Article(id=1320166008141238693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060268, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750608000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681703839, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681703839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681703839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681703839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=179, endPage=188, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166008367731110, articleId=1320166008141238693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Monascus Fermentation on the Phytochemical Components of Black Highland Barley Bran, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study applied solid-state fermentation with Monascus to black highland barley bran to enhance its utilization. The fermentation process was optimized by monitoring the antioxidant potency composite (APC) index. Comparative analysis of unfermented samples and those from the optimal fermentation time point was conducted using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to systematically profile volatile flavor compounds and untargeted metabolomes. The results demonstrated that the contents of total polyphenols and total flavonoids exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease during fermentation. In contrast, compounds including 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, luteolin, and its glycoside derivatives peaked in the unfermented samples and declined continuously thereafter. Levels of cis- and trans-ferulic acid, as well as protocatechuic acid, also showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. Based on the APC assessment, the optimum fermentation duration for black barley bran using Monascus was established at 5 days, achieving an APC of 98.45%. A total of 215 volatile compounds were identified. Fermentation led to significant increases in the relative contents of esters, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, and phenols. A total of 2914 differential metabolites were identified in the untargeted metabolomics analysis (VIP≥1, FC≥2 or FC≤0.5, and P<0.05). Compared to the unfermented group, 1671 metabolites were significantly upregulated (P<0.05) in the 5-day fermentation group, with the most notable change observed in the content of 8-deoxyanthocyanin. KEGG pathway enrichment and correlation analyses indicated that fermentation effectively enhanced the flavor profile of black highland barley bran, providing a theoretical foundation for its development into functional foods.

, authors=Yuehang YANG1, Tinghui LIU2, Chen XIA1, Zhuoya XIANG1, Xiulin CHEN3, Wenhui ZHANG4, Yan WAN3, *, Junlin DENG1, *, authorsList=Yuehang YANG, Tinghui LIU, Chen XIA, Zhuoya XIANG, Xiulin CHEN, Wenhui ZHANG, Yan WAN, Junlin DENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan WAN, Junlin DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166011131777457, articleId=1320166008141238693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=红曲霉发酵对黑青稞麸皮化学成分的影响, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高青稞麸皮利用率,本研究利用红曲霉对黑青稞麸皮进行固态发酵,通过综合抗氧化能力指数(Antioxidant Potency Composite,APC)评估,并运用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)及液相色谱串联质谱(Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)技术对未发酵样品与最佳发酵时间点的样品进行定量比较,系统分析其挥发性风味物质组成及非靶向代谢组学物质差异。结果表明,在发酵过程中,总多酚与总黄酮含量均呈先升后降的趋势。而对羟基苯甲酸、对香豆酸、木犀草素及其糖苷形式等成分则在未发酵时含量最高,并随发酵进程持续下降。此外,阿魏酸的两种异构体及原儿茶酸等也表现出先增后减的动态变化。通过APC评估确定红曲霉发酵黑青稞麸皮最佳时间为5 d(APC=98.45%),发酵前后共鉴定出215种挥发性成分,其中发酵组中酯类、酮类、醇类、醛类和酚类化合物的相对含量显著上升。非靶向代谢组学分析共筛选到2914种差异代谢物(VIP≥1、FC≥2或FC≤0.5以及P<0.05),发酵5 d组与未发酵组相比,1671种代谢物显著(P<0.05)上调,其中8-脱氧花青素的含量变化最为显著。KEGG通路富集及相关性分析表明,发酵可有效改善黑青稞麸皮的风味特性,这为其在功能食品开发中的应用提供了理论依据。

, authors=杨月杭1, 刘廷辉2, 夏陈1, 向卓亚1, 陈修林3, 张文会4, 万燕3, *, 邓俊琳1, *, authorsList=杨月杭, 刘廷辉, 夏陈, 向卓亚, 陈修林, 张文会, 万燕, 邓俊琳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=万燕, 邓俊琳, authorNote=

杨月杭(1998−),女,硕士,研究方向:功能食品研究开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
万燕(1983−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:特色杂粮栽培生理及产品研发,E-mail:。
邓俊琳(1988−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:功能食品研究开发,E-mail:。
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注:a为OPLS-DA得分图;b为OPLS-DA模型验证图,RED为红曲霉发酵样品,OD为未发酵样品。

, figureFileSmall=g/a8wk57UGVIvyFhls9lAg==, figureFileBig=YHzfrtHyqsWpUqxiSwZwkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166016164942324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Untargeted metabolomics analysis of black highland barley bran before versus after fermentation, figureFileSmall=/8nFX2VuCKwRwsr36eT8Bg==, figureFileBig=bphm5SFyOBSSIKciVexfzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166016223662581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黑青稞麸皮发酵前后差异的非靶向代谢组学分析

