Article(id=1261343854570103242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657409565, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657409565, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657409565, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657409565, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=321, endPage=330, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343863856292360, articleId=1261343854570103242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Correlation between Key Quality Indicators and Sensory Evaluation of Fermented Rice Cake, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Thirteen commercially available fermented rice cakes were selected to assess their quality. We evaluated the color, specific volume, texture, and volatile flavor compounds. The differences and correlations among these indicators were also investigated. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify key indices representing overall quality. The results showed that 13 commercially available fermented rice cakes exhibited variations in specific volume, color, texture, types and contents of volatile flavor substances, and sensory characteristics. In the correlation analysis between specific volume, color index, and sensory evaluation indice: rice white color was significantly negatively correlated with b* value (P<0.05), and extremely significantly positively correlated with L* value and specific volume (P<0.01). In the correlation analysis between texture and sensory evaluation indices: moderate stickiness and uniform air pores were significantly correlated with adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness (P<0.05). In the correlation analysis between flavor substances and sensory evaluation indices: isoamyl alcohol and phenylethanol were extremely significantly positively correlated with fermented flavor (P<0.01), and isoamyl alcohol was significantly positively correlated with cereal flavor (P<0.05). Through principal component analysis, four principal components were ultimately identified with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 91.166%, namely cohesiveness, viscosity, isoamyl alcohol content, and b* value, which could serve as core quality indicators for fermented rice cake and characterize the overall quality characteristics of fermented rice cake.

, correspAuthors=Yan HONG, Zhengbiao GU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhaogui CHEN, Chunmei CHEN, Jiao YU, Yan HONG, Zhengbiao GU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343875386434189, articleId=1261343854570103242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=发酵米糕关键品质指标与感官评价的相关性研究, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究发酵米糕的品质,本文选取13种市售发酵米糕,对其色泽、比容、质构、挥发性风味物质的含量进行测定分析,考察不同发酵米糕各项品质指标之间的差异性和相关性,同时采用主成分分析法对发酵米糕进行综合评价,筛选出能够代表发酵米糕品质的关键指标。结果表明:13种市售发酵米糕在比容、色泽、质构、挥发性风味物质种类和含量及感官评价方面均存在一定差异;在比容和色泽指标与感官评价指标的相关性分析中,米白色与b*值呈显著负相关性(P<0.05),与L*值及比容呈极显著正相关性(P<0.01);质构与感官评价指标的相关性分析中,粘性适中及气孔均匀都与粘附性、内聚性、弹性、胶粘性以及咀嚼性呈显著相关性(P<0.05);风味物质与感官评价指标的相关性分析中,异戊醇和苯乙醇与发酵香呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),异戊醇与谷物香呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。通过主成分分析最终确定了4个主成分,累积方差贡献率为91.166%,分别为内聚性、胶粘性、异戊醇含量和b*值,可以作为发酵米糕的核心品质指标,表征发酵米糕的整体品质特性。

, correspAuthors=洪雁, 顾正彪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
洪雁(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:淀粉质资源开发与利用,E-mail:
顾正彪(1965−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:淀粉质资源开发与利用,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=sicrDVAMF6epyQkQfXCmZw==, magXml=0L7YFJyTYO+s8mrbhl+fmA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=UFtJuHNV8XSAhhYh9DFq3A==, pdfFileSize=3251718, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=8iCdJbt8uHGRUR8rM6YXow==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=9w8EQ1NDzbOqPorw7GhjZA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈召桂(1982−),男,博士研究生,正高级工程师,研究方向:米制品加工,E-mail:

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注:*表示在P<0.05水平显著相关,**表示在P<0.01水平极显著相关,图4~图6同。

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List of ingredients of 13 commercial fermented rice cakes

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编号配料产地
S1水,大米粉,绵白糖,酒酿,乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯,淀粉,干酵母,复配膨松剂,黄原胶,瓜尔胶,羟甲基纤维素钠,干桂花,植物油浙江杭州
S2水,粘米粉,白砂糖,淀粉,羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯,植物油,食品加工用酵母,黄原胶,海藻酸钠,单双甘油脂肪酸酯,羟甲基纤维素钠,海藻酸丙二醇酯,焦磷酸二氢二钠,磷酸氢钙,瓜尔胶,干桂花,食用香精,唾液链球菌嗜热亚种,德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种河南郑州
S3水,粘米粉,白砂糖,淀粉,乙酰化双淀粉己二酸酯,乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯,复配膨松剂,复配增稠剂,食品加工用酵母,植物油,桂花浙江衢州
S4水,桂花糕预拌粉,绵白糖,食品加工用酵母,桂花河南郑州
S5大米,水,白砂糖,桂花,酵母浙江宁波
S6水,糕点预拌粉,白砂糖,桂花干,酵母,食用香精,复配膨松剂广东梅州
S7水磨籼米粉,饮用水,白砂糖,食用木薯淀粉,大米,小麦粉,高活性半干酵母,食用玉米淀粉,食用桂花,食品添加剂,食用香精四川成都
S8饮用水,大米粉,淀粉,白砂糖,植物油,乙酰化双淀粉己二酸酯,食品加工用酵母,起酥油,桂花,黄原胶,海藻酸丙二醇酯,海藻酸钠,复配膨松剂四川资阳
S9饮用水,大米粉,白砂糖,籼米粉,木薯淀粉,小麦淀粉,食品加工用酵母,干桂花,食品添加剂安徽马鞍山
S10大米粉,水,木薯淀粉,绵白糖,酵母,泡打粉,瓜尔胶,羟甲基纤维素钠,干桂花浙江嘉兴
S11粳米,水,白砂糖,糯米,猪肉,糯米酒浙江衢州
S12粳米,糯米,白砂糖,酒糟,肥膘,水浙江衢州
S13粳米,糯米,饮用水,白砂糖,米酒,猪肉浙江衢州
), ArticleFig(id=1261343941190869184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

