Article(id=1261343855392186828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657409761, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657409761, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657409761, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657409761, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=353, endPage=362, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343857321566676, articleId=1261343855392186828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Pre-harvest Spraying of Alginate Oligosaccharides on Storage Quality and Fruit Softening in Sweet Cherry, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sweet cherries are susceptible to quality deterioration during postharvest storage and transportation, including flesh softening and spoilage, which greatly reduce their commercial value. In order to preserve postharvest quality and extend the shelf life of the fruit, this study utilized 'Samituo' sweet cherries as the experimental material to investigate the effects of pre-harvest spraying with alginate oligosaccharides at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L on fruit quality-related parameters and the activities of cell wall degrading enzymes during low-temperature storage. The results indicated that the pre-harvest application of alginate oligosaccharides at various concentrations effectively delayed the decline in soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and fruit firmness, while also reducing the rate of fruit weight loss, as compared to the control group. Treatment with alginate oligosaccharides delayed the decline of L*, a*, and b* values and color saturation, while also inhibiting the activities of pectate lyase, pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, cellulase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonic acid transeliminase. Among the treatments, 200 mg/L alginate oligosaccharides exhibited the most pronounced effect. The correlation analysis reveals that titratable acidity was significantly and positively correlated with the activities of β-galactosidase and pectin methylesterase, while was distinctly negatively correlated with the activities of polygalacturonase and cellulase. In contrast, soluble solids content exhibited a significant negative correlation with polygalacturonase, cellulase, polygalacturonic acid transeliminase, pectate lyase, and β-galactosidase activities. Furthermore, fruit hardness showed a significant negative correlation with the activities of polygalacturonase, cellulase, pectate lyase, and β-glucosidase. Weight loss was significantly positively correlated with polygalacturonase and cellulase activities, whereas it was significantly negatively correlated with the activities of polygalacturonic acid transeliminase, pectin methylesterase, pectate lyase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, and pectin methylesterase. These findings suggest that pre-harvest application of alginate oligosaccharides can delay fruit softening and maintain storage quality by suppressing the activity of enzymes related to fruit cell wall degradation.

, correspAuthors=Yi HAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin FANG, Wendan QU, Zhaoyuan WANG, Yuzhuo LU, Yongfeng JIANG, Yi HAO, Canying LI, Yonghong GE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343881724027605, articleId=1261343855392186828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=采前喷施海藻寡糖对甜樱桃贮藏品质及果实软化的影响, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

甜樱桃采后在贮藏和运输过程中极易出现果肉软化、腐烂变质等现象,降低其商业价值。为保持果实采后贮藏品质并延长其货架期,本研究以‘萨米脱’甜樱桃为试材,采前用50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖喷洒,分析采后低温贮藏期间果实品质相关指标及细胞壁降解酶活性的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,采前喷施不同浓度的海藻寡糖均延缓了果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸度和硬度的下降,同时降低了果实失重率;海藻寡糖处理还延缓了L*、a*b*值及色彩饱和度的下降,抑制了果胶酸裂解酶、果胶甲酯酶、聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶、β-半乳糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、果胶甲基反式消除酶和多聚半乳糖醛酸反式消除酶的活性,其中以200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理效果最佳。相关性分析表明,可滴定酸度与β-半乳糖苷酶、果胶甲酯酶呈显著正相关,与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶呈显著负相关;可溶性固形物含量与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸反式消除酶、果胶裂解酶、β-半乳糖苷酶呈显著负相关;果实硬度与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶、果胶裂解酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶呈显著负相关;失重率与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和纤维素酶呈显著正相关,与果胶甲基反式消除酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸反式消除酶、果胶裂解酶、β-半乳糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和果胶甲酯酶呈显著负相关。由此表明,采前喷洒海藻寡糖通过抑制果实细胞壁降解相关酶活性,从而延缓果实软化并保持贮藏品质。

, correspAuthors=郝义, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郝义(1969−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬贮藏保鲜,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=QQFZ1QzSc30Nfc/k6yjm5w==, magXml=CcX3gmi+oPBqMBc6/CdnxQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/RV7I+hV2ms4sxhKG8T/oQ==, pdfFileSize=2974596, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=2DGivw0ZDdKaiSTNvECJvQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=uPuz6xCgzkokoKS3sBtIWA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

方馨(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学与技术,E-mail:

