Article(id=1261343857413841367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040286, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745251200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657410243, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657410243, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657410242, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657410242, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=230, endPage=239, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343861268406774, articleId=1261343857413841367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Pretreatment Methods on the Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Soluble Dietary Fiber from Millet Bran, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the effects of different pretreatment methods on the structure and physicochemical properties of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from millet bran and to achieve its high-value utilization. This study used millet bran as the raw material and SDF yield as the indicator. Single-factor and orthogonal experiments were employed to determine the optimal pretreatment conditions for the different pretreatment methods (ultrasound, superfine grinding, and ultrasound-superfine grinding combination). The effects of different treatment methods on the structure and physicochemical characteristics of millet bran SDF were analyzed by measuring indicators such as monosaccharide composition, molecular weight distribution, infrared spectra, internal particle structure, micro-morphology, thermogravimetric, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, swelling capacity, and solubility. The results showed that under the conditions of grinding particle size of 800 mesh, solid-liquid ratio of 1:40 (g/mL), ultrasonic power of 330 W, and ultrasonic time of 50 min, the highest SDF yield of millet bran reached 20.44%±0.17%, representing a 2.68-fold increase in yield. Compared with conventional grinding, ultrasound, and superfine grinding, their combination altered the relative content of monosaccharide components in millet bran SDF. The combination of both methods increased the proportion of high molecular weight components to 45.42%, forming a loose and porous structure on the crystal surface, and had the most obvious effect on reducing its orderliness and thermal stability. Meanwhile, analysis of physicochemical characteristics indicated that the ultrasound-superfine grinding combination significantly improved the water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, swelling capacity, and solubility of millet bran SDF (P<0.05). Therefore, the combined treatment of ultrasound and superfine grinding enhances the physicochemical characteristics by improving its structure, thereby improving the processing performance and increasing the potential utilization value of millet bran SDF.

, correspAuthors=Dongjie ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shanshan LI, Guifang ZHANG, Dongjie ZHANG, Hangqing ZHOU, Ying LI, Chang LIU, Rong ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343891375121247, articleId=1261343857413841367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=小米麸皮不同前处理方式对其可溶性膳食纤维结构及理化性质的影响, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同前处理方式对小米麸皮可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)结构及理化性质的影响,实现其高值化利用。本研究以小米麸皮为原料,SDF得率为指标,借助单因素和正交试验确定不同处理方法(超声波、超微粉碎、超声波-超微粉碎联用)的最佳前处理条件;通过检测小米麸皮SDF的单糖组成、相对分子质量分布、红外光谱、内部颗粒结构、微观形貌、热重、持水力、持油力、膨胀力和溶解力等指标,分析不同处理方法对小米麸皮SDF结构和理化特性的影响。结果表明,在粉碎粒径为800目,料液比为1:40(g/mL)、超声功率为330 W、超声时间为50 min的条件下,小米麸皮SDF得率最高为20.44%±0.17%,得率提升2.68倍。相较于普通粉碎,超声波、超微粉碎以及两者联用改变了小米麸皮SDF的单糖组分相对含量,两者联用增加高分子量组分的占比至45.42%,使其晶体表面形成既疏松又多孔的结构,最大程度地降低其有序性和热稳定性。同时理化性质分析表明,超声波-超微粉碎联用对小米麸皮SDF的持水力、持油力、膨胀力及溶解力具有显著提高效果(P<0.05)因此,超声波和超微粉碎联合处理通过改善其结构提升理化性质,从而提高小米麸皮SDF的加工性能,增加其潜在利用价值。

, correspAuthors=张东杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张东杰(1966−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品质量与安全,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+GmZ3sSxi9ibid4KeFwGbA==, magXml=nkUruHSuRrSVWTtYl2+8ZQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=r+1NSAxXmhMzuVTN4aLqWg==, pdfFileSize=6392295, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=XcBSMp7WjvJet8ZkbW7XYQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Nl+tUJ0o//1UOTKmFOZCsA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李珊珊(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:

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李珊珊(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:

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李珊珊(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:

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注:不同小写字母表示有显著差异(P<0.05),图2图8同。

, figureFileSmall=hk0hB/xKy9SVABSkNh54Gw==, figureFileBig=XcBSMp7WjvJet8ZkbW7XYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343949181018368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343857413841367, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different pretreatment methods on the SDF yield of millet bran, figureFileSmall=nezTxMmBZBTLkchHsJ8MKA==, figureFileBig=aSUbNDwpY5PzC0Kz0YtTQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343949646586115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343857413841367, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同前处理方式对小米麸皮SDF得率的影响, figureFileSmall=nezTxMmBZBTLkchHsJ8MKA==, figureFileBig=aSUbNDwpY5PzC0Kz0YtTQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343950460281098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343857413841367, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Gel chromatograms of millet bran SDF with different pretreatment methods, figureFileSmall=ZogC2rhtlAPYMUvCrwDliA==, figureFileBig=Vch1NpfJJeqZgX5AINGWcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343952637124888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343857413841367, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同前处理方式下小米麸皮SDF的凝胶色谱图

