Article(id=1261343853425115278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040125, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744300800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657409292, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657409292, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657409292, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657409292, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=448, endPage=457, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343860924530864, articleId=1261343853425115278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Mechanisms of Starch-Polyphenol Interactions, Structural Characterization, and Their Impact on Functional Properties: A review, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Starch, the primary source of carbohydrates in food, plays a crucial role in nutrition and health owing to its digestive properties and functional regulation and has been a subject of extensive research. Recently, researchers have non-covalently combined polyphenols with starch, which significantly altered its structural and functional properties. As research has progressed, it has been observed that polyphenols can form covalent bonds with starch chains through chemical agent coupling, free radical grafting, enzymatic catalysis, and acid-mediated pathways. Synthesized covalent conjugates exhibit superior structural and functional performance compared to non-covalent complexes and have become a focal point in the field of starch functional regulation, achieving significant advancements. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the binding mechanisms of starch and polyphenols through non-covalent and covalent interactions, compare them with non-covalent interaction mechanisms, and analyze the advantages of covalent interactions in binding modes and structural characteristics using structural characterization techniques. Additionally, by analyzing the functional characteristics of both, it emphasizes the significant advantages of covalent conjugates in thermal stability, digestion resistance, and antioxidant activity. Subsequent researchers can focus on starch-polyphenol covalent binding technology, which is expected to provide innovative approaches for the combination of natural ingredients and functional foods and contribute to the sustainable development of the food industry.

, correspAuthors=Ning XU, Ning XIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yanchi WANG, Weiyi WANG, Li LIU, Linghao MENG, Yuan MENG, Hanyue GUAN, Ning XU, Ning XIA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343868113567989, articleId=1261343853425115278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=淀粉-多酚相互作用的机制、结构表征及其对功能特性影响的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

