Article(id=1320165991389184911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070054, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751904000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681699844, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681699844, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681699844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681699844, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=83, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320165993054323600, articleId=1320165991389184911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Microwave Reheating on the Quality and Flavor Compounds of Frozen Rice Balls, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of microwave reheating on the quality and flavor components of rice balls, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), texture analyzer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) were employed to analyze changes in physicochemical properties, microstructure, and volatile compounds under different microwave power levels (140, 280, 420, 560, and 700 W). The results indicated that temperature uniformity varied across different parts of the rice balls as microwave power increased. The most uniform heating was achieved at 420 W, with the lowest temperature uniformity coefficient of 0.013. Microwave reheating also affected water distribution: The free water content decreased in the inner layer but increased in the outer layer. At 560 W, the differences in hardness and chewiness between the inner and outer layers were minimized, with values of 2.92 N and 16.09 mJ, respectively. Compared to frozen rice balls, reheated samples showed increased starch ordering, disruption of B-type crystal structures, and reduced crystallinity. As microwave power increased, the crystallinity of starch in the outer layer increased, while no significant change was observed in the inner layer (P>0.05). Short-range molecular order decreased only at higher power levels. Among all tested conditions, rice balls reheated at 560 W exhibited the smallest difference in flavor concentration between the inner and outer layers. In conclusion, the optimal reheating conditions for frozen rice balls are a microwave power of 560 W and a reheating time of 110 s.

, authors=Yuying HUANG1, Zhihan CHEN1, Weiping JIN1, 2, Wangyang SHEN1, 2, Hongjian ZHANG3, Xiwu JIA1, 2, *, authorsList=Yuying HUANG, Zhihan CHEN, Weiping JIN, Wangyang SHEN, Hongjian ZHANG, Xiwu JIA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiwu JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320165995059200925, articleId=1320165991389184911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=微波复热对冷冻大米饭团品质与风味成分的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究微波复热对大米饭团品质与风味成分变化的影响规律,采用低场核磁共振仪、物性分析仪、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪和气相离子迁移谱联用等检测手段分析饭团在不同微波功率(140、280、420、560、700 W)条件下复热后物化性质、微观结构和挥发性成分的变化规律。结果表明:随着微波功率增大,大米饭团各部位温度均匀性存在差异,在420 W功率条件下,大米饭团的温度均匀性最佳,此时的温度均匀系数最小为0.013;同时,微波复热对大米饭团水分分布产生影响,大米饭团内层自由水含量降低,外层自由水含量升高;560 W功率条件下,大米饭团内层和外层硬度和咀嚼性差异值最小,分别为2.92 N、16.09 mJ;与冷冻饭团相比,冷冻复热后的大米饭团中淀粉有序性增大、B型晶体结构被破坏、结晶度减少;随着微波功率的增大,大米饭团外层淀粉结晶度呈现增大趋势,而内层无显著变化(P>0.05),短程有序度仅在微波功率较高时减小。在所有微波功率条件下,560 W微波功率的大米饭团呈现出的内外层风味浓度差异最小。综上,微波复热冻藏大米饭团时,应优先选择的复热条件为功率560 W、复热时间110 s。

, authors=黄玉莹1, 陈芷涵1, 金伟平1, 2, 沈汪洋1, 2, 张红建3, 贾喜午1, 2, *, authorsList=黄玉莹, 陈芷涵, 金伟平, 沈汪洋, 张红建, 贾喜午, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=贾喜午, authorNote=

黄玉莹(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:谷物新资源开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
贾喜午(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:谷物新资源开发,E-mail:。
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Food Chemistry, 2022, 385: 132701., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320165995310859166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165995319247775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, companyId=1320165995310859166, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165995327636384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, companyId=1320165995310859166, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430048)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320165995386356641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165995394745250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, companyId=1320165995386356641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of the Deep Processing of Bulk Grain and Oil Authorized by Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165995403133859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, companyId=1320165995386356641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2大宗粮油精深加工省部共建教育部重点实验室,湖北武汉 430048)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320165995495408548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165995503797157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, companyId=1320165995495408548, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Hainan Institute of Grain and Oil Science, Qionghai 571400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165995512185766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, companyId=1320165995495408548, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3海南省粮油科学研究所,海南琼海 571400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166001887527894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sample point patterns of rice ball, figureFileSmall=q2A6aOyb4Mc9Nbl0jtkcBg==, figureFileBig=LmxjlxTeqRYCX6rJF12XTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166001971413975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=CN, label=图1, caption=大米饭团取样点示意图

注:A:正面;B:侧面。

, figureFileSmall=q2A6aOyb4Mc9Nbl0jtkcBg==, figureFileBig=LmxjlxTeqRYCX6rJF12XTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166002172740568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes of temperature and COVT in different parts of rice ball under different microwave power, figureFileSmall=z3XIK8W7th3xSjD0W8orgg==, figureFileBig=uqss4F7Fna3l/53yipbcVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166002235655129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同微波功率条件下大米饭团不同部位温度及COVT变化

注:不同大写字母表示相同部位不同微波功率之间差异显著(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示相同微波功率不同部位之间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=z3XIK8W7th3xSjD0W8orgg==, figureFileBig=uqss4F7Fna3l/53yipbcVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166002315346906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Distribution of transverse relaxation time (T2) of the inner and outer layers of rice ball under different microwave power, figureFileSmall=ov2sha0ixwxtPiyF7Dy1YQ==, figureFileBig=jHPSWzZC/cFxMRY6N1ibnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166002382455771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同微波功率下大米饭团内外层横向弛豫时间(T2)分布图, figureFileSmall=ov2sha0ixwxtPiyF7Dy1YQ==, figureFileBig=jHPSWzZC/cFxMRY6N1ibnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166002462147548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and deconvolution patterns of the inner and outer layers of rice ball under different microwave power, figureFileSmall=wrNZO1i4yu8es2FhNVUyjA==, figureFileBig=jRrbPU2Gt5wLhNXcOJ8OeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166002554422237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同微波功率下大米饭团内外层傅里叶红外光谱图和去卷积图