注:a:MSDF;b:U-MSDF;c:S-MSDF;d:SU-MSDF。

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Factor level design of orthogonal test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平A料液比(g/mL)B超声功率(W)C超声时间(min)D空白
11:20330401
21:30420502
31:40510603
), ArticleFig(id=1261343961831039364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343857413841367, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正交试验因素水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平A料液比(g/mL)B超声功率(W)C超声时间(min)D空白
11:20330401
21:30420502
31:40510603
), ArticleFig(id=1261343962992861584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343857413841367, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

L9(34) orthogonal test scheme and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABCD(空白)SDF得率(%)
1111113.67
2122214.11
3133313.59
4212316.89
5223116.43
6231216.29
7313220.03
8321319.82
9332120.38
K141.3850.6049.8050.49
K249.6250.3751.3850.44
K360.2450.2750.0550.31
k113.7916.8716.6016.83
k216.5416.7917.1316.81
k320.0816.7616.6816.77
R6.290.110.530.06
), ArticleFig(id=1261343963831722391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343857413841367, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

L9(34)正交试验方案及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABCD(空白)SDF得率(%)
1111113.67
2122214.11
3133313.59
4212316.89
5223116.43
6231216.29
7313220.03
8321319.82
9332120.38
K141.3850.6049.8050.49
K249.6250.3751.3850.44
K360.2450.2750.0550.31
k113.7916.8716.6016.83
k216.5416.7917.1316.81
k320.0816.7616.6816.77
R6.290.110.530.06
), ArticleFig(id=1261343964418924958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343857413841367, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Monosaccharide composition and content of SDF in millet bran under different pretreatment methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类分组
MSDFU-MSDFS-MSDFSU-MSDF
注:表中数据表示各组成单糖的百分比,不同字母表示不同条件下小米麸皮SDF单糖含量差异显著(P<0.05)。
甘露糖25.40±0.53a18.34±0.40b10.46±0.17c7.59±0.23d
氨基葡萄糖2.43±0.04b3.24±0.11a2.09±0.05c2.07±0.06c
核糖1.55±0.02c2.12±0.05a1.94±0.07b1.68±0.05c
鼠李糖2.45±0.07b2.11±0.01c2.65±0.02a2.66±0.05a
葡萄糖醛酸2.52±0.06a1.74±0.07c2.22±0.12b2.33±0.03ab
半乳糖醛酸5.55±0.10a2.35±0.07c2.56±0.29c2.86±0.02b
氨基半乳糖0.20±0.01a0.20±0.03a0.17±0.06a0.17±0.04a
葡萄糖12.79±0.58b16.20±0.60a15.30±0.17a15.90±0.27a
半乳糖21.96±0.55a19.72±0.28b21.36±0.39a21.39±0.23a
木糖5.60±0.11b5.23±0.20b11.69±0.15a12.56±0.14a
阿拉伯糖18.85±0.73b27.91±0.52a28.68±0.39a29.87±1.08a
岩藻糖0.70±0.02a0.83±0.01a0.91±0.02a0.91±0.04a
), ArticleFig(id=1261343966365082023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343857413841367, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同前处理方式下小米麸皮SDF的单糖组成及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类分组
MSDFU-MSDFS-MSDFSU-MSDF
注:表中数据表示各组成单糖的百分比,不同字母表示不同条件下小米麸皮SDF单糖含量差异显著(P<0.05)。
甘露糖25.40±0.53a18.34±0.40b10.46±0.17c7.59±0.23d
氨基葡萄糖2.43±0.04b3.24±0.11a2.09±0.05c2.07±0.06c
核糖1.55±0.02c2.12±0.05a1.94±0.07b1.68±0.05c
鼠李糖2.45±0.07b2.11±0.01c2.65±0.02a2.66±0.05a
葡萄糖醛酸2.52±0.06a1.74±0.07c2.22±0.12b2.33±0.03ab
半乳糖醛酸5.55±0.10a2.35±0.07c2.56±0.29c2.86±0.02b
氨基半乳糖0.20±0.01a0.20±0.03a0.17±0.06a0.17±0.04a
葡萄糖12.79±0.58b16.20±0.60a15.30±0.17a15.90±0.27a
半乳糖21.96±0.55a19.72±0.28b21.36±0.39a21.39±0.23a
木糖5.60±0.11b5.23±0.20b11.69±0.15a12.56±0.14a
阿拉伯糖18.85±0.73b27.91±0.52a28.68±0.39a29.87±1.08a
岩藻糖0.70±0.02a0.83±0.01a0.91±0.02a0.91±0.04a
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小米麸皮不同前处理方式对其可溶性膳食纤维结构及理化性质的影响
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李珊珊 1 , 张桂芳 1, 2, 3 , 张东杰 *, 1, 2, 3 , 周航庆 1 , 李莹 1 , 刘畅 1 , 朱蓉 1
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(9): 230-239
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食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026, 47(9): 230-239
小米麸皮不同前处理方式对其可溶性膳食纤维结构及理化性质的影响
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李珊珊1 , 张桂芳1, 2, 3, 张东杰*, 1, 2, 3 , 周航庆1, 李莹1, 刘畅1, 朱蓉1
作者信息
  • 1.黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319
  • 2.黑龙江八一农垦大学国家杂粮工程技术研究中心,黑龙江省大庆 163319
  • 3.黑龙江省农产品加工与质量安全重点实验室,黑龙江大庆 163319
  • 李珊珊(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:

通讯作者:

张东杰(1966−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品质量与安全,E-mail:
Effects of Different Pretreatment Methods on the Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Soluble Dietary Fiber from Millet Bran
Shanshan LI1 , Guifang ZHANG1, 2, 3, Dongjie ZHANG*, 1, 2, 3 , Hangqing ZHOU1, Ying LI1, Chang LIU1, Rong ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science, Heilongjing Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
  • 2.National Coarse Cereal Engineering Research Center, Heilongjing Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing and Quality Safety of Heilongjiang Provincial, Daqing 163319, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040286
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为探究不同前处理方式对小米麸皮可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)结构及理化性质的影响,实现其高值化利用。本研究以小米麸皮为原料,SDF得率为指标,借助单因素和正交试验确定不同处理方法(超声波、超微粉碎、超声波-超微粉碎联用)的最佳前处理条件;通过检测小米麸皮SDF的单糖组成、相对分子质量分布、红外光谱、内部颗粒结构、微观形貌、热重、持水力、持油力、膨胀力和溶解力等指标,分析不同处理方法对小米麸皮SDF结构和理化特性的影响。结果表明,在粉碎粒径为800目,料液比为1:40(g/mL)、超声功率为330 W、超声时间为50 min的条件下,小米麸皮SDF得率最高为20.44%±0.17%,得率提升2.68倍。相较于普通粉碎,超声波、超微粉碎以及两者联用改变了小米麸皮SDF的单糖组分相对含量,两者联用增加高分子量组分的占比至45.42%,使其晶体表面形成既疏松又多孔的结构,最大程度地降低其有序性和热稳定性。同时理化性质分析表明,超声波-超微粉碎联用对小米麸皮SDF的持水力、持油力、膨胀力及溶解力具有显著提高效果(P<0.05)因此,超声波和超微粉碎联合处理通过改善其结构提升理化性质,从而提高小米麸皮SDF的加工性能,增加其潜在利用价值。

小米麸皮  /  可溶性膳食纤维  /  结构表征  /  理化性质

To explore the effects of different pretreatment methods on the structure and physicochemical properties of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from millet bran and to achieve its high-value utilization. This study used millet bran as the raw material and SDF yield as the indicator. Single-factor and orthogonal experiments were employed to determine the optimal pretreatment conditions for the different pretreatment methods (ultrasound, superfine grinding, and ultrasound-superfine grinding combination). The effects of different treatment methods on the structure and physicochemical characteristics of millet bran SDF were analyzed by measuring indicators such as monosaccharide composition, molecular weight distribution, infrared spectra, internal particle structure, micro-morphology, thermogravimetric, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, swelling capacity, and solubility. The results showed that under the conditions of grinding particle size of 800 mesh, solid-liquid ratio of 1:40 (g/mL), ultrasonic power of 330 W, and ultrasonic time of 50 min, the highest SDF yield of millet bran reached 20.44%±0.17%, representing a 2.68-fold increase in yield. Compared with conventional grinding, ultrasound, and superfine grinding, their combination altered the relative content of monosaccharide components in millet bran SDF. The combination of both methods increased the proportion of high molecular weight components to 45.42%, forming a loose and porous structure on the crystal surface, and had the most obvious effect on reducing its orderliness and thermal stability. Meanwhile, analysis of physicochemical characteristics indicated that the ultrasound-superfine grinding combination significantly improved the water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, swelling capacity, and solubility of millet bran SDF (P<0.05). Therefore, the combined treatment of ultrasound and superfine grinding enhances the physicochemical characteristics by improving its structure, thereby improving the processing performance and increasing the potential utilization value of millet bran SDF.