淀粉作为食物中的主要碳水化合物来源,其消化特性及功能调控对食品营养与健康至关重要,人们对淀粉进行了广泛的研究。近年来,研究人员将多酚与淀粉进行非共价结合,显著地改变了淀粉的结构与功能特性。随着研究的深入,科研人员发现多酚类物质可通过化学剂偶联、自由基接枝、酶促反应催化以及酸介导等路径形成共价键接枝在淀粉链上,合成的共价偶联物相较于非共价复合物在结构与功能上表现出更优异的性能,该研究方向已成为淀粉功能性调控领域的研究热点,并取得了显著的进展。综上,本文旨在全面总结淀粉与多酚通过非共价相互作用和共价相互作用的结合机制,并与非共价相互作用机制作对比,通过结构表征技术系统的分析共价相互作用在结合方式和结构特征的优势。此外,通过对二者功能特性的解析,强调共价偶联物在热稳定性、抗消化能力及抗氧化活性方面的显著优势。后续研究人员可将对淀粉功能性调控的关注点放在淀粉-多酚共价结合技术上,该领域的深入探索有望为天然成分与功能食品的结合提供创新路径,助力食品工业可持续发展。

, correspAuthors=徐宁, 夏宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐宁(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品大分子功能调控,E-mail:
夏宁(1981−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ijsecVf6Mh/CIRADng9uGg==, magXml=LP69FZnZCL0vsZQ1F+AfeQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LZ7CyhG/OnBhGIJuZT9huA==, pdfFileSize=1157920, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Jz3YHyqXANYe8pAEJjuobg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=TZvNbEw9JS63twMNiOSXyA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王晏驰(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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注:(a)化学偶联剂介导反应(以CDI为例)[46],(b)自由基接枝反应[19],(c)酸介导反应[49]

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淀粉-多酚相互作用的机制、结构表征及其对功能特性影响的研究进展
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王晏驰 1 , 王唯一 1 , 刘丽 2 , 孟令昊 1 , 孟媛 1 , 关涵月 1 , 徐宁 *, 1 , 夏宁 *, 1
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(9): 448-457
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食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026, 47(9): 448-457
淀粉-多酚相互作用的机制、结构表征及其对功能特性影响的研究进展
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王晏驰1 , 王唯一1, 刘丽2, 孟令昊1, 孟媛1, 关涵月1, 徐宁*, 1 , 夏宁*, 1
作者信息
  • 1.东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
  • 2.黑龙江省药品检验研究院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
  • 王晏驰(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

通讯作者:

徐宁(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品大分子功能调控,E-mail:
夏宁(1981−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:
Mechanisms of Starch-Polyphenol Interactions, Structural Characterization, and Their Impact on Functional Properties: A review
Yanchi WANG1 , Weiyi WANG1, Li LIU2, Linghao MENG1, Yuan MENG1, Hanyue GUAN1, Ning XU*, 1 , Ning XIA*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
  • 2.Heilongjiang Institute of Drug Inspection, Harbin 150030, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040125
