Article(id=1261343852598837383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040402, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657409094, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657409094, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657409094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657409094, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=299, endPage=309, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343858688966817, articleId=1261343852598837383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comparison of Basic Nutrient Content and Flavor Profile Construction of 14 Edible Fungi, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study focused on 14 edible fungi species—including Flammulina velutipes, Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lyophyllum decastes, Agrocybe cylindracea, Lentinula edodes, Phallus indusiatus, etc. The ash content, protein content, crude polysaccharide content, amino acid composition and content of these edible fungi were systematically determined and analyzed. The volatile flavor substances were analyzed using HS-SPME/GC-MS, while the non-volatile flavor components such as free amino acids and 5'-nucleotides were also evaluated. The results showed that among the 14 edible fungi, the protein content of Agrocybe cylindracea was the highest, reaching 40.12 g/100 g, the ash content of Volvariella volvacea was significantly higher than that of other species (P<0.05). Agaricus subrufescens contained the highest polysaccharide content, reaching 11.77 g/100 g. More than 150 volatile substances were detected, with 60 kinds of volatile components being the richest in Tricholoma matsutake, and the key flavor substances of 14 edible fungi were mainly alcohols and aldehydes, including 1-octen-3-ol and isovaleraldehyde. The results of the determination of non-volatile substances showed that the total content of flavor nucleotides ranged widely, with the highest total content in Volvariella volvacea, followed by Agaricus bisporus, Tricholoma matsutake and Pleurotus ostreatus, with contents of 3.45, 2.50, 2.42 and 2.35 mg/g respectively, all categorized as medium levels. Agaricus bisporus had the highest Glu content, and its equivalent umami concentration (EUC) reached 1142.12 g MSG/100 g, belonging to the top umami grade. The main organic acid was succinic acid, which had the highest content in Volvariella volvacea, Agrocybe cylindracea and Agaricus subrufescens. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis indicated that there were significant differences in the nutritional and flavor components of different edible fungi. Volvariella volvacea, Agrocybe cylindracea and Agaricus bisporus formed independent clusters due to their unique nutrient compositions. This study revealed the nutritional composition and flavor characteristics of different edible fungi through multi-faceted analysis, providing a theoretical basis for the development of high-value-added products and functional food design.

, correspAuthors=Dawei YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Haixin YIN, Mengnan ZHANG, Wenshui XIA, Qixing JIANG, Rongying LAN, Qiyao WU, Dawei YU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343878607716735, articleId=1261343852598837383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=14种食用菌基本营养物质含量比较及风味轮廓构建, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以金针菇、草菇、平菇、鹿茸菇、茶树菇、香菇、竹荪等14种食用菌为对象,对其灰分、蛋白质含量、粗多糖含量、氨基酸组成和含量进行测定分析,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析其挥发性风味物质,并比较其游离氨基酸和5’-核苷酸等非挥发性风味物质含量。结果表明:在14种食用菌中,茶树菇的蛋白质含量最高,达到40.12 g/100 g,草菇灰分含量显著高于其他种类(P<0.05),姬松茸多糖含量最高,达11.77 g/100 g。挥发性风味物质共检出150余种,松茸挥发性成分最丰富,共60种,14种食用菌关键风味物质以醇类和醛类为主,包括1-辛烯-3-醇和异戊醛等。非挥发性物质测定结果显示,呈味核苷酸总含量范围跨度较大,草菇总含量最多,其次为双孢蘑菇、松茸和平菇,含量分别为3.45、2.50、2.42、2.35 mg/g,均处在中等水平。双孢蘑菇游离谷氨酸含量最高,其等鲜浓度值(EUC)达1142.12 g MSG/100 g,属第一鲜味等级。有机酸主要是丁二酸,其在草菇、茶树菇、姬松茸中含量最高。主成分分析(PCA)与聚类分析表明,不同食用菌在营养与风味组分上差异显著,草菇、茶树菇、双孢蘑菇等因独特营养成分组成而独立成簇。本研究通过多方面分析揭示了不同食用菌营养组成与风味特点,为高附加值产品开发及功能食品设计提供了理论依据。

, correspAuthors=余达威, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
余达威(1990−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品资源深加工,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YeYg/WR5iS+fn1OpNPzsLw==, magXml=sgrxUuzL5az3+VNhBdWyWg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=MxvBWlSBz84Y1APE/XsFfg==, pdfFileSize=2124907, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=QPNkt1XvL4WnHmCRzLQjQQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/6P3AtkLVZGGDdMr5aI9WQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

殷海心(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与储藏,E-mail:

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殷海心(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与储藏,E-mail:

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Tai'an: Shandong Agricultural University, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261343882609082806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343882764272057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, companyId=1261343882609082806, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.National Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource Mining, College of Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343882772660667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, companyId=1261343882609082806, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.江南大学食品学院,食品科学与资源挖掘全国重点实验室,江苏无锡 214122)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261343883460526540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343883561189840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, companyId=1261343883460526540, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Zhejiang Baixing Food Co., Ltd., Lishui 323800, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343883586355665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, companyId=1261343883460526540, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.浙江百兴食品有限公司,浙江丽水 323800)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261343937168589668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Heat map of amino acids composition (a) and content map of essential amino acids (b) of edible fungi samples, figureFileSmall=QYTtMVC4iohGponeKlLB9A==, figureFileBig=QPNkt1XvL4WnHmCRzLQjQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343937697071985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, language=CN, label=图1, caption=食用菌样品氨基酸组成热图(a)及必需氨基酸含量图(b)

注:不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图5同。

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Information and moisture content of 14 edible fungi samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号食用菌名称拉丁学名产地干燥后含水量(%)
1金针菇Flammulina velutipes浙江7.20±0.11
2草菇Volvariella volvacea山东6.48±0.04
3茶树菇Agrocybe cylindracea江西6.28±0.08
4鹿茸菇Lyophyllum decastes东北6.99±0.07
5香菇Lentinula edodes浙江6.40±0.19
6平菇Pleurotus ostreatus山东6.33±0.04
7灰树花Grifola frondosa浙江6.21±0.02
8竹荪Phallus indusiatus福建9.12±0.12
9松茸Tricholoma matsutake云南6.59±0.19
10鸡枞菌Termitomyces albuminosus云南6.45±0.08
11姬松茸Agaricus subrufescens云南7.59±0.35
12双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus山东6.90±0.22
13黑牛肝菌Boletus aereus云南6.47±0.15
14美味牛肝菌Boletus edulis浙江7.77±0.13
), ArticleFig(id=1261343945276179435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

14种食用菌样品信息及含水量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号食用菌名称拉丁学名产地干燥后含水量(%)
1金针菇Flammulina velutipes浙江7.20±0.11
2草菇Volvariella volvacea山东6.48±0.04
3茶树菇Agrocybe cylindracea江西6.28±0.08
4鹿茸菇Lyophyllum decastes东北6.99±0.07
5香菇Lentinula edodes浙江6.40±0.19
6平菇Pleurotus ostreatus山东6.33±0.04
7灰树花Grifola frondosa浙江6.21±0.02
8竹荪Phallus indusiatus福建9.12±0.12
9松茸Tricholoma matsutake云南6.59±0.19
10鸡枞菌Termitomyces albuminosus云南6.45±0.08
11姬松茸Agaricus subrufescens云南7.59±0.35
12双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus山东6.90±0.22
13黑牛肝菌Boletus aereus云南6.47±0.15
14美味牛肝菌Boletus edulis浙江7.77±0.13
), ArticleFig(id=1261343945515254771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Nutrient content of 14 edible fungi samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号食用菌种类灰分(g/100 g)蛋白质(g/100 g)多糖(g/100 g)
注:同列不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),表4同。
1金针菇6.22±0.33efg17.90±0.32i5.18±0.54efg
2草菇12.19±1.10a27.30±0.25d5.73±0.51def
3茶树菇7.60±0.22c40.12±0.14a3.81±0.72fg
4鹿茸菇5.90±0.23fg25.56±0.06e6.74±0.97cde
5香菇4.40±0.17h17.68±0.43i9.30±3.15b
6平菇7.23±0.04cd22.89±0.18g5.65±0.46ef
7灰树花6.39±0.11ef23.39±0.76g4.30±0.28fg
8竹荪6.58±0.07de22.69±0.34g7.90±1.29bcd
9松茸7.73±0.54c14.75±0.36j10.07±3.41ab
10鸡枞菌7.45±0.14c21.69±0.70h5.26±0.89efg
11姬松茸6.72±0.09de27.00±0.36d11.77±0.11a
12双孢蘑菇9.65±0.08b33.85±0.60b3.25±0.82g
13黑牛肝菌5.66±0.15g24.72±0.59f4.29±0.91bc
14美味牛肝菌6.69±0.07de28.46±0.98c8.22±0.58fg
), ArticleFig(id=1261343945766913019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