注:a发酵前后火山图;b发酵前后差异条形图,以VIP≥1、FC≥2或FC≤0.5以及P<0.05为标准。

, figureFileSmall=/8nFX2VuCKwRwsr36eT8Bg==, figureFileBig=bphm5SFyOBSSIKciVexfzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166016299160054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Enriched KEGG pathways of differential metabolites in black highland barley bran before and after fermentation, figureFileSmall=1Ye+SyVr2vJjSAC3/M0ouQ==, figureFileBig=ux8bGaETJD1afnBxusavWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166016387240439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=CN, label=图4, caption=黑青稞麸皮发酵前后差异代谢物KEGG富集通路, figureFileSmall=1Ye+SyVr2vJjSAC3/M0ouQ==, figureFileBig=ux8bGaETJD1afnBxusavWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166016458543608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Correlation analysis of the top 20 differential volatile components and metabolites in fermented black highland barley bran注:*:相关性具有显著性,P<0.05;**:相关性具有极显著性,P<0.01;***:相关性具有高度显著性,P<0.001;红色表示正相关;绿色表示负相关。, figureFileSmall=/IFfuq7voVqFvrCiIcpzbw==, figureFileBig=g+mwPdqZS5U3MNHwpvx4VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166016546623993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=CN, label=图5, caption=黑青稞麸皮发酵组前20种差异挥发性成分与前20种差异代谢物相关性分析图, figureFileSmall=/IFfuq7voVqFvrCiIcpzbw==, figureFileBig=g+mwPdqZS5U3MNHwpvx4VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166016626315770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Total poyphenol content and total flavonoid content of black highland barley bran

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(d)TPC(mg GAE/g)TFC(mg RE/g)
04.43±0.04e8.42±0.12c
14.98±0.11d8.80±0.06b
35.59±0.05c9.08±0.05a
56.83±0.12a8.01±0.06d
75.91±0.12b7.22±0.07e
95.69±0.07c6.66±0.14f
), ArticleFig(id=1320166016706007547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

黑青稞麸皮总多酚含量与总黄酮含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(d)TPC(mg GAE/g)TFC(mg RE/g)
04.43±0.04e8.42±0.12c
14.98±0.11d8.80±0.06b
35.59±0.05c9.08±0.05a
56.83±0.12a8.01±0.06d
75.91±0.12b7.22±0.07e
95.69±0.07c6.66±0.14f
), ArticleFig(id=1320166016819253756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Quantitative analysis of UPLC monomeric phenols at different fermentation times (µg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品R2标准曲线线性范围(μg/mL)0 d1 d3 d5 d7 d9 d
原儿茶酸0.9998y=24.28x−66.8457.8125~1000146.82±1.08d140.45±0.91d53.35±3.95e421.35±3.06a200.35±9.89b174.44±5.10c
对羟基苯甲酸0.9997y=56.819x−50.2077.8125~25021.25±0.48a20.51±0.07b13.13±0.17d16.57±0.13c9.76±0.21e/
对香豆酸0..9997y=39.238x−61.9897.8125~100033.10±0.27a31.91±0.21b////
反式阿魏酸0.9999y=28.483x−98.8587.8125~100074.12±0.32c70.92±0.50d110.32±0.64b154.49±0.13a56.36±0.07e51.73±0.18f
顺式阿魏酸0.9998y=36.244x−21.9737.8125~1000/9.65±0.22e10.65±0.05d15.46±0.51a12.20±0.07c12.80±0.11b
木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸0.9997y=9.1019x−323.887.8125~10001245.45±13.06a1238.38±6.34a1157.99±0.59b1121.80±7.99c507.51±2.32d320.46±10.09e
柯伊利素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸0.9995y=15.551x−258.987.8125~10002656.56±22.89b2586.09±10.98c2351.43±12.88d2750.87±8.94a839.81±2.23e216.13±0.34f
木犀草素0.9999y=22.887x−27.0297.8125~100095.12±7.24a91.98±2.78a91.02±3.88a83.44±2.58b76.33±2.44c60.14±2.53d
柯伊利素0.9997y=23.105x+36.0837.8125~1000424.20±11.93a412.79±7.56b254.38±5.19c149.61±3.21d101.54±2.72e90.03±3.78f
), ArticleFig(id=1320166016894751229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同发酵时间的UPLC单体酚定量分析(µg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品R2标准曲线线性范围(μg/mL)0 d1 d3 d5 d7 d9 d
原儿茶酸0.9998y=24.28x−66.8457.8125~1000146.82±1.08d140.45±0.91d53.35±3.95e421.35±3.06a200.35±9.89b174.44±5.10c
对羟基苯甲酸0.9997y=56.819x−50.2077.8125~25021.25±0.48a20.51±0.07b13.13±0.17d16.57±0.13c9.76±0.21e/
对香豆酸0..9997y=39.238x−61.9897.8125~100033.10±0.27a31.91±0.21b////
反式阿魏酸0.9999y=28.483x−98.8587.8125~100074.12±0.32c70.92±0.50d110.32±0.64b154.49±0.13a56.36±0.07e51.73±0.18f
顺式阿魏酸0.9998y=36.244x−21.9737.8125~1000/9.65±0.22e10.65±0.05d15.46±0.51a12.20±0.07c12.80±0.11b
木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸0.9997y=9.1019x−323.887.8125~10001245.45±13.06a1238.38±6.34a1157.99±0.59b1121.80±7.99c507.51±2.32d320.46±10.09e
柯伊利素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸0.9995y=15.551x−258.987.8125~10002656.56±22.89b2586.09±10.98c2351.43±12.88d2750.87±8.94a839.81±2.23e216.13±0.34f
木犀草素0.9999y=22.887x−27.0297.8125~100095.12±7.24a91.98±2.78a91.02±3.88a83.44±2.58b76.33±2.44c60.14±2.53d
柯伊利素0.9997y=23.105x+36.0837.8125~1000424.20±11.93a412.79±7.56b254.38±5.19c149.61±3.21d101.54±2.72e90.03±3.78f
), ArticleFig(id=1320166016961860094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Antioxidant capacity at different fermentation times (mg Trolox/g)