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淀粉作为食物中的主要碳水化合物来源,其消化特性及功能调控对食品营养与健康至关重要,人们对淀粉进行了广泛的研究。近年来,研究人员将多酚与淀粉进行非共价结合,显著地改变了淀粉的结构与功能特性。随着研究的深入,科研人员发现多酚类物质可通过化学剂偶联、自由基接枝、酶促反应催化以及酸介导等路径形成共价键接枝在淀粉链上,合成的共价偶联物相较于非共价复合物在结构与功能上表现出更优异的性能,该研究方向已成为淀粉功能性调控领域的研究热点,并取得了显著的进展。综上,本文旨在全面总结淀粉与多酚通过非共价相互作用和共价相互作用的结合机制,并与非共价相互作用机制作对比,通过结构表征技术系统的分析共价相互作用在结合方式和结构特征的优势。此外,通过对二者功能特性的解析,强调共价偶联物在热稳定性、抗消化能力及抗氧化活性方面的显著优势。后续研究人员可将对淀粉功能性调控的关注点放在淀粉-多酚共价结合技术上,该领域的深入探索有望为天然成分与功能食品的结合提供创新路径,助力食品工业可持续发展。

淀粉  /  多酚  /  非共价  /  共价  /  作用机制  /  结构表征  /  功能特性

Starch, the primary source of carbohydrates in food, plays a crucial role in nutrition and health owing to its digestive properties and functional regulation and has been a subject of extensive research. Recently, researchers have non-covalently combined polyphenols with starch, which significantly altered its structural and functional properties. As research has progressed, it has been observed that polyphenols can form covalent bonds with starch chains through chemical agent coupling, free radical grafting, enzymatic catalysis, and acid-mediated pathways. Synthesized covalent conjugates exhibit superior structural and functional performance compared to non-covalent complexes and have become a focal point in the field of starch functional regulation, achieving significant advancements. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the binding mechanisms of starch and polyphenols through non-covalent and covalent interactions, compare them with non-covalent interaction mechanisms, and analyze the advantages of covalent interactions in binding modes and structural characteristics using structural characterization techniques. Additionally, by analyzing the functional characteristics of both, it emphasizes the significant advantages of covalent conjugates in thermal stability, digestion resistance, and antioxidant activity. Subsequent researchers can focus on starch-polyphenol covalent binding technology, which is expected to provide innovative approaches for the combination of natural ingredients and functional foods and contribute to the sustainable development of the food industry.

starch  /  polyphenols  /  non-covalent  /  covalent  /  mechanism of action  /  structural characterization  /  functional properties
王晏驰, 王唯一, 刘丽, 孟令昊, 孟媛, 关涵月, 徐宁, 夏宁. 淀粉-多酚相互作用的机制、结构表征及其对功能特性影响的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 448 -457 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040125
Yanchi WANG, Weiyi WANG, Li LIU, Linghao MENG, Yuan MENG, Hanyue GUAN, Ning XU, Ning XIA. Mechanisms of Starch-Polyphenol Interactions, Structural Characterization, and Their Impact on Functional Properties: A review[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 448 -457 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040125
