提升柑橘果酒产品附加值,推动脐橙精深加工产业的高质量发展。

脐橙果酒  /  酿酒酵母  /  非酿酒酵母  /  接种时序  /  挥发性成分  /  抗氧化活性

This study investigated the regulatory effects of inoculation timing on the quality of navel orange wine in mixed-culture fermentation. Fermentation protocols were established using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae under four modalities: Simultaneous co-inoculation, non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae pre-inoculation, non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae delayed inoculation, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mono-culture fermentation. Characteristic components and antioxidant activity were systematically analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Results demonstrated significant quality modulation by inoculation timing. Mixed-culture fermentation generated 24 additional volatile compounds versus mono-culture. The pre-inoculation group exhibited peak levels of total alcohols at 1500.09 mg/L and total esters at 198.43 mg/L. Total phenolic content reached 753.93 mg GAE/L in the pre-inoculation group, while total flavonoids peaked at 138.30 mg RE/L under simultaneous inoculation. Antioxidant capacity was significantly enhanced in the pre-inoculation group, demonstrating IC50 values of 0.0483 mg/mL for DPPH radical scavenging, 0.071 mg/mL for hydroxyl radical scavenging, and 0.152 mg/mL for ferricyanide reducing power. Sensory evaluation favored the delayed inoculation (DC) and simultaneous inoculation groups (SC), with respective composite scores of 82.13 and 80.13. In conclusion, inoculation timing critically governs flavor quality, functional components, and antioxidant attributes in mixed-culture fermented navel orange wine. Systematic comparison across fermentation modes elucidated yeast interaction mechanisms and quality formation patterns, providing theoretical and empirical foundations for process optimization. This research facilitates value enhancement in citrus wine products and fosters sustainable development in navel orange processing industries.