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发酵时间(d)DPPHABTS+FRAP
04.86±0.16c0.83±0.01c7.12±0.13e
14.94±0.20c0.84±0.02c9.95±0.20d
35.16±0.19bc0.89±0.02b10.85±0.17b
57.84±0.16a0.90±0.01b13.26±0.17a
75.47±0.19b0.95±0.00a10.56±0.08bc
95.10±0.09bc0.91±0.01b10.23±0.15cd
), ArticleFig(id=1320166017045746175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同发酵时间抗氧化能力(mg Trolox/g)

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发酵时间(d)DPPHABTS+FRAP
04.86±0.16c0.83±0.01c7.12±0.13e
14.94±0.20c0.84±0.02c9.95±0.20d
35.16±0.19bc0.89±0.02b10.85±0.17b
57.84±0.16a0.90±0.01b13.26±0.17a
75.47±0.19b0.95±0.00a10.56±0.08bc
95.10±0.09bc0.91±0.01b10.23±0.15cd
), ArticleFig(id=1320166017117049344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comprehensive antioxidant activity index of Monascus-fermented black highland barley bran at different fermentation time

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发酵时间(d)DPPH-APCABTS-APCFRAP-APCAPC指数(%)
061.9488.0553.7467.91
163.0788.4575.0475.52
365.7893.9981.8580.54
5100.0095.34100.0098.45
769.78100.0079.6783.15
965.0895.5177.1579.25
), ArticleFig(id=1320166017200935425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166008141238693, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

红曲霉发酵黑青稞麸皮不同发酵时间抗氧化活性综合评价指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(d)DPPH-APCABTS-APCFRAP-APCAPC指数(%)
061.9488.0553.7467.91
163.0788.4575.0475.52
365.7893.9981.8580.54
5100.0095.34100.0098.45
769.78100.0079.6783.15
965.0895.5177.1579.25
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红曲霉发酵对黑青稞麸皮化学成分的影响
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杨月杭 1 , 刘廷辉 2 , 夏陈 1 , 向卓亚 1 , 陈修林 3 , 张文会 4 , 万燕 3, * , 邓俊琳 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(14): 179-188
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (14) : 179 -188
红曲霉发酵对黑青稞麸皮化学成分的影响
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杨月杭1 , 刘廷辉2, 夏陈1, 向卓亚1, 陈修林3, 张文会4, 万燕3, * , 邓俊琳1, *
作者信息
  • 1四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(四川省农业科学院食物与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066
  • 2甘孜藏族自治州农业科学研究所,四川甘孜藏族自治州 626000
  • 3成都大学食品与生物工程学院,四川成都 610106
  • 4西藏自治区农牧科学院农产品开发与食品科学研究所,西藏拉萨 850000
通讯作者:
万燕(1983−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:特色杂粮栽培生理及产品研发,E-mail:。
邓俊琳(1988−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:功能食品研究开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨月杭(1998−),女,硕士,研究方向:功能食品研究开发,E-mail:

Effect of Monascus Fermentation on the Phytochemical Components of Black Highland Barley Bran
Yuehang YANG1 , Tinghui LIU2, Chen XIA1, Zhuoya XIANG1, Xiulin CHEN3, Wenhui ZHANG4, Yan WAN3, * , Junlin DENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Agro-Products Processing, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Chengdu 610066, China
  • 2Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Garzê Zang Autonomous Prefecture 626000, China
  • 3School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
  • 4Institute of Agro-Products Development and Food Sciences, Xizang Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060268
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为提高青稞麸皮利用率,本研究利用红曲霉对黑青稞麸皮进行固态发酵,通过综合抗氧化能力指数(Antioxidant Potency Composite,APC)评估,并运用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)及液相色谱串联质谱(Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)技术对未发酵样品与最佳发酵时间点的样品进行定量比较,系统分析其挥发性风味物质组成及非靶向代谢组学物质差异。结果表明,在发酵过程中,总多酚与总黄酮含量均呈先升后降的趋势。而对羟基苯甲酸、对香豆酸、木犀草素及其糖苷形式等成分则在未发酵时含量最高,并随发酵进程持续下降。此外,阿魏酸的两种异构体及原儿茶酸等也表现出先增后减的动态变化。通过APC评估确定红曲霉发酵黑青稞麸皮最佳时间为5 d(APC=98.45%),发酵前后共鉴定出215种挥发性成分,其中发酵组中酯类、酮类、醇类、醛类和酚类化合物的相对含量显著上升。非靶向代谢组学分析共筛选到2914种差异代谢物(VIP≥1、FC≥2或FC≤0.5以及P<0.05),发酵5 d组与未发酵组相比,1671种代谢物显著(P<0.05)上调,其中8-脱氧花青素的含量变化最为显著。KEGG通路富集及相关性分析表明,发酵可有效改善黑青稞麸皮的风味特性,这为其在功能食品开发中的应用提供了理论依据。