淀粉,作为一种广泛存在于植物中的多糖,几乎是所有主食的主要成分,是人体重要的能量来源[12]。它由葡萄糖分子聚合而成,主要贮存在种子和块茎中,如大米、小麦和马铃薯等。淀粉不仅是食物的重要组成部分,而且在食品加工中也有广泛的应用。然而,淀粉基食物在制备的过程中需要经过高温处理,使淀粉糊化。经人体摄入后,糊化的淀粉被体内的淀粉酶分解转化为葡萄糖,如果没有外界的干预,会引起血糖快速上升,对肥胖、糖尿病、高血压、心血管疾病人群产生不良影响[3]
为了控制这些不良影响,人们采取了多种技术和方法调控淀粉的抗消化特性。例如,采用湿热处理[4]、挤压处理[5]、酶法处理[6]以及发酵处理[7]等物理和生物加工方法来改变食品的结构和理化特性,从而降低其血糖生成指数。然而,这些方法在实际的生产应用中仍存在着生产工艺较为复杂、对设备的要求较高以及转化效率有限等问题[8]。因此,将多酚类物质与淀粉结合合成的抗消化淀粉逐渐成为近年来科研人员的研究热点。
多酚作为植物体内的一种次生代谢物,可以通过抑制淀粉酶的活性来延缓淀粉的消化[911]。同时,多酚也是一种重要的生物活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗肥胖等多种益处,因此被广泛应用于各个领域(食品、生物、医药)[1213]。然而,多酚在自然界中通常以游离或结合的形式存在,多酚中存在多个游离的酚羟基,致使稳定性和生物利用度较低。近年来有多项研究表明,淀粉和多酚分子之间可以通过非共价相互作用形成复合物以及共价相互作用形成偶联物,从而改变淀粉和多酚的结构、功能和活性,可提高多酚的生物利用度并对淀粉的消化率也有不同程度的影响[14]。相较于传统的物理和生物方法合成的抗消化淀粉,引入多酚类物质后淀粉的热稳定性、抗消化能力、转化效率都有所增强,且操作简单,对设备的要求不高。目前,将淀粉和多酚相互作用来调节淀粉基食品的性质,已成为食品科学领域的研究热点。
淀粉与多种多酚类物质的非共价相互作用或共价相互作用结合,主要通过官能团的修饰改变分子的结构。对于非共价相互作用,淀粉中的直链淀粉可以通过氢键、CH-π键等与多酚络合形成非包合物,也可以通过疏水相互作用与多酚形成单左螺旋形式的V型包合物[15]。而共价相互作用主要利用酯化反应形成酯键(共价键)生成新的晶体结构,这种反应可以通过化学偶联[1617]、自由基接枝[1819]、酸介导[20]以及酶促反应催化[21]等机制来介导。二者之间的相互作用与多酚在体内的消化、代谢和利用密切相关,同时也影响着淀粉和多酚的理化性质、功能特性和生物学活性。然而,当前淀粉-多酚相互作用的研究仍存在显著局限性。在结合方式的研究深度上,相较于共价相互作用,非共价相互作用的研究已取得丰富成果,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(NMR)等技术,已清晰解析氢键、疏水作用、π-π堆积等非共价键在复合物形成中的作用,而共价相互作用的研究尚处于起步阶段。虽然已有化学偶联、自由基接枝、酸介导等共价结合路径的探索,但共价键形成的动态过程、关键影响因素(如温度、pH等)仍缺乏系统性研究,且共价结合对淀粉-多酚偶联物的功能特性(如抗消化性、热稳定特性、抗氧化性)的调控机制尚未明确。近年来越来越多的研究人员将多酚对淀粉的调控的关注度放到共价结合上,但相关综述较少。因此,本文将聚焦上述研究缺口,重点围绕相互作用机制解析、表征技术以及功能特性调控三个方向展开论述,以期为该领域的深入研究与产业化应用提供新视角。
非共价相互作用是生物大分子与特定生物活性小分子通过氢键、疏水相互作用或离子相互作用等作用力形成特异性强、可逆性强的络合物的一类反应[22]。大多数多酚类化合物含有酚羟基,可以通过非共价键(如氢键、疏水相互作用、CH-π键以及π-π堆积等)与淀粉结合。这种结合通常可以采用热加工(如共糊化、热湿处理、微波处理、挤压处理)或非热加工(如高静水压、高压均质、超声波)两种方式进行[1,23]。在分子水平上,二者相互作用可以产生两种类型的复合物。一种是V型包合物,其中酚类化合物被部分包裹在淀粉的疏水螺旋内。另一种是非包合物,其中酚类化合物的羟基和羰基与淀粉相互作用形成分子间聚集体[2425]
经不同条件加工后,酚类化合物的疏水环可以部分或全部进入直链淀粉单螺旋的疏水腔,形成包合物[2628]。酚类分子的构象、聚合度(DP)及分子量(Mw)都可能会影响包合物的强度和结构。不同分子大小的酚类化合物可能以不同的方式适合直链淀粉螺旋的空腔。根据多酚的大小,直链淀粉的单螺旋每个螺旋包含6、7或8个葡萄糖基残基,对应于V6、V7或V8包合物[29]。小的多酚分子可以包含在V6包合物中。例如,大豆异黄酮[30]和没食子酸[31]可以与淀粉相互作用形成V6包合物。庞大的多酚如绿原酸和α-萘酚可分别形成V7或V8包合物[32]。此外,根据晶体细胞中水的存在程度,这些复合物可以分为Va(a表示无水)和Vh(h表示有水)[33]。在这些复合物中,V6a型配合物因其螺旋尺寸与客体分子精准适配,具有高强度的氢键和疏水作用协同以及高度有序的结晶结构,因此表现出优越的稳定性,其结构有序度、结晶度和包封效率都较高[29,34]
V型包合物(如图1a所示)的稳定性主要由疏水相互作用和氢键维持[3538],且二者通常起到协同作用。直链淀粉在溶液中可自发形成左手螺旋结构,其内部疏水环境能够容纳多酚的疏水基团(如黄酮类化合物的芳香环结构),形成V型包合物。淀粉分子中的羟基(-OH)与多酚的酚羟基(-OH)、羰基(C=O)等极性基团间可形成氢键网络[23]。多酚通过疏水相互作用进入淀粉的内部疏水螺旋,再通过氢键作用发生特异性结合。直链淀粉的(单或双)螺旋空腔内的基团和大分子因疏水相互作用而缔合,从而形成同时带有亲水、亲油性配体的V型淀粉-多酚复合物。
CH-π键与π-π堆积在淀粉-多酚相互作用中起到辅助强化作用。淀粉骨架上的甲基(-CH3)或亚甲基(-CH2-)与多酚芳香环间的CH-π弱相互作用,以及多酚分子间的π-π堆积,能够协同氢键和疏水作用,进一步提升复合物的稳定性。例如,咖啡酸与直链淀粉结合时,咖啡酸的苯环与淀粉螺旋外部的-CH2-基团形成CH-π键,同时多个咖啡酸分子通过π-π堆积形成有序排列,共同维持复合物的结构完整性[39]
并不是所有多酚都能与淀粉形成包合物。有研究表明,某些多酚可能被包裹在淀粉的螺旋结构内,而一些体积较大的多酚在进入淀粉螺旋腔时遇到障碍,从而形成非包合物[4041](如图1b所示)。非包合物是指淀粉与酚类化合物直接相互作用而不形成V型包合物,主要通过淀粉和多酚分子之间的分子间氢键或CH-π键形成。如已有研究表明,茶多酚主要通过氢键与淀粉相互作用形成非包合复合物[42]