millet bran  /  soluble dietary fiber  /  structural characterization  /  physicochemical characteristics
李珊珊, 张桂芳, 张东杰, 周航庆, 李莹, 刘畅, 朱蓉. 小米麸皮不同前处理方式对其可溶性膳食纤维结构及理化性质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 230 -239 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040286
Shanshan LI, Guifang ZHANG, Dongjie ZHANG, Hangqing ZHOU, Ying LI, Chang LIU, Rong ZHU. Effects of Different Pretreatment Methods on the Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Soluble Dietary Fiber from Millet Bran[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 230 -239 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040286
小米麸皮是小米加工过程中的副产物,富含蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质、维生素、纤维素和半纤维素等营养物质,其膳食纤维(Dietary fiber,DF)含量达50%~60%[1],根据DF的溶解特性可分为可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)和不溶性膳食纤维(Insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)[2]。研究表明,SDF具有调节肠道蠕动节律,改善便秘或腹泻等肠道功能异常问题;调节肠道菌群平衡;能够降低血糖与胆固醇浓度,预防肥胖;减少胰岛素的分泌量等生物活性[35]。因其具有优良的生理功能与生理活性,成为研究热点。小米麸皮是一种优质天然SDF的来源,具有极高的加工潜力。目前仅有小部分小米麸皮被用来制作动物饲料,绝大部分小米麸皮被丢弃,造成环境污染和资源浪费,其合理开发利用对提高农产品附加值、减少资源浪费具有重大意义[6]
目前国内外提取SDF的方法主要包括物理法、化学法和生物酶法,物理方法提取效率低,不适合工业化生产,化学方法虽然操作简单,成本低,但易降低SDF的品质,并造成化学试剂残留,生物酶法作为一种温和、高效且具有高度选择性的方法,在SDF制备中占据重要地位[7]。近年来,超声波、超微粉碎等新兴技术应运而生,并展现出独特优势。超声波技术凭借其空化效应、机械效应等,能在短时间内破坏植物细胞壁结构,打开通道,加速细胞内物质的溶出,提高SDF得率[8]。此外,超声波技术还可分解多糖的复杂结构,诱导-OH、-COOH等极性基团暴露,减弱表面疏水性,改善功能和理化性质[9]。超微粉碎技术则可减小物料粒径,将物料细化至微米甚至纳米级别,极大地增加物料的比表面积,提高得率及改善物化性质[10]。将超声波、超微粉碎预处理方法与酶法有机结合,有望进一步提高小米麸皮SDF的得率,改善其理化特性。深入探究超声波-超微粉碎-酶法制备的小米麸皮SDF的理化特性,如溶解性、持水性、膨胀性等,以及对其结构进行精准表征,包括微观形态、化学组成、分子结构等方面,不仅可为小米麸皮的高值化利用提供坚实的理论支撑,还能为功能性食品配料的开发开辟新路径。
本研究在传统酶法提取工艺基础上,应用4种物理前处理方式,包括普通粉碎、超声波处理、超微粉碎以及超声波与超微粉碎的联合处理,以小米麸皮SDF得率为指标,通过单因素实验和正交试验,确定最佳前处理条件。运用光谱分析、液相色谱及显微观察等多种现代技术手段,从分子结构、理化性能、微观形态等多个层面与角度,系统且全面地剖析不同前处理方式对小米麸皮SDF的理化特性及结构表征产生的影响。该研究旨在通过科学实验数据,为小米麸皮资源的高值化开发与综合利用提供扎实的实验依据和理论支撑。
小米麸皮 黑龙江省大庆市肇州县托古小米厂;耐高温α-淀粉酶(40 U/mg)、中性蛋白酶(50 U/mg)、淀粉葡萄糖苷酶(10万 U/mg) 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;石油醚、无水乙醇 辽宁泉瑞试剂有限公司;溴化钾(光谱纯) 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司;实验所用试剂均为分析纯。
WZJ-6 BI低温振动式超微粉碎机 济南倍力粉体工程技术有限公司;RE-52 AA旋转蒸发器 上海亚荣生化仪器厂;SHZ-D(Ⅲ)循环水式真空泵 巩义市予华仪器有限公司;KDN-18全自动凯氏定氮仪 上海纤检仪器有限公司;Pro-4055真空冷冻干燥机 南京金实仪器设备有限公司;SB 25-12 DTD超声波清洗机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;Agilent 1100高效液相色谱仪 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;ICS 3000离子色谱仪 美国戴安公司;Nicoletis 50傅立叶变换红外光谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;XRD-6100X射线衍射仪 日本岛津公司;SU 8600冷场发射扫描电镜 配有ultimax 40牛津能谱分析仪,日本日立公司;STA 2500 A-0048同步热分析仪、NETZSCH 3500差示扫描量热仪 德国耐驰公司;Waters 2695高效液相色谱仪(配2410示差折光检测器和Empower工作站) 美国沃特世公司。