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方馨(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学与技术,E-mail:

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方馨(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学与技术,E-mail:

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注:不同字母代表同一贮藏时间不同处理间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),图2~图6同。

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注:红色代表正相关,蓝色代表负相关,*代表在同一贮藏期间品质指标与软化之间的相关性(P<0.05)。

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采前喷施海藻寡糖对甜樱桃贮藏品质及果实软化的影响
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方馨 1, 2 , 屈文丹 1 , 王昭源 1 , 陆玉卓 2 , 姜永峰 2 , 郝义 *, 2 , 李灿婴 1 , 葛永红 1
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(9): 353-362
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食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026, 47(9): 353-362
采前喷施海藻寡糖对甜樱桃贮藏品质及果实软化的影响
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方馨1, 2 , 屈文丹1, 王昭源1, 陆玉卓2, 姜永峰2, 郝义*, 2 , 李灿婴1, 葛永红1
作者信息
  • 1.渤海大学食品科学与工程学院,辽宁锦州 121013
  • 2.辽宁省果树科学研究所,辽宁营口 115009
  • 方馨(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学与技术,E-mail:

通讯作者:

郝义(1969−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬贮藏保鲜,E-mail:
Effects of Pre-harvest Spraying of Alginate Oligosaccharides on Storage Quality and Fruit Softening in Sweet Cherry
Xin FANG1, 2 , Wendan QU1, Zhaoyuan WANG1, Yuzhuo LU2, Yongfeng JIANG2, Yi HAO*, 2 , Canying LI1, Yonghong GE1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
  • 2.Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050053
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甜樱桃采后在贮藏和运输过程中极易出现果肉软化、腐烂变质等现象,降低其商业价值。为保持果实采后贮藏品质并延长其货架期,本研究以‘萨米脱’甜樱桃为试材,采前用50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖喷洒,分析采后低温贮藏期间果实品质相关指标及细胞壁降解酶活性的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,采前喷施不同浓度的海藻寡糖均延缓了果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸度和硬度的下降,同时降低了果实失重率;海藻寡糖处理还延缓了L*、a*b*值及色彩饱和度的下降,抑制了果胶酸裂解酶、果胶甲酯酶、聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶、β-半乳糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、果胶甲基反式消除酶和多聚半乳糖醛酸反式消除酶的活性,其中以200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理效果最佳。相关性分析表明,可滴定酸度与β-半乳糖苷酶、果胶甲酯酶呈显著正相关,与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶呈显著负相关;可溶性固形物含量与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸反式消除酶、果胶裂解酶、β-半乳糖苷酶呈显著负相关;果实硬度与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶、果胶裂解酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶呈显著负相关;失重率与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和纤维素酶呈显著正相关,与果胶甲基反式消除酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸反式消除酶、果胶裂解酶、β-半乳糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和果胶甲酯酶呈显著负相关。由此表明,采前喷洒海藻寡糖通过抑制果实细胞壁降解相关酶活性,从而延缓果实软化并保持贮藏品质。

甜樱桃  /  海藻寡糖  /  贮藏品质  /  软化  /  细胞壁降解酶

Sweet cherries are susceptible to quality deterioration during postharvest storage and transportation, including flesh softening and spoilage, which greatly reduce their commercial value. In order to preserve postharvest quality and extend the shelf life of the fruit, this study utilized 'Samituo' sweet cherries as the experimental material to investigate the effects of pre-harvest spraying with alginate oligosaccharides at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L on fruit quality-related parameters and the activities of cell wall degrading enzymes during low-temperature storage. The results indicated that the pre-harvest application of alginate oligosaccharides at various concentrations effectively delayed the decline in soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and fruit firmness, while also reducing the rate of fruit weight loss, as compared to the control group. Treatment with alginate oligosaccharides delayed the decline of L*, a*, and b* values and color saturation, while also inhibiting the activities of pectate lyase, pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, cellulase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonic acid transeliminase. Among the treatments, 200 mg/L alginate oligosaccharides exhibited the most pronounced effect. The correlation analysis reveals that titratable acidity was significantly and positively correlated with the activities of β-galactosidase and pectin methylesterase, while was distinctly negatively correlated with the activities of polygalacturonase and cellulase. In contrast, soluble solids content exhibited a significant negative correlation with polygalacturonase, cellulase, polygalacturonic acid transeliminase, pectate lyase, and β-galactosidase activities. Furthermore, fruit hardness showed a significant negative correlation with the activities of polygalacturonase, cellulase, pectate lyase, and β-glucosidase. Weight loss was significantly positively correlated with polygalacturonase and cellulase activities, whereas it was significantly negatively correlated with the activities of polygalacturonic acid transeliminase, pectin methylesterase, pectate lyase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, and pectin methylesterase. These findings suggest that pre-harvest application of alginate oligosaccharides can delay fruit softening and maintain storage quality by suppressing the activity of enzymes related to fruit cell wall degradation.