注:(A)、(C)分别为大米饭团外层、内层的红外光谱图;(B)、(D)分别为大米饭团外层、内层的去卷积图。

, figureFileSmall=wrNZO1i4yu8es2FhNVUyjA==, figureFileBig=jRrbPU2Gt5wLhNXcOJ8OeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166002642502622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=X-ray diffraction patterns of the inner and outer layers of rice ball under different microwave power, figureFileSmall=ykGFH3MjSYzCHazp6ak4UQ==, figureFileBig=+qUUpBsLR+ohTWYif50Olw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166002705417183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同微波功率下大米饭团内外层X射线衍射图谱, figureFileSmall=ykGFH3MjSYzCHazp6ak4UQ==, figureFileBig=+qUUpBsLR+ohTWYif50Olw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166002776720352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=GC-IMS fingerprints of the inner and outer layers of rice ball under different microwave power, figureFileSmall=pTH9vkFHumEq3GN8U9c8ow==, figureFileBig=QxB9vFxXcoINgOQHUsWolg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166002839634914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同微波功率下大米饭团内外层GC-IMS指纹图谱, figureFileSmall=pTH9vkFHumEq3GN8U9c8ow==, figureFileBig=QxB9vFxXcoINgOQHUsWolg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166003007407075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reheating time corresponding to microwave reheating power

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微波功率(W)复热时间(s)
140480
280240
420150
560110
70090
), ArticleFig(id=1320166003091293156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微波复热功率对应的复热时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微波功率(W)复热时间(s)
140480
280240
420150
560110
70090
), ArticleFig(id=1320166003179373541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different microwave power on the water distribution in the inner and outer layers of rice ball

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品部位T21(ms)T22(ms)T23(ms)A21(%)A22(%)A23(%)
新鲜饭团外层0.14±0.02a1.75±0.00a37.65±0.00a4.47±0.41a13.59±0.30a81.94±0.19a
内层0.17±0.04a1.75±0.00a37.65±0.00ab3.49±0.41a15.01±0.47ab81.50±0.09de
140 W外层0.14±0.02a1.75±0.00a43.29±0.00a4.82±0.37a12.92±0.20a82.24±0.21b
内层0.14±0.02a1.75±0.00a37.65±0.00ab4.50±0.64abc13.94±0.63a81.56±0.18e
280 W外层0.14±0.04a1.75±0.00a43.29±0.00a4.36±0.55a13.26±0.53a82.38±0.03bc
内层0.14±0.02a1.75±0.00a41.41±3.26b4.83±0.36bc13.95±0.31a81.22±0.10d
420 W外层0.14±0.02a1.84±0.15ab43.29±0.00a4.09±0.54a13.33±0.71a82.57±0.17c
内层0.14±0.02a1.60±0.13a37.65±0.00ab3.61±0.58ab15.58±0.57b80.82±0.01c
560 W外层0.16±0.03a1.75±0.00a43.29±0.00a3.77±0.71a13.30±0.72a82.93±0.20d
内层0.15±0.03a1.60±0.13a36.01±2.83a4.76±0.85bc14.93±0.94ab80.31±0.10b
700 W外层0.16±0.00a1.92±0.15b43.29±0.00a3.84±0.65a12.87±0.53a83.28±0.12e
内层0.15±0.02a1.60±0.13a34.38±2.83a4.92±0.85c15.31±1.08ab79.77±0.33a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166003259065318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同微波功率对大米饭团内外层水分分布的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品部位T21(ms)T22(ms)T23(ms)A21(%)A22(%)A23(%)
新鲜饭团外层0.14±0.02a1.75±0.00a37.65±0.00a4.47±0.41a13.59±0.30a81.94±0.19a
内层0.17±0.04a1.75±0.00a37.65±0.00ab3.49±0.41a15.01±0.47ab81.50±0.09de
140 W外层0.14±0.02a1.75±0.00a43.29±0.00a4.82±0.37a12.92±0.20a82.24±0.21b
内层0.14±0.02a1.75±0.00a37.65±0.00ab4.50±0.64abc13.94±0.63a81.56±0.18e
280 W外层0.14±0.04a1.75±0.00a43.29±0.00a4.36±0.55a13.26±0.53a82.38±0.03bc
内层0.14±0.02a1.75±0.00a41.41±3.26b4.83±0.36bc13.95±0.31a81.22±0.10d
420 W外层0.14±0.02a1.84±0.15ab43.29±0.00a4.09±0.54a13.33±0.71a82.57±0.17c
内层0.14±0.02a1.60±0.13a37.65±0.00ab3.61±0.58ab15.58±0.57b80.82±0.01c
560 W外层0.16±0.03a1.75±0.00a43.29±0.00a3.77±0.71a13.30±0.72a82.93±0.20d
内层0.15±0.03a1.60±0.13a36.01±2.83a4.76±0.85bc14.93±0.94ab80.31±0.10b
700 W外层0.16±0.00a1.92±0.15b43.29±0.00a3.84±0.65a12.87±0.53a83.28±0.12e
内层0.15±0.02a1.60±0.13a34.38±2.83a4.92±0.85c15.31±1.08ab79.77±0.33a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166003384894439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different microwave power on the texture of the inner and outer layers of rice ball

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品部位硬度(N)粘附性
(N·mm)
弹性咀嚼性(mJ)
新鲜饭团外层80.20±2.29a14.63±3.69a3.52±0.12b82.41±2.96ab
内层80.74±2.56a19.36±1.91a3.54±0.13a85.62±4.91a
140 W外层81.49±1.35a18.06±1.29a3.38±0.04b75.83±0.50a
内层84.11±0.18b19.03±0.20a3.53±0.17a90.07±9.54ab
280 W外层87.83±2.77b17.19±2.82a3.42±0.06b84.33±3.57bc
内层92.69±2.25c17.64±0.65a3.62±0.01a102.45±6.60ab
420 W外层90.01±1.57bc15.37±1.04a3.47±0.04b88.65±3.35bc
内层94.93±1.17c18.55±1.88a3.68±0.14a107.11±13.05b
560 W外层92.00±2.00c16.51±1.06a3.45±0.04b90.98±2.51c
内层94.95±0.74c19.61±1.50a3.64±0.22a107.07±15.00b
700 W外层90.91±0.68bc18.91±2.13a3.22±0.14a82.44±8.18ab
内层93.83±0.99c23.74±1.47b3.55±0.06a106.47±3.68b
), ArticleFig(id=1320166003460391912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同微波功率对大米饭团内外层质构的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品部位硬度(N)粘附性
(N·mm)
弹性咀嚼性(mJ)
新鲜饭团外层80.20±2.29a14.63±3.69a3.52±0.12b82.41±2.96ab
内层80.74±2.56a19.36±1.91a3.54±0.13a85.62±4.91a
140 W外层81.49±1.35a18.06±1.29a3.38±0.04b75.83±0.50a
内层84.11±0.18b19.03±0.20a3.53±0.17a90.07±9.54ab
280 W外层87.83±2.77b17.19±2.82a3.42±0.06b84.33±3.57bc
内层92.69±2.25c17.64±0.65a3.62±0.01a102.45±6.60ab
420 W外层90.01±1.57bc15.37±1.04a3.47±0.04b88.65±3.35bc
内层94.93±1.17c18.55±1.88a3.68±0.14a107.11±13.05b
560 W外层92.00±2.00c16.51±1.06a3.45±0.04b90.98±2.51c
内层94.95±0.74c19.61±1.50a3.64±0.22a107.07±15.00b
700 W外层90.91±0.68bc18.91±2.13a3.22±0.14a82.44±8.18ab
内层93.83±0.99c23.74±1.47b3.55±0.06a106.47±3.68b
), ArticleFig(id=1320166003531695081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of different microwave power on the short-range order of the inner and outer layers of rice ball

