Article(id=1261343853001490572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040398, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657409190, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657409190, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657409190, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657409190, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=240, endPage=247, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343859586547880, articleId=1261343853001490572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation, Characterization, and in Vitro Digestive Properties of Phosphorylated Chicory Polysaccharide-Iron Complexes, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study employed response surface methodology to optimize the preparation process of phosphorylated chicory polysaccharide iron. It characterized the structure of the composite using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Through simulated artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion experiments, sucrase hydrolysis experiments, and mucin-binding capacity assays, the in vitro digestive characteristics of phosphorylated chicory polysaccharide iron were systematically analyzed. The results indicated that the optimal reaction conditions were a reaction time of 1.1 h, a reaction temperature of 64 ℃, and a pH of 10. Under these conditions, the iron content of the prepared phosphorylated chicory polysaccharide iron reached 26.97%±0.25%. Infrared spectroscopy of phosphorized chicory polysaccharide iron showed that the O-H and C=O groups in the phosphorized chicory polysaccharide coordinate with Fe3+. XPS confirmed that iron was introduced into the phosphorized polysaccharide in the trivalent state (Fe3+). SEM observation revealed that the composite morphology was a dense layered structure. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion results showed that the iron retention rate in gastric fluid was >97% after 24 hours, while in the simulated intestinal environment containing mucin and sucrase, 59% was released after 7 hours, with a cumulative release rate of 74.5%±0.5% after 24 hours. This study provides a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of chicory polysaccharide resources and the development of polysaccharide iron supplements.

, correspAuthors=Jianxing ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yulin GUO, Jianxing ZHU, Hongyan WANG, Wanzhong ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343878624493952, articleId=1261343853001490572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=磷酸化菊苣多糖铁复合物的制备、表征及体外消化特性, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究采用响应面法优化磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的制备工艺,并通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及扫描电镜(SEM)对复合物结构进行表征,再通过模拟人工胃肠液消化实验、蔗糖酶水解实验及黏蛋白结合能力测定,系统分析了磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的体外消化特性。结果表明,最佳反应条件为反应时间1.1 h,反应温度64 ℃,pH10,此条件下制备的磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的铁含量达到26.97%±0.25%。磷酸化菊苣多糖铁红外光谱显示磷酸化菊苣多糖中O-H和C=O基团与Fe3+发生配位,XPS证实铁以三价态(Fe3+)引入磷酸化多糖,SEM观察到复合物形貌为致密片层结构。体外胃肠道消化结果表明,在胃液中24 h铁保留率>97%,而在含黏蛋白及蔗糖酶的模拟肠道末端环境中,释放7 h达59%,24 h累计释放率74.5%±0.5%。本研究为菊苣多糖资源高值化利用及多糖铁补铁剂开发提供了理论依据。

, correspAuthors=朱建星, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
朱建星(1976−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:天然药物化学,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=kPIf07p6lbQr82Wm7KQRoA==, magXml=e9uvD2nInCBKTw0+PRGDPw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=rdDEoPxRdnA/XjwW1W4tSQ==, pdfFileSize=1859487, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=cpOHstIGWdo+/zyDamRM5Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=p4RDfjjTMODHnF5DcJSy0A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

郭玉林(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:药学,E-mail:

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郭玉林(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:药学,E-mail:

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caption=磷酸化菊苣多糖铁与黏蛋白的相互作用, figureFileSmall=5KS++yQjXo6Jg617SseJ7g==, figureFileBig=J6PGH+gi0ZvwMNNs+8eTrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343943845921733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343853001490572, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface analysis

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因素水平
−101
A反应时间(h)0.511.5
B反应温度(℃)606570
C pH91011
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响应面分析的因素与水平

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因素水平
−101
A反应时间(h)0.511.5
B反应温度(℃)606570
C pH91011
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Design and results of response surface experimental