sweet cherry  /  alginate oligosaccharides  /  storage quality  /  softening  /  cell wall degrading enzymes
方馨, 屈文丹, 王昭源, 陆玉卓, 姜永峰, 郝义, 李灿婴, 葛永红. 采前喷施海藻寡糖对甜樱桃贮藏品质及果实软化的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 353 -362 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050053
Xin FANG, Wendan QU, Zhaoyuan WANG, Yuzhuo LU, Yongfeng JIANG, Yi HAO, Canying LI, Yonghong GE. Effects of Pre-harvest Spraying of Alginate Oligosaccharides on Storage Quality and Fruit Softening in Sweet Cherry[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 353 -362 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050053
甜樱桃(Prunus avium L.)属于蔷薇科樱桃属,在北方落叶果树中属于成熟最早的树种,被誉为“早春第一果”[1]。果实色泽鲜艳、风味独特,富含抗坏血酸、花青素、槲皮素、膳食纤维等功能成分,具有抗氧化、抗过敏、保护肝脏和心血管等作用[2]。然而,甜樱桃在贮藏和运输过程中易出现机械损伤、果柄脱落、果肉软化、腐烂等现象,不仅降低果实品质、缩短货架期,而且阻碍了产业的可持续发展[3]。其中,果实软化是甜樱桃果实成熟和衰老的重要标志之一,取决于细胞壁的结构和成分的变化[4]。因此,开发绿色、安全的延缓果实软化、提高贮藏品质的保鲜技术对樱桃产业的健康发展至关重要。
樱桃采后常用贮藏保鲜技术包括物理技术(气调、辐照、低温等)、化学方法(1-甲基环丙烯、油菜素内酯、山梨酸钾、多酚类等)、涂膜保鲜(壳聚糖、纳米材料)等[5]。然而,樱桃采后的腐烂损失仍然十分严重,从果园到餐桌每年损失率高达20%[6]。采用采前诱抗剂处理结合采后低温贮藏来提高果实贮藏品质是当前的研究热点之一。研究发现,采前喷洒0.2 mmol/L水杨酸甲酯通过调节糖代谢来提高杏果实耐冷性并改善贮藏品质[7];采前喷施2.0 mmol/L茉莉酸甲酯能够提高酚类物质含量,降低树莓低温贮藏的脂质过氧化损伤并维持细胞结构的完整性[8];采前喷施2.0 mg/L氯化钙结合低温贮藏可以降低金柑果实腐烂率,延缓可溶性固形物和抗坏血酸含量的下降[9]。此外,甜瓜果实生长期间喷施8.0 mmol/L苯丙氨酸可以激活采后果实中抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环,降低活性氧的过量积累,从而保持细胞膜的完整性并减轻果实冷害[10];采前喷施2.0 mL/L壳寡糖通过促进膜脂代谢并提高抗氧化酶的活性缓解甜瓜果实的冷害[11]。由此可知,采前诱抗剂处理不仅能够提高果实的抗病性,还能保持果实的贮藏品质和延长货架期。
海藻寡糖,又叫海藻酸钠寡糖,是将海藻植物通过化学、酶解或物理方法降解后得到的低分子聚合物,具有促进植物生长,抵抗生物或非生物胁迫的作用,已在农业生产中用作植物免疫激活剂[1214]。研究发现,海藻寡糖能够增强植物的防御机制,促进种子萌发,加速小麦中柱细胞的分裂与分化,并显著提升莴苣、水稻和胡萝卜幼苗的伸长生长[1516]。采后3.0 mg/L海藻寡糖处理可有效维持马铃薯块茎中总酚、淀粉以及总可溶性固形物含量[17]。此外,采用100 mg/L海藻寡糖处理草莓,能够显著抑制细胞壁降解相关酶的活性,从而保持细胞结构的完整性,还有效抑制脱落酸信号通路中FaNCED1、FaASRFaPYR1FaCHLH的表达[18]。还有研究发现,在猕猴桃幼果期采用100 mg/L海藻寡糖沾果处理,不仅可以减缓采后果肉硬度的下降、维持果实可滴定酸、可溶性糖和抗坏血酸含量,而且还能降低果实采后黑腐病、青霉病和灰霉病的发生[19]。由此说明,采前或采后使用海藻寡糖处理都能够诱导提高果实的抗病性和耐贮性,并且保持较高的品质。然而,尚未见采前海藻寡糖处理对甜樱桃果实贮藏品质及软化相关的研究报道。
本研究以‘萨米脱’甜樱桃为材料,采前用不同浓度海藻寡糖喷洒处理,分析采后低温贮藏期间果实品质指标和细胞壁降解相关酶活性的变化,为采后甜樱桃果实绿色保鲜技术的开发提供理论依据。