与包合物不同的是,非包合物在淀粉疏水螺旋外排除了酚类化合物。多酚主要通过酚羟基与淀粉羟基形成氢键吸附于颗粒表面或无定形区,其疏水基团与淀粉疏水区域通过范德华力共沉淀,在酸性条件下静电吸引增强结合;此过程不涉及多酚嵌入淀粉螺旋空腔,形成无定形或松散聚集结构。与包合物相比,非包合物作用位点在淀粉表面或分子链间,以非共价力结合,结构有序性低、热稳定性较差,抗消化性通过物理屏障和多酚释放抑制酶活性实现,例如茶多酚-马铃薯淀粉非包合复合物可降低薯片油吸收量,而包合物依赖螺旋空腔嵌入、结构更有序且抗消化性更强[43]
此外,淀粉与多酚之间的相互作用在非包合物中的结合力要弱于在包合物中的结合力,形成的复合物结构也更为松散[44]。例如,茶多酚-淀粉非包合物最初是在高压均质处理过程中形成的,然而随着处理的进行,非包合物的结合力太弱,无法抵抗高压,逐渐形成包合物[45]。虽然包合物和非包合物涉及的分子相互作用类似(如氢键、疏水相互作用),但它们的空间排列和功能效果却有显著差异。包合物涉及将多酚包封在直链淀粉螺旋内。相比之下,非包合物涉及多酚与淀粉表面或无定形区域的外部结合,导致特异性相互作用较少,因此对淀粉性质的影响更温和。
近些年,不少研究人员采用共价结合的方式将多酚类物质接枝到淀粉分子上。淀粉与多酚的共价相互作用通过形成稳定的共价键(如酯键、醚键)改变分子结构。共价键是一种化学键,相对于非共价键来说更加稳定,这使得淀粉和多酚的结合在加工和储存过程中具有更好的稳定性,对功能特性的调控更为显著。据报道,近些年研究的包括阿魏酸[46]、咖啡酸[47]、槲皮素[1718,4849]、香草酸[16,21]、儿茶素[20]、没食子酸[1819,21]、丁香酸[21]、香草酸等在内的多酚与淀粉通过共价相连,这些反应是通过化学偶联、自由基接枝、酸介导等机制实现的。
化学偶联介导是最常用的共价结合方法之一。它通常采用N–N'–羰基二咪唑(CDI)、1–乙基(3–二甲基氨基丙基)–碳酰亚二胺(EDC)作为偶联剂诱导多酚与淀粉相互作用。当化学偶联介导反应发生时,要经过活化、偶联两个阶段。该方法通过激活多酚的羧基,使其与淀粉的羟基发生酯化反应。具体过程中,EDC先与多酚羧基(–COOH)反应形成活性中间体O–酰基脲,随后中间体与亲核试剂(如N–羟基琥珀酰亚胺,NHS)作用转化为活性酯中间体(N–琥珀酰亚胺酯),同时释放副产物脲,该酯基再与淀粉羟基反应形成稳定的酯键。N–N'–羰基二咪唑(CDI)是一种高效的羧酸活化试剂,也广泛应用于淀粉与多酚的共价偶联反应,通过活化多酚羧基生成酰基咪唑中间体,与淀粉羟基形成酯键,实现共价连接。如Wen等[46]指出,利用此方法制备的阿魏酸-淀粉偶联物(图2a所示),其酯键得率高达65%以上,显著提升了淀粉的抗消化性。此外,香草酸与多孔淀粉[24]、咖啡酸与玉米淀粉[47]及多孔淀粉[50]的偶联均通过此机制实现。利用此方法合成淀粉-多酚共价偶联物时,反应通常需控制温度(通常在60~90 ℃)、偶联剂与多酚比例(通常保证CDI过量)及极性溶剂(如二甲基亚砜)以促进活化和反应的进行[4647]
自由基引发剂体系包括抗坏血酸(VC)–过氧化氢(H2O2)氧化还原对和一些过氧化合物。过氧化氢(H2O2)–抗坏血酸(VC)氧化还原体系较为常用,可以产生自由基,引发淀粉分子链断裂,形成碳中心自由基,随后与多酚的羧基或羟基通过酯键或醚键共价结合。多酚的作用位点主要通过羧基与淀粉的C6羟基结合,或通过自由基攻击淀粉分子链断裂后暴露的活性位点(如C2、C3羟基)实现接枝。此机制操作简单,无需引入有毒化学试剂、反应条件温和(常温或65 ℃)且能使产物性能提升,因此在科研中较为常用。如Wang等[19]用没食子酸(GA)的羧基与淀粉的羟基通过自由基诱导发生酯化反应,合成共价接枝偶联物,偶联物生成稳定的Pickering乳液表现出高相对包封体积(ROV=98.15%)和低浊度稳定性指数(TSI),乳液颗粒分布均匀,储存28 d无明显分层,归因于疏水性增强和界面吸附能力提升(图2b所示)。Wu等[18]通过自由基接枝将玉米淀粉分别与没食子酸和槲皮素络合,所形成的没食子酸-淀粉配合物和槲皮素-淀粉配合物的抗氧化能力有所增强,并且明显提高了配合物的溶胀能力、水溶性和糊化温度(如图2b所示)。
当前有许多研究已表明酸介导反应则利用酸性条件促进多酚与淀粉的共价结合。例如,淀粉经高碘酸钠氧化,将葡萄糖单元的邻二醇基团转化为醛基,生成双醛淀粉。在酸性条件下,双醛淀粉的醛基与多酚的酚羟基或氨基发生亲核加成反应,形成稳定的共价键(如缩醛键或希夫碱)。在此过程中,多酚的浓度、酸浓度和反应时间都会影响偶联物的合成。酚羟基越多,电子云密度高,易与醛基反应,因此偶联效率更高。且受空间位阻的影响,邻位羟基可能因空间拥挤降低反应效率,而对位羟基更易接近醛基。酸性条件(pH 3.5~4.5)促进醛基质子化,增强亲电性;延长反应时间(48 h)可提高偶联率,但过长可能导致多酚降解[20]。已有研究表明,经酸介导的偶联反应合成的淀粉-多酚偶联物抗氧化性能、稳定性以及抗菌性能都有所增强(如图2c所示),且酸介导法较自由基、CDI偶联剂介导更高效[20]
除上述三种机制外,有研究人员发现多酚可通过漆酶催化反应与淀粉共价结合。如An等[21]利用漆酶催化反应将多酚接在胺化淀粉上,在漆酶催化下没食子酸与淀粉构建形成了稳定的共价偶联物。证明了漆酶可通过氧化多酚的邻/对位酚羟基生成醌类中间体,利用该中间体与淀粉的氨基、羟基发生迈克尔(Michael)加成或希夫碱(Schiffbase)反应,进而与淀粉的亲核氨基共价相连[21]。相较于化学法,漆酶作为生物催化剂,反应条件较温和(常温、近中性 pH),更易于控制。然而,漆酶的活性易受环境因素影响,且目前的合成方法较为繁琐,作用机制尚不明确,因此该方面的研究较少,后续研究人员可进一步简化合成方法,进而提高偶联物的生产效率。
综上,近年来研究人员通过共价结合方式将多种多酚接枝到淀粉分子上,形成稳定的酯键或醚键,显著提升了在加工储存中的稳定性及功能调控效果。这些共价结合主要通过化学偶联介导(以CDI、EDC为偶联剂)、自由基引发(如VC-H2O2体系)、酸介导及酶催化(如漆酶催化)等机制实现,不同方法在反应条件、效率及产物特性上各有特点,为淀粉-多酚共价复合物在食品工业等领域的应用提供了多样化的技术路径。