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试验号ABC铁含量(%)
101−122.40
200026.56
300025.82
4−10−119.63
50−1−124.15
600026.03
7−1−1019.84
8−11018.32
901119.65
1010121.76
1100026.73
121−1023.47
1300027.01
1410−122.53
15−10117.86
1611022.04
170−1120.79
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响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABC铁含量(%)
101−122.40
200026.56
300025.82
4−10−119.63
50−1−124.15
600026.03
7−1−1019.84
8−11018.32
901119.65
1010121.76
1100026.73
121−1023.47
1300027.01
1410−122.53
15−10117.86
1611022.04
170−1120.79
), ArticleFig(id=1261343944965800930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343853001490572, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ANOVA of response surface experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方FP显著性
注:**表示差异极显著(P<0.01);*表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
模型145.13916.1343.30<0.0001**
A-时间25.03125.0367.21<0.0001**
B-温度4.2614.2611.450.0117*
C-pH9.3519.3525.120.0015**
AB2.025E-00312.025E-0035.438E-0030.9433
AC0.2510.250.670.4396
BC0.09310.0930.250.6325
48.89148.89131.28<0.0001**
18.66118.6650.100.0002**
27.97127.9775.12<0.0001**
残差2.6170.37
失拟项1.6330.542.230.2270
纯误差0.9840.24
总差147.7416
R2=0.9824Adjusted R2=0.9597
), ArticleFig(id=1261343945280373739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343853001490572, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方FP显著性
注:**表示差异极显著(P<0.01);*表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
模型145.13916.1343.30<0.0001**
A-时间25.03125.0367.21<0.0001**
B-温度4.2614.2611.450.0117*
C-pH9.3519.3525.120.0015**
AB2.025E-00312.025E-0035.438E-0030.9433
AC0.2510.250.670.4396
BC0.09310.0930.250.6325
48.89148.89131.28<0.0001**
18.66118.6650.100.0002**
27.97127.9775.12<0.0001**
残差2.6170.37
失拟项1.6330.542.230.2270
纯误差0.9840.24
总差147.7416
R2=0.9824Adjusted R2=0.9597
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磷酸化菊苣多糖铁复合物的制备、表征及体外消化特性
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郭玉林 1 , 朱建星 *, 2 , 王红艳 2 , 张万忠 3
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(9): 240-247
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食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026, 47(9): 240-247
磷酸化菊苣多糖铁复合物的制备、表征及体外消化特性
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郭玉林1 , 朱建星*, 2 , 王红艳2, 张万忠3
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳化工大学化学工程学院,辽宁沈阳 110142
  • 2.沈阳化工大学环境与安全工程学院,辽宁沈阳 110142
  • 3.沈阳化工大学图书馆,辽宁沈阳 110142
  • 郭玉林(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:药学,E-mail:

通讯作者:

朱建星(1976−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:天然药物化学,E-mail:
Preparation, Characterization, and in Vitro Digestive Properties of Phosphorylated Chicory Polysaccharide-Iron Complexes
Yulin GUO1 , Jianxing ZHU*, 2 , Hongyan WANG2, Wanzhong ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Chemical University, Shenyang 110142, China
  • 2.College of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Shenyang Chemical University, Shenyang 110142, China
  • 3.Shenyang Chemical University Library, Shenyang 110142, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040398
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本研究采用响应面法优化磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的制备工艺,并通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及扫描电镜(SEM)对复合物结构进行表征,再通过模拟人工胃肠液消化实验、蔗糖酶水解实验及黏蛋白结合能力测定,系统分析了磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的体外消化特性。结果表明,最佳反应条件为反应时间1.1 h,反应温度64 ℃,pH10,此条件下制备的磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的铁含量达到26.97%±0.25%。磷酸化菊苣多糖铁红外光谱显示磷酸化菊苣多糖中O-H和C=O基团与Fe3+发生配位,XPS证实铁以三价态(Fe3+)引入磷酸化多糖,SEM观察到复合物形貌为致密片层结构。体外胃肠道消化结果表明,在胃液中24 h铁保留率>97%,而在含黏蛋白及蔗糖酶的模拟肠道末端环境中,释放7 h达59%,24 h累计释放率74.5%±0.5%。本研究为菊苣多糖资源高值化利用及多糖铁补铁剂开发提供了理论依据。