甜樱桃 品种为‘萨米脱’ 采自辽宁省大连市旅顺区水师营镇寺沟村果园;海藻寡糖(有效浓度100%) 中国科学院大连物理化学研究所;考马斯亮蓝 北京瑞尔欣德科技有限公司产品;冰乙酸、无水乙酸钠、柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠、水杨苷、多聚半乳糖醛酸 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;氯化钠、果胶、甘氨酸、三羟甲基氨基甲烷、羟甲基纤维素钠、3,5-二硝基水杨酸 北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司;对硝基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
H1650R台式高速冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;PAL-1数显手持折光仪 广州市爱宕科学仪器有限公司;GY-4型数显式水果硬度计 北京阳光易事达科技有限公司;CS-520分光测色仪 杭州彩谱科技有限公司;Evolution 201紫外可见光分光光度计 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司。
参考刘同梅等[19]方法并修改,将海藻寡糖溶于蒸馏水中配制浓度为50、100和200 mg/L的溶液(内含10 μL/L的吐温80)。在樱桃树开花后45 d,果实转色期用不同浓度海藻寡糖对植株和果实进行喷洒,以蒸馏水同样处理为对照,每个处理喷洒两颗果树[20]。在果实花后60 d采收海藻寡糖喷洒处理和对照果实,选择大小和颜色均匀,无机械损伤和病虫害的果实,用泡沫箱(每箱5 kg)包装后2 h内常温运至辽宁省果树研究所并在1±0.5 ℃预冷24 h后进行实验,随后于1±0.5 ℃和65%±5%相对湿度的冷库中贮藏。
取样参考Wang等[21]的方法并修改。每处理挑选800个果实,其中80个果实用于测定失重率和色差,720个果实用于取样测定其它相关指标,分别于贮藏第0、7、14、21、28和35 d取对照及50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理果实30个,去除果核后切成碎块,液氮冷冻后放入‒80 ℃保存。
TSS含量测定参考Ge等[22]的方法,用手持折光仪测定。分别取对照组及处理组果实30个,切开后将果汁挤出进行测定,单位用%表示。TA测定参考Zhang等[23]的方法,称取1.0 g冷冻果肉组织,加入3.0 mL蒸馏水研磨成均浆,在4 ℃和10000×g下离心25 min保留上清液。然后采用酸碱滴定法测定TA,单位用%表示。果实硬度测定参考Fan等[24]的方法,在果实腹缝线的两端使用数显式水果硬度计(探头直径为4 mm)测定果实硬度,每处理每次用果实30个,单位用牛顿(N)表示。
参考Xu等[25]的方法,采用称量法测定并计算。分别称重第0 d对照组及50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实的原始重量,将贮藏第7、14、21、28和35 d果实的重量记为每次称重量。按照下列公式计算果实失重率。每次每处理用果实20个,重复3次。
$ 失重率({\text{%}})= \frac{\text{原始重量}-\mathrm{每次称重量}}{\text{原始重量}} \times 100 $
参照Chen等[26]的方法,使用分光测色仪在果实腹缝线两侧赤道部位取2点测定L*值、a*值、b*值,C*反映果实的色彩饱和度,计算公式如下:
$ {C}^{*}=\sqrt{{a}^{*2}+{b}^{*2}} $
粗酶液的提取和酶活性测定均参照Gao等[27]的方法并进行修改。称取1.0 g冷冻果肉组织于研钵中用液氮研磨成粉末,然后加入2.0 mL的95%乙醇研磨成匀浆后转至离心管中,在4 ℃放置20 min后于4 ℃和10000×g条件下离心10 min,弃去上清液;向沉淀物中再加入2.0 mL预冷的80%乙醇,振荡、混匀后低温放置10 min,在相同条件下离心,再次弃去上清液;向沉淀物中加入3.0 mL的1.8 mol/L氯化钠溶液,于4 ℃条件下放置20 min,再次离心并收集上清液。上清液即为粗酶液,用于测定PG、PME、Cx和β-glu活性。
PG和PME反应体系,取20 mL刻度试管,向其中加入1.0 mL的50 mmol/L乙酸钠缓冲液(pH5.5)与0.5 mL的10 g/L底物(PG的底物为多聚半乳糖醛酸,PME的底物为果胶)和0.5 mL粗酶液混合,在37 ℃条件下水浴1 h,加入1.5 mL的3,5-二硝基水杨酸溶液,混匀后煮沸5 min并冷却至室温,测定反应混合物在540 nm处的吸光值。PG和PME活性表示为U/mg蛋白质,其中U定义为在37 ℃每分钟催化多聚半乳糖醛酸和果胶水解产生1.0 mg半乳糖醛酸所需要的酶量。