navel orange wine  /  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  /  Non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae  /  inoculation chronology  /  characteristic components  /  antioxidant activity
安楠, 陆治颖, 刘功良, 白卫东, 陈铎, 王宏. 接种时序对混菌发酵脐橙果酒特征成分及抗氧化活性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 189 -198 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060271
Nan AN, Zhiying LU, Gongliang LIU, Weidong BAI, Duo CHEN, Hong WANG. Effect of Inoculation Chronology on the Characteristic Components and Antioxidant Activity of Navel Orange Wine through Mixed-culture Fermentation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 189 -198 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060271
脐橙(Citrus sinensis)虽然原产于巴西,但在中国脐橙已成为重要的经济作物。据最新统计,2023年中国脐橙产量达到16004万吨。其中,赣南地区产量达180万吨,奉节县产量达13.73万吨,产业规模持续扩大[1]。然而,消费者对鲜食脐橙的偏好使得大量果实面临滞销和浪费的问题,根据数据显示,2022年在我国脐橙市场中,鲜食领域占比约为94.85%;而深加工市场仅为5.15%[2]。因此为提升产业附加值,开发深加工产品势在必行,而果酒酿造因其符合健康消费趋势与产品多元化需求,成为极具潜力的转化途径。
脐橙果酒不仅保留了果实的营养成分,更通过发酵提升生物利用度。其富含的多酚与黄酮类化合物(如橙皮苷、芦丁)具有显著抗氧化活性,可清除自由基、延缓衰老并降低心血管疾病风险[3]。然而,当前商业化生产多依赖单一酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)发酵,导致产品同质化严重、香气层次单一[4]。研究发现,非酿酒酵母能作用于原料前体物质,促进风味物质转化与释放,丰富果酒风味,但因其乙醇耐受性低而难以单独应用[5]。混菌发酵结合了酿酒酵母的高酒精耐受性和非酿酒酵母的风味优势,可弥补单一菌株发酵的不足[6],因此这种方式能通过协同效应兼顾发酵效率和风味开发:酿酒酵母则保障酒精转化率,非酿酒酵母代谢前体物质释放萜烯类香气成分[7−8]。Tofalo等[9]的研究表明共发酵能提高气泡酒的香气化合物的种类及含量,从而改善酒的口感与风味。传统的单酿酒酵母发酵可能无法充分释放脐橙中的抗氧化物质,限制了果酒的营养和健康潜力[10]。Xiong等[11]的研究表明共发酵在饮料工业中具有潜在应用价值,且利用共发酵生产了富含GlcA且抗氧化能力增强的苹果酒。近期研究表明,接种时序对菌群互作具有关键调控作用,但针对脐橙果酒的时序调控研究仍较缺乏,尤其对风味及多酚、黄酮等抗氧化成分的影响尚未明晰。
基于此,本研究以江西脐橙为原料,系统比较酿酒酵母与非酿酒酵母的四种发酵方式,即酿酒酵母和非酿酒酵母同时接种(SC)、非酿酒酵母提前接种(PC)、非酿酒酵母延后接种(DC)及酿酒酵母单菌发酵(MC),分析接种时序对果酒基础理化指标、感官、挥发性成分、总酚、总黄酮及抗氧化活性(DPPH自由基和羟基自由基清除率、铁氰化钾还原力)的调控规律,旨在为优化混菌发酵工艺、提升脐橙果酒风味与营养品质提供理论支撑。