菊苣多糖  /  磷酸化菊苣多糖铁  /  响应面  /  结构表征  /  体外消化特性

This study employed response surface methodology to optimize the preparation process of phosphorylated chicory polysaccharide iron. It characterized the structure of the composite using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Through simulated artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion experiments, sucrase hydrolysis experiments, and mucin-binding capacity assays, the in vitro digestive characteristics of phosphorylated chicory polysaccharide iron were systematically analyzed. The results indicated that the optimal reaction conditions were a reaction time of 1.1 h, a reaction temperature of 64 ℃, and a pH of 10. Under these conditions, the iron content of the prepared phosphorylated chicory polysaccharide iron reached 26.97%±0.25%. Infrared spectroscopy of phosphorized chicory polysaccharide iron showed that the O-H and C=O groups in the phosphorized chicory polysaccharide coordinate with Fe3+. XPS confirmed that iron was introduced into the phosphorized polysaccharide in the trivalent state (Fe3+). SEM observation revealed that the composite morphology was a dense layered structure. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion results showed that the iron retention rate in gastric fluid was >97% after 24 hours, while in the simulated intestinal environment containing mucin and sucrase, 59% was released after 7 hours, with a cumulative release rate of 74.5%±0.5% after 24 hours. This study provides a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of chicory polysaccharide resources and the development of polysaccharide iron supplements.