参照Cheng等[28]的方法并修改。称取1.0 g冷冻果肉组织加入3.0 mL的88 g/L氯化钠研磨成匀浆,然后在4 ℃和10000×g下离心25 min,上清液即为粗酶液。取0.5 mL粗酶液和2.0 mL的5.0 g/L果胶溶液混合,40 ℃水浴保温10 min后取混合物0.5 mL,加入3.0 mL的10 mmol/L盐酸终止反应。最后测定混合液在235 nm处的吸光值。PL活性用U/mg蛋白质表示,其中U定义为235 nm处每分钟吸光值变化0.01。
粗酶液的提取和酶活性测定均参照Gao等[27]的方法并进行修改。称取1.0 g冷冻果肉组织于研钵中用液氮研磨成粉末,然后加入2.0 mL的95%乙醇研磨成匀浆后转至离心管中,在4 ℃放置20 min后于4 ℃和10000×g条件下离心10 min,弃去上清液;向沉淀物中再加入2.0 mL预冷的80%乙醇,振荡、混匀后低温放置10 min,在相同条件下离心,再次弃去上清液;向沉淀物中加入3.0 mL的1.8 mol/L氯化钠溶液,于4 ℃条件下放置20 min,再次离心并收集上清液。上清液即为粗酶液,用于测定Cx和β-glu活性。
Cx和β-glu反应体系为1.5 mL的10 g/L底物(Cx的底物为羧甲基纤维素钠,β-glu的底物为水杨苷)和0.5 mL粗酶液。充分混匀后置于37 ℃水浴中保温1 h,然后加入1.5 mL的3,5-二硝基水杨酸溶液,煮沸5 min后冷却至室温。最后测定反应混合液在540 nm处吸光度值。Cx和β-glu活性表示为U/mg蛋白质,U定义为每分钟催化水杨苷和羧甲基纤维素水解产生1.0 mg葡萄糖所需的酶量。
参照曲淋鸿等[29]的方法并修改。称取1.0 g冷冻果实组织加入3.0 mL的pH8.0三羟甲基氨基甲烷-盐酸(50 mmol/L,内含1.0 mol/L氯化钠)研磨成匀浆,然后在4 ℃和10000×g下离心25 min留上清液,即为粗酶液。在刻度试管中加入2.0 mL的5.0 mmol/L对硝基苯-β-吡喃半乳糖苷溶液和200 μL粗酶液,37 ℃水浴保温30 min。将试管取出后立即加入1.0 mol/L碳酸钠溶液2.0 mL终止酶促反应。摇匀并冷却至室温后,于波长400 nm处测定混合液的吸光值。β-gal活性用U/mg蛋白质表示,其中U定义为在37 ℃每分钟催化对硝基苯-β-吡喃半乳糖苷水解产生1.0 mg葡萄糖所需要的酶量。
参照Mohebbi等[30]的方法提取PGTE和PMTE的粗酶液。称取冷冻果肉组织1.0 g于研钵中,加入3.0 mL经预冷的含有0.1 mol/L氯化钠的50 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液研磨成匀浆,然后在4 ℃和1000×g条件下离心10 min,上清液即为粗酶液。
PGTE和PMTE活性测定参照Ge等[22]方法并改进。PGTE和PMTE反应体系包括4.0 mL的50 mmol/L甘氨酸-氢氧化钠溶液(pH9.0)、1.0 mL的3.0 mmol/L氯化钙溶液、0.3 mL反应底物(PGTE反应底物为1.0 g/L多聚半乳糖醛酸,PMTE反应底物为1.0 g/L果胶)和0.1 mL粗酶液。反应混合物在30 ℃水浴保温10 min,待冷却后测定在232 nm处吸光值。PGTE和PMTE活性用U/mg蛋白质表示,其中U定义为在37 ℃每分钟催化多聚半乳糖醛酸和果胶水解产生1.0 mg半乳糖醛酸所需要的酶量。
所有指标测定均进行3次生物学重复,将3次重复数据用Excel 2017计算标准误差和平均值。使用SPSS 26.0进行最小显著性差异分析(P<0.05),用Origin 2021软件作图并对数据进行相关性分析。
TSS含量、TA和果实硬度是衡量甜樱桃果实商品价值和感官品质的重要指标,直接反映果实的成熟和衰老。其中,TSS主要为葡萄糖、果糖、山梨醇和蔗糖等糖类,而TA主要为苹果酸、柠檬酸等有机酸,其含量的变化对果实风味、口感及重量影响较大[31]。由图1A可知,在整个贮藏期间各浓度海藻寡糖处理均提高了果实TSS含量,在贮藏第35 d时200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实的TSS含量是对照组、50 mg/L和100 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实的1.06、1.04和1.02倍。由图1B可知,甜樱桃果实在贮藏期间TA呈现下降趋势,对照组TA在贮藏期间显著低于海藻寡糖处理组(P<0.05)。