13种市售发酵米糕配料表

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编号配料产地
S1水,大米粉,绵白糖,酒酿,乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯,淀粉,干酵母,复配膨松剂,黄原胶,瓜尔胶,羟甲基纤维素钠,干桂花,植物油浙江杭州
S2水,粘米粉,白砂糖,淀粉,羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯,植物油,食品加工用酵母,黄原胶,海藻酸钠,单双甘油脂肪酸酯,羟甲基纤维素钠,海藻酸丙二醇酯,焦磷酸二氢二钠,磷酸氢钙,瓜尔胶,干桂花,食用香精,唾液链球菌嗜热亚种,德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种河南郑州
S3水,粘米粉,白砂糖,淀粉,乙酰化双淀粉己二酸酯,乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯,复配膨松剂,复配增稠剂,食品加工用酵母,植物油,桂花浙江衢州
S4水,桂花糕预拌粉,绵白糖,食品加工用酵母,桂花河南郑州
S5大米,水,白砂糖,桂花,酵母浙江宁波
S6水,糕点预拌粉,白砂糖,桂花干,酵母,食用香精,复配膨松剂广东梅州
S7水磨籼米粉,饮用水,白砂糖,食用木薯淀粉,大米,小麦粉,高活性半干酵母,食用玉米淀粉,食用桂花,食品添加剂,食用香精四川成都
S8饮用水,大米粉,淀粉,白砂糖,植物油,乙酰化双淀粉己二酸酯,食品加工用酵母,起酥油,桂花,黄原胶,海藻酸丙二醇酯,海藻酸钠,复配膨松剂四川资阳
S9饮用水,大米粉,白砂糖,籼米粉,木薯淀粉,小麦淀粉,食品加工用酵母,干桂花,食品添加剂安徽马鞍山
S10大米粉,水,木薯淀粉,绵白糖,酵母,泡打粉,瓜尔胶,羟甲基纤维素钠,干桂花浙江嘉兴
S11粳米,水,白砂糖,糯米,猪肉,糯米酒浙江衢州
S12粳米,糯米,白砂糖,酒糟,肥膘,水浙江衢州
S13粳米,糯米,饮用水,白砂糖,米酒,猪肉浙江衢州
), ArticleFig(id=1261343941669019842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Standard for sensory evaluation of fermented rice cake

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项目描述词权重满分(分)评分标准分值(分)
色泽米白色1.010呈米白色,颜色整体均匀10~7
稍微有色差,整体偏米白色6~4
色差较大,有色斑,不是米白色3~0
光泽1.212表面有光泽,无脱皮现象12~9
表面光泽较淡,有脱皮开裂现象8~4
无光泽,脱皮开裂严重3~0
口感粘性适中0.99爽口,不粘牙9~6
不爽口,较粘牙5~3
粘牙性严重2~0
弹性1.111咬/按压后较快恢复原状11~8
咬/按压后较慢恢复原状7~4
咬/按压后不能恢复原状3~0
柔软1.313使用较小力即可变形13~10
使用较大力才能变形9~5
需要很大力才能变形4~0
组织形态蓬松1.212整体形态好,无凹陷12~9
整体形态较好,有部分凹陷8~4
发酵米糕形态差,有明显凹陷3~0
气孔均匀1.212内部气孔细小而分布均匀12~9
内部个别气孔较大,分布较不均匀8~4
内部气孔大小不一,结构粗糙3~0
风味发酵香0.99有较浓郁的发酵香味9~6
略带发酵香味,无异味5~3
无香味,有异味2~0
谷物香1.212具有谷物清香味,无异味12~9
基本无异味,谷物清香味较淡8~4
有异味3~0
), ArticleFig(id=1261343944185602257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

发酵米糕感官评定标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目描述词权重满分(分)评分标准分值(分)
色泽米白色1.010呈米白色,颜色整体均匀10~7
稍微有色差,整体偏米白色6~4
色差较大,有色斑,不是米白色3~0
光泽1.212表面有光泽,无脱皮现象12~9
表面光泽较淡,有脱皮开裂现象8~4
无光泽,脱皮开裂严重3~0
口感粘性适中0.99爽口,不粘牙9~6
不爽口,较粘牙5~3
粘牙性严重2~0
弹性1.111咬/按压后较快恢复原状11~8
咬/按压后较慢恢复原状7~4
咬/按压后不能恢复原状3~0
柔软1.313使用较小力即可变形13~10
使用较大力才能变形9~5
需要很大力才能变形4~0
组织形态蓬松1.212整体形态好,无凹陷12~9
整体形态较好,有部分凹陷8~4
发酵米糕形态差,有明显凹陷3~0
气孔均匀1.212内部气孔细小而分布均匀12~9
内部个别气孔较大,分布较不均匀8~4
内部气孔大小不一,结构粗糙3~0
风味发酵香0.99有较浓郁的发酵香味9~6
略带发酵香味,无异味5~3
无香味,有异味2~0
谷物香1.212具有谷物清香味,无异味12~9
基本无异味,谷物清香味较淡8~4
有异味3~0
), ArticleFig(id=1261343944978325721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Specific volume and chromaticity of commercially available fermented rice cakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号比容(mL/g)L*a*b*
注:同列不同小写字母表示在P<0.05水平下差异显著,表4表6同。
S12.40±0.06a85.67±0.26d−0.43±0.02c9.69±0.45de
S22.05±0.07c85.89±0.36cd−0.68±0.11de9.06±0.56e
S32.02±0.19cd83.32±0.87e−0.26±0.10b10.07±0.47d
S41.98±0.01cd80.07±0.47g−0.61±0.07d9.10±0.24e
S52.27±0.12ab84.99±1.03d−0.46±0.10c9.65±0.84de
S62.39±0.05a88.49±1.55a−0.49±0.14c11.46±1.60c
S72.03±0.05cd87.16±1.00b−0.19±0.08b12.56±0.65b
S82.14±0.10bc82.96±0.60e0.06±0.10a11.25±0.60c
S91.70±0.16e86.88±1.69bc−0.47±0.05c11.10±0.30c
S101.87±0.08d85.07±1.66d−0.38±0.08c10.92±1.14c
S111.40±0.07f81.46±0.87f−0.74±0.08e11.11±0.68c
S121.29±0.01f76.00±1.50i−1.08±0.16f10.00±0.57d
S131.06±0.03g77.56±0.65h0.12±0.10a14.75±0.57a
), ArticleFig(id=1261343945439699165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同市售发酵米糕的比容和色泽