chicory polysaccharides  /  phosphorated chicory polysaccharide iron  /  response surface  /  structural characterization  /  in vitro digestive properties
郭玉林, 朱建星, 王红艳, 张万忠. 磷酸化菊苣多糖铁复合物的制备、表征及体外消化特性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 240 -247 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040398
Yulin GUO, Jianxing ZHU, Hongyan WANG, Wanzhong ZHANG. Preparation, Characterization, and in Vitro Digestive Properties of Phosphorylated Chicory Polysaccharide-Iron Complexes[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 240 -247 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040398
缺铁性贫血(IDA)是全球范围内最常见的营养缺乏性疾病之一,尤其在发展中国家,5~14岁儿童和孕妇群体中,缺铁性贫血的患病率分别高达46%和48%[14]。尽管口服补铁是治疗IDA的常用方法,但传统亚铁盐类补铁剂常伴随上腹痛、腹泻、便秘等胃肠道副作用,且长期使用安全性存疑[56]。这些不良反应不仅影响患者依从性,还限制了口服补铁的临床应用效果。近年来,开发无毒副作用的、具有优良生物利用度的多糖铁补铁剂已成为当前营养学和药剂学领域的研究热点。
多糖类化合物因其独特的理化性质,在微量元素载体开发中展现出巨大潜力[710]。多糖分子中含有丰富的羟基、羧基等活性基团,这些基团可与金属离子形成稳定的配位键,从而显著改善铁等金属离子的理化性质和生物活性[1113]。研究表明,多糖直接与三价铁反应制备的多糖铁复合物的铁含量普遍较低,多糖铁配合物中铁含量因多糖来源及制备工艺的不同存在显著差异。崔洁芬等[14]制备的浒苔多糖铁的铁含量可达19.6%,任广明等[15]制备的香菇多糖铁的铁含量可达11.69%,Qi等[16]制备大蒜多糖铁复合物中铁含量为9.7%,Lu等[17]制备的黄芪多糖铁复合物中铁含量为19.32%,在模拟胃肠消化环境中连续消化5 h后累计释放率达75.3%,呈现胃肠液快速释放特征。然而,在人工胃肠液中快速释放会引发游离铁蓄积进而加剧胃黏膜氧化应激,而某些植物来源多糖的黏性特质可能引起肠道渗透压失衡,导致腹胀或腹泻[1820]。这些局限性促使研究者进一步开发兼具高载铁效率与低胃肠刺激性的新型多糖铁补铁剂。
菊粉(菊苣多糖)作为一种天然益生元,具有独特的生理功能和应用价值[2123]。菊粉在肠道菌群发酵过程中产生短链有机酸,可降低肠道pH,从而促进非血红素铁的溶解和吸收,这些特性使其成为铁补充剂开发的理想候选材料[2426]。考虑到磷酸基团相较于糖单元上的羟基具有更强的金属配位能力,通过磷酸化改性后可以显著提高多糖的金属配位能力,本文创新性地采用化学修饰手段对菊苣多糖进行磷酸化改性,在其分子结构中引入磷酸基团以显著提升铁离子螯合率,以期制备出一种结构新颖的多糖铁配合物。通过系统的结构表征和体外消化性能评价,有望开发为临床应用的新型多功能铁补充剂。
菊苣多糖 本实验室自制[27];三聚磷酸钠(分析纯)、蔗糖酶(200 U/mg) 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;三氯化铁 分析纯,天津市大茂化学试剂有限公司;胃蛋白酶(10000 U/g)、猪胃Ⅱ型黏蛋白(生化级) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;胰蛋白酶(4000 U/g) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;胆盐 生化级,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;其它试剂均为分析纯。
透析袋(MW500) 北京博奥拓达科技有限公司;SHA-C型水浴振荡器 常州翔天实验仪器厂;MS-H280-Pro型磁力搅拌器 北京大龙兴创实验仪器有限公司;RE-3000A型旋转蒸发器 上海亚荣生化仪器厂;GR22GⅢ型冷冻离心机 日本日立工机株式会社;GT2型冷冻干机 德国SRK系统技术有限公司;NP-1187B微波消解仪 美国CEM公司;IRTracer-100型傅里叶红外光谱仪、Model axis supra+型X射线光电子能谱仪 日本岛津制作所;JSM-IT800型场发射扫描电镜 日本电子株式会社。