脱脂处理:取一定质量的小米麸皮,加入料液比1:5(g/mL)的石油醚,在25 ℃条件下浸泡60 min,通过真空抽滤收集滤渣,重复脱脂操作3次,并用90%乙醇洗净残留石油醚后干燥。
小米麸皮SDF提取方法:参考张荣等[11]的方法,并略作修改,取一定量脱脂小米麸皮(按5.00 g计),进行不同方法的前处理(普通粉碎、超声波、超微粉碎、超声波-超微粉碎),加入一定比例的去离子水,使用1 mol/L HCl和1 mol/L NaOH溶液将体系pH调节至5.5;加入0.50 g耐高温α-淀粉酶,在95 ℃水浴条件下反应40 min,以碘液检测至体系不变蓝,表明淀粉水解完全;将体系pH调至7.0,加入0.50 g中性蛋白酶,于45 ℃水浴反应60 min;将体系pH调节至4.5,加入0.50 mL淀粉葡萄糖苷酶,在63 ℃水浴中反应50 min。酶解反应结束后,沸水浴15 min灭酶。冷却至室温,超滤,离心(4000 r/min,20 min),取上清液旋转蒸发浓缩至原体积的1/4,加入4倍体积的95%乙醇溶液于4 ℃沉淀12 h,离心(4000 r/min,20 min),收集沉淀并冷冻干燥24 h,制得小米麸皮SDF。
参照国标GB 5009.88-2023测不同粒径小米麸皮SDF含量,按公式(1)计算小米麸皮SDF得率。
$\rm R(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}}\times 100 $
式中:R为小米麸皮SDF的得率,%;m1为干燥后的小米麸皮SDF质量,g;m0为脱脂小米麸皮样品的质量,g。
将脱脂小米麸皮在4 ℃条件下,粉碎分别过50、100、200、400和800目筛,分别取相同质量的小米麸皮,加入料液比为1:30(g/mL)的去离子水,置于超声波清洗仪中,调节功率为420 W,清洗时间为30 min,采用1.2.1的提取方法,探究粒径对小米麸皮SDF得率的影响。
称取5份等质量800目的脱脂小米麸皮,分别加入料液比为1:10、1:20、1:30、1:40、1:50(g/mL)的离子水,置于超声波清洗仪中,调节功率为420 W,清洗时间为30 min,采用1.2.1的提取方法,探究料液比对小米麸皮SDF得率的影响。
称取6份等量800目的脱脂小米麸皮,加入料液比为1:40(g/mL)的去离子水,置于超声波清洗仪中,调节功率分别为0、240、330、420、510和600 W,温度为30 ℃,清洗30 min,采用1.2.1的提取方法,探究超声功率对小米麸皮SDF得率的影响。
称取6份等量800目的脱脂小米麸皮,加入料液比为1:40(g/mL)的去离子水,置于超声波清洗仪中,调节温度为30 ℃,功率为420 W,清洗时间为0、20、30、40、50和60 min,采用1.2.1的提取方法,探究超声时间对小米麸皮SDF得率的影响。
参考匡燕等[12]的方法,略作修改,基于单因素实验结果,以小米麸皮SDF得率为指标,选取液料比、超声功率和超声时间3个因素进行正交试验设计,确定最优前处理条件。正交试验因素水平设计参照表1
基于正交试验结果,对小米麸皮进行普通粉碎(50目,过筛)、超声波(50目,过筛,超声功率为330 W,超声时间为50 min)、超微粉碎(800目,过筛)、超声波联合超微粉碎(800目,过筛,超声功率为330 W,超声时间为50 min)处理,采用1.2.1的提取方法,制备小米麸皮SDF。得到基于超声波处理条件下的小米麸皮SDF(U-MSDF)、基于超微粉碎处理条件下的小米麸皮SDF(S-MSDF)、基于超声波联合超微粉碎处理条件下的小米麸皮SDF(SU-MSDF),以及普通粉碎处理条件下的小米麸皮SDF(MSDF),探究四种处理方法对小米麸皮SDF得率的影响。
参考马定远等[13]的方法,略作修改,具体方法如下。
标准品配制:精密称取适量甘露糖、核糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖等标准品,加水溶解至各标准品质量浓度为50 μg/mL。
衍生化标记:将待测样品置于1 mL具塞试管中,向干燥的试管中依次加入20 μL 1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮溶液(0.5 mol/L甲醇溶液)和20 μL氢氧化钠溶液(0.3 mol/L)混匀后置于70 ℃水浴30 min,室温放置10 min;再加入25 μL盐酸溶液(0.3 mol/L)中和,混匀后用0.5 mL乙酸异戊酯萃取,涡旋2 min,离心(6000 r/min,10 min),弃去有机层,重复操作三次,上清液用于高效液相色谱分析。
色谱条件:色谱柱为Hypersil BOS-C18(5 μm,250×4 mm,Hewlett-Packard);柱温为30 ℃;流速为1.0 mL/min;流动相为溶剂A:15%(V/V)乙腈+50 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH6.9),溶剂B:40%(V/V)乙腈+50 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH6.9);时间梯度为0 min→9 min→25 min,对应溶剂B浓度梯度为0%→10%→55%;检测波长为250 nm;进样体积为20 µL。