黑青稞麸皮  /  红曲霉  /  代谢组学  /  固态发酵  /  活性成分

This study applied solid-state fermentation with Monascus to black highland barley bran to enhance its utilization. The fermentation process was optimized by monitoring the antioxidant potency composite (APC) index. Comparative analysis of unfermented samples and those from the optimal fermentation time point was conducted using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to systematically profile volatile flavor compounds and untargeted metabolomes. The results demonstrated that the contents of total polyphenols and total flavonoids exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease during fermentation. In contrast, compounds including 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, luteolin, and its glycoside derivatives peaked in the unfermented samples and declined continuously thereafter. Levels of cis- and trans-ferulic acid, as well as protocatechuic acid, also showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. Based on the APC assessment, the optimum fermentation duration for black barley bran using Monascus was established at 5 days, achieving an APC of 98.45%. A total of 215 volatile compounds were identified. Fermentation led to significant increases in the relative contents of esters, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, and phenols. A total of 2914 differential metabolites were identified in the untargeted metabolomics analysis (VIP≥1, FC≥2 or FC≤0.5, and P<0.05). Compared to the unfermented group, 1671 metabolites were significantly upregulated (P<0.05) in the 5-day fermentation group, with the most notable change observed in the content of 8-deoxyanthocyanin. KEGG pathway enrichment and correlation analyses indicated that fermentation effectively enhanced the flavor profile of black highland barley bran, providing a theoretical foundation for its development into functional foods.