在淀粉与多酚相互作用的研究中,结构表征技术对于深入理解二者的结合方式、复合物结构及性能具有关键作用。根据相互作用类型,对非共价与共价相互作用结合物的结构进行表征时,分别对应不同的特征。当前核心的研究技术主要集中在傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(NMR)以及分子动力学模拟(MD)三种,它们能从不同维度针对性地区分、辨别非共价复合物与共价偶联物在结构特征和结合方式上的差异。下面将针对此三种技术展开论述。
为深入理解淀粉与多酚的相互作用机制,探寻能够有效检测二者相互作用中官能团变化及化学键形成情况的技术手段至关重要,而FTIR技术在这方面展现出独特的优势。FTIR能够通过检测特征吸收峰的变化来揭示分子间相互作用[5152]。当多酚与淀粉形成非共价复合物时,淀粉羟基(–OH)及多酚相关官能团的特征吸收峰位置和强度发生改变。多酚类化合物的FTIR光谱包含三个特征峰,分别为–OH拉伸和平面弯曲振动、芳香环C=C拉伸振动和C–O/C–C拉伸振动[5354]。非共价和共价连接的配合物都能表现出淀粉和多酚的所有特征峰。然而,共价连接的偶联物会出现一些新的波段和峰移。在共价相互作用研究中,FTIR可用于检测新化学键形成。Ma等[16]的研究中,多孔淀粉-香草酸混合物的FTIR其特征信号和多孔淀粉与香草酸的信号特征没有明显差异,但共价偶联物在1737 cm−1处出现了一个新的峰,归因于酯中的C=O拉伸(与–OH相连)。Liu等[47]用CDI介导的接枝方法合成的咖啡酸接枝玉米淀粉也有类似的结果。与咖啡酸和天然玉米淀粉相比,咖啡酸接枝玉米淀粉在1720 cm−1出现一个新的峰,是由于-COOH酯化振动引起的。此外,1440~1633 cm−1范围内的条带归因于芳环C=C拉伸。
无论是非共价作用还是共价作用,FTIR技术都能够检测到官能团变化,但共价键形成的特征峰更为明确且显著。该技术优点是能快速获得分子官能团信息,判断是否发生共价反应;缺点是难以精确定量,且对于复杂体系中多种化学键共存时,解析难度较大。
除FTIR外,NMR也可用来表征淀粉-多酚间的作用机制。NMR技术包括1H NMR、13CP/MAS NMR,有助于测量质子或碳的化学环境,可用来表征V型包合物的形成以及共价接枝到淀粉上的多酚的分子结构[55]
对于非共价相互作用,不同结构的淀粉(如单螺旋、双螺旋、无定形区域)在NMR谱图上的化学位移各不相同。单螺旋结构的淀粉在102~103 ppm有特征峰,双螺旋结构在99~101 ppm有信号,无定形区域在84 ppm附近有相关信号。通过分析这些峰的变化,可推断淀粉与多酚相互作用后结构的改变,进而判断结合模式。如Zhang等[41]通过13CP/MAS NMR技术分析发现,与未添加多酚的玉米淀粉相比,复合物的C1信号峰形更尖锐且向下位移,表明形成了V型单螺旋结构,确认了包合物的存在,且复合物中单螺旋结构比例(1.2%、2.6%、4.1%)较单一玉米淀粉(0%)显著增加,其中黑藜麦多酚形成包合物比例更高。同时,复合物中淀粉无定形部分比例下降,双螺旋结构比例上升,如红藜麦多酚复合的玉米淀粉和黑藜麦多酚复合的玉米淀粉中双螺旋结构比例分别达6.2%和6.7%(单一玉米淀粉仅1.5%),表明存在非包合作用,多酚促使淀粉链聚集重排形成双螺旋结构。
而对于共价相互作用,1H NMR是通过检测特征质子信号的变化(如消失、位移或新信号出现)来判断多酚与淀粉是否通过共价键结合,并推测结合位置的。例如,当利用漆酶催化胺化淀粉–酚酸缀合物[21]时,在共轭物中1H NMR显示淀粉的羟基信号(如2–OH、3–OH、6–OH)强度降低,同时出现香草酸的甲氧基(–OCH3,3.8 ppm)和苯环质子信号(6.8~7.6 ppm),证实香草酸通过酯键或酰胺键与淀粉羟基结合。酸介导的淀粉醛–槲皮素偶联物[49]中,槲皮素的特征质子信号出现在偶联物中,同时淀粉醛的醛基质子信号(9.13 ppm)显著减弱,证实醛基与槲皮素的酚羟基发生缩合反应,形成缩醛键或希夫碱。自由基接枝合成没食子酸接枝槲皮素玉米淀粉[18]的研究中,1H NMR显示淀粉的1–H(5.1 ppm)、2–H–6–H(3.3~3.7 ppm)信号与多酚的苯环质子信号共存,且多酚的羧基质子信号(12.5 ppm)消失,表明通过自由基反应形成共价键。13CP/MAS NMR则是通过检测碳信号的化学位移和强度变化,进而分析淀粉与多酚的化学键类型(如酯键、醚键)及分子有序性。例如,在咖啡酸接枝多孔淀粉[50]中观察到新的酯羰基信号(170 ppm),证实酯键形成;在胺化淀粉-酚酸偶联物[21]中,163 ppm处的C–N键信号也印证了共价键的存在。同时,该技术可用于分析结晶度与分子运动性,天然淀粉结晶相关信号在共轭后减弱或宽化,表明多酚可诱导淀粉链重排,形成更有序或无定形结构,另外,通过二维谱能实现结合位点的空间定位,如观察到淀粉的C-1信号与多酚的苯环质子信号相关,从而证实多酚与淀粉的结合位点。
相比非共价作用研究,NMR技术对共价键位点解析更具优势,但仍然具有制备复杂、信号解析困难等问题,且对低含量共价产物检测灵敏度有限。
最近的研究中,将MD模拟应用在淀粉与多酚共价相互作用中对研究起到了关键作用。MD模拟可从原子尺度解析化学键形成机制、预测复合物结构稳定性,并关联宏观功能特性[56]
在非共价相互作用研究中,MD 模拟主要用于解析氢键、疏水作用等弱相互作用对复合物结构的影响。如在香草酸与多孔淀粉相互作用[24]的研究中,香草酸-淀粉非共价复合物通过MD模拟预测香草酸与淀粉通过疏水作用嵌入淀粉螺旋结构,与实验中X射线衍射实验(XRD)致其质子信号化学位移偏移结果一致,印证了疏水包合的动态过程。除此之外,MD模拟也可追踪非共价复合物的动态构象变化,评估热力学稳定性。如上述文献中的非共价复合物经模拟显示,复合物中香草酸分子可自由脱离淀粉表面,导致结构稳定性较低,与实验中利用热重分析法(TGA)显示其热分解温度低于共价偶联物结果一致。
MD模拟在共价相互作用研究中与非共价相比,更聚焦于共价键的形成机制、位点验证及结构刚性分析。在共价作用中,MD可精准模拟酯键、醛基缩合等反应路径,例如香草酸与淀粉 C6 位羟基形成键能350 kJ/mol的酯键[24],通过键长、键能量化共价连接的稳定性,而非共价模拟仅能分析氢键、疏水作用等弱相互作用的动态过程。共价复合物的MD模拟显示,其分子构象自由度显著降低,热力学稳定性和抗消化性显著优于非共价体系,且能通过空间位阻效应解释酶解效率下降等功能特性,为共价修饰淀粉的定向设计提供原子尺度理论支撑,有望成为未来对淀粉-多酚共价相互作用研究的关键技术。
