Article(id=1320165999941365940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080194, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755446400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681701884, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681701884, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681701884, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681701884, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=132, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166000159469749, articleId=1320165999941365940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Ultrafiltration Separation of α-Lactalbumin from Whey Protein Concentrate and the Effect of Heat Treatment on Functional Properties of the Retentate, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To develop an ultrafiltration process for separating α-lactalbumin (α-La) and achieve high-value utilization of by-products, this study employed a small-scale tangential flow ultrafiltration equipment to optimize the process parameters for enriching α-La from whey protein concentrate. Additionally, the study investigated the heat treatment modification of the by-product after α-La separation. The results showed that the optimal conditions for α-La separation were as follows: Feed pH of 6.5, ultrafiltration membrane molecular weight cutoff of 100 kDa, volume concentration factor of 4, operating pressure of 0.3 MPa, and 5 diafiltration cycles. Under these conditions, the ratio of α-La to β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) in the permeate increased to over 9, a 23-fold improvement compared to the whey protein concentrate. The foaming properties of the β-Lg-rich retentate, remaining after α-La separation, were optimal under heat treatment at 60 ℃ for 10 minutes, with foam ability and foam stability reaching 18.1% and 69.9%, respectively. In contrast, the emulsifying properties were optimal at 80 ℃ for 10 minutes, with emulsifying activity index and emulsifying stability index reaching 77.0 m2/g and 82.8%, respectively. Overall, this study established an optimal membrane separation process for enriching α-La and enhanced the functional properties of the by-product retentate through heat treatment, providing a valuable technical solution for the industrial production of α-La and the comprehensive utilization of by-products.

, authors=Sijia SONG1, Yi XUE2, Yingying LIN1, Rui DING1, Caiyun WANG3, 4, 5, Jinrui DU3, 4, 5, Huiyuan GUO1, 5, *, authorsList=Sijia SONG, Yi XUE, Yingying LIN, Rui DING, Caiyun WANG, Jinrui DU, Huiyuan GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huiyuan GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166003523301580, articleId=1320165999941365940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=浓缩乳清蛋白中α-乳白蛋白的超滤分离及热处理对截留液功能特性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为开发分离α-乳白蛋白(α-lactalbumin,α-La)的超滤工艺并实现副产物的高值利用,本研究利用小试规模的切向流超滤设备,探究了从浓缩乳清蛋白中分离富集α-La的最佳工艺参数,并对分离α-La后剩余的截留液副产物进行热处理改性。结果表明,可实现α-La分离的最佳物料pH、超滤膜截留分子量、体积浓缩倍数、操作压力、渗滤次数分别为6.5、100 kDa、4倍、0.3 MPa和5次。在该工艺下,透过液中α-La和β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-Lg)的比例可提高至9以上,较浓缩乳清蛋白中提高23倍。分离α-La后剩余的富含β-Lg的截留液的起泡性能在60 ℃、10 min热处理条件下达到最佳,起泡性和泡沫稳定性分别为18.1%和69.9%;乳化性能在80 ℃、10 min热处理条件下达到最佳,乳化活性指数和乳化稳定指数分别为77.0 m2/g和82.8%。本研究确定了富集α-La的最佳膜分离工艺,并通过热处理改性提升了截留液副产物的功能特性,可为α-La的工业化生产及副产物的综合利用提供可借鉴的技术方案。

, authors=宋思家1, 薛谊2, 林莹莹1, 丁芮1, 王彩云3, 4, 5, 杜进睿3, 4, 5, 郭慧媛1, 5, *, authorsList=宋思家, 薛谊, 林莹莹, 丁芮, 王彩云, 杜进睿, 郭慧媛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭慧媛, authorNote=

宋思家(1996−)(ORCID:0000−0001−5633−3275),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:乳品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭慧媛(1982−)(ORCID:0000−0003−0792−177X),女,博士,教授,研究方向:乳品科学,E-mail:。
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宋思家(1996−)(ORCID:0000−0001−5633−3275),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:乳品科学,E-mail:

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注:P1、P2、P3分别表示截留液进膜压力表、截留液出膜压力表、透过液压力表;蓝色粗线条表示截留液流向,黑色细线条表示透过液流向。

, figureFileSmall=WpVNYndba70HPRqJfys15g==, figureFileBig=jrdSpVJFfFmXdjCbSa7qjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166008665518354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Influence of the pH of the feed liquid on the separation effect of α-lactalbumin, figureFileSmall=cqwMROiJmNZSw9NWepiggA==, figureFileBig=GDaYR4C9GC0Zi3DHo/+RQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166008732627219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=CN, label=图2, caption=料液pH对α-La分离效果的影响

注:A. 透过液中α-La含量;B. 透过液中β-Lg含量;C. 透过液中α-La含量/β-Lg含量;D. 透过液电泳图;E. 不同pH下WPC80溶液外观图;不同小写字母表示数据差异显著(P<0.05);图4~图10同。

, figureFileSmall=cqwMROiJmNZSw9NWepiggA==, figureFileBig=GDaYR4C9GC0Zi3DHo/+RQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166008808124692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Influence of the molecular weight cut-off of ultrafiltration membranes on the separation effect of α-lactalbumin, figureFileSmall=NXfY9eXJR6z0ILJEQye1Bg==, figureFileBig=v5O9KL4s1pZIvondIHTw8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166008875233557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=CN, label=图3, caption=超滤膜MWCO对α-La分离效果的影响

注:A. 膜通量随时间变化;B. 透过液外观;C. 透过液中蛋白含量;D. 透过液电泳图;E. 透过液中α-La含量/β-Lg含量;*表示数据差异显著,**P<0.01,****P<0.0001。

, figureFileSmall=NXfY9eXJR6z0ILJEQye1Bg==, figureFileBig=v5O9KL4s1pZIvondIHTw8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166008933953814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Influence of the volume concentration factor on the separation effect of α-lactalbumin, figureFileSmall=nrOTqWjPXItBl4UlL6pLbQ==, figureFileBig=cTzWczvsjhXzfA+EhMFvZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166009001062679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同VCF对α-La分离效果的影响

注:A. 透过液外观;B. 透过液中蛋白含量;C. 透过液电泳图;D. 透过液中α-La含量/β-Lg含量。

, figureFileSmall=nrOTqWjPXItBl4UlL6pLbQ==, figureFileBig=cTzWczvsjhXzfA+EhMFvZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166009059782936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Influence of operating pressure on the separation effect of α-lactalbumin, figureFileSmall=GkJDXKTZ9AKXzq9R6XPUfQ==, figureFileBig=kahguK6NT9KjEptq6LUWXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166009135280409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=CN, label=图5, caption=操作压力对α-La分离效果的影响