black highland barley bran  /  Monascus purpureus  /  metabolomics  /  solid-state fermentation  /  bioactive components
杨月杭, 刘廷辉, 夏陈, 向卓亚, 陈修林, 张文会, 万燕, 邓俊琳. 红曲霉发酵对黑青稞麸皮化学成分的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 179 -188 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060268
Yuehang YANG, Tinghui LIU, Chen XIA, Zhuoya XIANG, Xiulin CHEN, Wenhui ZHANG, Yan WAN, Junlin DENG. Effect of Monascus Fermentation on the Phytochemical Components of Black Highland Barley Bran[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 179 -188 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060268
青稞,又被称为裸大麦、元麦或米大麦。青稞耐寒性强、生长周期短、适应力强,在中国已有3500年的栽培历史[1],主要分布在中国的西藏、青海、四川的甘孜和阿坝、甘肃的甘南、云南的迪庆等高海拔地区[2],在尼泊尔、墨西哥、不丹等高海拔地区也有种植[3]。青稞具有良好的抗氧化、抗癌、改善肠道菌群的作用[4],是一种非常优质的谷物。在青稞加工过程中,麸皮作为副产物的占比约20%~30%[5]。据报道青稞麸皮具有β-葡聚糖、膳食纤维、多酚、黄酮、花青素等活性成分[6],这些活性成分赋予青稞麸皮抗氧化、降血糖等生物功效[7]。虽然麸皮具有良好的活性功能,但由于口感不佳,导致大部分麸皮常被当作家畜饲料或直接丢弃,造成营养与经济价值的双重损失。
固态发酵是一种在有限游离水条件下进行的微生物发酵过程,其水分含量既能维持微生物的生长代谢需求,又不超过固体基质的最大持水能力[8]。该技术能有效提升固体基质中的总多酚含量,从而增强其抗氧化能力,并提高酚类化合物的生物利用度[9]。黑青稞麸皮含有大量与纤维素结合的多酚类物质,难以被人体直接吸收利用[10]。已有研究表明青稞麸皮固态发酵后可以释放部分结合酚,提高多酚的利用率[11]。
食药用真菌因其独特的营养特性、风味口感及生理功能优势,在功能性食品开发中备受关注。利用这类真菌进行固态发酵,已成为开发新型功能性食品的有效途径[12]。丝状真菌是固态发酵的典型微生物,因为它们能够适应低湿度环境并产生各种水解酶[13]。相关研究表明,采用红曲霉对谷物进行固态发酵,可有效提升其营养品质与功能特性[14]。
近年来,关于青稞麸皮的研究主要集中在活性成分的提取、营养特性的分析、产品开发以及加工工艺的优化等领域。然而,随着组学技术的不断进步,研究视角逐渐扩展,为青稞麸皮的深入探索提供了新的契机。本研究采用固态发酵处理,并利用代谢组学技术对红曲霉对黑青稞麸皮的最佳发酵时间点的提取物进行深入研究,揭示红曲霉发酵过程中风味物质的转化与积累规律,并分析发酵前后关键差异代谢物及其合成途径的变化。通过以上研究,旨在探索黑青稞麸皮的高值化利用策略,提升青稞资源的综合利用率,为其可持续开发奠定理论基础,并探索创新的技术路径。
‘隆子’黑青稞麸皮 西藏春光食品有限公司;红曲霉(Monascus purpureus,BNCC336199) 河南省工业微生物菌种工程技术研究中心(BeNa Culture Collection,BNCC);氯化钠、甲醇、无水乙醇、福林酚、碳酸钠、结晶氯化铝、亚硝酸钠、氢氧化钠、过硫酸钾、三水醋酸钠、六水合氯化铁、双氧水、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、冰乙酸、盐酸 分析纯,成都市科隆化学品有限公司;马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂 青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司;芦丁、水溶性维生素E(Trolox)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)、2,2’-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS)(以上为分析纯)、对羟基苯甲酸、原儿茶酸、对香豆酸、顺式阿魏酸、反式阿魏酸、木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸、柯伊利素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸、柯伊利素、木犀草素(以上为标准品,大于98%) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;甲醇、乙腈、正己烷 色谱纯,德国达姆施塔特默克集团;乙酸 色谱纯,上海易恩化学技术有限公司;甲酸铵、氨水、甲酸 色谱纯,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
1290超高效液相色谱仪、Poroshell 120 PFP色谱柱(4.6×100 mm,2.7 µm)、8890-7000D GC-MS/MS、DB-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)色谱柱、萃取头120 μm DVB/CWR/PDMS 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;ACQUITY Premier HSS T3色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 µm) 沃特世科技(上海);Synergy-HTX多功能酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;SPME Arrow固相微萃取装置、Fiber Conditioning Station老化装置、Agitato样品加热箱 CTC Analytics AG;Q Exactive HF-X质谱仪、Vanquish超高效液相色谱仪 Thermo Scientific;CentriVap离心浓缩仪 LABCONCO;Biomek i5自动化工作站 Beckman Coulter。
将黑青稞麸皮打粉过60目筛,得黑青稞麸皮粉,备用;将−80 ℃保存的红曲霉菌株复苏并接种于PDA培养基,28 ℃培养至孢子成熟。收集孢子并用无菌生理盐水制成悬液,经血球计数板调整浓度至107 CFU/mL,于4 ℃储存备用。
固态发酵组:灭菌黑青稞麸皮粉末按1:1(v/m)加无菌水混匀。接种10%(v/v)的红曲霉孢子悬液(107 CFU/mL),28 ℃固态发酵。分别收集发酵1、3、5、7、9 d的样品,冷冻干燥,−80 ℃保存。
未发酵组:灭菌黑青稞麸皮粉末按1:1(v/m)加无菌水混匀。加入10%(v/v)生理盐水代替孢子悬液,混匀后立即冷冻干燥,−80 ℃保存。
样品活性成分提取参照文献[15],具体操作为:称取4 g样品,加入40 mL 80%(v/v)甲醇,于40 ℃、200 W功率下依次进行3次超声提取(每次30 min),合并提取液后经7000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液并通过0.22 μm有机滤膜过滤,最终制得浓度约为100 mg/mL的提取液,保存于−20 ℃备用,供后续功能活性分析使用。