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号比容(mL/g)L*a*b*
注:同列不同小写字母表示在P<0.05水平下差异显著,表4表6同。
S12.40±0.06a85.67±0.26d−0.43±0.02c9.69±0.45de
S22.05±0.07c85.89±0.36cd−0.68±0.11de9.06±0.56e
S32.02±0.19cd83.32±0.87e−0.26±0.10b10.07±0.47d
S41.98±0.01cd80.07±0.47g−0.61±0.07d9.10±0.24e
S52.27±0.12ab84.99±1.03d−0.46±0.10c9.65±0.84de
S62.39±0.05a88.49±1.55a−0.49±0.14c11.46±1.60c
S72.03±0.05cd87.16±1.00b−0.19±0.08b12.56±0.65b
S82.14±0.10bc82.96±0.60e0.06±0.10a11.25±0.60c
S91.70±0.16e86.88±1.69bc−0.47±0.05c11.10±0.30c
S101.87±0.08d85.07±1.66d−0.38±0.08c10.92±1.14c
S111.40±0.07f81.46±0.87f−0.74±0.08e11.11±0.68c
S121.29±0.01f76.00±1.50i−1.08±0.16f10.00±0.57d
S131.06±0.03g77.56±0.65h0.12±0.10a14.75±0.57a
), ArticleFig(id=1261343945909461219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Texture characteristic parameters of commercially available fermented rice cakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号硬度(N)粘附性(N·mm)内聚性(Ratio)弹性(mm)胶粘性(N)咀嚼性(N)
S13.02±0.24d0.15±0.03cde0.67±0.05bc5.17±1.16de2.04±0.22e10.69±3.08fg
S26.06±0.86bc0.15±0.08de0.65±0.04c4.88±1.24de3.96±0.61b19.56±6.30cde
S35.32±0.76bc0.12±0.03e0.68±0.05bc6.40±0.71bc3.61±0.57b22.96±3.38bc
S45.82±0.64bc0.11±0.03e0.69±0.02bc6.47±0.48bc3.98±0.38b25.83±3.42b
S56.29±0.68b0.31±0.17b0.60±0.04d5.82±1.06cd3.80±0.64b22.62±7.22bcd
S65.00±0.72c0.08±0.04e0.7±0.08bc6.29±0.93c3.51±0.71bc22.19±5.56bcd
S74.89±0.37c0.03±0.02e0.75±0.01a7.61±0.30a3.68±0.28b27.92±1.27b
S87.59±2.87a0.06±0.03e0.72±0.02ab7.40±0.89ab5.46±2.05a39.03±9.87a
S93.02±0.11d0.07±0.06e0.71±0.04ab7.35±0.29ab2.15±0.10e15.79±0.97ef
S104.95±0.48c0.06±0.01e0.70±0.01bc7.74±0.67a3.44±0.28bc26.66±3.70b
S115.64±0.33bc0.27±0.16bc0.48±0.07e4.87±1.10de2.69±0.50cde13.46±5.12fg
S125.65±0.70bc0.49±0.17a0.41±0.02f4.15±0.51e2.30±0.32de9.62±2.29g
S135.46±0.19bc0.25±0.14bcd0.56±0.04d5.49±0.53cd3.04±0.21bcd16.64±1.37def
), ArticleFig(id=1261343946458915053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同市售发酵米糕的质构特性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号硬度(N)粘附性(N·mm)内聚性(Ratio)弹性(mm)胶粘性(N)咀嚼性(N)
S13.02±0.24d0.15±0.03cde0.67±0.05bc5.17±1.16de2.04±0.22e10.69±3.08fg
S26.06±0.86bc0.15±0.08de0.65±0.04c4.88±1.24de3.96±0.61b19.56±6.30cde
S35.32±0.76bc0.12±0.03e0.68±0.05bc6.40±0.71bc3.61±0.57b22.96±3.38bc
S45.82±0.64bc0.11±0.03e0.69±0.02bc6.47±0.48bc3.98±0.38b25.83±3.42b
S56.29±0.68b0.31±0.17b0.60±0.04d5.82±1.06cd3.80±0.64b22.62±7.22bcd
S65.00±0.72c0.08±0.04e0.7±0.08bc6.29±0.93c3.51±0.71bc22.19±5.56bcd
S74.89±0.37c0.03±0.02e0.75±0.01a7.61±0.30a3.68±0.28b27.92±1.27b
S87.59±2.87a0.06±0.03e0.72±0.02ab7.40±0.89ab5.46±2.05a39.03±9.87a
S93.02±0.11d0.07±0.06e0.71±0.04ab7.35±0.29ab2.15±0.10e15.79±0.97ef
S104.95±0.48c0.06±0.01e0.70±0.01bc7.74±0.67a3.44±0.28bc26.66±3.70b
S115.64±0.33bc0.27±0.16bc0.48±0.07e4.87±1.10de2.69±0.50cde13.46±5.12fg
S125.65±0.70bc0.49±0.17a0.41±0.02f4.15±0.51e2.30±0.32de9.62±2.29g
S135.46±0.19bc0.25±0.14bcd0.56±0.04d5.49±0.53cd3.04±0.21bcd16.64±1.37def
), ArticleFig(id=1261343948321186034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

OAV for volatile compounds with VIP>1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号OAV值
异戊醇苯乙醇
注:ND表示未检出。
S1277.922.24
S2263.291.03
S31201.216.17
S45081.4533.05
S5ND23.85
S6487.041.70
S7412.690.97
S8332.151.40
S943.320.11
S10402.511.00
S11127.322.59
S121372.395.25
S13271.190.55
), ArticleFig(id=1261343948912582908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

VIP值>1的挥发性化合物的OAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号OAV值
异戊醇苯乙醇
注:ND表示未检出。
S1277.922.24
S2263.291.03
S31201.216.17
S45081.4533.05
S5ND23.85
S6487.041.70
S7412.690.97
S8332.151.40
S943.320.11
S10402.511.00
S11127.322.59
S121372.395.25
S13271.190.55
), ArticleFig(id=1261343949332013314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Results of the sensory evaluation of commercially available fermented rice cakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号色泽口感组织形态风味总分
S117.7±3.0a26.2±3.1ab18.3±2.0abc18.2±2.9a80.4±6.5a
S216.3±1.9a28.0±2.6a17.4±3.2bcd11.3±4.8bc73.0±7.0b
S316.2±2.2a26.3±2.6ab18.4±2.2abc14.2±2.3b75.1±6.5ab
S417.3±2.0a26.6±2.3a19.4±2.9ab12.2±3.2bc75.5±5.1ab
S516.5±3.3a23.8±2.2bc15.0±3.8de9.1±5.1c64.4±10.6c
S617.2±2.6a26.6±3.0a20.3±1.8a12.8±5.6bc76.9±9.2ab
S712.7±2.7b27.1±2.6a19.1±2.9ab14.2±3.8b73.1±5.1b
S816.7±1.9a26.2±1.9ab20.0±1.5ab13.8±3.0b76.7±4.0ab
S916.2±2.0a25.4±2.0ab17.9±2.2abc13.5±4.5b73.0±4.8b
S1015.6±2.5a25.4±2.5ab17.8±2.5abc14.1±3.5b72.9±5.9b
S1115.2±2.9ab21.2±1.7d16.0±3.1cd11.4±3.3bc63.8±6.7c
S1215.1±2.9ab20.1±2.4d11.9±3.9f12.7±3.7bc59.8±7.7c
S139.2±4.4c22.0±3.2cd13.1±3.5ef14.8±4.8ab59.1±9.3c
), ArticleFig(id=1261343950040850696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同市售发酵米糕的感官评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号色泽口感组织形态风味总分
S117.7±3.0a26.2±3.1ab18.3±2.0abc18.2±2.9a80.4±6.5a
S216.3±1.9a28.0±2.6a17.4±3.2bcd11.3±4.8bc73.0±7.0b
S316.2±2.2a26.3±2.6ab18.4±2.2abc14.2±2.3b75.1±6.5ab
S417.3±2.0a26.6±2.3a19.4±2.9ab12.2±3.2bc75.5±5.1ab
S516.5±3.3a23.8±2.2bc15.0±3.8de9.1±5.1c64.4±10.6c
S617.2±2.6a26.6±3.0a20.3±1.8a12.8±5.6bc76.9±9.2ab
S712.7±2.7b27.1±2.6a19.1±2.9ab14.2±3.8b73.1±5.1b
S816.7±1.9a26.2±1.9ab20.0±1.5ab13.8±3.0b76.7±4.0ab
S916.2±2.0a25.4±2.0ab17.9±2.2abc13.5±4.5b73.0±4.8b
S1015.6±2.5a25.4±2.5ab17.8±2.5abc14.1±3.5b72.9±5.9b
S1115.2±2.9ab21.2±1.7d16.0±3.1cd11.4±3.3bc63.8±6.7c
S1215.1±2.9ab20.1±2.4d11.9±3.9f12.7±3.7bc59.8±7.7c
S139.2±4.4c22.0±3.2cd13.1±3.5ef14.8±4.8ab59.1±9.3c
), ArticleFig(id=1261343950514807056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Cumulative variance contribution rate and loading matrix of quality indicators for fermented rice cakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标F1F2F3F4
特征值4.8513.0631.7881.238
方差贡献率(%)40.42625.52814.89810.314
累积方差贡献率(%)40.42665.95480.85291.166
粘附性−0.924
内聚性0.946
弹性0.807
L*0.866
比容0.521
硬度0.888
胶粘性0.939
咀嚼性0.794
异戊醇0.972
苯乙醇0.915
a*0.744
b*0.924
), ArticleFig(id=1261343952607764759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343854570103242, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