注:A. 膜通量随时间变化;B. 透过液中蛋白含量;C. 透过液电泳图;D. 透过液中α-La含量/β-Lg含量。

, figureFileSmall=GkJDXKTZ9AKXzq9R6XPUfQ==, figureFileBig=kahguK6NT9KjEptq6LUWXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166009202389274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Influence of diafiltration stage on the separation effect of α-lactalbumin, figureFileSmall=/k8T1NS0sHYK73LwHH4aqA==, figureFileBig=aN5t1yIji5mVc6Pg9VHVqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166009265303835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=CN, label=图6, caption=洗滤次数对α-La分离效果的影响

注:A. 膜通量随时间变化;B. 透过液外观;C. 透过液中蛋白含量;D. 透过液电泳图;E. 透过液中α-La含量/β-Lg含量。

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figureFileBig=kpTiJnu2TEv11dhOJvKMfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166011106603295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=CN, label=图8, caption=热处理对截留液蛋白质溶解度的影响, figureFileSmall=UGtWucW0icfEO2q40H+YUg==, figureFileBig=kpTiJnu2TEv11dhOJvKMfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166011161129248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Influence of heat treatment on the foaming properties and foam stability of retentate, figureFileSmall=fE+FCniBfc5EcbXFQiA+Mg==, figureFileBig=X7NCfca4lYmWbm627ZJ9Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166011224043809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=CN, label=图9, caption=热处理对截留液起泡性和泡沫稳定性的影响, figureFileSmall=fE+FCniBfc5EcbXFQiA+Mg==, figureFileBig=X7NCfca4lYmWbm627ZJ9Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166011295346978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Influence of heat treatment on the emulsifying activity index and emulsifying stability index of retentate, figureFileSmall=4/optGC4WXRwNfjfyt/Gug==, figureFileBig=N+BegPRGaGfIoEyuBKklcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166011354067235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=CN, label=图10, caption=热处理对截留液乳化活性指数和乳化稳定指数的影响, figureFileSmall=4/optGC4WXRwNfjfyt/Gug==, figureFileBig=N+BegPRGaGfIoEyuBKklcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166011416981796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165999941365940, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Influence of heat treatment on the viscosity of retentate, figureFileSmall=ufOpL4ZBY2CMEqq/m+UqgA==, figureFileBig=Il3Y5pFOs/iBlRPIWmM3Vg==, tableContent=null), 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浓缩乳清蛋白中α-乳白蛋白的超滤分离及热处理对截留液功能特性的影响
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宋思家 1 , 薛谊 2 , 林莹莹 1 , 丁芮 1 , 王彩云 3, 4, 5 , 杜进睿 3, 4, 5 , 郭慧媛 1, 5, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(14): 132-143
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (14) : 132 -143
浓缩乳清蛋白中α-乳白蛋白的超滤分离及热处理对截留液功能特性的影响
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宋思家1 , 薛谊2, 林莹莹1, 丁芮1, 王彩云3, 4, 5, 杜进睿3, 4, 5, 郭慧媛1, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学营养与健康系,教育部功能乳品重点实验室,北京 100089
  • 2中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
  • 3内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 010100
  • 4内蒙古乳业技术研究院有限责任公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 010100
  • 5国家乳业技术创新中心,内蒙古呼和浩特 010110
通讯作者:
郭慧媛(1982−)(ORCID:0000−0003−0792−177X),女,博士,教授,研究方向:乳品科学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

宋思家(1996−)(ORCID:0000−0001−5633−3275),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:乳品科学,E-mail:

Ultrafiltration Separation of α-Lactalbumin from Whey Protein Concentrate and the Effect of Heat Treatment on Functional Properties of the Retentate
Sijia SONG1 , Yi XUE2, Yingying LIN1, Rui DING1, Caiyun WANG3, 4, 5, Jinrui DU3, 4, 5, Huiyuan GUO1, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010100, China
  • 4Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010100, China
  • 5National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080194
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为开发分离α-乳白蛋白(α-lactalbumin,α-La)的超滤工艺并实现副产物的高值利用,本研究利用小试规模的切向流超滤设备,探究了从浓缩乳清蛋白中分离富集α-La的最佳工艺参数,并对分离α-La后剩余的截留液副产物进行热处理改性。结果表明,可实现α-La分离的最佳物料pH、超滤膜截留分子量、体积浓缩倍数、操作压力、渗滤次数分别为6.5、100 kDa、4倍、0.3 MPa和5次。在该工艺下,透过液中α-La和β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-Lg)的比例可提高至9以上,较浓缩乳清蛋白中提高23倍。分离α-La后剩余的富含β-Lg的截留液的起泡性能在60 ℃、10 min热处理条件下达到最佳,起泡性和泡沫稳定性分别为18.1%和69.9%;乳化性能在80 ℃、10 min热处理条件下达到最佳,乳化活性指数和乳化稳定指数分别为77.0 m2/g和82.8%。本研究确定了富集α-La的最佳膜分离工艺,并通过热处理改性提升了截留液副产物的功能特性,可为α-La的工业化生产及副产物的综合利用提供可借鉴的技术方案。

α-乳白蛋白  /  β-乳球蛋白  /  超滤  /  分离  /  热处理  /  功能特性

To develop an ultrafiltration process for separating α-lactalbumin (α-La) and achieve high-value utilization of by-products, this study employed a small-scale tangential flow ultrafiltration equipment to optimize the process parameters for enriching α-La from whey protein concentrate. Additionally, the study investigated the heat treatment modification of the by-product after α-La separation. The results showed that the optimal conditions for α-La separation were as follows: Feed pH of 6.5, ultrafiltration membrane molecular weight cutoff of 100 kDa, volume concentration factor of 4, operating pressure of 0.3 MPa, and 5 diafiltration cycles. Under these conditions, the ratio of α-La to β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) in the permeate increased to over 9, a 23-fold improvement compared to the whey protein concentrate. The foaming properties of the β-Lg-rich retentate, remaining after α-La separation, were optimal under heat treatment at 60 ℃ for 10 minutes, with foam ability and foam stability reaching 18.1% and 69.9%, respectively. In contrast, the emulsifying properties were optimal at 80 ℃ for 10 minutes, with emulsifying activity index and emulsifying stability index reaching 77.0 m2/g and 82.8%, respectively. Overall, this study established an optimal membrane separation process for enriching α-La and enhanced the functional properties of the by-product retentate through heat treatment, providing a valuable technical solution for the industrial production of α-La and the comprehensive utilization of by-products.