总多酚含量参照文献[11]并稍作修改:于96孔板中依次加入20 μL稀释样品提取液和20 μL福林酚试剂,混匀避光反应5 min;再加入160 μL 5% Na2CO3溶液,避光反应60 min后于765 nm测定吸光度。以没食子酸标准曲线(y=0.0057x+0.0012,R2=0.9993,线性范围1~100 μg/mL),结果以没食子酸当量(mg GAE/g干提取物)表示。
总黄酮含量参照文献[16]并稍作修改:于96孔板中依次加入20 μL稀释样液、15 μL 5% NaNO2溶液,反应6 min;加入15 μL 10% AlCl3·6H2O溶液,反应5 min;再加入100 μL 1 mol/L NaOH溶液,混匀后于510 nm测定吸光度。依据芦丁标准曲线(y=0.0006x+0.0016,R2=0.9992,线性范围5~150 μg/mL)定量,结果以芦丁当量(mg RE/g干提取物)表示。
采用高效液相色谱法测定单体酚含量[17],样品提取液经0.22 µm微孔有机相膜过滤后进行进样分析。采用安捷伦Poroshell 120 PFP色谱柱(4.6×100 mm,2.7 µm),配备DAD检测器,多酚检测波长分别设置为254、280、320和350 nm。色谱条件:柱温30 ℃,流速0.8 mL/min,进样量5 µL。流动相A为含0.1%甲酸的水溶液,流动相B为乙腈。梯度洗脱程序:0~10 min(5%~10% B),10~20 min(10%~20% B),20~35 min(20%~40% B),35~40 min(40%~70% B),40~45 min(70%~95% B),通过标准品进行定量。
参照文献[18]的方法并稍作修改:将100 μL样品提取液与等体积80% DPPH甲醇溶液混合,室温避光反应30 min后于517 nm测定吸光度。以Trolox标准溶液(母液54 μg/mL)建立标准曲线(y=0.0684x+0.1406,R2=0.9961,线性范围1~12.5 μg/mL),单位为mg Trolox/g。
参照文献[19]的方法并稍作修改:将40 μL样品提取液与160 μL ABTS工作液(ΔA≈0.7,80%甲醇配制)混合,避光反应6 min后于734 nm测定吸光度。以Trolox标准品(母液54 μg/mL)建立标准曲线(y=0.0454x+0.076,R2=0.9961,线性范围1~20 μg/mL),单位为mg Trolox/g。
参照文献[15]的方法并稍作修改:取30 μL样品提取液与265 μL FRAP工作液于96孔板混匀,37 ℃反应30 min后于593nm测定吸光度。同样以Trolox标准品(母液48 μg/mL)建立标准曲线(y=0.0118x+0.0213,R2=0.9997,线性范围0.5~30 μg/mL),单位为mg Trolox/g。
参考使用抗氧化活性综合(Antioxidant Potency Composite,APC)指数法[20]进行酚类标准物质单体抗氧化活性比较,按照下式计算APC指数[21]。
$ \text{APC指数}(\text{%})=\left(\frac{\mathrm{A}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{\max }}+\frac{\mathrm{B}}{{\mathrm{B}}_{\max }}+\frac{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{\max }}\right)\Big/3 $
式中,A为DPPH测定值;Amax为DPPH最大值;B为ABTS测定值;Bmax为ABTS最大值;C为FRAP测定值;Cmax为FRAP最大值;3为使用方法(DPPH、ABTS、FRAP)的数量。
参考文献[22]并稍作修改:冷冻干燥样品经液氮研磨后,准确称取500 mg,置于顶空瓶中,加入饱和NaCl溶液及20 μL(10 μg/mL)3-己酮溶液内标溶液。于60 ℃下振荡5 min后,采用DVB/CWR/PDMS(120 μm)萃取头在60 ℃顶空吸附15 min,随后于GC-MS进样口250 ℃解吸5 min,进行GC-MS分析。
参考文献[23]并稍作修改:采用DB-5MS色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),高纯氦气载气,流速1.2 mL/min。进样口温度250 ℃,不分流进样,溶剂延迟3.5 min。程序升温:初始40 ℃(保持3.5 min),以10 ℃/min升至100 ℃,7 ℃/min升至180 ℃,25 ℃/min升至280 ℃(保持5 min)。
参考文献[23]并稍作修改:采用EI离子源,离子源温度230 ℃,四极杆150 ℃,接口280 ℃,电子能量70 eV。SIM模式扫描,依据GB 23200.8-2016对目标物进行定性与定量分析。
参考文献[24]并稍作修改:采用Waters ACQUITY Premier HSS T3色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 µm),以0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱(5%→99% B,10 min),流速0.4 mL/min,柱温40 ℃,进样量4 μL。电喷雾离子源(ESI):正负离子模式切换,离子化电压3500 V(+)/2500 V(−);鞘气30 L/min;辅助气5 L/min;离子传输管320 ℃;雾化温度300 ℃;一级质谱全扫描范围m/z 75~1000,分辨率35000。
在HS-SPME-GC-MS分析中,对每组6个平行样本的数据,采用最小值五分之一的规则进行缺失值填补,并基于GC-MS平台结合自建植物数据库完成代谢物的定性与定量。在LC-MS/MS分析中,对每组6个平行样,首先通过XCMS进行峰提取、对齐与校正,并过滤缺失率高的峰及填补空白值,继而采用支持向量回归(SVR)校正峰面积,综合参考多个公共数据库,最终基于多数据库综合比对完成代谢物鉴定。为评估组间代谢差异,首先进行主成分分析(PCA),进一步采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)模型增强分类效果。差异代谢物的筛选标准包括变量投影重要性(VIP≥1、FC≥2或FC≤0.5以及P<0.05)。对所得差异代谢物,利用KEGG等数据库开展代谢通路富集分析,以识别其显著关联的关键生物学途径。数据处理与成分析使用Excel 2010完成,图形绘制基于迈维代谢云平台(https://cloud.metware.cn/)和Origin 2019;采用SPSS27.0进行Pearson相关系数和显著性分析,结果用“平均值±标准差”表示。
黑青稞麸皮经红曲霉发酵后,在发酵过程中总多酚含量、总黄酮含量趋势均先上升后下降,呈时间依赖,该结果与马贺等[25]报道的曲霉发酵总黄酮含量变化趋势以及李达等[26]关于固态发酵青稞中总多酚与总黄酮的变化规律一致。
如表1所示,未发酵黑青稞麸皮中总多酚含量为4.43±0.04 mg GAE/g,红曲霉组的总多酚在5 d含量最高为6.83±0.12 mg GAE/g,这是由于在发酵过程中,微生物代谢产生多种功能各异的酶类物质[27],这些酶对黑青稞麸皮中多酚含量的变化起到重要作用:一方面,它们能够催化结合态酚类物质的释放,从而促使多酚含量增加[28];另一方面,多酚在多酚氧化酶作用下被分解,当结合态酚类物质释放量低于分解的量,多酚含量就随之下降[29]。