14种食用菌样品营养成分含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号食用菌种类灰分(g/100 g)蛋白质(g/100 g)多糖(g/100 g)
注:同列不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),表4同。
1金针菇6.22±0.33efg17.90±0.32i5.18±0.54efg
2草菇12.19±1.10a27.30±0.25d5.73±0.51def
3茶树菇7.60±0.22c40.12±0.14a3.81±0.72fg
4鹿茸菇5.90±0.23fg25.56±0.06e6.74±0.97cde
5香菇4.40±0.17h17.68±0.43i9.30±3.15b
6平菇7.23±0.04cd22.89±0.18g5.65±0.46ef
7灰树花6.39±0.11ef23.39±0.76g4.30±0.28fg
8竹荪6.58±0.07de22.69±0.34g7.90±1.29bcd
9松茸7.73±0.54c14.75±0.36j10.07±3.41ab
10鸡枞菌7.45±0.14c21.69±0.70h5.26±0.89efg
11姬松茸6.72±0.09de27.00±0.36d11.77±0.11a
12双孢蘑菇9.65±0.08b33.85±0.60b3.25±0.82g
13黑牛肝菌5.66±0.15g24.72±0.59f4.29±0.91bc
14美味牛肝菌6.69±0.07de28.46±0.98c8.22±0.58fg
), ArticleFig(id=1261343946177953797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ROAV analysis of 14 edible fungi samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号CAS号中文名称气味阈值[11,3538](μg/kg)ROAV
金针菇草菇茶树菇鹿茸菇香菇平菇灰树花竹荪松茸鸡枞菌姬松茸双孢蘑菇黑牛肝菌美味牛肝菌
注:−代表未检出该化合物。
1143-08-8正壬醇20.211.71
23391-86-41-辛烯-3-醇16.2532.1814.9321.9350.4346.2810034.7913.471.0517.8229.199.94
322258苯乙醇3.170.9610.939.341.0418.1223.474.870.9511.5410.064.13
4100-51-6苯甲醇5.52.252.561.7714.357.723.173.750.6311.5633.742.750.97
5110-62-3戊醛120.351.430.730.62.582.54.030.82
62548-87-0反-2-辛烯醛337.84
7111-71-7庚醛34.515.06
866-25-1正己醛4.54.2643.921.1825.9330.6151.2144.867.521005.460.9917.8213.5712.18
9590-86-3异戊醛0.410010010010010044.1995.3150.7356.921006.45100100100
1078-84-2异丁醛0.340.5919.3721.0519.715.4335.42<0.15.2743.561.4922.1230.6322.63
1196-17-32-甲基丁醛0.944.8516.6414.2515.7925.5111.1115.976.161.787.5840.8411.85
12124-19-6壬醛17.8217.1934.4310020.2942.380.9220.4728.6520.61
13124-13-0正辛醛0.76.7725.5842.8632.985.54
1475-07-0乙醛250.160.290.350.360.810.991.381.080.280.4<0.10.680.80.48
15821-55-62-壬酮50<0.1<0.10.430.272.99<0.10.10.22
1618402-82-93-辛烯-2-酮0.548.4241.0442.381.63
174312-99-61-辛烯-3-酮0.005100
18112-12-92-十一酮73.467.924.735.8116.59.6319.553.529.790.54.776.874.85
193796-70-1香叶基丙酮601.95100
20503-74-2异戊酸1902.951.081.090.44.860.994.910.121.166.141.11
21108-29-2γ-戊内酯402.085.210.664.842.20.322.94<0.12.340.95
22108-95-2苯酚171<0.10.10.230.510.491.435.140.220.33<0.10.10.2<0.1
233856-25-5(-)-Alpha-蒎烯64.51
243777-69-32-正戊基呋喃61.782.912.142.086.94.464.794.516.222.970.252.788.112.99
25109-08-02-甲基吡嗪600.330.450.631.490.571.530.56
26123-32-02,5-二甲基吡嗪1.89.198.4
), ArticleFig(id=1261343946475749385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