在淀粉与多酚相互作用的研究中,共价键作为一种强相互作用,其形成赋予复合物的结构优势,直接驱动了其功能特性的显著优化,这也使得共价偶联物的结构与功能关系成为当前研究的焦点。随着食品工业对天然成分加工适用性及功能化需求的提升,研究者们日益关注通过共价修饰调控淀粉的加工特性与功能特性,以期开发出更符合健康需求和产业应用的产品。其中,热稳定特性直接影响其在食品加工(如高温处理)中的适用性,抗消化和抗氧化特性关乎产品的营养功能与生理活性,这三种特性是当前淀粉–多酚共价相互作用研究中关注度最高、成果最集中的领域。因此,本节将重点阐述共价作用相较于非共价作用,在提升淀粉–多酚复合物的热稳定特性、抗消化特性及抗氧化特性方面的具体表现与优势,揭示共价修饰对功能特性的调控机制。
淀粉-多酚相互作用对热稳定性的影响显著,非共价与共价作用呈现出不同的特点。与非共价相互作用相比,共价相互作用在提升热稳定性方面具有显著优势。
非共价作用(如氢键、疏水作用、范德华力)主要通过物理吸附或较弱的分子间作用力形成复合物,对热稳定性有一定提升,但效果有限且主要依赖于分子间结构的匹配。部分多酚能够通过非共价作用嵌入淀粉螺旋结构形成V型结晶,提升复合物的有序性。例如,白藜芦醇与大米淀粉形成的非共价复合物通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)显示相对结晶度增加,热分解温度略有提高,但整体热稳定性提升幅度小于共价体系[57]。非共价复合物的热稳定性依赖多酚与淀粉的空间适配性,且形成的复合物具有可逆性,在高温条件下易解离,对热稳定的提升不显著。例如,咖啡酸通过氢键与淀粉结合后,在冷却过程中逐渐形成稳定相,回生黏度增加,但在高温下弱作用力易断裂,导致复合物分解速率加快,逐渐接近天然淀粉[58]
共价作用(如酯键、醚键、碳碳键)是通过化学键将多酚与淀粉紧紧连接,形成的偶联物不可逆,能够显著增强热稳定性。利用共价机制合成的淀粉-多酚偶联物提升热稳定性的机制主要有三点。一是通过形成共价键提升偶联物热分解的温度。例如,由于酯键[24]和碳碳键[50]的形成,导致偶联物在TGA实验中失重速率显著减慢。二是共价相互作用能够驱动有序结构的形成,形成新的晶体结构,增强热稳定性。例如在Wen等[46]的研究中,阿魏酸与玉米淀粉通过酯键形成的共价偶联物在XRD实验中显示出新的衍射峰,形成不同于天然淀粉的结晶结构。这种紧密堆积的晶体结构通过化学键将多酚固定,减少热运动导致的结构坍塌,使偶联物的热分解温度提高约40~50 ℃。三是共价连接的淀粉-多酚偶联物能够通过抑制淀粉链重排与降解,进而间接提升偶联物耐热性。部分具有庞大芳香环结构的多酚产生空间位阻,能够抑制淀粉链在加热时的重排。如表儿茶素没食子酸酯接枝双醛淀粉的共价偶联物在高温下(120 ℃)仍保持低吸水率,而天然淀粉因链重排导致吸水率增加50%[20]。共价作用还能减少淀粉酶的活性位点,间接提升耐热性。例如,槲皮素共价接枝木耳淀粉后,α- 淀粉酶活性位点与糖苷键的距离增加,酶解效率下降48%,高温下仍能维持结构完整性,而天然淀粉在相同条件下酶解率超过70%。这种空间位阻效应与共价键的稳定性协同作用,使偶联物在高温加工环境中更难被酶降解,从而间接增强了热稳定性。
综上所述,与非共价相比,共价相互作用通过形成强化学键,诱导新结晶结构或产生空间位阻,能更显著地提升淀粉-多酚结合后的热分解温度、抑制高温下的酶解和结构坍塌,热稳定性优势十分显著。
淀粉和淀粉类食品可以根据其消化率进行分类,Englyst等[59]基于体外消化动力学将淀粉划分为快速消化淀粉(RDS)、缓慢消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)。RS5型抗性淀粉被认为是直链淀粉-脂质复合物,由于淀粉–多酚V型复合物具有与淀粉–脂质V型复合物类似的结晶排列,被公认为RS5型抗性淀粉[60]
根据Deng等[55]的研究成果,对于非共价的淀粉-多酚复合物,无论是包合物还是非包合物,与多酚结合后都会降低淀粉的消化率,并且复合物比淀粉和多酚的混合物更具有抗性。淀粉–多酚包合物的抗性来自两个方面,一是多酚抑制消化酶的活性,二是淀粉–多酚结合体中的单螺旋对淀粉酶具有抗性。因此,淀粉–多酚包合物比淀粉–脂复合物的抗性可能更强[61]。有研究证明,多酚的种类和含量对淀粉的消化率也有影响[6263]。许敏等[63]研究了阿魏酸和没食子酸两种多酚与大米淀粉形成复合物后对消化特性的影响,结果表明,在α-淀粉酶的作用下,淀粉的水解率随着复合物中多酚含量的增加(从5%增加到20%)而逐渐降低(阿魏酸组淀粉水解率从54%降低到49.69%,没食子酸组淀粉水解率从57.97%降低到49.81%)。
近年来,越来越多的淀粉-多酚共价偶联物的合成受到关注。与非共价相互作用相比,共价相互作用对淀粉消化率的抑制作用更强[64]。如Ma等[16]采用体外消化试验研究了香草酸与多孔淀粉之间的共价和非共价相互作用及其对淀粉消化率的影响,结果表明,多孔淀粉和香草酸共价偶联物之间由于共价相互作用导致更大的位阻,从而更能够抑制酶的活性和淀粉的消化。同样,Liu等[48]对槲皮素接枝木耳淀粉进行研究。研究发现接枝后的淀粉消化特性发生显著变化。在体外消化实验中,木耳淀粉的快速消化淀粉含量从56.0%降至20.1%,抗性淀粉含量从13.7%大幅增至57.6%,表明接枝槲皮素显著增强了淀粉的抗消化能力,使其更难被消化。
不同于利用非共价作用处理的淀粉表现出的对酶活性的抑制作用,多酚类物质利用共价相互作用修饰后的淀粉,由于淀粉和酚类物质之间形成共价键,淀粉分子结构发生了变化,因此更耐酶解[47]。人们认为,酚醛与淀粉共价结合具有较高的抗消化能力可能是由于化学基团直接与酶活性位点结合,并且与淀粉分子竞争α-淀粉酶的活性位点能力更强,因此具有较高的结构稳定性。