参考文献[28]的方法,略有改进,取1 g菊苣多糖配成5%浓度的水溶液,加入250 mg硫酸钠,然后添加浓度为0.1 g/mL的三聚磷酸钠溶液,使n(三聚磷酸钠):n(果糖单元)的比例达到7.5:1,调节pH至7,80 ℃恒温振荡反应3 h,再经透析袋(MW 500)透析2 d、40 ℃浓缩、冷冻干燥后得到磷酸化菊苣多糖(备用)。
有关磷含量测定参考《水质总磷的测定钼酸铵分光光度法》(GB\T 11893-1989)中的方法来进行,使用微波消解仪代替高压灭菌锅。磷含量标准曲线为:y=0.00907x−0.00958,R2=0.99804。
将2.0 g磷酸化菊苣多糖溶于去离子水配成5%溶液,加入25 mL 0.14 mol/L柠檬酸钠,磁力搅拌下逐滴加入2 mol/L FeCl3溶液,以10%NaOH维持反应液pH9~10,至红棕色沉淀生成,停止滴加FeCl3,继续在65 ℃下反应1 h,5000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液。上清液中加入两倍体积无水乙醇,暗处醇沉过夜,加少量水溶解沉淀,透析袋(MW 500)透析24 h然后冷冻干燥,得磷酸化菊苣多糖铁复合物。
在反应时间为1 h,反应温度为70 ℃条件下,考察pH(7、8、9、10、11)对铁含量的影响。
在反应时间为1 h,反应pH10条件下,考察反应温度(50、60、65、70、80 ℃)对铁含量的影响。
在反应温度为65 ℃,反应pH10条件下,考察反应时间(0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5 h)对铁含量的影响。
试验设计采用Design Expert软件进行。在单因素实验基础上,采用三因素三水平Box-Behnken设计来评价三个自变量(A,反应时间;B,反应温度;C,pH)对磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的铁含量的影响。试验设计因素与水平见表1
参照GB/T 5009.90-2016配制铁标准溶液(0、1、2、3、4、5 mg/L)并采用邻菲咯啉紫外分光光度计法测定其浓度,以铁含量为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,得标准曲线回归方程y=0.2035x−0.0037,R2=0.9999。
称取10 mg 磷酸化菊苣多糖铁,加入15 mL 1:10盐酸,溶解后加入少量去离子水,煮沸5 min待冷却后定容至100 mL。取10 mL样品液,加入1 mL 10%盐酸羟胺,随后加入2.5 mL邻菲咯啉显色液和5 mL 1 mol/L乙酸钠,定容至25 mL,摇匀,室温放置5 min后测定吸光度(510 nm)。
$\rm 铁含量(\text{%})=\frac{C}{M}\times 100 $
式中:C-从标准曲线中查得消化液的铁含量(mg);M-磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的质量(mg)。
称取100 mg的菊苣多糖、磷酸化菊苣多糖、磷酸化菊苣多糖铁粉末,分别与KBr粉末研磨并压制,在4000~500 cm−1波数范围内进行红外光谱分析。
X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测定通过使用Al-Ka辐射源进行分析。全谱扫描参数:通能(Pass Energy)80 eV,步长1 eV,扫描范围0~1200 eV。使用污染物碳C1 s峰(284.8 eV)作为参考校准所有结合能。
利用双面胶带,将磷酸化菊苣多糖铁固定在黄铜短柱上,并在真空中通过溅射涂布机用金涂布(涂布条件为电压15 kV,电流20 mA)后进行观察。
根据文献[4]的方法进行模拟胃肠道消化的研究。
将磷酸化菊苣多糖铁(5 mg/mL)与人工胃液(含2.0 g/L NaCl、3.2 g/L胃蛋白酶,pH2)等体积混合,37 ℃水浴摇床中孵育0.5、1、2、3、4、5 h,沸水灭酶后4 ℃、10000 r/min离心20 min取上清液,邻菲咯啉法测铁含量,计算铁保留率。
$ \rm 铁释放率(\text{%})=\frac{S}{C}\times 100 $
式中:S-上清液中铁含量(mg);C-样品中铁含量(mg)。
$ \rm 铁保留率(\text{%})=100-铁释放率 $
将磷酸化菊苣多糖铁(5 mg/mL)与人工胃液消化1 h后,调节pH至5.0,加入人工肠液(含6.8 g/L KH2PO4、0.9 g/L NaCl、60 g胆盐、10 g胰酶,pH7.6),37 ℃孵育0.5~5 h,沸水灭酶离心后取上清液测定铁含量,计算铁保留率。