发酵米糕各项品质指标的累积方差贡献率和载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标F1F2F3F4
特征值4.8513.0631.7881.238
方差贡献率(%)40.42625.52814.89810.314
累积方差贡献率(%)40.42665.95480.85291.166
粘附性−0.924
内聚性0.946
弹性0.807
L*0.866
比容0.521
硬度0.888
胶粘性0.939
咀嚼性0.794
异戊醇0.972
苯乙醇0.915
a*0.744
b*0.924
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发酵米糕关键品质指标与感官评价的相关性研究
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陈召桂 1, 2 , 陈春梅 2 , 俞娇 2 , 洪雁 *, 1, 3 , 顾正彪 *, 1
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(9): 321-330
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食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026, 47(9): 321-330
发酵米糕关键品质指标与感官评价的相关性研究
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陈召桂1, 2 , 陈春梅2, 俞娇2, 洪雁*, 1, 3 , 顾正彪*, 1
作者信息
  • 1.江南大学食品学院,江苏无锡 214122
  • 2.浙江五芳斋实业股份有限公司,浙江嘉兴 314000
  • 3.嘉兴未来食品研究院,浙江嘉兴 314000
  • 陈召桂(1982−),男,博士研究生,正高级工程师,研究方向:米制品加工,E-mail:

通讯作者:

洪雁(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:淀粉质资源开发与利用,E-mail:
顾正彪(1965−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:淀粉质资源开发与利用,E-mail:
Correlation between Key Quality Indicators and Sensory Evaluation of Fermented Rice Cake
Zhaogui CHEN1, 2 , Chunmei CHEN2, Jiao YU2, Yan HONG*, 1, 3 , Zhengbiao GU*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
  • 2.Zhejiang Wufangzhai Industrial Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314000, China
  • 3.Jiaxing Future Food Research Institute, Jiaxing 314000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050020
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为探究发酵米糕的品质,本文选取13种市售发酵米糕,对其色泽、比容、质构、挥发性风味物质的含量进行测定分析,考察不同发酵米糕各项品质指标之间的差异性和相关性,同时采用主成分分析法对发酵米糕进行综合评价,筛选出能够代表发酵米糕品质的关键指标。结果表明:13种市售发酵米糕在比容、色泽、质构、挥发性风味物质种类和含量及感官评价方面均存在一定差异;在比容和色泽指标与感官评价指标的相关性分析中,米白色与b*值呈显著负相关性(P<0.05),与L*值及比容呈极显著正相关性(P<0.01);质构与感官评价指标的相关性分析中,粘性适中及气孔均匀都与粘附性、内聚性、弹性、胶粘性以及咀嚼性呈显著相关性(P<0.05);风味物质与感官评价指标的相关性分析中,异戊醇和苯乙醇与发酵香呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),异戊醇与谷物香呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。通过主成分分析最终确定了4个主成分,累积方差贡献率为91.166%,分别为内聚性、胶粘性、异戊醇含量和b*值,可以作为发酵米糕的核心品质指标,表征发酵米糕的整体品质特性。

发酵米糕  /  品质  /  感官评价  /  相关性分析  /  综合评价

Thirteen commercially available fermented rice cakes were selected to assess their quality. We evaluated the color, specific volume, texture, and volatile flavor compounds. The differences and correlations among these indicators were also investigated. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify key indices representing overall quality. The results showed that 13 commercially available fermented rice cakes exhibited variations in specific volume, color, texture, types and contents of volatile flavor substances, and sensory characteristics. In the correlation analysis between specific volume, color index, and sensory evaluation indice: rice white color was significantly negatively correlated with b* value (P<0.05), and extremely significantly positively correlated with L* value and specific volume (P<0.01). In the correlation analysis between texture and sensory evaluation indices: moderate stickiness and uniform air pores were significantly correlated with adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness (P<0.05). In the correlation analysis between flavor substances and sensory evaluation indices: isoamyl alcohol and phenylethanol were extremely significantly positively correlated with fermented flavor (P<0.01), and isoamyl alcohol was significantly positively correlated with cereal flavor (P<0.05). Through principal component analysis, four principal components were ultimately identified with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 91.166%, namely cohesiveness, viscosity, isoamyl alcohol content, and b* value, which could serve as core quality indicators for fermented rice cake and characterize the overall quality characteristics of fermented rice cake.