天然淀粉作为一种广泛存在于植物中的多糖类物质,主要由葡萄糖单元通过糖苷键连接而成,其结构相对稳定,化学活性较低,因此本身并不具备显著的抗氧化活性,在应对自由基清除等方面难以发挥有效的生理功能[65]。然而,多酚作为植物界中一类分布极为广泛的活性次生代谢物,其种类繁多,包括黄酮类、酚酸类、花青素等,它们凭借自身独特的化学结构,如富含酚羟基等活性基团,展现出卓越的抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎等多种药用价值,在保障生物体健康以及拓展材料功能等领域具有重要意义。值得注意的是,多酚与淀粉之间存在着密切的相互作用潜力,这种潜力不仅体现在能够改善淀粉的物理和化学性质上——例如可以调节淀粉的糊化特性、持水性、凝胶性等,让淀粉在食品加工等场景中更具应用灵活性;更重要的是,多酚因其出色的自由基清除活性而具备显著的抗氧化特性,这使得将其与淀粉结合后,有望赋予淀粉新的功能属性,进而使这类结合产物能够作为功能性成分,在开发营养保健品等领域发挥重要作用[66]
当酚类化合物利用非共价作用修饰淀粉时,主要依赖氢键、疏水作用、范德华力等弱相互作用形成物理复合物,这类弱相互作用可逆,复合物在高温、高离子强度等条件下易解离,抗氧化活性稳定性较差[67]。例如,物理混合的槲皮素-淀粉体系在模拟消化后期的抗氧化活性下降超过50%[68]。共价作用则是通过酯键、碳碳键等强化学键不可逆连接多酚与淀粉,形成的偶联物不仅显著增强多酚抗消化能力与热稳定特性,还能诱导新结晶结构优化电子转移效率,或通过引入疏水基团改善界面活性、缩短淀粉链增加抗氧化位点,其抗氧化活性提升更显著且持久,在复杂环境下表现出更强的稳定性与功能拓展性。当前研究均表明,酚类化合物与淀粉的共价偶联能显著提升偶联物的抗氧化能力。主要体现在DPPH、ABTS等自由基清除能力以及还原能力上。如Liu等[47]在咖啡酸接枝玉米淀粉的共价偶联物研究中,酚羟基与淀粉羟基形成氢键网络,电子转移效率提升使ABTS+自由基清除率达65.4%。Liu等[48]发现槲皮素接枝木耳淀粉的还原能力和DPPH自由基清除能力均明显高于木耳淀粉本身,说明共价接枝后,淀粉的抗氧化特性得到了显著提升。此外,偶联物的抗氧化活性通常随酚类化合物的取代度(DS) 或接枝率增加而增强。如羧甲基甘薯淀粉-槲皮素偶联物中,当槲皮素取代度从0.033增至 0.112时,DPPH自由基清除率的EC50从1.859 mg/mL降至0.339 mg/mL[17]。玉米淀粉阿魏酸酯的DPPH自由基清除活性随DS从0.13增至0.35时,清除率提升约40%[46]。咖啡酸接枝玉米淀粉的接枝率为66.1 mg/g时,其抗氧化活性显著高于低接枝率样品[47]
与非共价复合物对比发现,淀粉-多酚共价结合能更稳定地保留酚类的抗氧化活性。如香草酸-多孔淀粉共价偶联物的抗氧化活性显著高于香草酸与多孔淀粉的物理混合物[60],槲皮素与淀粉的共价偶联物相比物理混合物,能够更好地维持抗氧化稳定性[48]。原因是共价键的形成减少了酚类的解离,能更有效避免酚类在加工或消化过程中流失,从而维持抗氧化稳定性。偶联物的抗氧化活性源于酚类化合物的酚羟基、苯环等活性基团,通过提供氢原子或电子直接清除自由基、增强与自由基的结合能力等机制发挥作用,此外淀粉的结构也会间接影响偶联物的抗氧化表现,使这类偶联物在功能食品、抗氧化包装材料等领域具有应用潜力。
本文综述了淀粉与多酚之间分别通过非共价和共价相互作用结合的机制、结构表征以及对功能特性的影响。目前的研究表明,与非共价相比,淀粉与多酚的共价结合体现出显著的优势。非共价相互作用中,直链淀粉通过氢键、疏水作用等与多酚形成V型包合物或非包合物,其中包合物因螺旋空腔的精准适配表现出更高的结晶度与抗消化性。共价相互作用则通过化学偶联、自由基接枝、酸介导等路径形成酯键或醚键,在稳定性与功能调控上展现出非共价作用难以比拟的优势。结构表征技术(如 FTIR、NMR、分子动力学模拟)证实,非共价作用依赖弱相互作用维持动态平衡,而共价键的形成会诱导淀粉分子重排并产生新的晶体结构。从功能特性出发,共价键的键能远高于非共价作用的氢键与疏水作用,且会诱导淀粉分子重排形成新的结晶结构,这种调控机制不可逆,这使得共价偶联物在高温、酸碱环境中不易解离,抗消化性和抗氧化活性更强。
综上所述,淀粉与多酚的共价结合在食品工业中展现出极具潜力的应用前景。从食品工业的发展趋势来看,共价结合技术为低GI食品的创新提供了思路,通过共价键连接多酚活性基团,有效解决了传统非共价结合中稳定性差、多酚生物利用度低的难题,这为开发低GI主食、抗氧化功能代餐等提供了可能。此外,随着消费者对天然、功能性食品的需求日益增长,淀粉和多酚均为天然可食成分,其共价结合无需复杂的试剂,符合绿色理念,可作为绿色添加剂替代合成抗氧化剂或改良剂,在饮料、乳制品、功能性零食等领域具有广泛适用性。未来,淀粉-多酚共价结合在食品工业中的应用可聚焦于以下三方面:一是开发高效温和的共价反应技术,减少对淀粉结构和多酚活性的破坏,进而适配工业化生产;二是需深入解析共价复合物的结构与功能关系,明确结合模式对其理化性质和生物活性的影响机制,进而实现对偶联物功能的定向设计;三是关注其在复杂食品体系中的兼容性及安全性,评估稳定性以及与其他成分间的相互作用,通过相关研究推动标准化应用。随着绿色加工技术和功能食品研究的深入,淀粉-多酚共价偶联物有望成为连接天然成分与功能食品的重要桥梁,为食品工业的创新发展提供可持续的解决方案。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040125
  • 接收时间:2025-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-11
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    1.东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
    2.黑龙江省药品检验研究院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030

通讯作者:

徐宁(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品大分子功能调控,E-mail:
夏宁(1981−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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