在贮藏35 d时,50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实的TA比对照组果实分别提高了18.3%、20.1%、29.1%。甜樱桃果实贮藏过程中易发生果肉软化,如图1C所示,在整个贮藏期间,对照组和各浓度海藻寡糖处理组的果实硬度整体呈下降趋势,但50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理均有效延缓了果实硬度的下降;其中100 mg/L和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理的果实与对照组果实存在显著差异(P<0.05),如贮藏第35 d时,200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实硬度比对照和其他处理组果实分别高18.5%、8.8%和3.6%。由此说明,采前不同浓度的海藻寡糖喷洒处理均能够延缓贮藏期间甜樱桃果实TSS含量和果实硬度的下降,并且表现出一定的浓度依赖性。
失重率反映了甜樱桃果实在采后贮藏期间水分流失和物质消耗的程度。由图2可知,甜樱桃果实在贮藏期间的失重率逐渐上升,但海藻寡糖处理均抑制了果实失重率的上升,在贮藏第21、28和35 d时,各处理组与对照之间均有显著差异(P<0.05)。在贮藏第35 d时,50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实的失重率比对照组果实分别下降了6.5%、16.8%和19%。由此可见,不同浓度海藻寡糖处理均能降低果实失重率,其中以200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理的效果最好。
色泽是衡量果实贮藏品质的关键指标之一,反映了果实的新鲜程度,通常用L*a*b*值表示,分别表示果实的亮度、红绿度及黄蓝度,而C*值是色彩饱和度,反映果皮的鲜艳度[32]。如图3A~图3E所示,随着贮藏时间的延长果实的颜色也呈现较大的变化,L*a*b*和色彩饱和度在整个贮藏过程中均呈现下降趋势。L*值在贮藏第7 d时,对照组和海藻寡糖处理组之间开始出现显著性差异(P<0.05);在贮藏第35 d时,50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实L*值比对照组分别高7.3%、12.3%和16.2%(图3A)。由图3B~图3C可知,海藻寡糖处理后甜樱桃果实的a*值和b*值下降趋势比较缓慢;在贮藏第35 d时,50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实a*值比对照组高3.6%、10.7%和13.3%(图3B),而b*值比对照组高28.4%、53.4%和62.0%(图3C)。由图3D可以看出,在贮藏第7、14、21、28和35 d时各浓度海藻寡糖处理均提高了果实色彩饱和度,其中100 mg/L和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理在整个贮藏期内均显著提高了果实色彩饱和度,以200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理对果实色彩饱和度的维持效果最佳。如图3E所示,各组甜樱桃果实在贮藏期间外观品质均呈现不同程度劣变,具体表现为果皮失水皱缩、果柄干枯、果皮颜色变为深红色,亮度逐渐变暗等现象。在贮藏第35 d时,50、100、200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果皮表面仍较为光滑,而对照组出现果柄干枯、果皮表面皱缩、果皮亮度变暗等现象。其中200 mg/L处理组较好地保持了甜樱桃果实的色泽。
甜樱桃果实软化是其品质劣变的表现之一,其中PG、PME、PL等细胞壁降解酶在软化过程中具有重要作用[27]。如图4A所示,对照组和海藻寡糖处理组果实PG活性在整个贮藏过程中均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在贮藏第21 d时达到峰值;不同浓度海藻寡糖处理均显著降低了果实PG活性(P<0.05),其中以200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理效果最优,在贮藏第14 d时分别比对照组、50 mg/L和100 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实低36.9%、23.8%和14.5%。