α-lactalbumin  /  β-lactoglobulin  /  ultrafiltration  /  separation  /  heat treatment  /  functional property
宋思家, 薛谊, 林莹莹, 丁芮, 王彩云, 杜进睿, 郭慧媛. 浓缩乳清蛋白中α-乳白蛋白的超滤分离及热处理对截留液功能特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 132 -143 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080194
Sijia SONG, Yi XUE, Yingying LIN, Rui DING, Caiyun WANG, Jinrui DU, Huiyuan GUO. Ultrafiltration Separation of α-Lactalbumin from Whey Protein Concentrate and the Effect of Heat Treatment on Functional Properties of the Retentate[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 132 -143 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080194
α-乳白蛋白(α-lactalbumin,α-La)是母乳中最丰富的蛋白质之一,具有促进婴幼儿肠道发育、抗菌、抗病毒、免疫调节等活性,是生产婴幼儿配方奶粉(以下简称“婴配粉”)的核心蛋白配料之一[1]。然而目前我国α-La配料长期依赖进口,自给率几乎为0,完全受制于国外,这严重威胁了我国婴配粉的供应安全[2]。针对这一严峻现状,攻克α-La核心配料生产技术、打破国外技术和产品垄断迫在眉睫。牛乳清蛋白是目前生产α-La最主要的原料,其中α-La占比约20%,然而其主要蛋白还包括β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-Lg),占比约为50%。β-Lg是牛乳中最主要的过敏原,据统计约2%~6%的婴幼儿对β-Lg过敏,会引发皮疹、哮喘、恶心、呕吐和腹泻等,对婴幼儿的健康造成严重威胁[3−5]。β-Lg也是α-La分离纯化最主要的干扰物质,其分子量、等电点分别为18.4 kDa和5.2~5.4,与α-La接近(分子量和等电点分别为14.2 kDa和4.2~4.6),造成两者直接分离的难度极大。目前,分离纯化α-La的方法主要包括酶解法、选择性沉淀法、色谱法、超滤法等。酶解法利用α-La和β-Lg的水解特性差异实现α-La的分离纯化,虽然能够得到纯度大于90%的α-La,但酶解产物有苦味,不利于α-La在食品中的应用。选择性沉淀法需多次离心,不适用于工业化生产。色谱法所用的填料价格昂贵,限制了其大规模应用。相比之下,超滤法凭借运行成本低、操作简单、可保留物质天然状态等优点,成为分离纯化α-La的优选方法。超滤是基于原料分子量大小进行物理筛分的技术,大于超滤膜截留分子量(molecular weight cut off,MWCO)的物质被截留,而使其余物质透过。有研究表明,在适宜的酸性条件下,β-Lg可聚合为二聚体、四聚体、八聚体,分子量达到36、72、144 kDa,与α-La分子量产生较大的差异,可根据这种分子量差异,利用超滤方法将二者进行分离[6−7]。
Bottomley等[8]用100 kDa超滤膜对乳清进行分离,所得透过液中α-La/β-Lg的比例可提升至2.0~3.0,但是膜分离过程中的关键参数如浓缩倍数、操作压力等并未在研究中提及。Muller等[9]在实验室规模的设备上采用300 kDa的超滤膜从浓缩乳清蛋白中分离α-La,但获得的样品中α-La的纯度偏低,仅为40%左右。Cheang等[10]采用更小孔径的超滤膜提高了其选择性,使用30 kDa超滤膜对乳清蛋白进行16次洗滤,透过液中α-La纯化因子大于10,回收率高达99%,但是该研究所用设备为搅拌式超滤杯,与工业上最常用的切向流过滤设备相差较远,且蛋白处理量仅有6 mL,与工业生产规模还有很大的差距。孙颜君等[11]选用50 kDa超滤膜,在50 ℃下分离甜乳清粉溶液,透过液中α-La纯度为50%~60%,回收率为20%~40%。综上,虽然目前α-La的超滤分离技术已有研究报道,但大多数研究都集中在实验室规模上,常采用超滤杯、平板膜等处理量较低的小型径向流设备,而工业化生产则采用大型切向流过滤设备,因此目前已有研究和工业化生产仍有较大差距,亟待依托于更大规模的切向流过滤系统开展相关研究。另外,目前尚未有研究者针对分离α-La和β-Lg的最佳pH条件开展系统研究。
因此,本研究探究了分离α-La和β-Lg的最佳pH条件,并利用小试规模的切向流超滤设备分离富集α-La,对超滤膜MWCO及体积浓缩倍数(volume concentration factor,VCF)、操作压力、洗滤次数等关键工艺参数进行优化,以获得富集α-La的最佳膜分离工艺,为未来实现α-La的工业化生产提供可借鉴的技术方案;进一步对分离α-La后剩余的富含β-Lg的截留液副产物进行热处理改性,探究热处理温度对其功能特性的影响,为其未来在食品工业中的应用奠定理论基础。
浓缩乳清蛋白WPC80 美国Actus Nutrition公司;乳酸、三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)、甘氨酸、β-巯基乙醇、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、尿素、彩虹245广谱蛋白Marker、5×蛋白上样缓冲液、考马斯亮蓝R-250 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;SDS-PAGE凝胶制备试剂盒 江苏康为世纪生物科技股份有限公司;BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;乙腈、三氟乙酸 色谱级,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;其余试剂均为分析纯。