如表1所示,未发酵黑青稞麸皮中总黄酮含量为8.42±0.12 mg RE/g,红曲霉发酵组的总黄酮含量在3 d达到最高值为9.08±0.05 mg RE/g,然后随着发酵时间延长,总黄酮含量呈现下降趋势。发酵初期总黄酮含量增加可能是来源于结合态黄酮的释放,但随着发酵时间延长,营养物质消耗及细胞活性的降低导致酶合成能力下降,从而减少了黄酮类物质的生成[30]。此外,黄酮类化合物本身稳定性较差,在发酵过程中易受多酚氧化酶、温度、微生物代谢产物及氧化性物质的影响,从而发生降解或转化导致含量降低[31]。
本次实验共使用了9种单体酚对照品对红曲霉在黑青稞麸皮发酵过程中的变化进行定量分析。根据表2的结果,其中原儿茶酸、反式阿魏酸、木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸及柯伊利素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸、木犀草素、柯伊利素在红曲霉的发酵过程中均被检测到,且木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸及柯伊利素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸在未发酵和发酵的任意时间含量均远高于其他单体酚。对香豆酸仅在0 d和1 d被检出,之后被分解。顺式阿魏酸在发酵后的样品中均被检出。9种多酚单体在红曲霉发酵下黑青稞麸皮中的具体变化情况如下。
在红曲霉发酵黑青稞麸皮的过程中,原儿茶酸和柯伊利素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸的含量变化呈现先下降后上升至峰值,再次下降的趋势。如表2所示,这两种化合物在发酵第5 d的含量分别为421.35±3.06 µg/g和2750.87±8.94 µg/g,显著高于其他发酵时间(P<0.05)。然而,对羟基苯甲酸和对香豆酸在未发酵时的含量显著(P<0.05)高于发酵后的含量。与此同时,木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸、木犀草素和柯伊利素的含量在未发酵时达到最高,且在发酵过程中逐渐下降。Deng等[7]和Xiang等[32]在黑青稞麸皮中也检测到高含量的木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸及柯伊利素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸,这两种化合物都具有良好的生理活性。木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸具有抗氧、抗炎等功效[33],柯伊利素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸表现出良好的抗氧化能力[34]。此外,红曲霉中顺式阿魏酸与反式阿魏酸的含量变化均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,与赵苏苏等[35]、李丹青等[36]的研究结果一致,均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,可能是随着发酵时间的延长多阿魏酸酯酶活性降低[37]。
体外抗氧化测试已成为评估抗氧化特性的广泛研究手段。依据作用机制差异,这些方法主要分为两大类:一类是基于自由基清除效率的检测体系,包括ABTS+、DPPH等测定方法;另一类则是基于还原能力的评估体系,如Fe3+还原能力测定等[38]。基于此,本研究通过ABTS+自由基清除率、DPPH自由基清除率以及铁离子还原能力三个指标,共同分析评价了三种曲霉发酵体系中黑青稞麸皮的抗氧化特性的动态变化。
发酵过程中,各抗氧化指标(DPPH、ABTS+和FRAP)均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,这与总多酚含量变化趋势一致。其中,DPPH与FRAP值在第5 d达到峰值,分别为7.84±0.16 mg Trolox/g和13.26±0.17 mg Trolox/g,而ABTS+清除能力则在第7 d相对含量最高为0.95±0.00 mg Trolox/g。发酵过程中总酚和黄酮等活性成分含量的提升,是抗氧化能力增强的主要原因,已有研究表明抗氧化活性与总多酚含量和总黄酮含量具有显著相关性[39]。但随着发酵时间的延长,多酚氧化酶等活性增强,多酚类物质被快速降解或转化,抗氧化能力降低[30]。这一发现进一步证实了红曲霉发酵在提升谷物功能性成分方面的潜力。
抗氧化活性综合评价指数(APC)能够综合多种抗氧化实验数据,实现对样品抗氧化性能的系统化评估。通过数据标准化处理、权重分配及综合计算,APC方法有效克服了单一检测指标的局限性,为抗氧化能力的量化分析提供了科学依据。如表4所示,黑青稞麸皮抗氧化活性综合评价指数在发酵5 d得分最高,表明在发酵5 d黑青稞麸皮的功能活性最强。
基于HS-SPME-GC-MS技术对黑青稞麸皮的挥发性成分进行检测,发酵前后共检测到的物质,分为15大类(如图1所示),其中酯类占20.2%、萜类占15.4%、酮类占12.3%、杂环类化合物占10%、烃类8.2%、醇类占7.8%、醛类占6.9%、酸类占5.9%、酚类占3.7%、胺类2.8%、芳烃类占2.3%、醚类1.9%、含氮化合物1.8%、卤代烃0.5%、含硫化物0.2%。青稞籽粒中含有多种挥发性成分,主要包括醇类、醛类、酮类和酯类化合物,这些成分赋予了青稞独特气味特征[40]。
未发酵组中酮类、萜类和酯类化合物是主要的香气来源,与黄月等[41]在带皮青稞中检出高含量酮类的结果一致。张文刚等[42]研究表明不同品种青稞均以醇类作为关键挥发性物质。本研究中发现,高压灭菌可能导致部分低沸点醇类损失,这与张敏等[43]结论一致。马美荣等[44]在红曲霉发酵麸皮提取物中检出更丰富的醛类、酯类及酮类化合物,其风味物质组成显著优于大米红曲。文豪等[45]在红曲发酵低脂香肠中也发现类似风味组成,表明醛类、酯类、醇类和酮类是红曲发酵食品风味的重要贡献物质。
与未发酵组相比,发酵组中酯类、酮类、醇类、醛类和酚类化合物的相对含量明显上升,具体包括丁香酚、(+)-L-酒石酸二乙酯、1-甲氧基-2-硝基苯、苯丙酮酸及庚基苯、2'-乙氧基苯乙酮、丁酸-1-苯乙酯、1-(2,6,6-三甲基-1,3-环己二烯基)-2-丁烯酮、乙酸橙花酯等物质,这些差异性挥发性成分主要呈果香、甜香、花香、焦糖坚果香等令人愉悦的风味,这与香气感官评价结果基本一致。
黑青稞麸皮发酵前后差异挥发性成分OPLS-DA分析如图2,采用监督分析方法即OPLS-DA评价模型探究发酵前后挥发性成分的差异。如图2a,可看出明显的分离趋势,这表明黑青稞麸皮发酵前后组之间的挥发性成分存在显著差异。这一结果进一步验证了OPLS-DA模型能够有效地揭示样品间挥发性成分的差异。与此同时,图2b展示了OPLS-DA模型的验证图。通过对数据进行200次随机排列组合实验,模型对X矩阵的解释率(R2X)分别为82.69%,而对Y矩阵的解释率几乎接近1,表明模型对自变量和因变量的解释能力均较强。此外,模型的预测能力(Q2)分别为0.998,显示出模型具有良好的稳定性和较强的预测性能。