取0.1%(w/v)黏蛋白分散液(以pH6.8 Tris缓冲液配制),依次加入10 mg磷酸化菊苣多糖铁及蔗糖酶(终浓度10 U/mL),反应1、3、7或24 h后,在4 ℃ 10000 r/min下将样品离心20 min,从沉淀中分离上清液,测定上清液中铁含量,计算铁释放率。
通过紫外分光光度计测定透射率(T)来研究磷酸化菊苣多糖铁与黏蛋白的相互作用,将10 mg黏蛋白分散在10 mL PBS(pH6.8,0.1%,w/v)中,使该分散体在37 ℃孵育24 h。然后,将10 mg菊苣多糖、磷酸化菊苣多糖铁分散在黏蛋白分散体中,并在2、8、18和24 h后在650 nm处测定样品透射率。
所有数据均为三次实验的平均值,结果表示为平均值±标准偏差。使用Origin 2021软件通过Student t检验进行统计分析。以P<0.05视为差异显著。
图1,铁含量随pH升高呈先增后降趋势,于pH10时达峰值。当pH<10时,H+浓度升高引发磷酸化菊苣多糖分子质子化,阻碍其与Fe3+的配位结合,导致铁含量较低;当pH10时,磷酸化菊苣多糖去质子化形成活性配位基团,与Fe3+高效络合。pH>10后,体系离子强度及OH浓度增加,诱发Fe3+水解生成Fe(OH)3胶体,同时磷酸化菊苣多糖与游离OH竞争配位位点,导致铁含量下降[29]。基于铁含量最大化原则,确定最佳反应pH为10。
图2,铁含量随温度升高呈先增后降趋势,65 ℃时达峰值。当温度低于65 ℃时,升温促进磷酸化菊苣多糖与Fe3+的配位络合及反应动力学,铁含量与温度呈正相关;当温度大于65 ℃时,铁含量下降。结合铁含量最大化原则,确定最佳反应温度为65 ℃。
图3,铁含量随反应时间延长呈先增后降趋势,于1 h达峰值。分析显示,反应初期(≤1 h)铁含量上升归因于体系中存在大量的铁离子,反应速率较快,当反应时间超过1 h后,由于螯合反应发生解离作用,致使铁含量下降。确定最佳反应时间为1 h。
响应面试验设计及结果见表2。对试验结果进行二次回归分析,计算得到回归方程:Y=26.43+1.77A−0.73B−1.08C+0.022AB+0.25AC+0.15BC−3.41A2−2.11B2−2.58C2。由表3可以得出,模型R2=0.9824,表明此模型拟合度高,实验值与预测值之间的误差小,R2Adj=0.9597,表明此模型可以解释95.97%的响应值,证明该模型可以反映各因素之间的关系;此模型的P<0.0001,失拟项P>0.05,说明回归方程理想,模型显著。综上,该模型可用。模拟项的A、C因素差异极显著(P<0.01),B因素差异显著(P<0.05),AB、AC、BC对响应值的影响均不显著。F值越大,表明该因素对磷酸化菊苣多糖铁螯合效果的影响越显著,由分析可得影响响应值的因素顺序由大到小为A(反应时间)>C(pH)>B(反应温度)。结果表明,反应时间对磷酸化菊苣多糖铁螯合的影响最大,pH的影响次之,反应温度对其的影响最小。由图4可知,反应pH与反应温度之间、反应pH与反应时间之间、反应温度与反应时间之间的交互性对铁螯合效果影响不显著。
通过Design Expert软件对试验进行优化,按照回归模型预测可得到磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间1.13 h,反应温度64.1 ℃,pH9.80,此时铁含量达到26.82%。为验证优化试验结果的准确及可行性,进行三次平行实验,根据实际生产情况对工艺条件修正为:反应时间1.1 h,反应温度64 ℃,pH10,测得铁含量为26.73%、27.22%、26.98%,平均值为26.97%±0.25%,验证了该模型的可靠性。
三个物质的红外光谱如图5所示,菊苣多糖在3410 cm−1处出现宽峰,对应O-H伸缩振动,在2930 cm−1处的峰为C-H伸缩振动(糖环及侧链),在1150 cm−1处的峰为C-O-C糖苷键振动,图谱符合菊苣多糖典型多糖结构[30]。磷酸化后,3389 cm−1处的O-H峰变宽,这是由于磷酸化后引入羟基所致。同时,在1231 cm−1处观察到P=O伸缩振动特征峰,在1155 cm−1处观察到P-O-C不对称伸缩峰,在908 cm−1处观察到P-O键振动特征峰[31]。与菊苣多糖相比,磷酸化修饰后的菊苣多糖在红外光谱中显示出新增的磷酸基团特征峰,这些特征峰验证磷酸化修饰成功。羟基与Fe3+配位后形成O→Fe配位键,导致O-H键电子云密度降低、键力常数减小,从而使磷酸化菊苣多糖铁在3419 cm−1处O-H峰相较于磷酸化菊苣多糖O-H峰伸缩振动频率升高(蓝移),证明羟基参与Fe3+配位。铁离子的引入导致1000~1250 cm−1区域发生了显著变化,特别是1030 cm−1处的C-O-C峰强度降低,表明糖环构象发生变化;此外,在680 cm−1处出现了Fe-O键振动峰,908 cm−1处的P-O峰分裂为双峰,这是由于铁离子与磷酸基团中的羟基结合所导致[32]。以上结果表明,磷酸基团与Fe3+形成稳定配位键,特征峰位移及新峰出现证实铁复合物生成。