样品的水解:精密称取样品1.5 g至5 mL安瓿中,加入2.0 mL 2 mol/L三氟乙酸溶液,封管,110 ℃酸解2 h,干燥箱挥干三氟乙酸,加2.0 mL水复溶。
称取60.00 mg小米麸皮SDF于10 mL容量瓶,用流动相溶解后定容。
高效液相色谱条件[14]:检测器为示差折光检测器;色谱柱为Waters Ultrahydrogel TM Linear(7.8 mm×300 mm);流动相为NaNO3溶液(0.1 mol/L);流速为0.5 mL/min;柱温为40 ℃;进样量为20 μL。
参考XING等[15]方法,分别称取2.00 mg小米麸皮SDF样品与200 mg KBr充分混匀,研磨均匀后,压片,在4000~500 cm−1波数范围内进行扫描。
参考SANG等[16]方法,取适量的SDF在稳定的X射线下测定,测试条件的加速电压为40 kV,衍射角范围为10°~80°,扫描速度为10°/min。
参考ZHOU等[17]方法,SDF喷金后,在加速电压为10 kV、放大倍数为500、1000、20000下观察小米麸皮SDF形貌图像。
参考DU等[18]的方法,取样品5.00~8.00 mg装入氧化铝坩埚,在氮气的保护作用下,以10 ℃/min的升温速率,在35~600 ℃范围内进行分析。
参考ZHANG等[19]方法,分别称取0.20 g小米麸皮SDF样品与20 mL蒸馏水充分混匀,室温下静置2 h,离心10 min(5000 r/min),弃去上清液,收集沉淀物称重。持水力计算如公式(2)所示:
$ \mathrm{持水力}(\text{g/g)}=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}-\text{m}}{\text{m}} $
式中:m为样品干重,g;m1为样品吸水后湿重,g。
参考LIU等[20]方法,分别称取0.10 g小米麸皮SDF样品与5.00 g玉米油充分混匀,室温下静置2 h,离心30 min(8000 r/min),弃去上清液,收集沉淀物称重。持油力计算如公式(3)所示:
$ \text{持油力(g/g)}=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}-\text{m}}{\text{m}} $
式中:m为样品干重,g;m1为样品吸油后湿重,g。
参考YANG等[21]方法,分别称取0.10 g小米麸皮SDF样品与5 mL蒸馏水充分混匀,记录体积,25 ℃静置24 h,记录膨胀后体积。膨胀力计算如公式(4)所示:
$ \mathrm{膨胀力}(\text{mL/g)}=\frac{{\text{V}}_{\text{1}}-\text{V}}{\text{m}} $
式中:m为样品质量,g;V为干样体积,mL;V1为样品膨胀后体积,mL。
参考XIONG等[22]方法,称取0.10 g小米麸皮SDF样品与5 mL蒸馏水充分混匀,再于90 ℃水浴1 h,冷却,离心10 min(8000 r/min)。上清液倒入蒸发皿中,105 ℃烘干至恒重。溶解力计算如公式(5)所示:
$ \text{溶解力(\%)}=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}}{\text{m}}\times 100 $
式中:m为样品质量,g;m0为蒸发皿质量,g;m1为蒸发皿与样品上清液恒重之和,g。
所有实验均进行3次重复,实验数据采用平均值±标准差表示;使用SPSS26.0软件进行单因素方差分析,P<0.05为差异显著;采用DesignExpert13.0软件和Origin10.1软件进行数据分析和绘图。
图1a可知,小米麸皮SDF得率随着粉碎粒径的减小,呈现逐渐增大的趋势。这可能是由于超微粉碎强大的机械力破坏小米麸皮结构,使分子链发生断裂和熔断现象[23],同时极大地增加了小米麸皮的比表面积,促使IDF转变为SDF,当粉碎粒径达到800目时,小米麸皮SDF得率最高为15.30%,考虑到实验成本,且800目已达超微粉标准,因此后续正交试验,选用800目的小米麸皮作为原料。
图1b可知,小米麸皮SDF得率随着料液比升高,呈现先增加后减小的趋势。料液比主要是通过影响体系内的传质推动力进而影响得率。增大料液比在一定程度上会加大传质推动力,使得物料与溶剂充分接触[24],SDF得率显著提高(P<0.05);但随着料液比的持续增加,体系中原料与酶液被进一步稀释,分子相互作用力减弱,反应速率降低,得率也逐渐降低。当料液比为1:40(g/mL)时,小米麸皮SDF得率最高,为16.67%。考虑到后续试验需要大量乙醇沉淀,液体量越大,成本越高,因此,在后续正交试验中,料液比的水平选择1:20、1:30和1:40(g/mL)。
图1c可知,随着超声功率的升高,小米麸皮SDF得率呈现先逐渐增大后下降的趋势,这可能是由于随着功率的增加,超声波产生的空化气泡破裂能量增强,破坏细胞组织,使小米麸皮SDF溶出,当超声功率超过临界值持续增大时,机械效应过强,破坏了小米麸皮SDF的结构,导致得率下降[25],当超声功率为420 W时,小米麸皮SDF得率最高,为16.38%。因此,在后续正交试验中,超声功率水平选择330、420和510 W。
图1d可知,随着超声时间延长,小米麸皮SDF得率呈现先增大后下降的趋势,这可能是因为,开始阶段超声波对细胞壁的剪切作用和产生的热量上升,小米麸皮SDF快速溶出,当作用力过强时,超声波产生的巨大的机械力导致小米麸皮SDF结构被破坏,导致得率显著(P<0.05)下降[26],当超声时间为50 min时,小米麸皮SDF得率最大,为17.25%。因此,在后续正交试验中,超声时间水平选择40、50、60 min。