脐橙 江西省赣州市信丰县;葡萄酒高活性干酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae RV171)、生香活性干酵母(Hanseniaspora) 安琪酵母股份有限公司;白砂糖 食品级,云南百川食品有限公司;果胶酶(600 U/g)、焦亚硫酸钾 食品级,淄博长城化工厂;氢氧化钠标准滴定溶液 分析纯,广州和为医药科技有限公司;酚酞、没食子酸、氯化钠 分析纯,天津基准化学试剂有限公司;福林酚 分析纯,上海蓝季科技发展有限公司;无水碳酸钠、L-抗坏血酸、仲辛醇 分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;芦丁 分析纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;亚硝酸钠、硝酸铝、无水乙醇、硫酸亚铁、铁氰化钾、三氯乙酸 分析纯,天津市永大化学试剂有限公司;氢氧化钠 分析纯,天津市百世化工有限公司;DPPH 分析纯,梯希爱(上海)化成工业发展有限公司;过氧化氢 分析纯,广东省化学试剂工程技术研究开发中心。
YP5002电子天平 上海越平科学仪器有限公司;JYL-C93T榨汁搅拌机 九阳股份有限公司;SY-120超声波清洗机 上海微弥科技有限公司;UPT-l-10T优普系列超纯水机 成都超纯科技有限公司;TDZ5-WA台式低速自动平衡离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;C21-IH01K电磁炉 浙江苏泊尔股份有限公司;RHB80手持糖度仪 石家庄泰斯特仪器设备有限公司;ST3100 pH值测试仪 奥豪斯仪器(上海)有限公司;UV-15000紫外/可见分光光度计 上海美析仪器有限公司;Synergy H1全功能酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;5977B气相色谱-质谱联用仪 安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司。
新鲜脐橙→预处理→破碎榨汁→酶解→成分调整→巴氏杀菌→接种发酵→酒渣分离→脐橙果酒。
预处理:选取新鲜成熟脐橙,洗净去皮,剥除白色皮层和茎络,切块去籽后用榨汁机破碎榨汁,立即加入60 mg/L焦亚硫酸钾。酶解:加入0.3 g/L果胶酶,搅拌均匀后置于45 ℃恒温水浴锅中酶解1 h。成分调整:调整发酵液pH至4.0,加入白砂糖使糖度达22°Bx[12]。巴氏杀菌:在90 ℃恒温水浴锅内巴氏杀菌15 min。接种发酵:共设置MC、SC、PC、DC四组,分别按不同时序接种106 CFU/mL的葡萄酒高活性干酵母(酿酒酵母)和生香活性干酵母(非酿酒酵母)。MC组为单纯葡萄酒高活性酵母一次性接入;SC组在0 h同时将葡萄酒高活性干酵母与生香活性干酵母一并接入;PC组先于0 h接入生香活性干酵母,24 h后再补入葡萄酒高活性干酵母;DC组则先接入葡萄酒高活性干酵母,24 h后再补入生香活性干酵母,保证各组总接种量均为106 CFU/mL。采用密闭式发酵,27 ℃恒温发酵7 d,每天摇动2~3次,直至残糖含量低于4 g/L或可溶性固形物含量稳定不变视为发酵结束。酒渣分离:酒样过滤静置澄清分离后4℃低温保存待测。
采用GB 5009.225-2016《食品安全国家标准 酒和食用酒精中乙醇浓度的测定》中的酒精计法测定样品乙醇浓度。
采用手持糖度仪直接测定,结果以°Brix表示。
使用pH计直接测定。
按照GB 12456-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》中的酸碱指示剂滴定法进行。
感官评价标准参考NY/T 1508-2017《农业行业标准 绿色食品 果酒》的要求进行修改,组建10名食品专业人员构成的感官评定小组对样品进行感官评价,感官评价满分为100分,评价标准如表1所示。
参照胡小琴等[13]的方法并稍作修改,取10 mL脐橙果酒置于20 mL顶空钳口瓶中,加入NaCl至过饱和,加入20 µL 400 mg/L的内标仲辛醇溶液,聚四氟乙烯隔垫密封,40 ℃水浴平衡40 min后,插入已老化的萃取头顶空萃取40 min,随后于250 ℃ GC进样口解吸5 min进行挥发性香气成分分析。
参照郑淑丹等[14]的方法并稍作调整:色谱柱DB-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm);程序升温:40 ℃保持3 min,以3 ℃/min升至160 ℃并保持2 min,再以8 ℃/min升至230 ℃并保持3 min;载气为He,流速1.0 mL/min;进样口温度250 ℃,无分流进样。
质谱条件:电子轰击(EI)电离源,离子源温度230 ℃,接口温度250 ℃,电子能量70 eV,灯丝电流0.25 mA;扫描质量范围m/z 33~450。