XPS分析见图6,全谱在结合能0~1200 eV范围内,主要特征峰对应Fe 2p、O 1s、C 1s及P 2p,确认样品含铁、氧、碳及磷元素,与磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的理论组成一致。Fe 2p精细谱结果显示,Fe 2p3/2主峰位于711.5 eV,2p1/2位于725.1 eV,表明铁以Fe3+氧化态存在[33]。P 2p谱结果显示在133.2 eV处呈现不对称单峰,可能是由于单酯与双酯共存造成的。C 1s谱结果显示284.8 eV(C-C/C-H)、286.5 eV(C-O)及288.3 eV(C=O/O-C-O),证实菊苣多糖碳骨架结构完整,磷酸化修饰未破坏多糖主链。O 1s谱结果显示531.2 eV(C-O-P)、532.8 eV(C=O)、529.7 eV(C-O)及535.4 eV(Fe-O)。XPS分析证实磷酸化菊苣多糖铁中Fe3+与磷酸化菊苣多糖螯合成功,且菊苣多糖主链及磷酸基团结构完整。
磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的SEM图像见图7,结果显示其微观形貌为粗糙片状结构,表明内部存在有序结构,表面附着大量细小颗粒,整体质地疏松多孔。
图8(a),在人工胃液中,磷酸化菊苣多糖铁0.5~5 h铁保留率稳定于97.3%±1.8%,表明其抗胃酸分解能力优异,几乎无游离铁释放,有效避免胃黏膜刺激。见图8(b),人工肠液中,铁保留率从0.5 h的98.5%逐渐降至5 h的89.4%,相对于鸡血球肽螯合铁的消化稳定性的铁保留率提升了3%[34]。见图8(c),在模拟肠道末端环境(含黏蛋白及蔗糖酶)中,复合物前7 h快速释放59%(酶触发解离),随后进入缓释平台期,24 h累计释放74.5%±0.5%。体外胃肠液消化结果表明,磷酸化菊苣多糖铁在人工胃肠液中具有高保留率,在人工结肠部位具有高释放率[8]
黏蛋白是人体胃肠道中天然存在的高分子量糖蛋白,由胃肠道上皮细胞分泌,具有复杂的网状结构。当样品与黏蛋白紧密黏附时,会形成更大的复合物或聚集体,复合物的尺寸增加导致光散射显著增强,入射光被更多散射而非透射,透射率下降。因此,透射率实验结果直接反映材料与黏蛋白的结合强度[3536]。补铁剂需要具有高黏附性,避免未被肠道吸收就跟随粪便排出体外。透射率实验结果(如T%值)直接反映材料与黏蛋白的结合强度,进而预测其在肠道中的滞留能力,为铁络合剂筛选提供依据[37]。如图9所示,磷酸化菊苣多糖铁黏蛋白的透射率显著低于菊苣多糖的透射率,表明磷酸化菊苣多糖铁与黏蛋白的结合强度明显强于磷酸化菊苣多糖,因此磷酸化菊苣多糖铁具有良好的生物黏附性。
以菊苣多糖为原料采用磷酸盐法制备磷酸化菊苣多糖,再与三氯化铁反应制备了磷酸化菊苣多糖铁。采用响应面法优化了磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的制备工艺。各因素对铁含量的影响顺序由大到小为A(反应时间)>C(pH)>B(反应温度),最佳工艺条件为,反应时间1.1 h,反应温度64 ℃,pH10,制备的磷酸化菊苣多糖铁的铁含量为26.97%±0.25%。红外和XPS证实磷酸化菊苣多糖铁制备成功。体外胃肠液消化结果表明,磷酸化菊苣多糖铁在人工胃肠液中具有高保留率,在人工结肠部位具有高释放率,这种释放特点有助于提高铁离子在结肠末端的生物利用度。本研究结果表明,磷酸化菊苣多糖铁复合物具有作为新型铁补充剂的潜在应用价值。
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040398
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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    1.沈阳化工大学化学工程学院,辽宁沈阳 110142
    2.沈阳化工大学环境与安全工程学院,辽宁沈阳 110142
    3.沈阳化工大学图书馆,辽宁沈阳 110142

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朱建星(1976−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:天然药物化学,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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