通过图3a可知,发酵组与未发酵组相比,共鉴定出2914种具有统计学意义的差异代谢物(P<0.05),其中1671种代谢物呈现显著上调趋势(P<0.05),1243种代谢物表达水平显著下调(P<0.05),3207种代谢物未表现出显著差异(P>0.05)。这些差异代谢物主要涵盖多个代谢类别,包括氨基酸及其代谢物、苯及其衍生物、有机酸及其衍生物、杂环类化合物、醛、酮、酯类、甘油磷脂类等。与未发酵组相比,发酵组中氨基酸及其代谢物、杂环类化合物显著增加,有机酸及其衍生物显著减少。
通过图3b可知,与未发酵组相比,发酵组的前20种差异代谢物的log2FC均超过10,这些代谢物的含量均显著上调(P<0.05)。发酵组与未发酵组相比,8-脱氧花青素这种杂环类化合物的含量变化最为显著,变化倍数为15.04。Nauman等[46]在山竹果中同样检测到8-脱氧花青素,表明该化合物对乳腺癌和前列腺癌等恶性肿瘤具有生长抑制作用。基于上述研究,可以合理推断经红曲霉发酵处理的黑青稞麸皮可能具有潜在的抗癌活性。
如图4可看出辅因子的生物合成、ABC转运蛋白、核苷酸代谢、嘌呤代谢在代谢通路途径中的差异代谢物数量居多。通过显著富集及通路得分,对倍半萜类和三萜类的生物合成通路进行着重分析,倍半萜类和三萜类的生物合成通路具有一定药理性,在抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗胃溃疡以及保肝等方面表现出较好的活性[47]。
从图5可知,发酵组前20种差异挥发性成分与前20种差异代谢物均呈正相关。通过KEGG数据库对代谢物进行功能注释,并结合前20种差异挥发性成分进行分析,仅有丁香酚(map00940)和苯丙酮酸(map00360)两种代谢物被成功注释到KEGG通路,即具有对应的KEGG PATHWAY编号,其余检出代谢物暂未匹配到KEGG数据库中的明确代谢通路;在前20种差异代谢物中发现仅有[(2S)-3-hydroxy-2-(15-methylhexadecanoyloxy)propyl] icosanoate(map00562)和1-Tetradecanoyl-2-pentadecanoyl-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine(map00564)这两种物质存在KEGG通路,因此主要对这4种物质进行分析。U-46619 Glycine methyl ester与前20种差异挥发性成分相关度都较低,与丁香酚最低。[(2S)-3-hydroxy-2-(15-methylhexadecanoyloxy)propyl] icosanoate和1-Tetradecanoyl-2-pentadecanoyl-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine这2种物质与前20种差异挥发性成分均呈极其显著正相关(P<0.001)。丁香酚主要富集于苯丙素生物合成通路,该通路产生的苯丙素类化合物是一类重要的植物次生代谢产物,其前体物质为芳香族氨基酸苯丙氨酸或酪氨酸[48]。作为一种重要的食品添加剂和香料成分,丁香酚在食品和香料工业中应用广泛,同时研究表明其具有多种生物活性,包括抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖以及心血管保护等作用[49]。苯丙氨酰-苯丙氨酰-蛋氨酸的代谢途径主要涉及苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成,这些芳香族氨基酸对食品风味的形成具有重要影响[50]。此外,KEGG通路分析表明苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成通路不仅参与风味物质的生成,还具有缓解慢性炎性疼痛[51]以及改善癌症相关疲劳[52]等功能特性。[(2S)-3-hydroxy-2-(15-methylhexadecanoyloxy)propyl] icosanoate和1-Tetradecanoyl-2-pentadecanoyl-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine这2种差异代谢物均富集在甘油磷脂代谢通路上,王婧等[53]研究认为甘油磷脂代谢通路中有许多代谢物具有改善代谢紊乱的功效,包括磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰胆碱、PE(20:0/18:1(9Z))。综上,表明利用红曲霉发酵在改善黑青稞麸皮风味特性、增强黑青稞麸皮附加值方面具有显著优势,为其在功能食品开发中的应用提供了理论依据。
本研究通过红曲霉固态发酵黑青稞麸皮,系统评价了其抗氧化活性、挥发性成分及代谢组学变化。结果表明,5 d为最优发酵时间点,该时间点下样品的综合抗氧化能力指数(APC)达98.45%。发酵显著提高了酯类、酮类、醇类、醛类和酚类等风味物质的含量,并筛选到2914种差异代谢物,其中1671种显著上调,尤以具潜在抗癌活性的8-脱氧花青素变化最为显著。通过KEGG通路分析,发现辅因子的生物合成、ABC转运蛋白、核苷酸代谢、嘌呤代谢在代谢通路途径中的差异代谢物数量居多,其中对倍半萜类和三萜类的生物合成通路表达最为显著,提示发酵可能通过调控此类具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、胃保护及保肝药理活性的代谢途径,提升青稞麸皮功能性。相关性分析进一步表明,发酵组中排名前20的差异挥发性成分与差异代谢物均呈正相关,证实发酵在协同改善风味与提升活性成分方面的综合潜力。
与现有研究相比,本研究不仅延续了微生物发酵可增强谷物副产物抗氧化能力与风味的共识,还通过多组学整合分析,探讨了红曲霉发酵对黑青稞麸皮中倍半萜与三萜类化合物生物合成通路的影响,并初步构建了挥发性组分与非挥发性代谢物之间的关联关系,从风味与功能协同的角度为该体系的代谢机制提供了进一步解释。
虽然本研究为黑青稞麸皮的高值化开发利用提供了活性成分与工艺参考。但目前对若干关键活性成分(如8-脱氧花青素及部分萜类化合物)在加工与消化过程中的稳定性、生物利用度及体内活性尚需进一步验证,其作用机制也有待通过细胞与动物实验深入探讨。后续可侧重于活性成分的分离纯化、量效关系研究及工艺放大试验,以促进该技术在功能食品中的应用转化。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060268
  • 接收时间:2025-06-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-23
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    1四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(四川省农业科学院食物与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066
    2甘孜藏族自治州农业科学研究所,四川甘孜藏族自治州 626000
    3成都大学食品与生物工程学院,四川成都 610106
    4西藏自治区农牧科学院农产品开发与食品科学研究所,西藏拉萨 850000

通讯作者:

万燕(1983−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:特色杂粮栽培生理及产品研发,E-mail:。
邓俊琳(1988−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:功能食品研究开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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