挥发性组分经GC-MS采集后,先以NIST谱库比对(匹配度≥70%)进行初步筛选,再结合脐橙果酒相关文献[15]进一步确认;定量采用内标法,按下式计算各组分质量浓度:
$\begin{split} &\mathrm{挥发性物质质量浓度}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{L})=\\&\frac{\text{各组分峰面积}\times \mathrm{内标物质量浓度}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{L})}{\text{内标物峰面积}} \end{split}$
总酚含量的测定:参照蒋文鸿等[16]的方法,样品与福林酚试剂反应后,加入碳酸钠溶液,于760 nm处测定吸光度,以没食子酸标准曲线计算含量;总黄酮含量的测定:参照谢欣雨[17]的方法,样品依次加入亚硝酸钠、硝酸铝和氢氧化钠溶液显色,于510 nm处测定吸光度,以芦丁标准曲线计算含量。
参照吴均等[18]的方法,取1 mL经稀释的脐橙果酒与1 mL 0.2 mmol/L DPPH-乙醇溶液混合,确保无光照条件反应30 min,在517 nm的波长下测定吸光值,质量浓度为1 mg/mL的抗坏血酸溶液作为阳性对照。DPPH自由基清除率计算公式如下:
$ \text{DPPH}\mathrm{自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}-{\mathrm{A}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:$ {\mathrm{A}}_{0} $为蒸馏水代替果酒测定的吸光值;$ {\mathrm{A}}_{1} $为果酒测定的吸光值。
参照孙鹏尧[19]的方法,取稀释的脐橙果酒1 mL置于试管,加入浓度相同的硫酸亚铁溶液、水杨酸乙醇溶液和过氧化氢溶液,混匀,置于37 ℃水浴中反应30 min,在510 nm波长下测定吸光值,质量浓度为1 mg/mL抗坏血酸溶液作为阳性对照。羟基自由基清除率计算公式同1.2.6.1。
参照于抗非等[20]的方法稍作修改:分别向5支10 mL具塞比色管中加入0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mL脐橙果酒样品溶液,用蒸馏水补足至1.0 mL;随后依次加入2.5 mL pH6.6、0.2 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液和2.5 mL 30.0 mmol/L铁氰化钾溶液,摇匀后置于50 ℃水浴中反应20 min。反应结束后迅速冷却,再加入2.5 mL 0.6 mol/L三氯乙酸溶液终止反应,3000 r/min离心10 min。取2.5 mL上清液,加入2.5 mL蒸馏水和0.5 mL 6 mmol/LFeCl3溶液,充分混匀后于700 nm处测定吸光度。以同浓度VC溶液作阳性对照,铁氰化钾还原力计算公式如下:
$ \text{还原力}={\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{0} $
式中:A0为蒸馏水代替果酒测定的吸光值;A1为果酒测定的吸光值。
所有实验均设置3组独立生物学重复,数据用“平均值±标准差”的格式表示;利用Origin 2018进行可视化处理;利用SPSS Statistic 19.0软件进一步进行统计分析,采用单因素方差分析,结合Duncan多重比较检验判定组间差异。
以MC组为对照组,SC、PC、DC组为实验组,测定四组脐橙果酒的理化指标,结果如表2所示,不同接种时序发酵的脐橙果酒基本理化指标均符合NY/T 1508-2017《绿色食品果酒》的规定要求。
由表2可知,脐橙果酒的酒精度、pH、总酸均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。与其他组相比,脐橙果酒酒精度最高的为MC组。混菌发酵的三组脐橙果酒酒精度低的原因是非酿酒酵母加入混菌发酵,降低了酿酒酵母最大生物量,进而使产生的乙醇体积分数降低[21]。实验测得的pH在3.36~3.56的范围内,脐橙果酒的可溶性固形物含量均为4°Bx,说明脐橙果酒均到达发酵终点。脐橙果酒中总酸含量在6.36~6.83 g/L之间,与MC组相比,SC组的总酸含量显著(P<0.05) 提升了约6.3%,PC组的总酸含量显著(P<0.05)提升了约7.4%。这是由于微生物间的协同作用及发酵条件优化。混菌发酵时,不同微生物协同代谢,产生更多有机酸,同时非酿酒酵母提前接种可提前布局发酵环境,后续酿酒酵母能更高效产生酸性物质[21−22]。