根据单因素实验结果,选用正交表L9(34)设计试验,具体因素及水平设计见表1,试验方案及结果见表2
根据极差分析结果可得,影响小米麸皮SDF得率的主次顺序为:A(料液比)>C(超声时间)>B(超声功率)。由K值得到小米麸皮SDF的最佳前处理参数组合为A3B1C2,由于该最优组合未在正交表中,应进行验证实验,验证结果显示,在最优工艺参数条件下,小米麸皮SDF得率最高,达到20.54%,显著高于其他组别,说明数据可靠。因此,小米麸皮SDF的最佳前处理条件为:料液比为1:40(g/mL),超声功率为330 W,超声时间为50 min。
图2所示,小米麸皮SDF得率分别为SU-MSDF(20.44%±0.17%)、S-MSDF(14.43%±0.21%)、U-MSDF(11.58%±0.25%)、MSDF(7.63%±0.17%),超微粉碎和超声波单一处理的小米麸皮SDF得率均能显著(P<0.05)提升,这可能是由于超声波和超微粉碎强大的机械力和剪切力将小米麸皮中IDF转化为小米麸皮SDF[27],尤其是SU-MSDF,得率高达20.44%±0.17%,显著(P<0.05)高于MSDF、S-MSDF和U-MSDF。结果表明超微粉碎联合超声波辅助酶法是一种较好的前处理方法。
单糖组成与SDF的理化、功能性质密切相关[28]表3为不同前处理条件下小米麸皮SDF的单糖含量。由表3结果可得,小米麸皮SDF为杂多糖,4种前处理方式得到的SDF单糖组成相同,均检出12种单糖。果胶的典型组成成分为半乳糖、半乳糖醛酸和鼠李糖,半纤维素的组成成分主要包括阿拉伯糖、木糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖[29],小米麸皮SDF中含有的单糖种类,表明果胶和半纤维素可能是小米麸皮SDF的主要组成成分。虽然处理方式均未改变单糖种类,但引起了单糖组成相对含量的改变,具体表现为经处理后的小米麸皮SDF甘露糖与半乳糖醛酸含量减少,而葡萄糖及阿拉伯糖含量增加,其中甘露糖与阿拉伯糖的含量变化尤为显著(P<0.05)。处理方式对单糖组成相对含量的影响由高到低依次为:SU-MSDF>S-MSDF>U-MSDF。由此推断,物理处理手段可通过破坏多糖分子链的糖苷键连接或空间构象,促使特定单糖残基的暴露或释放,进而引起单糖组成比例的重构,其中机械力与空化效应的协同作用对其解构效率最为显著。
图3显示,4种SDF凝胶柱洗脱曲线均有2个洗脱峰,MSDF由22.124 kDa(73.84%)和356.443 kDa(26.16%)组成,U-MSDF由21.852 kDa(71.46%)和363.481 kDa(28.54%)组成,S-MSDF由21.983 kDa(62.75%)和405.332 kDa(37.25%)组成,SU-MSDF由21.542 kDa(54.58%)和387.772 kDa(45.42%)组成。与MSDF相比,其他三个处理组SDF高分子质量组分增加,其中SU-MSDF高分子质量组分占比最大,达到45.42%。这可能是由于超声波和超微粉碎利用强大的机械力和剪切力,使小米麸皮中的IDF转化为SDF[30],而两者联合则会加强其作用力,破坏IDF结构,使更多的SDF溶出。由此可知,不同的前处理方法对小米麸皮SDF的相对分子质量分布产生较大的影响。
图4可知,4种SDF在4000~500 cm−1范围内均有多糖的特征吸收峰,FT-IR光谱特征相似,但吸收峰强度有差异,说明前处理条件不同对小米麸皮SDF的结构有一定的影响。在3399 cm−1附近出现宽而强的吸收峰,主要来自纤维素和半纤维素的-OH拉伸[31]。2938 cm−1处有较弱的吸收峰,是C-H在甲基和亚甲基上伸缩振动引起的,是多糖类物质典型特征吸收峰[32]。1654 cm−1附近的峰是COOR和COO-的C=O的伸缩振动吸收峰,其含有糖醛酸,这是由于果胶中半乳糖醛酸作用所致[33],相较于MSDF,其他3个处理组SDF吸收峰强度减弱,这与单糖组分测定中,不同前处理条件会导致半乳糖醛酸含量减少结果一致。1322~1543 cm−1处的弱峰是典型的C-H键的变角振动峰[34]。1108 cm−1附近的吸收峰是由纤维素和半纤维素C-O-C中C-O拉伸振动产生,表明4种SDF均存在木聚糖和阿拉伯糖。此外823 cm−1是吡喃β型C-H弯曲振动的特征吸收峰[35]
XRD可检测样品内部颗粒的结构变化。由图5可知,4种SDF的衍射图谱均呈现较为弥散的峰形,未出现尖锐的强衍射峰,表明4个处理组可能均具有较低的结晶度,都是由大部分无序的半纤维素、纤维素非结晶区域构成的[36]。与MSDF相比,其他处理组小米麸皮SDF衍射图谱的强度和峰形均有变化,在2θ约为31.92°(S-MSDF)和31.94°(MSDF)处出现了相对明显的衍射峰,而SU-MSDF和U-MSDF在此处峰形更弥散。经过OriginPro2022软件计算出相对结晶度,SU-MSDF(24.23%)<U-MSDF(25.85%)<S-MSDF(26.43%)<MSDF(28.49%)。SU-MSDF的衍射强度在整体范围内相对较低且更平滑,说明超声波协同超微粉碎处理对小米麸皮SDF结构的破坏或无序化程度较高。这些变化可能与处理过程中对小米麸皮SDF的物理作用(如机械力、空化效应等)改变了样品内部的原子或分子排列有关。有研究表明,具有较低结晶度的SDF通常表现出较好的持水性、持油性和吸附能力[37]