fermented rice cake  /  quality  /  sensory evaluation  /  correlation analysis  /  comprehensive evaluation
陈召桂, 陈春梅, 俞娇, 洪雁, 顾正彪. 发酵米糕关键品质指标与感官评价的相关性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 321 -330 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050020
Zhaogui CHEN, Chunmei CHEN, Jiao YU, Yan HONG, Zhengbiao GU. Correlation between Key Quality Indicators and Sensory Evaluation of Fermented Rice Cake[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 321 -330 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050020
发酵米糕是我国最地道、最古老的传统大米发酵食品,由大米经浸泡、磨浆、发酵、汽蒸而成,成品内部结构呈蜂窝状,质地松软且富有弹性,米香与发酵风味融合,营养丰富且易于消化,广受民众喜爱[1]。发酵米糕的生产历史悠久,但一直依赖传统家庭式或手工作坊生产,因此存在生产周期长、生产效率低、产品质量不稳定的弊端,同时由于缺乏系统的基础理论研究,目前尚无科学理论的指导,未能实现工业化、现代化生产,难以满足日益增长的消费需求。这些典型突出的实际问题,一定程度上制约了发酵米糕行业的发展。因此,采用现代食品高新技术对特色风味传统食品进行科学的发掘、研究、改造,有助于改善我国发酵米糕行业加工现状,为其工业化生产提供科学的理论依据。
发酵米糕品质评价通常包括感官评价和理化指标检验两种方法,感官评价受评价者主观因素干扰显著,对于不同品种的发酵米糕很难做出统一评价;理化指标的检验具有较强的可比性、重复性,但需要检验的具体指标多,包括比容、质构、色泽及风味特性等[25]。近年来国内外专家对发酵米糕的研究主要集中在原料选择、配方及工艺优化、发酵菌种选择等方面,致力于探究其感官品质和理化特性。Chen等[6]对7种不同籼米粉发酵米糕比容、色泽、质构、风味特性等理化指标及感官评价指标进行分析,发现籼米粉的脂肪含量、蛋白质以及直链淀粉的含量可能是影响发酵米糕整体品质的重要影响因素。朱勇娟等[7]将碎茶添加至籼米粉中制作发酵米糕,对其发酵米糕质构特性、糊化特性及感官评价进行探究,通过相关性分析评估各指标间的关联度,发现发酵米糕感官评分与质构特性、糊化特性各指标间存在密切关联。目前,关于发酵米糕品质指标与感官评价之间的相关性研究鲜有报道,故有必要进行相关研究,以期为发酵米糕品质指标替代感官评价提供参考。
本研究采集市售13个品牌的白糖发酵米糕样品,系统测定其比容、色泽、质构及风味特性,并进行感官评定,深入分析样本间差异性。通过整合相关性分析与主成分分析,旨在筛选出评价发酵米糕品质的核心指标。
13款市售白糖发酵米糕(S1~S13) 均购自线上官方旗舰店,分别产自浙江、河南、广东、四川、安徽等地,具体见表1;油菜籽 市售;2,4,6-三甲基吡啶 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
ILC LOADCELL 250N质构仪 美国FTC公司;CM-5色差仪 日本柯尼卡美能达公司;GCMS-QP2010 Ultra System单四极杆气相色谱质谱联用仪  日本岛津公司。
将市售米糕复蒸8 min后置于室温下冷却并称重(m),然后用油菜籽替换法[8]测定其体积(V)。按下式计算米糕的比容:
$ \text{比容}(\mathrm{mL}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{m} }$
式中:m为米糕质量(g),V为米糕体积(mL)。
参考朱雯等[9]的方法,用切片机将蒸制、冷却1 h后的米糕切成厚约25 mm的米糕片,使用色差仪测定中心部分米糕片的色泽,发酵米糕颜色的三个测定参数包括a*值(红绿值)、b*值(黄蓝值)和L*值(亮度)。
将发酵米糕切成长宽高分别为2 cm的正方体,采用TPA测试,将样品放置于P/25圆柱形探头下,测试速度为测前3.0 mm/s,测试1.0 mm/s,测后3.0 mm/s,两次压缩时间间隔为5 s,压缩程度为40%,触发力为5 g。每个样品重复6次平行。
参照张文灿等[10]方法并进行修改后,采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS)对发酵米糕进行挥发性化合物测定。
样品准备:取米糕中心部分3.5 g剪碎后放入顶空萃取瓶中,在测试前向萃取瓶中加入10 μL浓度为1 μg/μL的2,4,6-三甲基吡啶标准溶液作为内标物。
固相微萃取(Solid phase microextraction,SPME)条件:将装有样品的萃取瓶置于60 ℃恒温水浴中平衡10 min,将老化后的萃取头垂直插入瓶中吸附30 min,结束后取出萃取头,转移到进样口解吸10 min。
气相色谱(Gas chromatography)条件:DB-5MS毛细管柱;载气为氦气;流速恒定为1.0 mL/min;进样方式:不分流;升温程序:起始温度40 ℃,以5 ℃/min升至100 ℃,保持8 min,然后以8 ℃/min升至240 ℃,保持5 min。
质谱(Mass spectrometry)条件:离子源为电子轰击源,能量为70 eV;离子源温度为250 ℃,接口温度250 ℃,检测器电压450 V,发射电流15 μA;扫描范围33~500 m/z。定性结果与标准质谱库(NIST)匹配获得,获得结果均为基于相似度>85的成分。同时,采用峰面积归一法进行半定量分析。
OAV值为每种香气成分的浓度与相对应香气成分的嗅觉阈值之比。按下式计算:
$ \mathrm{OAV}=\frac{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{T}} $
式中:C为样品中测得成分的含量(μg/kg),T为该成分的阈值(μg/kg)。
按男女比例1:1聘请10名食品专业人员成立感官评价小组,分别对新鲜米糕进行定量描述感官评定。基于模糊数学理论指导,前期研究已成功建立发酵米糕包括色泽、组织形态、口感、风味4部分的感官评价标准[11],如表2所示。按照评价标准在专业的感官评定实验室内对发酵米糕进行观察、品尝及打分。实验前对10名人员进行相关针对性训练,以了解米糕的感官特性及其感官特性各指标含义。分别对各实验组米糕进行打分,最终结果取平均值(去除最高以及最低分)。为减小影响提供纯净水用于漱口以清除残留风味。
所有实验均重复进行3次,以平均值±标准差表示。采用SPSS 26、Metabo Analyst 2.0进行相关性分析、显著性分析,显著性分析采用Ducan多重检验。采用Origin 8.5及TBtools绘图。
表3展示了不同发酵米糕的比容及色泽品质。比容反映的是米糕体积膨胀程度,在一定程度上影响其外观、口感滋味及组织状态,是表征米糕品质的重要直观指标[12]。实验结果显示,不同发酵米糕的比容范围在1.06~2.40 mL/g之间,不同发酵米糕的比容大小存在显著差异(P<0.05),表明不同发酵米糕样品间的体积膨胀程度差异显著。其中,S1比容最高,S13比容最低。