如图1所示,混菌发酵时序调控对脐橙果酒感官品质的提升作用显著,其中DC组优势明显。原因是酿酒酵母在发酵初期接入,能有效抑制杂菌生长、降低酒精胁迫,为后续发酵创造稳定环境。随后接入非酿酒酵母,其在低酒精度条件下可长期存活并持续代谢,产生丰富的酯类、萜烯和甘油等呈香呈味物质,同时避免了果酒因酸度过高而产生不愉快的酸味,从而全方位提升果酒的色泽、香气、滋味和典型性[23]。具体而言,DC组在香气、滋味维度分别以26.25分与32分领先,较MC组提升11.1%和4.9%,澄清度评分也提高了9.5%。相比之下,PC组典型性较低,且滋味涩感导致评分降低2.3%;SC组香气复杂度高,澄清稳定性不足。这表明延后发酵时序通过平衡酵母代谢活力与产物累积速率,实现香气丰富性、口感协调性及酒体透明度的协同增效,为脐橙果酒工艺优化提供了核心方向。
本研究采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法探究了不同接种时序对脐橙果酒挥发性成分的影响(表3)。结果表明,脐橙果酒含49种挥发性物质,涵盖醇、酯、酸、醛酮、萜烯及其他六类,其中酯类最多达16种。MC组仅检测出27种挥发性物质,而混菌发酵组(SC、PC、DC组)分别检测出34、38、35种挥发性物质,表明酿酒酵母与非酿酒酵母的混合发酵显著提升了脐橙果酒的香气成分多样性。这一发现与尹雪林等[24]的研究结果相似,他们发现戴尔有孢圆酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵后,猕猴桃酒的香气成分种类和含量均有所增加,尤其酯类等关键香气物质含量提升,改善了酒的香气品质。不同接种方式下,挥发性物质质量浓度存在差异。在醇类、酯类和酸类化合物的积累上,PC组均占据绝对优势。从具体排序来看,醇类物质含量依次为 PC组>SC组>DC组>MC组;而酯类与酸类由于在混菌发酵中的代谢积累规律相似,均呈现出 PC组>DC组>SC组>MC组的变化趋势。总体来看,单菌发酵组的醇类、酯类、酸类挥发性成分含量低于混合发酵组,但其醛酮类挥发性物质含量最高。醇类化合物是酵母发酵的关键代谢产物,对酒的风味特性起决定性作用。酒中高级醇含量不足会使风味单调乏味,缺乏层次;而含量过高则会使酒体过于刺激、辛辣甚至苦涩,影响饮用体验[25]。Shekhawat等[26]的研究显示,非酿酒酵母可提升特定氨基酸代谢基因表达水平,增强苯丙氨酸向苯乙醇转化基因活性,提高酵母产苯乙醇能力,影响酒体风格。单菌发酵果酒中独有的薄荷醇,提前发酵组特有的苯甲醇等具有独特香味,同时发酵组的正庚醇有柑橘香,这些醇类赋予果酒风味、丰富层次,且能衬托酯类香气,优化脐橙果酒整体风味。
酯类是脐橙果酒骨架香气的核心,表3显示PC组总酯198.43 mg/L,显著高于MC组121.77 mg/L(P<0.05),其中辛酸乙酯18.72 mg/L、乙酸异戊酯77.35 mg/L、癸酸乙酯3.83 mg/L,三者OAV均>100,直接贡献白兰地酒香、香蕉甜香及椰子奶油香[27−29],共同奠定了混菌发酵脐橙果酒复杂且浓郁的酯香骨架;酸类虽在PC组总量达51.21 mg/L,主要组分辛酸(14.26 mg/L,OAV≈21080)和己酸(7.69 mg/L,OAV≈6035)均具有较高香气活性值,在低浓度时可增添奶酪、脂肪等复杂香韵,但需注意其含量过高可能带来不良风味[21,30];醛酮类中壬醛、癸醛在MC组含量为2.08~3.28 mg/L,OAV均>1000,赋予橙皮油脂香,2,4-二甲基苯甲醛在MC组达42.37 mg/L、OAV≈7993,提供樱桃-杏仁香,与典型性感官项显著正相关(r=0.79);萜烯类是脐橙果酒典型柑橘香的重要来源,其中芳樟醇与香茅醇各组含量达到10.92~16.86 mg/L之间,OAV分别达22020与16080,强化柑橘典型花香[31];因此,PC组中辛酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、癸酸乙酯等高OAV酯类,以及芳樟醇、香茅醇等特征香气成分,共同构建了浓郁的果香与花香,为脐橙果酒风味优化提供了分子依据。