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品微波功率(W)R1049/1022
外层内层
新鲜饭团−0.91±0.01a0.91±0.01a
冷冻饭团−0.93±0.02a0.94±0.01b
冷冻-微波饭团1401.04±0.00c1.03±0.00e
2801.04±0.00c1.09±0.00f
4201.05±0.04c0.99±0.00c
5601.04±0.01c1.00±0.00d
7000.97±0.00b1.01±0.00d
), ArticleFig(id=1320166003602998250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同微波功率对大米饭团内层和外层短程有序度的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品微波功率(W)R1049/1022
外层内层
新鲜饭团−0.91±0.01a0.91±0.01a
冷冻饭团−0.93±0.02a0.94±0.01b
冷冻-微波饭团1401.04±0.00c1.03±0.00e
2801.04±0.00c1.09±0.00f
4201.05±0.04c0.99±0.00c
5601.04±0.01c1.00±0.00d
7000.97±0.00b1.01±0.00d
), ArticleFig(id=1320166003670107115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of different microwave power on the relative crystallinity of the inner and outer layers of rice ball

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品微波功率(W)相对结晶度(%)
外层内层
新鲜饭团−6.23±0.05a5.28±0.29a
冷冻饭团−6.81±0.11c5.98±0.18b
冷冻-微波饭团1406.44±0.10ab5.68±0.11ab
2806.55±0.13bc5.57±0.19ab
4206.51±0.02b5.59±0.13ab
5606.59±0.07bc5.66±0.23ab
7006.64±0.18bc5.50±0.20ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320166003733021676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同微波功率对大米饭团内外层相对结晶度的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品微波功率(W)相对结晶度(%)
外层内层
新鲜饭团−6.23±0.05a5.28±0.29a
冷冻饭团−6.81±0.11c5.98±0.18b
冷冻-微波饭团1406.44±0.10ab5.68±0.11ab
2806.55±0.13bc5.57±0.19ab
4206.51±0.02b5.59±0.13ab
5606.59±0.07bc5.66±0.23ab
7006.64±0.18bc5.50±0.20ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320166003846267885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165991389184911, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Qualitative analysis of volatile components of rice ball

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别编号化合物名称CAS号分子式分子量保留指数保留时间(s)迁移时间(ms)风味描述
醇1正己醇C111273C6H14O102.2900410.7871.3266果子香味
2反-2-已烯-1-醇C2305217C6H12O100.2867351.5461.1839强烈的青香香味
3桉叶油醇C470826C10H18O154.31026.6682.4981.2902桉树、草药、樟脑味
41-辛烯-3-醇C3391864C8H16O128.2996.4630.1511.1531蘑菇、薰衣草、玫瑰和干草香味
52-乙基己醇C104767C8H18O130.21015.2662.2051.8061甜味
61-戊醇C71410C5H12O88.1744.7180.4011.5131杂醇油气味
7芳樟醇C78706C10H18O154.31110.7852.2631.2257铃兰香味
8顺-3-己烯醇C928961C6H12O100.2895.5402.7761.2289强烈的绿色嫩叶清香气味
醛9壬醛C124196C9H18O142.21106.8843.4621.4748强烈的油脂气味和甜橙香味
10正己醛C66251C6H12O100.2788.8241.451.253青草气味
11苯甲醛C100527C7H6O106.1968555.5121.1494苦杏仁、樱桃及坚果香味
12戊醛C110623C5H10O86.1698.9131.9841.181发酵味、酸奶味
13正辛醛C124130C8H16O128.2999.3634.9241.4048强烈的水果香味
14丁醛C123728C4H8O72.159562.5591.2912刺激性气味
酯15己酸丙酯C626777C9H18O2158.21059.5744.3581.4042菠萝香味
16乙酸异丙酯C108214C5H10O2102.1647.791.5161.1626类似水果的芳香气味
17乙酸乙酯C141786C4H8O288.1581.756.8551.3385水果香味
酮182-庚酮C110430C7H14O114.2895.3402.4081.2591梨香味
192-己酮C591786C6H12O100.2777.6225.8361.1824果味
205-壬酮C502567C9H18O142.21080.7787.3911.3392特殊香味
212,3-戊二酮C600146C5H8O2100.1688.6122.9711.2992奶油、焦糖、坚果香味
222-丁酮C78933C4H8O72.1591.360.931.2506果香和清香味
232,3-丁二酮C431038C4H6O286.1582.657.2141.1824奶油香味
24呋喃酮C3658773C6H8O3128.11093.6814.681.2063甜的水果和焦糖香味
吡嗪252-甲基吡嗪C109080C5H6N294.1789.2241.9331.3954坚果香、霉香、烤香、壤香味
烃类262-蒎烯C80568C10H16136.2967.2553.5851.2217松萜特有的气味
27双戊烯C138863C10H16136.21042.8712.2251.2811柠檬香味
281,2-二甲苯C95476C8H10106.2924.5457.9391.074芳香气味
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大米饭团中挥发性成分定性分析