色泽是决定消费者对其喜好程度和接受度的重要参数之一,也是感官评定的重要指标。不同样品间的色度存在显著差异(P<0.05),L*值变化范围为76~88.49,其中S6的L*值最高,表明其亮度最大、颜色最亮,这可能与S6具有较高的比容有关,米糕比容增大引起颜色变浅,从而亮度增加;a*值范围为−1.08~0.12,除S8及S13外,其余样品均呈现负值,表明样品颜色偏绿,而S8和S13颜色偏红,其中S12的a*值最低,S13最高;b*值范围为9.06~14.75,其中S13的b*值最高为14.75±0.57,表明该样品呈现出较深的黄色。
全质构分析是评价食品品质指标的常用方法,能够减少人的主观因素引起的误差,客观反映食品品质变化,与感官评价存在一定的相关性[13]。利用质构仪测定了不同发酵米糕的硬度、粘附性、内聚性、弹性、胶粘性及咀嚼性以探究其质构特性。不同发酵米糕的质构特性结果如表4所示,由表可知不同样品间的质构特性存在显著差异(P<0.05)。通常将发酵米糕的硬度、咀嚼性及弹性特性作为主要的评价指标[14]。其中,硬度反映的是米糕的柔软程度,S8的硬度最高,为7.59 N,而S1和S9的硬度最低,均为3.02 N;弹性可反映米糕受压力后的回弹能力,S10具有最高的弹性,为7.74 mm,而S12弹性最低,为4.15 mm;咀嚼性反映的则是米糕对咀嚼过程的持续抵抗性,S8咀嚼性最高,为39.03 N,而S12咀嚼性最低,为9.62 N。总体而言,S8具有较高的硬度、弹性及咀嚼性,这是其具有较好的膨胀性、柔韧性和组织稳定性的表现,拥有较为优良的品质特性;而S12具有较低的弹性和咀嚼性,表明其质地较为柔软。
挥发性风味物质的组成在决定发酵米糕品质及消费者接受度方面起着关键的作用,本研究使用SPME-GC-MS对样品的挥发性风味物质进行了半定量分析,由于烷烃类物质通常具有极低的挥发性和较弱的气味阈值,对食品的直接风味贡献较小,因此将其排除,共检测到50种挥发性风味物质,结果见图1。按照化合物结构可将其分为8大类,包括8种醛类、7种醇类、1种烯类、13种酯类、2种酸类、5种酮类、7种芳香族化合物及7种其他化合物。由图可知,不同发酵米糕中检测到的挥发性风味物质含量差异显著(P<0.05),其中,S4的总挥发性风味物质含量最高,达46821.27 μg/kg,检测到含量最高的醛类、醇类、烯类、酯类及芳香族化合物,而S9总含量最低,为380.29 μg/kg,未检测到酯类及酸类物质。
醛酮类物质具有较低的气味阈值,对发酵米糕的整体风味贡献程度较高。醛类物质产生的挥发性风味物质主要呈现浓郁的清香、米香味及醇香味,是脂肪氧化的主要产物[15]。不同发酵米糕的挥发性风味物质中均检测到壬醛,具有令人愉悦的柑橘香和花香,其在S4中的含量最高,达2294.56 μg/kg,其次是S5(1391.17 μg/kg)。不同发酵米糕的原料及工艺存在差异,脂肪酸含量不同,可能造成醛类物质含量的不同,在脂肪氧化酶的作用下,脂肪酸氧化产生不稳定的非芳香族氢过氧化物,进一步分解为具有独特风味的醛类及其他挥发性化合物,如亚油酸氧化后可进一步降解为己醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛等,油酸氧化后生成辛醛、壬醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、癸醛等[16]。一般而言,饱和醛的形成与油酸含量呈正相关,而烯醛则与亚油酸和亚麻酸含量呈正相关[17]。酮类物质主要通过蛋白质降解途径生成,赋予发酵米糕果香、焦糖和丰富的坚果味。研究表明,不同品种原料的蛋白质组成差异,结合发酵工艺的改变,可显著影响米糕成品中的蛋白质降解程度,最终导致酮类化合物的含量呈现显著差异。此外,酮类化合物会与其他挥发性成分协同作用,促进具有特征香气的芳香族化合物释放,有助于增强发酵米糕香气复杂性和平衡性,进而优化其整体风味品质[18]
醇类物质主要赋予米制品独特的米香和水果醇香的风味,其中饱和醇具有较高的气味阈值,对风味贡献甚微,不饱和醇则以其较低的气味阈值贡献较为丰富的风味,如C6的不饱和醇呈现出青草风味,C9的不饱和醇呈现出香甜的风味。不同发酵米糕中醇类物质浓度高低主要取决于游离氨基酸等风味前体物质以及酵母菌的代谢活动,在适当浓度下醇类物质可衬托出酯类物质的香气,使酒香味整体更加协调[19]。经加热过程,脂肪酸的二级氢过氧化物可分解生成醇类,而脂肪氧合酶作用下,不饱和脂肪酸可氧化分解形成醇类,同时不饱和脂肪酸碳链双键的位置异构化也是形成醇类的来源之一。乙醇是不同发酵米糕中共有的挥发性风味物质,一般添加酵母的发酵类食品中均会检测到较高含量的乙醇,而其气味阈值较大,对风味贡献有限。
芳香族化合物大都呈幽雅的花香、水果香和甜香,香味突出且具有阈值低、沸点高、难挥发的特点[20],这可能是发酵米糕风味形成的关键。苯乙醇是不同发酵米糕中共有的挥发性风味物质,主要由酵母通过Ehrlich途径代谢苯丙氨酸产生,是米发糕和馒头等发酵食品中呈现新鲜面包香气和清甜玫瑰香气的主要风味贡献物质[21]。S1中检测到苯乙醇含量高达18649.01 μg/kg,可能与其原料中甜酒曲的添加有关,杨洋洋等[22]研究发现添加甜酒曲的四种甜米酒中苯乙醇含量较高,贡献了酒的独特玫瑰、奶油芬芳,能够增加酒的醇厚感和饱满感。此外,氨基酸的Strecker降解可产生具有坚果和水果香味的芳香醛,如苯甘氨酸降解产生苯甲醛。
酯类物质共检测到13种,种类最多,可增加发酵米糕香气的复杂性和典型性,其主要由醇类和酸类之间的酯化反应转化而来,此外游离氨基酸也为其合成提供了丰富的原料[23]。酯类物质可能是由发酵过程中微生物代谢产生,一般添加酵母的发酵食品中酵母自身的酯酶可催化酸类及醇类缩合,因此不同发酵米糕原料中酵母的种类及含量都会影响酯类物质的产生。此外脂肪酸的乙酰辅酶A衍生物可与乙醇等醇类物质发生乙酰转移酶催化反应,生成具有水果香甜和奶香味的酯类物质,如乙酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、壬酸乙酯、乙酸辛酯、癸酸乙酯等[24]
烯类物质和酸类物质种类较少,仅检测到一种烯类和两种酸类,其中,不同发酵米糕样品中均检测到D-柠檬烯,具有新鲜橙子和柠檬香气,其作为一种萜烯类化合物,是不饱和脂肪酸的主要氧化分解产物,在S4中含量最高,达382.46 μg/kg。酸类物质主要通过脂肪氧化及其产物的二次分解产生,产生的酸味可能是发酵米制品的一个典型风味特征,同时也是影响风味口感的一个重要因素,适度的酸化会赋予发酵米糕更加丰富的口感和滋味,同时促进发酵过程中酯化反应的进行,影响酯类风味物质的产生。此外,其他化合物含量在不同发酵米糕中占比较少,如呋喃类、酚类、含氮、含硫化合物等,但都是影响发酵米糕风味的因素,组成发酵米糕的整体风味。
为进一步分析13种发酵米糕风味物质的差异,使用偏最小二乘判别分析(Partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)对发酵米糕的关键风味物质进行分析,筛选VIP>1的物质作为差异风味物质,VIP值越大,认为变量在不同样品间的差异越显著,结果见图2,VIP>1的物质分别为苯乙醇和异戊醇。Xiong等[25]在发酵米浆中检测到苯乙醇是主要的呈香化合物,其中,具有花香风味的苯乙醇主要由发酵过程中1-苯丙氨酸经由酵母转化而成。为了验证对发酵米糕整体香气形成起主要贡献的挥发性风味物质,对风味化合物苯乙醇和异戊醇进行OAV计算,OAV为风味活性化合物在发酵米糕中的浓度与该物质在水中的气味阈值的比值,反映了香气物质对整体风味的贡献情况,一般理论上认为OAV≥1的物质是可以被人体感知的,OAV数值越大表明其对整体风味贡献越大[2627]。苯乙醇和异戊醇两种物质的气味阈值分别为0.56423 μg/kg和0.0017 μg/kg[28],通过公式计算13种发酵米糕OAV值,计算结果见表5,结果显示市售发酵米糕样品除S5、S7、S9和S13外,OAV值均大于1。因此,结合VIP值>1和OAV值>1的结果,最终选定苯乙醇和异戊醇作为不同发酵米糕的关键风味物质。