SJM-DSN060膜分离设备 合肥世杰膜分离设备有限公司;ME204E分析天平、LE438 pH计 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;165-8001电泳仪 美国Bio-Rad公司;Amersham Imager 600凝胶成像仪 美国GE Healthcare公司;TU-100恒温金属浴 上海一恒科技有限公司;Synergy-HTX酶标仪 美国博腾仪器有限公司;Acquity UPLC H-class超高效液相色谱仪 美国Waters公司;UV-2800A紫外分光光度计 上海尤尼科仪器有限公司;DF-101S恒温加热磁力搅拌器 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司;MCR92旋转流变仪 奥地利Anton Paar公司。
本研究所采用的膜分离设备如图1所示,配备100 kDa和30 kDa卷式聚醚砜有机膜组件。该设备为切向流过滤设备,物料被投入物料罐1中,通过辅泵吸入、主泵的加压后,按照平行于超滤膜的方向流入超滤膜组件。以膜两侧的压力差作为驱动力进行分离,能够顺利透过膜的液体即透过液,经过流量计后被收集进物料罐2;未能通过膜的部分即截留液则从膜组件的循环侧流出,经过流量计、换热器后回流至物料罐1中。
准确称量WPC80粉末于烧杯中,加入超纯水,用磁力搅拌器以500 r/min的转速搅拌30 min,配制成浓度为1%(w/v)的WPC80溶液。将配制好的溶液存放在4 ℃冷库中,静置过夜充分水合。实验前将溶液恢复至室温(25 ℃)。用乳酸调节WPC80溶液的pH分别为4.5、5.0、5.5、6.0、6.5(±0.1)。吸取12 mL溶液于30 kDa超滤管中,4000×g离心30 min后取透过液样品进行后续分析。
配制5%的WPC80溶液60 L,置于4 ℃冷库中过夜使其充分溶解,实验前恢复至室温,调节pH至6.5。采用切向流超滤设备配备30、100 kDa的超滤膜进行超滤,直至VCF为3,操作过程中控制操作压力为0.4 MPa。膜设备运行结束后,分别收集30、100 kDa下的透过液样品进行后续分析。
配制5%的WPC80溶液72 L,置于4 ℃冷库中过夜使其充分溶解,实验前恢复至室温,调节pH至6.5。选用MWCO为100 kDa的超滤膜进行过滤,控制操作压力为0.4 MPa,直至VCF分别为2、3、4。分别收集VCF为2、3、4时的透过液进行后续分析。
配制5% WPC80溶液72 L,置于4 ℃冷库中过夜使其充分溶解,实验前恢复至室温,调节pH至6.5。选用MWCO为100 kDa的超滤膜进行过滤,采用0.3、0.4、0.5 MPa的操作压力进行超滤至VCF为4。分别收集操作压力为0.3、0.4、0.5 MPa下的透过液进行后续分析。
配制5% WPC80溶液72 L,置于4 ℃冷库中过夜使其充分溶解,实验前恢复至室温,调节pH至6.5。选用MWCO为100 kDa的超滤膜进行过滤,控制操作压力为0.3 MPa浓缩至VCF为4,得到54 L透过液和18 L截留液,此过程为超滤阶段(UF)。之后向18 L截留液中补充54 L去离子水再进行4倍浓缩,此过程为第一次洗滤(DF1),并重复该洗滤过程4次,依次为DF2、DF3、DF4、DF5。分别收集不同洗滤阶段的透过液(UF、DF1、DF2、DF3、DF4、DF5)进行后续分析。
采用超高效液相色谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography,UPLC)测定透过液中α-La和β-Lg含量。配制液相缓冲液:8 mol/L尿素,165 mmol/L Tris,44 mmol/L柠檬酸钠和0.3%巯基乙醇。取适量α-La和β-Lg标准品,用液相缓冲液配制浓度为10、20、50、100、200 μg/mL的标准品溶液。取透过液样品100 μL,加入100 μL液相缓冲液,涡旋2 min,常温振荡1 h后4 ℃、10000×g离心3 min,取上清并用0.22 μm针式过滤器过滤后上机。液相检测方法如下:色谱柱为Agilent Poroshell 120 C18,流速为0.35 mL/min,柱温为42 ℃,进样室温度为12 ℃,进样体积为10 μL,紫外检测波长为214 nm。流动相A为0.1%三氟乙酸-水溶液,流动相B为0.1%三氟乙酸-乙腈溶液。流动相B梯度(变化率)如下:在68.2% B下保持1.5 min,从68.2%到59.0%洗脱4 min,从59.0%到56.5%洗脱6.5 min,从56.5%到40%洗脱12 min,从40%到0%洗脱1 min,在0%B下保持1 min,从0%到90%洗脱1 min,在90% B下保持1 min,从90%到68.2%洗脱1 min,在68.2%B下保持1 min。
采用SDS-PAGE评价透过液中蛋白组成。取400 μL透过液加入100 μL的5×蛋白上样缓冲液,涡旋混匀后100 ℃金属浴煮10 min。配制5%的浓缩胶和12%的分离胶进行电泳,每个样品的上样量为30 μL。电泳结束后,用考马斯亮蓝R250染液染色20 min再用脱色液脱色至背景干净。
膜通量即在单位时间内、通过单位膜面积的透过液的体积,由式(1)计算:
$ \mathrm{J=V/(A\times \Delta t)} $
式中:J为平均膜通量,L·m−2·h−1;V为在Δt时间内收集到的透过液的体积,L;A为有效过滤的膜面积,m2;Δt为收集V体积透过液所用时间,h。
采用BCA试剂盒测定透过液中总蛋白含量。采用BSA作为标准品,配制0、0.025、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mg/mL的标准品溶液,绘制蛋白标准曲线。将透过液样品稀释至合适的浓度。在96孔板中分别加入20 µL的待测样品和BSA蛋白标准品,向每个孔中加入200 µL的BCA工作液,将孔板中的液体混合均匀后置于37 ℃恒温培养箱中静置30 min。用酶标仪在562 nm的波长下测定各样本的吸光度。根据标准曲线计算透过液中总蛋白含量。
取最优膜分离工艺下获得的截留液,并将其稀释至浓度为5%(w/v)。取50 mL样品置于具塞锥形瓶中,分别置于设定温度为50、60、70、80、90 ℃的恒温水浴加热磁力搅拌器中,在转速为400 r/min的条件下水浴加热10 min。加热结束后迅速将样品转移到冰水中冷却。
参照Li等[12]的方法对热处理后的截留液样品浊度进行测定。将蛋白溶液稀释至合适浓度,以纯水作为空白对照,测定样品在600 nm处的吸光度,以A600表示蛋白的浊度指数。
溶解度的测定参考Rafiei等[13]的方法并稍作修改。将热处理后的截留液样品在25 ℃、10000×g的条件下离心15 min,取上清液。采用BCA试剂盒分别测定蛋白样品及离心后上清液中的蛋白质浓度。溶解度由式(2)计算:
$ 溶解度(\text{%})=\frac{上清液的蛋白含量}{样品的总蛋白含量}\times 100 $
参考Yang等[14]的方法并稍作修改,以起泡性(foaming capacity,FC)及泡沫稳定性(foaming stability,FS)为指标测定截留液的起泡性能。将热处理后的截留液稀释至1%,取30 mL稀释液用高速分散器15000 r/min搅打2 min,快速读取搅打后的总体积(V1)和静置30 min时的总体积(V2)。FC和FS分别由式(3)和式(4)计算:
$ \mathrm{FC(\text{%})=[(V}_{ \mathrm{1}} \mathrm{-30)/30]\times 100} $
$ \mathrm{FS(\text{%})=[(V}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{-30)/(V}_{ \mathrm{1}} \mathrm{-30)]\times 100} $
参考Ji等[15]的方法测定样品的乳化活性指数(emulsion activity indices,EAI)和乳化稳定指数(emulsion stability indices,ESI)来表征截留液的乳化性能。将热处理后的截留液样品稀释至1 mg/mL,取15 mL稀释液加入5 mL葵花籽油,用高速分散器以10000 r/min剪切2 min,室温静置10 min。在静置0、10 min时从试管底部取50 μL乳液,加入5 mL 0.1%(w/v)SDS溶液,涡旋10 s后在500 nm下测定吸光度(以0.1% SDS为空白对照)。EAI和ESI分别由式(5)和式(6)计算:
$ \mathrm{EAI(m}^{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{/g)=(2\times 2.303\times A}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{\times N)/(c\times \varphi \times 10000)} $
$ \mathrm{ESI(\text{%})=(A}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{/A}_{ \mathrm{10}} \mathrm{)\times 100} $
式中:A0是均质化后乳液的吸光度;N是稀释倍数(100);c是蛋白浓度(g/mL);φ是乳液中油的体积分数(0.25);A10是静置10 min后乳液的吸光度。
使用流变仪对热处理后的截留液样品的黏度进行测定。选择50 mm夹具,间隙设置为1 mm,取3 mL样品置于样品台上,测试温度为25 ℃,在剪切速率为0.1~500 s−1范围内测定样品的黏度。
每个实验重复3次,实验结果均以平均值±标准差的方式呈现。使用SPSS 23.0进行统计分析。当两组数据进行比较时采用t检验;两组以上的数据比较时,采用单因素方差分析和Duncan多重比较。当P<0.05时认为差异具有统计学意义,以不同字母表示存在显著性差异,相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。
在酸性pH下,β-Lg可聚合形成二聚体、四聚体等聚合物,分子量增加,因此可通过调控WPC80溶液的pH,使β-Lg和α-La的分子量产生明显差异,实现二者的分离。然而当溶液的pH低于4.5时,α-La会失去分子中结合的Ca2+导致其稳定性下降[16]。因此,本研究在4.5~6.5的pH范围内评价了α-La的分离效果。采用UPLC法测定了透过液中α-La和β-Lg的含量。如图2A和图2B所示,在4.5~6.5范围内,随着pH升高,透过液中α-La含量呈现先降低后升高的趋势,β-Lg含量先降低后升高,且在pH5.5~6.5之间变化不显著,相对于α-La,整体差异较小。
用透过液中α-La和β-Lg含量之比(α-La/β-Lg)及SDS-PAGE评价不同pH对α-La分离效果的影响。如图2C所示,pH为4.5时透过液中α-La/β-Lg值最高,为4.8;pH为6.5时次之,为4.2,相较于原WPC80溶液中的比例(0.4)提高10倍,但在pH5.0~6.5之间差异不显著。Metsämuuronen等[17]也比较了不同pH下(3.5、4.3和6.6)α-La的分离效果,本研究的结果与之类似:pH为4.3时α-La的透过率最高,且分离效果也最好,其原因是在pH为4.3时,由于水合作用较低,α-La的有效粒径减小,因此α-La透射率较高,另外在此pH下,部分β-Lg以八聚体的形式存在,对β-Lg的截留率也最高。因此在pH为4.5左右可获得最佳α-La/β-Lg。图2D中SDS-PAGE结果也与上述结果一致。
然而,尽管在pH为4.5时可获得最高的α-La含量及最佳α-La纯度,但WPC80溶液会发生十分明显的蛋白沉淀现象,有较大的膜污染风险,不利于放大到小试设备上。如图2E所示,pH为4.5和5.0时,由于接近乳清蛋白的等电点,WPC80溶液中产生明显沉淀。超滤过程中膜通量与蛋白质的大小、聚集行为密切相关,很多研究表明,乳清蛋白的聚集体会增强膜污染导致通量下降[18−19]。Almecija等[20]采用300 kDa陶瓷膜分离乳清蛋白,发现在pH<4.0或pH>8.0时可以保持较高的膜通量(85~125 L·m−2·h−1),而pH在4.0~5.0附近时,膜通量大幅下降至25~51 L·m−2·h−1;Li等[21]的研究表明,膜通量与蛋白质聚集程度密切相关,乳清蛋白在等电点附近时在超滤膜上的吸附最大,因此膜通量更低。可见,等电点附近聚集的乳清蛋白会引起较大的膜污染,导致蛋白质扩散系数下降。严重的膜污染会导致膜的选择性变差,且极大地降低膜分离过程的效率[19],因此控制膜污染至关重要。在本研究中,pH为4.5和5.0时,WPC80溶液中蛋白沉淀现象严重,易造成严重膜污染,因此在调控溶液的pH时,应避开这一条件。
综上可见,调控WPC80溶液的pH至4.5~6.5范围,均能将α-La/β-Lg比例提升10倍左右。但是pH为4.5和5.0时接近乳清蛋白等电点,会引起蛋白沉淀造成膜堵塞风险极高,不利于放大到工业生产中。pH为6.0和6.5时,α-La含量、α-La/β-Lg仅次于pH为4.5时,且二者之间没有显著性差异,而pH为6.5更接近WPC80溶液天然的pH,前处理工艺更简单,更利于工业化放大,因此选择pH为6.5作为最佳的料液pH。