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类别编号化合物名称CAS号分子式分子量保留指数保留时间(s)迁移时间(ms)风味描述
醇1正己醇C111273C6H14O102.2900410.7871.3266果子香味
2反-2-已烯-1-醇C2305217C6H12O100.2867351.5461.1839强烈的青香香味
3桉叶油醇C470826C10H18O154.31026.6682.4981.2902桉树、草药、樟脑味
41-辛烯-3-醇C3391864C8H16O128.2996.4630.1511.1531蘑菇、薰衣草、玫瑰和干草香味
52-乙基己醇C104767C8H18O130.21015.2662.2051.8061甜味
61-戊醇C71410C5H12O88.1744.7180.4011.5131杂醇油气味
7芳樟醇C78706C10H18O154.31110.7852.2631.2257铃兰香味
8顺-3-己烯醇C928961C6H12O100.2895.5402.7761.2289强烈的绿色嫩叶清香气味
醛9壬醛C124196C9H18O142.21106.8843.4621.4748强烈的油脂气味和甜橙香味
10正己醛C66251C6H12O100.2788.8241.451.253青草气味
11苯甲醛C100527C7H6O106.1968555.5121.1494苦杏仁、樱桃及坚果香味
12戊醛C110623C5H10O86.1698.9131.9841.181发酵味、酸奶味
13正辛醛C124130C8H16O128.2999.3634.9241.4048强烈的水果香味
14丁醛C123728C4H8O72.159562.5591.2912刺激性气味
酯15己酸丙酯C626777C9H18O2158.21059.5744.3581.4042菠萝香味
16乙酸异丙酯C108214C5H10O2102.1647.791.5161.1626类似水果的芳香气味
17乙酸乙酯C141786C4H8O288.1581.756.8551.3385水果香味
酮182-庚酮C110430C7H14O114.2895.3402.4081.2591梨香味
192-己酮C591786C6H12O100.2777.6225.8361.1824果味
205-壬酮C502567C9H18O142.21080.7787.3911.3392特殊香味
212,3-戊二酮C600146C5H8O2100.1688.6122.9711.2992奶油、焦糖、坚果香味
222-丁酮C78933C4H8O72.1591.360.931.2506果香和清香味
232,3-丁二酮C431038C4H6O286.1582.657.2141.1824奶油香味
24呋喃酮C3658773C6H8O3128.11093.6814.681.2063甜的水果和焦糖香味
吡嗪252-甲基吡嗪C109080C5H6N294.1789.2241.9331.3954坚果香、霉香、烤香、壤香味
烃类262-蒎烯C80568C10H16136.2967.2553.5851.2217松萜特有的气味
27双戊烯C138863C10H16136.21042.8712.2251.2811柠檬香味
281,2-二甲苯C95476C8H10106.2924.5457.9391.074芳香气味
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微波复热对冷冻大米饭团品质与风味成分的影响
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黄玉莹 1 , 陈芷涵 1 , 金伟平 1, 2 , 沈汪洋 1, 2 , 张红建 3 , 贾喜午 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(14): 83-92
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (14) : 83 -92
微波复热对冷冻大米饭团品质与风味成分的影响
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黄玉莹1 , 陈芷涵1, 金伟平1, 2, 沈汪洋1, 2, 张红建3, 贾喜午1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430048
  • 2大宗粮油精深加工省部共建教育部重点实验室,湖北武汉 430048
  • 3海南省粮油科学研究所,海南琼海 571400
通讯作者:
贾喜午(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:谷物新资源开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

黄玉莹(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:谷物新资源开发,E-mail:

Effect of Microwave Reheating on the Quality and Flavor Compounds of Frozen Rice Balls
Yuying HUANG1 , Zhihan CHEN1, Weiping JIN1, 2, Wangyang SHEN1, 2, Hongjian ZHANG3, Xiwu JIA1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of the Deep Processing of Bulk Grain and Oil Authorized by Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430048, China
  • 3Hainan Institute of Grain and Oil Science, Qionghai 571400, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070054
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为研究微波复热对大米饭团品质与风味成分变化的影响规律,采用低场核磁共振仪、物性分析仪、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪和气相离子迁移谱联用等检测手段分析饭团在不同微波功率(140、280、420、560、700 W)条件下复热后物化性质、微观结构和挥发性成分的变化规律。结果表明:随着微波功率增大,大米饭团各部位温度均匀性存在差异,在420 W功率条件下,大米饭团的温度均匀性最佳,此时的温度均匀系数最小为0.013;同时,微波复热对大米饭团水分分布产生影响,大米饭团内层自由水含量降低,外层自由水含量升高;560 W功率条件下,大米饭团内层和外层硬度和咀嚼性差异值最小,分别为2.92 N、16.09 mJ;与冷冻饭团相比,冷冻复热后的大米饭团中淀粉有序性增大、B型晶体结构被破坏、结晶度减少;随着微波功率的增大,大米饭团外层淀粉结晶度呈现增大趋势,而内层无显著变化(P>0.05),短程有序度仅在微波功率较高时减小。在所有微波功率条件下,560 W微波功率的大米饭团呈现出的内外层风味浓度差异最小。综上,微波复热冻藏大米饭团时,应优先选择的复热条件为功率560 W、复热时间110 s。

饭团  /  冷藏  /  淀粉精细结构  /  理化特性  /  微波复热

To investigate the effects of microwave reheating on the quality and flavor components of rice balls, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), texture analyzer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) were employed to analyze changes in physicochemical properties, microstructure, and volatile compounds under different microwave power levels (140, 280, 420, 560, and 700 W). The results indicated that temperature uniformity varied across different parts of the rice balls as microwave power increased. The most uniform heating was achieved at 420 W, with the lowest temperature uniformity coefficient of 0.013. Microwave reheating also affected water distribution: The free water content decreased in the inner layer but increased in the outer layer. At 560 W, the differences in hardness and chewiness between the inner and outer layers were minimized, with values of 2.92 N and 16.09 mJ, respectively. Compared to frozen rice balls, reheated samples showed increased starch ordering, disruption of B-type crystal structures, and reduced crystallinity. As microwave power increased, the crystallinity of starch in the outer layer increased, while no significant change was observed in the inner layer (P>0.05). Short-range molecular order decreased only at higher power levels. Among all tested conditions, rice balls reheated at 560 W exhibited the smallest difference in flavor concentration between the inner and outer layers. In conclusion, the optimal reheating conditions for frozen rice balls are a microwave power of 560 W and a reheating time of 110 s.