如图2所示,醇类与酯类是脐橙果酒的主要特征成分,含量较高,而酸类、醛酮类和萜烯类物质含量较少,共同构建了其独特风味体系。异戊醇与乙酸异戊酯分别是醇类、酯类中含量最高的物质,PC组脐橙果酒在这两大主要特征成分上含量更高,因此香味更浓郁,具有醇香、花香、果香,酒香更饱满、柔和,本实验结果与康明丽等[32]的研究结果类似,进一步验证了发酵工艺对脐橙果酒风味物质形成及含量的重要影响,也为后续深入研究脐橙果酒的酿造工艺优化及风味调控提供了坚实的基础。
为明确关键香气物质对不同接种时序脐橙果酒感官品质的贡献,基于表3挥发性成分数据与感官评分进行了相关性热图分析(图3)。结果显示,脐橙果酒的整体感官品质与多种特征香气成分存在显著关联(P<0.01),且混菌发酵通过改变特定代谢物的含量实现了风味的优化。从数据可知,提前接种组(PC)虽然醇类和酸类总量最高,但其在感官评价中却出现了“滋味涩感”及“典型性评分较低”的缺陷。热图分析证实,这正是由于PC组中异戊醇(743.12 mg/L)和苯乙醇(389.69 mg/L)的过度富集所致,这些高级醇与“滋味”得分呈显著负相关(P<0.05),导致酒体产生刺激性与苦涩感。在香气方面,芳樟醇、香茅醇等萜烯类物质与感官得分呈现出显著的正相关,构成了果酒愉悦花果香气的基础;而部分特定酯类(如辛酸乙酯)则在热图中呈现出一定的负相关,这表明此类成分的过度积累可能会打破风味平衡,反而对整体感官体验产生不利影响。相关性热图分析(图3)显示,不同香气成分与感官各维度之间的关联模式存在明显差异。圆柚酮、苯乙醛等醛酮类化合物与“典型性”得分呈正相关,提示其与柑橘特征风味的形成密切相关。相比之下,某些高级醇(如异戊醇、苯乙醇)及中短链脂肪酸(如辛酸)与“滋味”得分呈较强负相关,说明这些物质的过度积累可能导致涩感或异味,降低口感品质。上述相关性模式为理解混菌发酵时序如何影响果酒风味提供了分子层面的依据:促进正相关风味物质的生成、抑制负相关异味物质的积累,是实现酒体风味平衡的关键。
总酚是果酒中一种重要的功能性成分。如图4所示,不同接种时序和发酵模式对脐橙果酒总酚含量产生了显著影响(P<0.05)。实验结果显示,总酚含量在不同接种方式下呈现出明显的排序:PC组(753.93mg GAE/L)>SC组(726.39 mg GAE/L)>DC组(705.48 mg GAE/L)>MC组(593.28mg GAE/L),其中MC组与其他组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。这一结果表明,相较于单菌发酵,混菌发酵能够有效提升脐橙果酒的总酚含量。提前发酵组的总酚含量最高,这一现象具有重要的研究意义。非酿酒酵母在其中发挥了关键作用,已有研究表明,非酿酒酵母含有糖苷酶[21,33],该酶能够特异性地水解糖苷键,从而释放酚苷元,进而促进总酚的积累。在PC组中,非酿酒酵母的提前加入,使得其在发酵初期就能够充分发挥糖苷酶的作用,为总酚的积累创造了有利条件。此外,从发酵过程中总酚含量的变化趋势来看,非酿酒酵母加入后总酚含量呈上升趋势,这进一步证实了非酿酒酵母对总酚累积具有显著的促进作用。
总黄酮作为果酒的重要活性成分之一,其含量和种类直接影响果酒的抗氧化能力。如图5所示,脐橙果酒黄酮含量从高到低依次为SC组(138.30 mg RE/L)、PC组(132.12 mg RE/L)、DC组(128.25 mg RE/L)、MC组(124.65 mg RE/L)。非酿酒酵母中的糖苷酶能将底物中原有的、无活性的黄酮苷水解,转化为具有更高生物活性和检测响应值的黄酮苷元[33],使得SC组和PC组的黄酮含量较MC组显著提高。在PC组中,非酿酒酵母较早地参与到发酵过程中,迅速繁殖从而大量合成和分泌糖苷酶,并作用于底物中的黄酮苷,催化其水解反应,断裂糖苷键,从而释放出游离的黄酮苷元和糖分子,因此黄酮含量显著较高。而在SC组中,酿酒酵母与非酿酒酵母的同步代谢恰好契合了黄酮苷水解的最佳窗口期。非酿酒酵母在发酵初期即分泌糖苷酶,此时酒精浓度低、酶活保留充分;同时酿酒酵母早期代谢产物促进了底物中结合态黄酮的溶出,使酶与底物接触更充分。因此SC组黄酮含量(138.30 mg RE/L)略高于PC组(132.12 mg RE/L),但两者之间并无显著差异(P>0.05)。而DC组在接种非酿酒酵母时已处于高酒精、低营养的胁迫环境,其生长受抑,糖苷酶活力较弱,水解反应无法有效进行,故黄酮含量略低于另外两组[34]。此外,发酵过程中的诸多环境因素,如pH、温度、营养物质的浓度等,也可能与微生物之间的相互作用协同影响黄酮的代谢。不同的接种时序可能导致发酵体系中这些环境因素的动态变化有所不同,进而间接影响黄酮的含量。