乳清蛋白中α-La和β-Lg的分子量分别为14 kDa和18 kDa,pH为6.5时β-Lg主要以二聚体(36 kDa)的形式存在,因此若想实现α-La和β-Lg的分离,理论上可选用MWCO为14~36 kDa的超滤膜。由于膜分离过程中会出现浓差极化现象,使超滤膜的表面形成“次生膜”,这会大大降低超滤膜的有效孔径,降低α-La的透过率。因此在实际应用时,为了确保效果与效率,所选择的膜孔径大小通常是理论数值的2到5倍[22]。因此,本实验中所采用的超滤膜MWCO孔径在28~180 kDa的范围内。目前在此MWCO范围内且广泛生产并应用的商业化超滤膜主要包括30 kDa和100 kDa两种规格,因此选用这两种超滤膜进行小试规模的分离实验。
膜通量是衡量膜分离效率的依据,通常膜通量越大,单位时间内膜两侧的物质交换越多,膜分离效率也越高。实验过程中,100 kDa膜将物料浓缩3倍所用时间为120 min左右,30 kDa超滤膜所用时间为240 min,因此分别监测了100 kDa膜在120 min内、30 kDa膜在240 min内的膜通量变化,结果如图3A所示。分离过程中,膜通量均呈现下降趋势。初始时100 kDa膜通量为18.60 L·m−2·h−1,是30 kDa超滤膜膜通量(7.62 L·m−2·h−1)的2.5倍,且在整个过滤过程中通量均高于30 kDa超滤膜,而且100 kDa超滤膜浓缩3倍用时更短。可见,100 kDa过滤效率优于30 kDa超滤膜。
所得透过液外观如图3B所示,两种孔径超滤膜过滤得到的透过液颜色接近且均为淡黄色,这与乳中的核黄素等天然色素可以自由透过30、100 kDa的超滤膜有关。不同孔径下透过液中蛋白含量如图3C所示,100 kDa透过液中蛋白含量显著高于30 kDa。用SDS-PAGE表征透过液中的蛋白组成,如图3D所示,透过液中以α-La为主,同时存在少量β-Lg的条带。100 kDa时α-La条带颜色较30 kDa时明显更深,表明100 kDa透过液中α-La的富集率更高,而β-Lg差异不明显。经灰度分析,100 kDa透过液中α-La/β-Lg为3.1,显著高于30 kDa透过液中的比例(图3E)。此实验结果与Bottomley等[8]的报道相似,其发现相较于50 kDa的超滤膜,100 kDa下α-La透过率更高,且可以使α-La/β-Lg较原液提高2~3倍。
综合上述结果可知,100 kDa的超滤膜对α-La有更好的分离效果,且效率也更高,因此本研究选择100 kDa的超滤膜进行后续实验。
在超滤过程中,选择合适的VCF有利于目标蛋白的富集和膜分离设备的稳定运行。适当提高浓缩倍数有利于α-La渗透过膜,进而提高得率。针对本研究所用膜分离设备,综合文献[9,17]数据和设备可正常运行的VCF范围(1~4),选定VCF分别为2、3、4进行实验,以筛选出分离α-La最佳的VCF。
通过计算得到2、3、4倍浓缩的平均膜通量分别为13.08、11.51、9.78 L·m−2·h−1。随着浓缩程度的提升,截留液中水分减少,膜表面浓差极化作用增大[22−23]。另外,β-Lg会与有机膜形成氢键在膜表面上聚集,形成滤饼层污染[24]。与此同时,在跨膜压力作用下,蛋白质进入膜孔当中,导致部分膜孔的堵塞,使得膜通量在浓缩过程中呈下降趋势。徐姝[25]在用100 nm膜对脱脂羊乳进行微滤分离时也发现,平均膜通量随VCF的提高呈下降趋势。可见膜分离过程中,随着VCF提高,膜通量的下降是不可避免的。
超滤过程中,不同VCF下透过液的外观和蛋白含量如图4A和图4B所示。随着VCF的提高,透过液在外观上并没有明显差异,而蛋白含量逐渐增加。透过液中的蛋白组成如图4C所示,VCF为2、3、4的透过液中均出现了清晰的α-La和不明显的β-Lg条带,表明其均能实现α-La的有效分离。随着VCF的提高,尤其是浓缩至4倍时,透过液中α-La条带明显深于2倍和3倍浓缩。经灰度分析,4倍浓缩下α-La含量分别为2倍和3倍浓缩时的1.9倍、1.5倍。图4D显示,VCF为2、3、4时,α-La/β-Lg的比例分别为9.2、8.8、7.2,较WPC80中这一比例(0.40)分别提高23、22、18倍。虽然VCF为4时α-La/β-Lg有所下降,但仍能实现α-La较高纯度的分离,且α-La含量显著高于其他浓缩倍数。
综合分析上述指标,发现VCF为4时,100 kDa超滤膜对于α-La的分离效果优于2和3,因此本研究选择4倍作为最佳VCF进行后续实验。
超滤技术是以膜两侧的压力差为驱动力的筛分过程。理论上随着压力的提高,单位时间内跨膜物质交换次数越多,超滤分离效率也随之增加。但与此同时,膜污染也与压力呈正相关,压力提高使膜表面污垢积累的速度也增加,使膜通量和分离效率下降。此外,每一种超滤膜均有其耐压范围,使用时应在合理范围内运行。选用合适的操作压力,一方面可以实现目标蛋白的有效富集,另一方面还可以提高膜分离效率,达到最佳的膜分离效果。根据制造商提供的100 kDa膜的安全操作压力范围(0.3~0.5 MPa),在0.3、0.4、0.5 MPa的操作压力下将WPC80溶液浓缩至4倍,以筛选出富集α-La最佳的操作压力。
在实验过程中对透过液膜通量进行实时监测,结果如图5A所示。0.3 MPa的初始膜通量略高于其他条件。这可能是因为设备运行压力增大时,单位时间内处理量增大,跨膜物质交换次数增多,导致蛋白质吸附于膜表面上,在膜表面形成空间位阻影响物质的通过[26]。当过滤时间达到60 min后,不同操作压力下的膜通量逐渐趋于一致,原因是随着过滤时间的延长,浓差极化增强导致乳清中的颗粒物吸附于膜表面上形成凝胶层,紧接着越来越多蛋白吸附在膜表面的凝胶层上,增加的操作压力差与凝胶层所产生的阻力相互抵消,导致不同压力下的膜通量逐渐一致[27]。
不同操作压力对透过液蛋白含量影响如图5B所示。随着操作压力的升高,透过液中蛋白含量减少。Muller等[28]在用50 kDa超滤膜分离酸性乳清中的α-La时也得到了类似的结果,他们发现,跨膜压力大于0.1 MPa时,随着跨膜压力的增加,蛋白质透过率显著降低。孙颜君等[11]也发现随着跨膜压力的增加,膜通量和α-La的回收率显著下降。采用SDS-PAGE对α-La的分离效果进行表征,如图5C所示,透过液中α-La含量随操作压力的提高有明显的下降趋势,而β-Lg随操作压力变化不明显,两种蛋白比例随操作压力的提高而下降,在0.3 MPa的操作压力下,透过液中α-La/β-Lg的比例可以达到12以上,显著高于其他操作压力(P<0.05)。