rice balls  /  refrigeration  /  starch microstructure  /  physical and chemical properties  /  microwave reheating
黄玉莹, 陈芷涵, 金伟平, 沈汪洋, 张红建, 贾喜午. 微波复热对冷冻大米饭团品质与风味成分的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 83 -92 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070054
Yuying HUANG, Zhihan CHEN, Weiping JIN, Wangyang SHEN, Hongjian ZHANG, Xiwu JIA. Effect of Microwave Reheating on the Quality and Flavor Compounds of Frozen Rice Balls[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 83 -92 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070054
近年来,随着人们生活节奏日益加快、生活水平的显著提高以及“懒人经济”的兴起,预制食品市场需求呈现出快速增长的态势,方便食品主食化、主食食品便捷化已成为趋势。大米饭团作为一种常见的预制米制食品,通常将米饭置于模具中压制而成,也可根据需要加入各种配料以丰富口感[1]。大米饭团的分类方式多样,按形状可分为三角形、圆柱形、球形等;按口味可分为外沾、包裹、混拌、烧烤、油炸等类型[2]。凭借其营养美味、食用便捷的特点,大米饭团在市场中展现出广阔的发展前景。然而,目前饭团的市场发展仍相对局限,主要以现做现售的形式出现在餐饮店,或以短保食品的形式出现在便利店,通常保质期在24~48 h;冷冻饭团是近年来逐渐兴起的一种形式,具有较长的保质期,通常可达数周甚至数月。
冷冻饭团在生产后通过冷链运输配送到便利店,消费者购买后通过复热食用,而不同复热方式直接影响其口感、风味等品质。因此,采用合适的复热方式对于减少食品品质损失、最大程度恢复其原有品质至关重要。微波复热作为便利店一种常见的复热方式,其原理是通过高频电磁场使食品中的极性分子(尤其是水分子)发生旋转和振动,分子间的碰撞产生摩擦热量,从而使冷冻食品吸收热能并升温[3]。该方法具有复热效率高、节约能源、易于操作等优点,特别适用于饭团这类方便米制品的复热处理。然而在微波复热过程中,温度不均匀性以及水分迁移的现象会对食品的品质产生一定的影响。以面制品馒头为例,在冷冻后进行微波复热的过程中会存在外部失水、内部水分向外层转移的情况,所以复热后的馒头会呈现出外层柔软,内部干硬的质构特性,而且不同的微波功率条件和复热时长同样会影响其品质[4]。在对浆果微波加热的研究中显示,微波加热产生的局部过热效应是引起温度不均匀性的主要原因,且越小的微波功率对温度均匀性的改善程度越大,不过太小的微波功率同样也会导致加热效率低[5]。针对微波复热过程中水分迁移和温度不均匀性的问题,通过采取食品外表包裹保鲜膜或控制微波复热功率、微波复热时间等方法,可以得到一定的改善;因此,在实际应用中选择合适的微波复热条件尤为重要。
本研究以冷冻24 h的大米饭团为对象,探究不同微波复热条件对大米饭团品质及风味的影响,通过选择合适的微波复热条件来缓解其局部过热现象以及其他不利影响,为冷冻大米饭团流通过程中终端消费品质的维持提供参考和借鉴。
北大荒珍珠米 北大荒食品集团有限公司提供,基本理化指标:水分13.20%±0.13%,蛋白质7.94%±0.05%,脂肪0.75%±0.05%,总淀粉77.80%±0.99%,直链淀粉17.23%±0.03%,膳食纤维1.63%±0.07%,灰分0.39%±0.03%。
SR-DB071-W电饭煲 杭州松下厨房电器有限公司;GL840数据采集器 日本图技GRAPHTEC有限公司;MF500L2F速冻冰箱 半度斯雅有限公司;BCD-602WGHSS5EDYU1冷藏冷冻冰箱 海尔智家股份有限公司;P70F20EN3P-ZSB微波炉 广东格兰仕微波生活电器制造有限公司;LGJ-20G冷冻干燥机 四环福瑞科仪科技发展有限公司;MicroMR-CL-I低场核磁共振仪 苏州纽迈电子科技有限公司;TMS-Pro物性分析仪 美国FTC公司;Bruker D8 Advance X射线衍射仪 德国布鲁克公司;Frontier傅里叶红外光谱仪 英国PerkinElmer公司;FlavourSpec® 1H1-00053气相离子迁移谱联用仪 德国G.A.S公司。
工艺流程:称取大米→洗米→浸泡→常压蒸煮→保温→制作大米饭团。
浸泡:米水比例为1:1.3,常温浸泡30 min;常压蒸煮:选择蒸煮模式(400 W),蒸煮时间为40 min;保温:蒸煮完毕后,保温15 min;制作大米饭团:称取90 g米饭放入模具中,压制成饭团,并用保鲜膜包裹。此样品为“新鲜饭团”。经测定“新鲜饭团”中,外、中、内层水分含量分别为62.95%±0.85%、63.13%±1.09%、62.69%±0.51%。
将冷却至室温(25 ℃)的大米饭团于−40 ℃的速冻冰箱中进行速冻处理,将数据采集器感温探头尖端插入饭团中心监测其中心温度,待大米饭团中心温度降至−18 ℃后(90 min)放入−18 ℃的冰箱中放置24 h,此样品为“冷冻饭团”。
将冷冻饭团于−18 ℃冰箱中取出后进行微波复热,微波复热功率分别为140、280、420、560、700 W,将数据采集器感温探头尖端插入饭团内部探测其中心温度,加热时间以大米饭团中心达到90 ℃左右所需要的时间为准,分别记录不同功率对应的复热时间,此样品为冷冻-微波复热饭团。以新鲜饭团为对照,研究不同微波复热条件对大米饭团品质的影响。
待大米饭团经不同微波功率复热后,立即将热电偶感温线插入大米饭团外、中、内层进行温度测量,并通过数据记录仪读取温度。
为定量评价微波复热大米饭团的温度均匀性,引入温度均匀系数(COVT)来评价温度均匀度[6]。大米饭团外、中、内层取点如图1A所示,插入大米饭团的深度如图1B所示,为15 mm。
大米饭团的温度均匀系数由下式计算可得:
$ {\text{COV}}_{\text{T}}=\frac{1}{\overline{\text{T}}}\sqrt{\frac{1}{\text{N}}\sum \limits_{\text{i=1}}^{\text{N}}{({\text{T}}_{\text{i}}-\overline{\text{T}})}^{2}} $
式中:COVT为大米饭团的温度均匀系数;N为大米饭团内温度取点位置的数量;Ti为大米饭团内各取点位置的温度值,℃;T为大米饭团内各取点位置的平均温度值,℃。
水分分布状态的测定参照沙文轩等[7]的方法稍作修改:取5 g样品置于直径4 cm的核磁管底部,再放入核磁共振仪中,采用CPMG序列对样品中自旋-自旋弛豫时间T2进行测定。参数条件为:主频SF为20 MHz,偏移频率O1为679381.68 Hz,采样频率SW为200 kHz,采样点数TD为79996个,采样间隔时间TW为2000 ms,回波个数NECH为4000个,回波时间TE为0.100 ms,累加次数NS为8次。
质构特性的测定参考张馨允[8]的方法并稍作修改。取15 g米饭于铝盒中,使用500 g圆柱形砝码镇压米饭15 s,使得米饭表面平整、内部密度大体一致。将装有米饭的铝盒放置在质构仪载物台上,使用P/36R探头进行TPA测试,感应元为1000 N,测定参数为测前速度1.00 mm/s,测试速度1.00 mm/s,测后速度2.00 mm/s;触发力1.5 N,压缩比为50.0%;2次压缩间隔时间为5.00 s。
短程有序结构的测定参照Tu等[9]的方法,将冷冻干燥后的样品粉碎后过100目筛,再与溴化钾以1:100(w/w)的比例混合,研磨均匀后用压片机压片,采用傅里叶红外光谱仪进行分析。样品测试前,进行空气背景扫描,去除干扰因素。光谱扫描范围为4000~400 cm−1。以1049/1022 cm−1处的吸光度比值来代表大米饭团中米饭的短程有序度。
结晶性质的测定参照Zhang等[10]的方法并略作改动,将所制得的样品进行冷冻干燥后粉碎,过200目筛,得米粉样品。用X射线衍射仪对米粉样品进行扫描,衍射角范围为5°~40°,扫描速率为5°/min。
挥发性成分的测定参照Fu等[11]的方法并略作修改。使用气相离子迁移谱联用仪(GC-IMS)对大米饭团复热后的挥发性成分进行测定。称取样品2 g置于20 mL顶空瓶中,孵化温度为80 ℃,孵化转速为500 r/min,孵化时间为20 min。顶空进样针温度为85 ℃,进样体积为500 μL。载气/漂移气为氮气,分析时间为30 min。具体程序如下:0~2 min,2 mL/min;2~10 min,2~10 mL/min;10~20 min,10~100 mL/min;20~30 min,100~150 mL/min。IMS 探测器温度为45 ℃,分析时间为30 min。
所有图表均以Origin 2021绘制。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 26软件Duncan 检验在5%的显著性水平下对数据进行方差分析(P<0.05)。采用GC×IMS Library Search(内置NIST2014、IMS数据库)对挥发性成分进行定性分析,图谱采用仪器配套软件(LAV)进行基线校正及峰对齐。
表1为不同微波功率条件下冷冻大米饭团中心温度达到目标温度(90 ℃)所需的复热时间。由表可知,随着微波功率的增加,冷冻大米饭团中心温度升至90 ℃左右所需的复热时间依次变短。基于此规律,本研究以表1中各功率对应的复热时间作为依据,进一步对冷冻大米饭团进行微波复热样品制备。
微波复热是通过电磁波使冷冻食品中的水分子高速振荡并剧烈摩擦,将微波能转化为热能,温度升高,从而实现冷冻食品的复热[12]。图2是不同微波条件下大米饭团不同部位温度以及大米饭团COVT的变化。
由图2中柱形图可以看出,在相同微波条件下,大米饭团不同部位的温度具有一定差异,不同部位温度高低排序为:内层>中层>外层;同时可以看出外层温度与其他部位温度存在显著差异(P<0.05),但中层温度与内层温度差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着微波功率的增大,各功率条件下的大米饭团中层、内层的温度无显著变化(P>0.05),但当微波功率从420 W升至560 W后,大米饭团外层的温度从94.88 ℃显著减小到88.10 ℃(P<0.05),从而导致大米饭团内外层的温差增大,这一结果表明微波功率过高会导致大米饭团温度的不均匀性变大,与图中COVT折线图呈现的趋势一致;此现象同时表明,微波复热会使大米饭团内部存在一定的温度梯度。在复热初期大米饭团外层吸收的微波能量较多,升温较快;加热到后期时冰已全部融化成水,由于外层温度升高后水分蒸发,对微波的吸收减少,而内层水分在吸收微波时具有更高的能量密度且热量不容易散失,因此导致大米饭团内层温度比外层温度高;这一研究结果与陈卫等[13]对于冷冻馒头的研究结果一致。赵学伟等[14]对100 g馒头采用100%微波炉功率复热时,发现在复热过程中外层升温速度先快后慢,中心温度升温速度先慢后快,在复热后期馒头中心温度最高,而外层温度最低,本研究结果与之一致。
温度均匀性系数是一种用来描述温度场均匀性和离散度的指标;温度均匀性系数等于特定空间区域内温度的变化幅度与该区域内平均温度之比;温度均匀系数越小,表示经微波复热后样品的温度均匀性越好[15],样品各部位温度差异小,其内部水分迁移速率低,对复热样品影响越小[16]。从图2中COVT折线图可以看出,随着微波功率的增大,大米饭团COVT呈现先降低后升高的趋势;当微波功率为420 W时,COVT值(0.013)达到最低,当微波功率增大至560、700 W时,COVT值升至0.045、0.054,大米饭团温度均匀性变差。由于使用高功率复热时,微波输出是连续性的,大米饭团吸收的微波能量更多,中心温度上升更快,热点区域集中更明显;而使用低功率档进行复热时,微波输出是间歇性的,大米饭团内部的热传导效应增加,因此加热比较均匀[5,13,17]。微波功率为420 W时,大米饭团的COVT最小,表明其整体的温度均匀性最好。
由于大米饭团内外层温度具有显著差异(P<0.05),因此后续研究将以大米饭团外层和内层为对象进行性能表征,研究不同微波功率对大米饭团内外层品质的影响规律。