苯乙醇是发酵米制品中最为典型的挥发性风味物质[2930],可作为发酵米糕的代表性风味物质,本研究通过筛选发现苯乙醇(花香气味)的VIP值接近7,与前人研究相一致。异戊醇在发酵食品中的风味主要体现为辛辣味、杂醇油味,略带果香(如香蕉、苹果)[22],本研究中VIP值大于2,少量存在可赋予发酵米糕风味层次感。
感官评定是对食品品质进行描述及判定最为直观的指标,同时也是质量控制体系的重要组成部分。不同发酵米糕感官评价结果如表6所示。不同发酵米糕在色泽、口感、组织形态及风味的评分上具有显著差异(P<0.05),其中,S1的感官得分最高,整体呈现米白色,表面有光泽,有浓郁的发酵香及谷物香风味,同时爽口而不粘牙,柔软有弹性,蓬松无凹陷,气孔分布均匀;S13的感官得分最低,色泽淡黄,光泽较淡,组织结构较差,内部气孔不均一,风味不足。
为了确定发酵米糕感官评价指标与物性指标间的关系,对发酵米糕包括比容、色泽(L*a*b*)、质构和关键风味物质在内的各物性指标与感官评价指标之间进行了相关性分析。
由于不同原料及加工工艺导致发酵米糕比容和色泽有所差异,从而影响发酵米糕的感官品质。由图3可知,发酵米糕比容和色泽指标的相关性分析显示,色泽指标中a*值与b*值间呈显著正相关(P<0.05),色泽指标中的L*值与比容呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。在与感官评价指标的相关性分析中同样发现多个指标存在显著相关性,色泽指标中的L*值与感官评价指标中的米白色呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与粘性适中、有弹性、蓬松及气孔均匀呈显著正相关(P<0.05);色泽指标中的b*值与感官评价指标中的米白色呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与光泽呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数范围在−0.857~−0.670;品质指标中的比容与感官评价指标中的米白色呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与粘性适中、柔软、蓬松及气孔均匀呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数范围在0.590~0.707。以上分析可知,L*值、b*值及比容与感官评价指标间具有显著相关性。
图4可知,发酵米糕质构指标间存在一定的相关性,其中,咀嚼性与硬度及内聚性间存在显著正相关(P<0.05),与粘附性存在显著负相关(P<0.05),与弹性及胶粘性间存在极显著正相关(P<0.01);硬度与胶粘性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);粘附性与内聚性及弹性间均呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);内聚性与弹性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。质构指标与感官评价指标间的相关性分析可以看出二者间存在一定的相关性,硬度与谷物香呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数为−0.562;粘附性与粘性适中、有弹性、蓬松及气孔均匀均呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数范围在−0.896~−0.787;内聚性与粘性适中、有弹性、蓬松及气孔均匀均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数范围在0.739~0.912;弹性与粘性适中、蓬松及气孔均匀呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与有弹性呈极显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数范围在0.558~0.687;胶粘性与粘性适中及气孔均匀均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数范围在0.574~0.653;咀嚼性与粘性适中呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与气孔均匀呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数范围在0.665~0.711;质构指标与感官评价指标中的米白色、有光泽、柔软及发酵香无显著相关性(P>0.05)。
图5可知,两种关键风味物质间存在极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数为0.910。关键风味物质与感官评价指标间的相关性分析可以看出二者间存在一定的相关性,异戊醇与发酵香呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关性系数为0.869,与谷物香呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关性系数为0.603;苯乙醇与发酵香呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关性系数为0.851。
为了确定发酵米糕物性指标间的关系以便缩减相应指标数量,对发酵米糕各物性指标进行了相关性分析,结果见图6。发酵米糕的品质指标中数个或个别指标存在显著相关性,不同物性指标间也存在一定的相关性,色泽指标中的L*值与质构指标中的粘附性呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与内聚性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),a*值与弹性及咀嚼性呈显著正相关(P<0.05);比容与质构指标中的内聚性呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与色泽指标中的L*值呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);两种关键风味物质与其余指标间均无显著相关性(P>0.05)。
不同发酵米糕的品质指标间存在一定的相关性,数据所表示的信息在一定程度上有所重叠。因此,通过主成分分析对数据进行降维处理,将多组数据转化为少数几个能有效反映原变量信息的指标。采用主成分分析法和因子分析法确定不同发酵米糕品质指标的主要因素(特征值>1作为主要成分),不同发酵米糕品质指标的主成分累积方差贡献率及载荷矩阵结果见表7。由表可知,发酵米糕的品质指标在经过主成分分析后,转化成了主成分F1、F2、F3、F4,特征值分别为4.851、3.063、1.788、1.238,累积方差贡献率为91.166%,能够比较准确地反映原始变量的信息。因此,提取主成分F1、F2、F3和F4代替原来的12个品质指标,作为对不同发酵米糕品质特性的评定,反映不同发酵米糕的整体信息。