由图4B可知,对照组和海藻寡糖处理组果实的PL活性均在贮藏14 d达到峰值,不同浓度海藻寡糖处理组果实PL活性始终显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在贮藏第14 d时,50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实PL活性比对照组分别降低了1.1%、12.5%和14.9%。PME活性的变化趋势与PL活性类似,100 mg/L和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实PME活性在整个贮藏期均显著低于对照组果实(P<0.05);在贮藏第35 d时,三个处理组PME活性分别比对照组果实低3.9%、6.1%和9.7%(图4C)。
随着贮藏时间的增加,对照组和不同浓度海藻寡糖处理组果实Cx活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势,对照组和50 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组在第21 d达到峰值,而100 mg/L和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组在第28 d达到峰值,并且在整个贮藏过程中处理组果实的Cx活性均显著低于对照组;200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实Cx活性在贮藏第21~35 d比对照组下降了37.1%、25.5%和26.4%(图5A)。由图5B图5C可知,对照组和不同浓度海藻寡糖处理组果实β-glu和β-gal活性在贮藏第14 d达到峰值,且不同浓度海藻寡糖处理均抑制了β-glu和β-gal活性;在贮藏第35 d时50 mg/L和100 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组β-gal活性无显著差异,而200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理在贮藏过程中均显著低于对照和其它浓度处理组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,贮藏第14 d时,50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实的β-glu活性分别下降了12.1%、14.9%和21.3%(图5B)。在贮藏第14 d时,50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实β-gal活性分别比对照组下降了5.3%、7.2%和9.6%(图5C)。
PMTE和PGTE可以裂解果胶及聚半乳糖醛酸分子中的糖苷键,产生不饱和半乳糖醛酸产物,进而引发细胞壁结构松弛、组织膨大导致果实软化[3334]。随着贮藏时间的延长,对照组果实的PGTE活性呈上升趋势,在第14 d达到峰值后开始下降;而不同浓度海藻寡糖处理明显抑制了果实PGTE活性且推迟了峰值的出现;其中,200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实的PGTE活性在贮藏第7~35 d显著低于对照组(P<0.05),仅为对照组的9.1%、13.1%、10.5%、7.3%和6.8%(图6A)。PMTE活性在贮藏过程中呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且对照组果实的活性在贮藏期间显著高于200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实;在贮藏第14 d时,50、100和200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理组果实PMTE活性与对照组相比分别下降了2.8%、4.6%和10.3%(图6B)。
为进一步探究海藻寡糖处理甜樱桃果实贮藏期间各指标之间的关系,对品质和细胞壁降解酶活性进行相关性分析(图7)。甜樱桃在贮藏期间失重率与PG和Cx活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与PGTE、PMTE、PL、β-gal、β-glu和PME活性呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。TSS含量与PG、Cx、PGTE、β-gal和PL活性呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而TA与β-glu和PME活性呈显著正相关,与PG和Cx活性呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。果实硬度与PG、Cx、β-gal和PL活性呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与PGTE、PMTE、β-glu和PME未表现出显著相关性。