图3为不同微波功率处理后的大米饭团内外层的横向弛豫时间(T2)分布图,所有样品的T2分布图中均出现了代表强结合水、弱结合水和自由水三种水分状态特征峰。表2为不同微波功率对大米饭团内外层水分分布的影响。由表可以看出,新鲜大米饭团中内外层的自由水比例差异不显著(P>0.05),随着微波功率从140 W增大到700 W,大米饭团外层的T21、T22、T23值整体呈现增大的趋势,说明水分子的自由度升高;大米饭团内层的T21、T22、T23值整体呈现减小的趋势,说明水分子的自由度降低。另外,大米饭团外层的A21、A22值整体呈现减小的趋势,而A23值从81.94%显著增大到83.28%(P<0.05);大米饭团内层则与之相反,A21、A22值整体呈现增大的趋势,而A23值从81.50%显著减小到79.77%(P<0.05)。
以上现象表明,随着微波功率增大,大米饭团外层的自由水比例上升,而大米饭团内层的自由水比例下降。这是因为在微波作用下大米饭团内层蒸汽压高于外层,内层水分沿蒸汽压梯度向外层迁移;微波复热的过程中,电磁波使水分子高速振荡并剧烈摩擦,将微波能转化为热能,温度升高,因此从热能影响水分分布的角度进行分析,大米饭团外层温度升高后,分子运动速度加快,一方面水分蒸发,向空气中扩散,一方面接收由内部迁移而来的水分获得补充,因此失水率相对较低,而越靠近大米饭团中心的位置,热量越不易散失,温度越高,此时水分逐渐向外迁移,当大米饭团内层水分向外迁移后,不会获得水分补充,导致其失水率相对较高[13]。
微波加热过程中存在水分流失和再分配的问题,可能的原因包括:第一是在冻结过程中饭团内部组织受到损坏,持水能力减弱,导致在微波加热时水分析出;第二是由于饭团的微波复热是一个与外界进行热量传递的过程,因此会产生饭团中水分蒸发的现象[18−19]。随着微波功率的增大,大米饭团内层温度上升更快,热点区域集中更明显,水分损失加快。林向阳等[20]通过磁共振成像研究了冷冻馒头复热过程中的水分迁移,发现到复热后期馒头内层水分吸收的微波能量更高,温度迅速升高,随后热量从内层向外层扩散,促使水分向馒头的表层迁移,本研究结果与之相似。
表3为不同微波功率条件下大米饭团内外层质构特性差异。由表中数据可以看到,新鲜大米饭团的内外层样品质构特性无显著差异(P>0.05)。
随着微波功率的增大,大米饭团同一部位的硬度和咀嚼性呈现增大的趋势,微波功率在140~560 W之间时,大米饭团外、内层的硬度分别从81.49、84.11 N增大到92.00、94.95 N,咀嚼性分别从75.83、90.07 mJ增大到90.98、107.07 mJ。韩文芳等[21]通过不同复热方式处理冷冻馒头,发现相较于蒸汽复热,微波-蒸汽复热引起馒头失水加重,从而导致硬度和咀嚼性增大,弹性和粘聚性减小;而王春霞等[4]研究了不同微波功率加热对馒头质构特性的影响,结果表明微波加热功率越大,馒头硬度越大,弹性、回复性越差;在较低功率下,馒头硬度相对较小,弹性、回复性较高,本研究结果与之相似。
微波复热处理所有样品内层和外层的粘附性无显著差异(P>0.05),而硬度、弹性和咀嚼性在复热后均显著增大(P<0.05),且内层明细高于外层。这可能是由于在微波复热过程中,水分子高速剧烈摩擦将微波能转换为热能,导致大米饭团温度升高,并且大米饭团内外层温度分布不均,内层温度高于外层温度,形成内外层蒸气压差,促使内层水分子向外层迁移;且微波复热促使大米饭团水分重新分配,外层水分向空气中蒸发逸散,外层大米饭团在损失水分的同时,不断接收到内层水分迁移的水分补充,外层自由水含量比例升高,所以相对柔软,而此时内层水分向外层迁移的同时,无法获取新的水分来源,造成内层自由水含量比例降低,导致大米饭团内部变硬。基于此两点原因,大米饭团内层的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性始终大于外层。对比各功率条件下内外层硬度和咀嚼性的差值分析,随着微波功率的变化,大米饭团内外层硬度指标的差值分别为2.62、4.86、4.92、2.95和2.92 N,内外层咀嚼性指标的差值分别为14.24、18.12、18.46、16.09和24.03 mJ。结合大米饭团适口性要求和加热效率来考虑,560 W时大米饭团内外层硬度和咀嚼性差值均相对较小,说明该微波功率下复热的大米饭团内外层口感均一,且加热时长较短,更符合快节奏生活的需求。
图4(A)和图4(C)分别展示了不同微波功率条件下大米饭团内层和外层傅里叶红外光谱图。从图中可以观察到,在不同微波功率复热处理后,大米饭团内外层的吸收光谱中均未出现新的吸收峰。这一结果表明,在所研究的微波功率范围内,大米饭团的内外层样品均未发生化学反应,也未形成新的化合物。为进一步深入分析大米饭团内外层样品的微观结构特征,本研究对吸收光谱进行了去卷积处理。通过去卷积处理,得到了大米饭团内层和外层的去卷积光谱图(图4(B)和图4(D)),得到了各复热样品在波数1049 cm−1和1022 cm−1处的吸光度值。基于这两处吸光度值的比值,分析大米饭团在微波复热过程中内部结构的有序性变化,评估微波复热对大米饭团结构的影响(表4)。
如表4所示,经过微波复热后大米饭团内层和外层的短程有序度增大。微波处理可能导致大米饭团淀粉分子间或分子内的氢键发生相互作用,氢键的结合方式增多,从而淀粉结晶区的有序结构排列更加紧密[22]。郭卫芸等[23]也研究发现小麦淀粉经微波处理后有序化程度从原来的1.25%增至2.08%。
当微波功率在140~560 W时,随着微波功率的增大,大米饭团外层的R1049/1022值无显著性变化(P>0.05),当微波功率达到700 W时,大米饭团外层淀粉短程有序度显著减小(P<0.05);当微波功率在140~280 W时,随着微波功率的增大,大米饭团内层的R1049/1022值增大,但微波功率达到420 W时,内层淀粉短程有序度显著减小(P<0.05),表明微波功率足够高时会破坏淀粉短程有序结构,减少淀粉短程有序度,Liu等[24]研究结果显示,在高含水量且微波功率足够高时,米饭的短程有序度会有一定的降低。