主成分载荷因子矩阵表示提取成分对原始变量的影响程度,用正态最大方差准则进行因子旋转,得到旋转因子载荷矩阵,如表7所示,其中载荷因子越大表明其对主成分影响越大[31]。第一主成分的贡献率为40.426%,其与特征向量中载荷较高的内聚性、弹性、L*和比容呈正相关,与粘附性呈负相关,表明第一主成分主要反映这五种指标,其中粘附性与内聚性、弹性及L*呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),内聚性与弹性、L*呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与比容呈显著正相关(P<0.05),由于内聚性这一指标载荷值最大(r=0.946),同时包含了粘附性、弹性、L*和比容的大部分信息。本研究参照刘敏[32]的方法选取载荷值最大的指标来进行整体分析,因此将内聚性作为第一主成分的代表性指标,其主要体现发酵米糕的质构特性。第二主成分的方差贡献率为25.528%,其中胶粘性的载荷因子最大,其次为硬度和咀嚼性,可将这三种指标作为第二主成分的主要指标,硬度与胶粘性之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与咀嚼性之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05),胶粘性与咀嚼性之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),表明胶粘性包含了硬度与咀嚼性的主要信息,因此选择胶粘性为第二主成分的代表性指标,体现发酵米糕的质构特性。第一主成分与第二主成分均主要体现发酵米糕的质构特性,代表性指标分别为内聚性和胶粘性,主要呈现正相关,表明第一主成分和第二主成分大的发酵米糕具有口感好、组织形态优良的感官特点,其在加工和食用过程中能够保持较好的结构,同时说明影响人对发酵米糕品质的优劣感觉主要是口感和组织形态。第三主成分的方差贡献率为14.898%,其与代表性指标中的异戊醇和苯乙醇呈正相关,二者呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而异戊醇的载荷因子较大,因此选择异戊醇为第三主成分代表性指标,体现发酵米糕的风味特性,表明第三主成分较大的发酵米糕具有良好的花果清香风味特点。第四主成分的方差贡献率为10.314%,a*b*为代表性指标,二者呈显著正相关(P<0.05),b*的载荷因子较大,因此选择b*为第四主成分的代表性指标,体现发酵米糕的色泽特性,表明第四主成分较大的发酵米糕具有偏黄的色泽特点。综上所述,基于主成分分析最终选定内聚性、胶粘性、异戊醇和b*值四个指标作为发酵米糕主要品质指标,这四个主成分能够基本上反映发酵米糕品质的全部信息,对发酵米糕的品质评价强度依次降低。
评价指标的权重分配对食品品质评价体系影响很大,权重越大对总评分影响越大,先前的研究运用统计学方法已将发酵米糕感官评价指标进行权重分配,并将其折算成百分制,本研究参考张桂英[33]的方法,对于各指标给出三种评价等级,分别为优秀(≥73分)、良好(≥35分)和不合格(<35分),对应感官指标中色泽分值范围分别为≥16分、≥8分及<8分,口感分值范围分别为≥24分、≥12分及<12分,组织形态分值范围分别为≥18分、≥8分及<8分,风味分值范围分别为≥15分、≥7分及<7分。对于核心指标的接受范围,主要针对感官得分优秀及良好的发酵米糕进行分析,得出具体范围如下:第一主成分代表指标与第二主成分代表指标均体现了发酵米糕的质构特性,与感官描述中口感及组织形态相关,在感官得分中优秀发酵米糕的口感分值≥24分,优秀的组织形态分值≥18分,其对应的内聚性与胶粘性可接受范围分别在0.65~0.75 Ratio、2.04~3.98 N,在此范围内的发酵米糕整体呈现出爽口,不粘牙,易变形且能较快恢复原状,无凹陷,内部气孔细小而分布均匀的感官特性。由于内聚性与胶粘性对于发酵米糕的质构品质来说,并不是单一的线性变化,是两个密切相关的力学参数,分析时应综合考量;第三主成分代表指标异戊醇含量体现了发酵米糕的风味特性,与感官描述中风味相关,在感官得分中优秀发酵米糕的风味分值≥15分,其对应的异戊醇含量可接受范围为461~2042 μg/kg,在此范围内的发酵米糕整体呈现出略带谷物香及大米清香味,无异味的感官特性;第四主成分代表指标b*体现了发酵米糕的色泽特性,与感官描述中色泽相关,在感官得分中优秀发酵米糕的色泽分值≥16分,其对应的b*可接受范围为9.06~11.46,在此范围内的发酵米糕整体呈现出颜色均匀的米白色,有光泽,无脱皮现象的感官特性。感官评价体系具有一定的主观性,不能真正反映发酵米糕的品质情况,结合仪器测定的品质指标能够较好地规避一些主观因素,比较客观地评价发酵米糕的整体品质,其评价结果更为客观可靠。综上所述,感官评价中优秀的发酵米糕在品质评价体系中内聚性、胶粘性、异戊醇及b*指标的可接受范围分别为0.65~0.75 Ratio、2.04~3.98 N、461~2042 μg/kg及9.06~11.46。
本文通过对13种市售发酵米糕色泽、比容、质构、挥发性风味物质的种类及含量和感官品质等多个指标进行测定和统计分析,结果表明13个发酵米糕品种之间存在差异性。通过指标间相关性分析,发现各指标之间有不同程度的相关性,存在信息重叠现象,研究发现感官评价中的米白色与色泽参数b*值呈现显著负相关关系(P<0.05),与L*值及比容存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);粘性适中及气孔均匀这两项感官特征,分别与质构特性中的粘附性、内聚性、弹性、胶粘性和咀嚼性呈现显著相关(P<0.05);异戊醇和苯乙醇与感官评价中的发酵香感官评分呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),异戊醇与谷物香感官评分亦呈现显著正相关(P<0.05)。采用主成分分析将指标进行简化,最终选择内聚性、胶粘性、异戊醇含量和b*值这4个指标作为发酵米糕的主要品质指标,这些指标能够较为全面地表征发酵米糕的整体品质特性。本研究可为发酵米糕品质综合评价提供参考。
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050020
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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    1.江南大学食品学院,江苏无锡 214122
    2.浙江五芳斋实业股份有限公司,浙江嘉兴 314000
    3.嘉兴未来食品研究院,浙江嘉兴 314000

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洪雁(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:淀粉质资源开发与利用,E-mail:
顾正彪(1965−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:淀粉质资源开发与利用,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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