本研究发现,采前喷施海藻寡糖显著抑制了甜樱桃果实L*、a*、b*、C*值的下降,说明海藻寡糖处理能够维持果皮的亮度和鲜艳度。研究证明果实色泽的变化与叶绿素降解、类胡萝卜素代谢及花青素等的降解相关,而甜樱桃果实的主要色素是花青素[35]。因此,本文推测采前海藻寡糖处理可能通过影响花青素的生物合成,从而保持果实的颜色,具体机理尚需进一步研究。呼吸消耗和水分蒸腾是引起果实贮藏期间重量损失的关键因素。本研究发现,采前海藻寡糖处理显著降低了低温贮藏期间甜樱桃果实失重率。研究发现,羧甲基壳聚糖和明胶可食性涂膜处理甜樱桃果实降低了果实水分损失和呼吸速率,有效降低了果实失重率[36]。甜樱桃果实属于非呼吸跃变型果实,贮藏期间呼吸作用会消耗果实体内营养物质,由此引起果实TSS含量和TA的降低[37]。本研究结果表明,采前不同浓度海藻寡糖处理均延缓了甜樱桃果实TSS含量和TA的下降。因此,采前喷施海藻寡糖通过抑制甜樱桃果实采后贮藏期间碳水化合物和有机酸等营养物质的消耗,从而延缓TSS含量和TA的下降。
由果胶物质、纤维素、半纤维素等的降解引起的甜樱桃果实的软化是影响果实贮藏的主要因素[3839]。果实软化过程中,PME催化果胶的去甲基化产生脱甲基化果胶,加速中胶层的破坏,并为PG和PL的催化降解提供底物,通过破坏聚半乳糖醛酸的糖苷键将果胶水解为半乳糖醛酸或半乳糖醛酸低聚物,从而加速果实软化;PL通过β-消除反应来催化果胶酸中α-1,4-半乳糖苷键的裂解[27,33,39]。本研究发现,采前喷施海藻寡糖抑制了甜樱桃果实中PG、PME和PL活性。相关性分析表明,果实硬度与PG和PL活性呈显著负相关。已有研究表明,PaPME2参与调控甜樱桃果实成熟软化过程[40]。此外,采前10 d喷施海藻寡糖可以抑制甜樱桃果实PME、PG和PL活性并下调其基因的相对表达,从而抑制果实开裂并提高品质[39]。本研究还发现,采前喷施海藻寡糖可以抑制甜樱桃果实Cx、β-gal、β-glu、PGTE和PMTE的活性,而且果实硬度与Cx和PG活性呈显著负相关,与PGTE、PMTE和β-glu活性不具有显著相关性。Cx是纤维素水解酶,使果胶-纤维素-半纤维素的结构被破坏[41]β-gal通过破坏细胞壁的半乳糖苷键和半乳糖残基,从而水解果胶和半纤维素导致进一步软化[42]β-glu属于纤维素酶类,特异性水解纤维二糖或纤维寡糖中β-glu,将纤维素彻底分解为葡萄糖,对果实细胞壁的降解与稳定产生重要影响[43]。研究发现,5.0 g/L肉桂酸钾和5.0 g/L海藻酸钠的混合溶液涂膜处理降低了甜樱桃果实Cx、β-Glu和β-Gal活性,从而延缓了果实的软化[44]。这些结果表明,果肉软化与细胞壁物质代谢密切相关。因此,海藻寡糖处理通过抑制细胞壁降解相关酶的活性维持果皮细胞间的黏度和细胞壁的机械强度,最终延缓果肉硬度下降及软化。
采前喷施不同浓度海藻寡糖均能够延缓甜樱桃果实TSS含量和TA的下降,降低果实失重率,有效保持了果实外观色泽,抑制了营养物质消耗,提高了果实的贮藏品质,其中以200 mg/L海藻寡糖处理效果最佳。同时,海藻寡糖处理抑制PG、PL、PME、Cx、β-gal、β-glu、PGTE和PMTE活性,从而延缓细胞壁物质的代谢,保持果实的硬度,最终延缓甜樱桃果实的软化进程。由此说明,采前海藻寡糖处理是一种潜在的果蔬绿色保鲜技术,不仅能够保持果实的外观品质,还能够延缓果实的软化。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050053
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-08
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    1.渤海大学食品科学与工程学院,辽宁锦州 121013
    2.辽宁省果树科学研究所,辽宁营口 115009

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郝义(1969−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬贮藏保鲜,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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