图5为不同微波功率下大米饭团X射线衍射图谱,在2θ=7°、13°和20°处均呈现衍射峰,表现为V型晶体结构;在2θ=17°左右出现的微弱衍射峰,表现为B型晶体结构,图谱中各样品的衍射峰无明显变化。Cheng等[25]研究了微波加热对冷藏米饭的影响,结果表明与冷藏1 d后的米饭相比,微波加热后的米饭中B型晶体含量较低,V型晶体含量基本不变,说明微波加热破坏了部分B型晶体结构,但不影响V型晶体结构。但在该研究中,B型晶体结构特征峰较弱,原因是米饭含水量较高时,过多的水可能会使淀粉链重排困难,难以形成B型结晶[24]。
不同微波复热后样品的相对结晶度如表5所示,相较于新鲜大米饭团,冷冻24 h的大米饭团的相对结晶度显著增大(P<0.05),并且大米饭团外层相对结晶度大于内层的相对结晶度,主要原因是大米饭团冻藏过程中发生老化,淀粉重结晶,同时大米饭团外层的老化程度更大。经过微波处理后的大米饭团相较于冷冻大米饭团,其相对结晶度有一定程度的减小,说明淀粉颗粒结晶区与无定形区之间的比例发生变化,微波处理进一步破坏了B型晶体结构[25],从而使结晶度降低。但是随着微波功率的增大,大米饭团内外层的淀粉相对结晶度无显著差异(P>0.05),说明在不同微波功率水平下进行加热不会显著改变淀粉的晶体结构。
不同微波功率下大米饭团内外层GC-IMS指纹图谱和挥发性成分见图6、表6,大米饭团样品中一共鉴定出28种挥发性风味物质,包括醇类8种、醛类6种、酯类3种、酮类7种、吡嗪类1种、烃类3种,这些物质共同构成了大米饭团的典型风味特征[26]。指纹图谱中挥发性物质信号峰颜色的深浅代表各挥发性物质浓度的变化。醇醛类物质是大米饭团中起关键作用的风味物质之一,醛醇类化合物一般是脂质的降解产物,都具有香气,羰基化合物可以产生原生的、浓郁的香味,而挥发性醇产生品质较为柔和的气味,因此大米饭团整体风味为浓郁芳香[27]。醛类物质主要是由脂质氧化产生的,具有脂肪气味,其含量过高会产生酸败味;酮类物质主要来自不饱和脂肪酸的氧化或氨基酸降解,多数具有清香气味,包含花果香,香味优异持久;酯类物质主要是脂肪氧化产生的醇同游离脂肪酸发生酯化反应形成的;烃类物质主要由脂肪酸烷氧自由基的均裂产生,这些物质浓度的升高意味着微波复热过程中较高的温度加速了各种反应的进行[28−30]。
结合图6和表6进行分析,在新鲜大米饭团中,具有类似水果芳香气味的乙酸异丙酯浓度最大,而在微波复热后大米饭团样品中此挥发性物质的浓度出现大幅度降低,说明微波处理造成了乙酸异丙酯的损失。A区域中部分挥发性风味物质在经140 W微波处理的大米饭团中浓度最大,而随着微波功率的增大,这些风味物质浓度会减少;其中这部分风味成分主要包含具有强烈油脂气味的壬醛,具有桉树、草药、樟脑味的桉叶油醇,具有坚果香、霉香、烤香、壤香味的2-甲基吡嗪等,且在140 W时,这部分风味物质颜色深,此时这些物质浓度高,易产生令人不悦的气味。B区域中的具有杂醇油气味的1-戊醇和具有甜味的2-乙基己醇在新鲜大米饭团及经过280 W微波功率处理的大米饭团中的浓度更大,表明低功率微波处理可以减少部分香气成分的流失;此外,从B区域中可以明显看出,大米饭团内层和外层之间的挥发性成分呈现出一定差异性,且内层挥发性成分的浓度更高,在微波复热过程中风味物质保留较好,如具有发酵味和酸奶味的戊醛、奶油香味的2,3-戊二酮在大米饭团内层中的浓度更高。大米饭团内外层挥发性成分的差异性变化表明,复热过程中大米饭团温度的不均匀性会导致不同部位发生不同程度的氧化分解反应。随着微波功率的增大,C区域中具有青草气味的正己醛、果香和清香味的2-丁酮的浓度逐渐降低,说明随着微波过程中温度的升高,产生的蒸发效应可能导致部分挥发性物质含量降低[31]。560 W微波功率下,D区域具有水果香味的乙酸乙酯、刺激性气味的丁醛、特殊香味的5-壬酮、芳香气味的1,2-二甲苯的浓度与对照组相比显著增强。这可能与微波功率增大,饭团整体升温速度快有关。在所有微波功率条件下,560 W微波功率的大米饭团在A、C、D区域中呈现出的内外层风味浓度差异最小,含量较为接近。280、420和560 W等微波功率条件下在A区域的挥发性成分与对照组较为接近,说明这三个条件复热后的大米饭团中这一部分的挥发性成分最接近新鲜饭团。
本研究以新鲜大米饭团作为对照组,系统考察了不同微波复热功率对冷冻大米饭团品质特性的影响。在试验设计范围内,420 W时大米饭团内部温度均匀性最佳;同时微波复热使大米饭团内外层硬度和咀嚼性差异变大,在560 W微波功率下,大米饭团内外层质构硬度和咀嚼性差异值相对较小,口感较均一。淀粉结构分析显示,冷冻复热后大米饭团中淀粉有序性增大、结晶度减少;随着微波功率的增大,大米饭团外层淀粉结晶度呈现增大趋势,而内层无显著变化(P>0.05),短程有序度仅在微波功率较高时减小。在所有微波功率梯度条件下,560 W微波功率的大米饭团呈现出内外层风味浓度差异最小,挥发性成分含量较为接近。综合各指标,为使大米饭团复热后的品质较好,且符合现代快节奏生活的需求,560 W功率、110 s复热时间可实现冷冻大米饭团品质的最优化平衡。本研究为冷冻大米饭团流通过程中终端消费品质的维持提供理论依据与实践参考,然而在冷冻饭团的复热食用中,常常与贮藏紧密联系,本研究缺少微波复热对不同贮藏时间饭团品质影响的研究,这将对未来冷冻大米饭团的进一步研究提供实际性指导。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070054
  • 接收时间:2025-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-08
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    1武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430048
    2大宗粮油精深加工省部共建教育部重点实验室,湖北武汉 430048
    3海南省粮油科学研究所,海南琼海 571400

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贾喜午(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:谷物新资源开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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