抗氧化能力是评价富含酚类物质果蔬和果酒营养和功能的重要指标。如图6所示,在0.04~0.20 mg/mL范围内,MC组DPPH自由基清除能力从16%增至51%,SC组、PC组、DC组在0.20 mg/mL时分别达62%、69%、60%,相比于MC组均有显著性提高(P<0.05)。IC50计算结果显示,DPPH自由基清除能力排序为:PC组(0.0483 mg/mL)>SC组(0.086 mg/mL)>DC组(0.1066 mg/mL)>MC组(0.24 mg/mL),与多酚趋势一致。王东伟等[35]的研究中系统地分析了脐橙果酒在不同酿造阶段的抗氧化能力变化,并与总酚含量的动态变化进行了关联分析。结果显示,在果酒酿造过程中,随着总酚含量的增加,其抗氧化能力也相应增强,二者呈现出显著的正相关关系表明脐橙果酒抗氧化能力与总酚含量高度相关,总酚含量对果酒抗氧化活性起关键作用。
如图7所示,脐橙果酒与同等浓度VC溶液中羟基自由基清除率随质量浓度上升而增加,0.14 mg/mL时各发酵组清除率不同。经计算IC50,羟基自由基清除能力排序为PC组(0.071 mg/mL)>SC组>DC组>MC组(0.147 mg/mL),混菌发酵显著强于单菌发酵。在发酵初期,非酿酒酵母所分泌的多种代谢物起到了关键作用。这些代谢物包括蛋白、醇、醛酮类等物质,它们能够与酿酒酵母发生复杂的相互作用,进而影响酿酒酵母的发酵进程。已有研究表明,非酿酒酵母分泌的某些蛋白可能参与调节酿酒酵母的代谢途径,促进抗氧化相关酶的合成或激活,在醇类和醛酮类代谢物方面,它们可能直接参与自由基清除反应,或者通过改变发酵环境的化学性质,如调节发酵液的氧化还原电位,间接促进自由基的清除。此外,这些代谢物还可能影响果酒中其他抗氧化成分的生成和转化[36]。
如图8所示,脐橙果酒铁氰化钾还原力随质量浓度增加而增强,混菌发酵组显著(P<0.05)高于单菌发酵组且都呈浓度依赖趋势。实验浓度内,MC组还原力从0.186至0.564,SC、PC、DC组及VC对照组也各有变化。计算IC50后,铁氰化钾还原力顺序为PC组(0.152 mg/mL)>SC组>DC组>MC组(0.181 mg/mL),此结果与谢佳艺 [37]的研究类似,铁氰化钾还原力反映样品提供电子以还原Fe3+为Fe2+的能力,还原力越强,IC50值越小。本研究中,PC组的IC50最小,表明其还原能力最强。该排序与总酚含量(PC组>SC组>DC组>MC组)完全一致,提示酚类物质是脐橙果酒还原能力的主要贡献者。酚类化合物富含酚羟基,可通过单电子转移机制直接还原铁氰化钾,从而表现出较强的还原力。黄酮类化合物虽也具有一定还原能力,但其含量变化趋势(SC组最高)与还原力排序不完全一致,说明总酚比总黄酮对还原力的贡献更为显著。
本研究证实混菌发酵时序调控可协同提升脐橙果酒品质。混菌发酵较单菌发酵新增挥发性成分22种,显著丰富了醇类(苯甲醇、异辛醇)、酯类(乙酸乙酯、水杨酸甲酯)等特征香气物质,其中PC组醇类总量达1500.09 mg/L、酯类总量达198.43 mg/L,均处最高水平。功能成分方面,PC组总酚含量达753.93 mg GAE/L,SC组总黄酮含量达138.30 mg RE/L,均显著优于单菌发酵。抗氧化活性与总酚趋势一致,PC组在0.20 mg/mL浓度下DPPH自由基清除率达69%,羟基自由基及铁氰化钾还原力也均为最优。感官评价中,DC组综合得分82.13分,SC组80.13分,表明延后接种(DC)和同时接种(SC)更有利于获得良好的感官品质。结果表明,PC策略利于功能成分积累与抗氧化性能提升,DC模式更优感官表现,该结论可为脐橙果酒混菌发酵工艺的精准调控提供理论依据,未来可进一步优化非酿酒酵母接种窗口期以实现风味与功能的协同增效。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060271
  • 接收时间:2025-06-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-23
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    1仲恺农业工程学院轻工食品学院,广东广州 510225
    2梅州市飞龙果业有限公司,广东梅州 514600

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王宏(1988−),女,博士,特聘副教授,研究方向:食品活性成分与功能评价,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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