结合膜通量数据与SDS-PAGE结果可知,当操作压力为0.3 MPa时,该膜分离设备对α-La有较好的分离效果,同时膜通量也稍优于0.4、0.5 MPa,因此本研究选择0.3 MPa作为适合该膜分离设备的最佳操作压力进行后续实验。
由于无法避免的浓差极化、膜污染导致超滤膜对目标蛋白的部分截留,单独使用超滤分离回收率往往较低,而使用超滤-洗滤组合工艺可以提高目标蛋白的产率。洗滤可以减少浓差极化和膜污染,克服高浓度料液透过率低等缺点,从而提高物料的分离能力[25],广泛应用于膜分离中。本研究采用连续浓缩-间歇洗滤模式,根据上述实验确定的最佳料液pH、超滤膜MWCO、VCF及操作压力,选择料液pH为6.5、100 kDa超滤膜、0.3 MPa操作压力下浓缩4倍进行间歇洗滤。首先用100 kDa超滤膜过滤72 L WPC80溶液,直到体积浓缩倍数为4,然后往循环罐中加入54 L去离子水,恢复至初始进料体积,之后在相同操作参数下进行超滤。结合设备运行时间以及乳品工厂常用的洗滤次数,本研究选择的洗滤次数为5次。
不同过滤阶段的膜通量如图6A所示。随着过滤阶段的增加以及过滤时间的延长,膜通量逐渐下降,原因可能是随着过滤阶段的增加,超滤膜累计料液处理量不断提高,膜污染程度也逐渐增加,因此膜通量也略微下降。
图6B为各过滤阶段透过液外观图,可以看出,各阶段透过液均清澈透明,但随着洗滤次数的增加,透过液由黄绿色逐渐变浅,这是因为核黄素等有色成分逐渐被洗脱出去,在透过液中含量逐渐降低。不同过滤阶段蛋白含量也逐渐下降,洗滤3次后透过液中蛋白含量逐渐趋于稳定(图6C)。不同过滤阶段α-La分离效果用SDS-PAGE表征,如图6D所示,洗滤5次时,可以观察到仍有α-La进入透过液中。随着洗滤次数增加,α-La含量略有下降后逐渐趋于平稳。UF阶段透过液中α-La/β-Lg为12.1,洗滤一次后显著下降至10.6(P<0.05),2~5次洗滤透过液中α-La/β-Lg趋于平稳,平均值为9.1,可见5次洗滤后透过液中α-La仍有较高纯度。
综上可见,在1~5次洗滤过程中均有α-La透过,较高的洗滤次数有利于提高α-La的总回收率。此外,在5次洗滤过程中均具有较好的膜通量,均能实现α-La较高纯度的分离。由于膜分离过程中的膜污染、浓差极化等现象导致无法避免的回收率较低,为实现α-La的最大富集,综合考虑洗滤过程的膜通量、洗滤时间、α-La回收率,选择5次洗滤以分离α-La。
通过上述膜分离实验,本研究成功在透过液中富集了高价值的α-La,而剩余的富含β-Lg的截留液如何应用,仍是一大问题,解决这一问题对于减少资源浪费、提升产品的综合价值具有重要意义。研究表明,β-Lg是一种加工性质良好的蛋白质,可作为乳化剂、发泡剂、增稠剂等应用于食品加工过程。对其进行适当热处理,可以进一步改善其功能特性,然而,过度的热处理则可能对其功能特性造成负面影响[29]。因此,本研究以富含β-Lg的截留液为原料,通过热处理方法进行改性,探究热处理温度对其功能特性的影响,旨在为其未来在食品工业中的应用奠定理论基础。
截留液浊度变化如图7所示。热处理温度超过50 ℃后,截留液的浊度显著增加(P<0.05)。60 ℃处理组的浊度为0.47(P<0.05),较未处理组微弱增加,70 ℃处理组浊度显著增大至0.85,80 ℃处理组浊度继续升高至1.33,温度进一步提高时浊度不再增加。这是因为大部分乳清蛋白的变性温度在70 ℃左右,热处理温度超过70 ℃时,乳清蛋白热稳定性下降,蛋白结构发生展开,通过共价键和非共价键生成聚合物,导致浊度提高,进一步加热时乳清蛋白的聚合程度趋于饱和,浊度的变化较小[27]。
溶解度是乳化、发泡等功能特性的先决条件,是蛋白质应用过程中的重要性质[30]。不同热处理条件下截留液的溶解度如图8所示。50、60 ℃处理时截留液溶解性有微弱上升趋势但无显著性差异(P>0.05),可能是由于温度超过50 ℃时β-Lg二聚体解离为单体,溶解性增强[31],因此以β-Lg为主要成分的截留液溶解度有微弱上升趋势。高于70 ℃时溶解度显著下降(P<0.05),70、80、90 ℃下的溶解度分别是75.1%、49.3%、38.5%。原因可能是高于70 ℃加热时,β-Lg结构容易展开,埋藏于蛋白质分子内部的疏水基团暴露,导致溶解度降低。此外,加热过程中由于蛋白变性会形成沉淀,随着温度升高,变性程度提高、沉淀也增加。有研究报道过相似的结果,乳清蛋白在70 ℃以上加热后均出现溶解度降低的现象[32−34],其中Stanciuc等[34]的研究表明,70 ℃以下加热10 min时,乳清蛋白变性程度不足5%,80 ℃加热10 min后,50%以上的乳清蛋白发生变性,乳清蛋白溶解度降低。Nicorescu等[35]也发现,乳清蛋白在80、90 ℃加热5 min时,经离心后不溶性聚集体的数量便会急剧增加。本研究的结果与这些报道基本相符,可见,80 ℃以上热处理会导致乳清蛋白溶解度大幅度下降。
乳清蛋白的起泡性质在食品工业中有着广泛的应用,例如,在面包等烘焙食品中,起泡性有助于形成蓬松的质地和细腻的口感。Ma等[36]的研究表明,温和的热处理能够改善乳清蛋白的发泡性能,而剧烈加热则会使发泡性能受损。图9A和图9B为不同热处理后截留液的起泡性和泡沫稳定性。与未处理组相比较,50、60 ℃加热10 min后截留液起泡性提高,分别为22.3%和18.1%,70 ℃加热起泡性变化不显著,而80 ℃及90 ℃加热导致起泡性显著下降(P<0.05)。50~70 ℃加热可提高乳清蛋白的泡沫稳定性,其中60 ℃时泡沫稳定性最高(P<0.05),为69.9%。80 ℃以上加热使截留液泡沫稳定性急剧下降,较未处理组下降80%左右。蛋白质的起泡性能受到蛋白质浓度、表面活性、二级结构、分子刚性与柔性、疏水和亲水性、二硫键等多重因素的影响[37]:要获得优良的起泡性能,蛋白质须具备较强的溶解性,才能扩散到界面上形成气泡[14]。由图8可知,80、90 ℃加热导致蛋白质溶解度显著下降(P<0.05),这可能是其起泡性及泡沫稳定性下降的原因之一。蛋白质柔性增加可提高蛋白质界面上的展开率,从而促进泡沫的形成。张思雨等[33]的研究表明,WPC在50 ℃加热10 min后,刚性的α-螺旋减少,柔性的无规则卷曲增加,α-螺旋与乳清蛋白的起泡特性呈负相关,而无规则卷曲与其起泡特性呈正相关。可见低强度热处理可以提高蛋白质的柔性,进而提高起泡性能。本研究结果与Phillips等[38]的研究结果类似,他们将5%分离乳清蛋白溶液在55、80 ℃下加热10 min,结果表明与未加热组相比,55 ℃可以提高其起泡性和泡沫稳定性,然而80 ℃加热10 min后由于蛋白质聚集,乳清蛋白起泡性反而降低。综上,50、60 ℃加热10 min可显著提高截留液的起泡性,且二者之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05);50~70 ℃加热10 min可显著提高截留液的泡沫稳定性,60 ℃加热时泡沫稳定性最佳。因此,将截留液在60 ℃加热10 min能够使其获得最佳起泡性能。