表面形貌表征了有机材料的特征,并定义了其物理和化学性质。表面微观结构也是表征聚合物的重要工具。如图6所示,从左到右,依次是在500×、1000×、20000×下的小米麸皮SDF微观结构,膳食纤维的微观形态不仅与其自身特性有关,还可能与不同的提取方法有关[30]。观察扫描电镜图可知,U-MSDF表面粗糙度增加,出现不规则凸起与凹陷,结构致密性降低,颗粒边界开始模糊,表现出初步破碎迹象;S-MSDF颗粒显著细化为碎片状,表面孔隙数量增多,结构疏松度提升,颗粒间连接松散且粒径差异明显;SU-MSDF几乎难以分辨出明显的大颗粒,多为细小的、相互交织的结构单元。这种微观结构特征变化的主要原因可能是超声波的空化效应和超微粉碎的机械力作用,破坏了小米麸皮SDF原有的结构,使表面变得粗糙、孔隙增多、颗粒细化,两者联合作用更明显[3839],这些结构变化可能对样品的物理化学性质产生重要影响。
热重分析可用于表征物质的热稳定性和组分的热分解。如图7所示,4个处理组的热重曲线均表现出相同的热分解趋势,起始失重温度相近,都在100 ℃左右开始失重,这可能是由于聚合物结构中的C-C和C-O键因解聚而断裂,从而形成CO、CO2和H2O。在244 ℃时,4种SDF失重质量均在13.76%左右,表明4种SDF均有较好的热稳定性,可以有效地用于各种食品应用中[40]。在600 ℃时MSDF、U-MSDF、S-MSDF和SU-MSDF的残留质量分别为55.06%、53.57%、51.78%和50.26%,说明超声波和超微粉碎处理均会导致热稳定性降低,两者联合作用更明显,这可能是由于超声波、超微粉碎及两者联合处理可能破坏了小米麸皮SDF原有的分子间作用力和结构,使小米麸皮SDF结构变得疏松或碎片化[41],改变了热重特性。这与扫描电镜、FT-IR光谱及X-射线衍射分析结果一致。
超声和超微粉碎的剪切、空化、湍流等作用使FT-IR图谱中U-MSDF、S-MSDF、SU-MSDF的特征峰强度发生变化,XRD图谱中U-MSDF和SU-MSDF尖锐衍射峰的消失,结晶度降低,改变了小米麸皮SDF结构,SEM微观结构图也证实了这一点,SDF独特的结构特性与其理化及功能性质紧密相关[42],改变小米麸皮SDF结构,其理化性质也随之改变。图8结果表明,经过超声波、超微粉碎、两者联合应用处理后的小米麸皮SDF的持水力、持油力、膨胀力以及溶解力均有显著提升,超声波-超微粉碎联合应用处理效果最显著(P<0.05),分别提升了176.56%、86.97%、502.14%、50.84%。这可能是由于超声波处理使其暴露更多氢键和羟基,增加小米麸皮SDF的亲水性,调整了结晶区和非晶区之间的比例,使得水分子更容易进入SDF内部,提高持水力、持油力、膨胀力和溶解力[43]。超微粉碎减小了小米麸皮SDF的粒径、增大了比表面积,使其形成更加疏松多孔的结构,提高了其理化功能,两者具有协同作用。SEM图中SU-MSDF结构松散多孔,使其暴露了更多的亲水性基团(如极性基团和醛酸基团),吸附更多的油脂和水分,可以有效结合胆固醇,有助于使血液中胆固醇含量稳定在健康水平,并对健康产生积极作用[44]。研究表明,SDF的理化性质提高,例如持水力、持油力、膨胀力等,会增强肠道蠕动力、通便排毒,有助于缓解便秘和改善便秘症状[20,45]
本研究基于小米麸皮SDF展开研究,在单因素实验基础上,通过正交试验设计确定了最优的前处理工艺参数:粉碎粒径为800目,料液比为1:40(g/mL),超声功率为330 W,超声时间为50 min。对比4种不同前处理方法,超声波与超微粉碎联用的处理方式,能够显著提高小米麸皮SDF的得率,效果优于其他单一处理方法。超声波-超微粉碎联用未改变小米麸皮SDF的单糖种类,但可破坏多糖分子链的糖苷键与空间构象,导致甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸含量下降,阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、木糖含量显著上升;同时使小米麸皮SDF高分子质量组分比例提高、结晶度降低、微观结构疏松多孔、特征官能团吸收峰强度减弱,分子间作用力下降。上述结构改变使小米麸皮SDF暴露更多亲水基团,其持水力、持油力、膨胀力和溶解力较未处理组显著提升,且仍保持良好的热稳定性,可为小米麸皮膳食纤维的高效提取与高值化应用提供技术支撑。本研究仍存在一定局限性,对于小米麸皮SDF在分子层面的影响机制尚不明确,还有待后续研究进一步探索和揭示。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040286
  • 接收时间:2025-04-22
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-22
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    1.黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319
    2.黑龙江八一农垦大学国家杂粮工程技术研究中心,黑龙江省大庆 163319
    3.黑龙江省农产品加工与质量安全重点实验室,黑龙江大庆 163319

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张东杰(1966−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品质量与安全,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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