不同热处理后截留液的乳化性能如图10A和图10B所示,其中乳化活性指数可以表征截留液的乳化性,乳化稳定指数可以表征截留液的乳化稳定性。50、60 ℃处理后,乳化活性指数与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。70 ℃及以上热处理样品的乳化活性指数分别提高至67.6、77.0、82.9 m2/g,显著高于未处理组(P<0.05)。随着温度升高,乳化稳定指数先上升后下降,70、80 ℃热处理显著提高了截留液的乳化稳定性,分别为79.4%和82.8%。原因可能是疏水性的提高以及聚集体的形成。乳化性质受表面疏水性、蛋白质柔性、蛋白溶解度等多重因素的影响,热处理通过破坏范德华力、氢键等改变了蛋白质的构象,暴露了球状结构中的一些疏水性残基,使无规则卷曲等柔性结构增加[30]。柔性结构和高表面疏水性有利于吸附到水油界面上,在改善蛋白质乳化性质方面具有重要作用。此外,Guo等[39]指出,加热过程中产生的聚集体在均质过程中容易吸附在界面上,在形成界面薄膜过程中发挥了主导作用,因此热处理后截留液的乳化性提高。没有吸附在界面上的乳清蛋白增加了连续相的黏度,有助于防止液滴聚集,提高乳液的稳定性[26]。然而,热处理强度的提升使蛋白质变性的程度也增加,严重影响了蛋白质的溶解度,因此在90 ℃处理10 min时乳化稳定性出现下降趋势。已有研究讨论过,球状蛋白变性过程中一定数量疏水基团的暴露对改善其功能特性具有重要作用,然而变性程度也不宜过高,避免对蛋白溶解性造不利影响[40]。综上,70~90 ℃加热10 min可显著提高截留液的乳化性;70、80 ℃加热10 min可显著提高截留液的乳化稳定性,80 ℃、10 min下乳化稳定指数最高。综合看来,将截留液在80 ℃加热10 min能够使其获得最佳乳化性能。
乳清蛋白的黏度是其作为增稠剂应用中重要的参数之一。由图11可以观察到,不同热处理条件下截留液的黏度曲线趋势相似,属于剪切稀化流体,即随着剪切速率的提高,黏度呈下降趋势,当剪切速率升高至一定范围时,黏度趋于稳定。未经热处理的截留液黏度较低,是因为乳清蛋白是球蛋白,结构较小,表现出较低的黏度[41]。50 ℃和60 ℃加热时,截留液黏度有所提高;温度升高至70 ℃和80 ℃时,黏度大幅上升;90 ℃时黏度又有所下降。其原因可能是在较低加热温度下,截留液中乳清蛋白分子间的相互作用略有增加,因此黏度有微弱增加趋势;随着温度的进一步升高,蛋白质分子的热运动加剧,聚集趋势提高,溶液的黏度大幅度增加。此外,乳清蛋白加热至70 ℃以上时,分子构象改变,蛋白质表面表现出疏水区域并诱导聚集体的形成,这些聚集体粒径更大、形状更不对称,具有比天然乳清蛋白更大的有效体积分数,导致其黏度逐渐增大[41−42]。但当温度超过80 ℃时,由图8可知蛋白大量变性溶解度降低,因此黏度有所降低。李乐园[43]在研究热处理对驴乳乳清蛋白特性的影响时也得到了相似的结论,75 ℃和85 ℃热处理使乳液黏度增大,而95 ℃加热3 min处理组由于蛋白质絮凝并沉淀致使黏度有所降低。可见,将截留液作为增稠剂使用时,可将其在80 ℃加热10 min以获得最大黏度。
α-La和β-Lg是牛乳中主要的两种乳清蛋白。α-La营养价值高,可应用于婴幼儿配方奶粉等食品中。β-Lg对婴幼儿是一种潜在的过敏原,但因其优良的加工性能在食品工业常被用作起泡剂、乳化剂、增稠剂等。基于二者应用领域的不同,本研究采用膜分离方法从WPC80中分离富集α-La,并对剩余的富含β-Lg的截留液的功能特性进行评价。在超滤透过液中富集到纯度较高的α-La,实现α-La富集的最佳物料pH、超滤膜MWCO、VCF、操作压力、洗滤次数分别为6.5、100 kDa、4倍、0.3 MPa、5次。在该工艺下,α-La含量/β-Lg含量可提高至9以上,较WPC80中这一比例提高23倍。对富含β-Lg的截留液进行热处理改性,结果表明,60 ℃、10 min的热处理可显著提高截留液的起泡性能,适合用作起泡剂;80 ℃、10 min热处理可显著提高截留液的乳化性能,适合用作乳化剂;80 ℃、10 min的热处理后的截留液黏度最高,适合用作增稠剂。本研究基于小试规模的切向流超滤设备,筛选确定了富集α-La的最佳膜分离工艺,并通过热处理改性提升了截留液副产物的功能特性,可为未来α-La的工业化生产提供可借鉴的技术方案,为富含β-Lg的截留液副产物在食品工业中的应用奠定理论基础,为提高乳清产品的综合利用价值提供基础理论指导。然而,本研究以WPC80为原料,基于小试规模的膜分离设备开展,和工业化生产条件仍有一定差距,因此,后续将以液态乳清为原料,并进一步放大至中试规模,以推动α-La的工业生产。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080194
  • 接收时间:2025-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18
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    1中国农业大学营养与健康系,教育部功能乳品重点实验室,北京 100089
    2中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    3内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 010100
    4内蒙古乳业技术研究院有限责任公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 010100
    5国家乳业技术创新中心,内蒙古呼和浩特 010110

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郭慧媛(1982−)(ORCID:0000−0003−0792−177X),女,博士,教授,研究方向:乳品科学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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