14种食用菌ROAV分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号CAS号中文名称气味阈值[11,3538](μg/kg)ROAV
金针菇草菇茶树菇鹿茸菇香菇平菇灰树花竹荪松茸鸡枞菌姬松茸双孢蘑菇黑牛肝菌美味牛肝菌
注:−代表未检出该化合物。
1143-08-8正壬醇20.211.71
23391-86-41-辛烯-3-醇16.2532.1814.9321.9350.4346.2810034.7913.471.0517.8229.199.94
322258苯乙醇3.170.9610.939.341.0418.1223.474.870.9511.5410.064.13
4100-51-6苯甲醇5.52.252.561.7714.357.723.173.750.6311.5633.742.750.97
5110-62-3戊醛120.351.430.730.62.582.54.030.82
62548-87-0反-2-辛烯醛337.84
7111-71-7庚醛34.515.06
866-25-1正己醛4.54.2643.921.1825.9330.6151.2144.867.521005.460.9917.8213.5712.18
9590-86-3异戊醛0.410010010010010044.1995.3150.7356.921006.45100100100
1078-84-2异丁醛0.340.5919.3721.0519.715.4335.42<0.15.2743.561.4922.1230.6322.63
1196-17-32-甲基丁醛0.944.8516.6414.2515.7925.5111.1115.976.161.787.5840.8411.85
12124-19-6壬醛17.8217.1934.4310020.2942.380.9220.4728.6520.61
13124-13-0正辛醛0.76.7725.5842.8632.985.54
1475-07-0乙醛250.160.290.350.360.810.991.381.080.280.4<0.10.680.80.48
15821-55-62-壬酮50<0.1<0.10.430.272.99<0.10.10.22
1618402-82-93-辛烯-2-酮0.548.4241.0442.381.63
174312-99-61-辛烯-3-酮0.005100
18112-12-92-十一酮73.467.924.735.8116.59.6319.553.529.790.54.776.874.85
193796-70-1香叶基丙酮601.95100
20503-74-2异戊酸1902.951.081.090.44.860.994.910.121.166.141.11
21108-29-2γ-戊内酯402.085.210.664.842.20.322.94<0.12.340.95
22108-95-2苯酚171<0.10.10.230.510.491.435.140.220.33<0.10.10.2<0.1
233856-25-5(-)-Alpha-蒎烯64.51
243777-69-32-正戊基呋喃61.782.912.142.086.94.464.794.516.222.970.252.788.112.99
25109-08-02-甲基吡嗪600.330.450.631.490.571.530.56
26123-32-02,5-二甲基吡嗪1.89.198.4
), ArticleFig(id=1261343948149276690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Equivalent umami concentration values of edible fungi samples (EUC, g MSG/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号食用菌名称EUC等级
1金针菇304.89±21.35f2
2草菇832.43±49.02b2
3茶树菇707.12±8.74c2
4鹿茸菇385.04±11.30e2
5香菇127.79±8.12hi2
6平菇683.86±14.00c2
7灰树花139.50±9.89h2
8竹荪86.12±1.45ij3
9松茸200.84±27.37g2
10鸡枞菌544.97±49.23d2
11姬松茸376.16±12.18e2
12双孢蘑菇1142.12±90.94a1
13黑牛肝菌28.06±3.26k3
14美味牛肝菌43.97±10.50jk3
), ArticleFig(id=1261343948518375447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343852598837383, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

食用菌样品等鲜浓度值(EUC,g MSG/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号食用菌名称EUC等级
1金针菇304.89±21.35f2
2草菇832.43±49.02b2
3茶树菇707.12±8.74c2
4鹿茸菇385.04±11.30e2
5香菇127.79±8.12hi2
6平菇683.86±14.00c2
7灰树花139.50±9.89h2
8竹荪86.12±1.45ij3
9松茸200.84±27.37g2
10鸡枞菌544.97±49.23d2
11姬松茸376.16±12.18e2
12双孢蘑菇1142.12±90.94a1
13黑牛肝菌28.06±3.26k3
14美味牛肝菌43.97±10.50jk3
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14种食用菌基本营养物质含量比较及风味轮廓构建
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殷海心 1 , 张梦楠 1 , 夏文水 1 , 姜启兴 1 , 蓝荣英 2 , 吴其耀 2 , 余达威 *, 1
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(9): 299-309
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食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026, 47(9): 299-309
14种食用菌基本营养物质含量比较及风味轮廓构建
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殷海心1 , 张梦楠1, 夏文水1, 姜启兴1, 蓝荣英2, 吴其耀2, 余达威*, 1
作者信息
  • 1.江南大学食品学院,食品科学与资源挖掘全国重点实验室,江苏无锡 214122
  • 2.浙江百兴食品有限公司,浙江丽水 323800
  • 殷海心(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与储藏,E-mail:

通讯作者:

余达威(1990−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品资源深加工,E-mail:
Comparison of Basic Nutrient Content and Flavor Profile Construction of 14 Edible Fungi
Haixin YIN1 , Mengnan ZHANG1, Wenshui XIA1, Qixing JIANG1, Rongying LAN2, Qiyao WU2, Dawei YU*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource Mining, College of Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
  • 2.Zhejiang Baixing Food Co., Ltd., Lishui 323800, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040402
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本研究以金针菇、草菇、平菇、鹿茸菇、茶树菇、香菇、竹荪等14种食用菌为对象,对其灰分、蛋白质含量、粗多糖含量、氨基酸组成和含量进行测定分析,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析其挥发性风味物质,并比较其游离氨基酸和5’-核苷酸等非挥发性风味物质含量。结果表明:在14种食用菌中,茶树菇的蛋白质含量最高,达到40.12 g/100 g,草菇灰分含量显著高于其他种类(P<0.05),姬松茸多糖含量最高,达11.77 g/100 g。挥发性风味物质共检出150余种,松茸挥发性成分最丰富,共60种,14种食用菌关键风味物质以醇类和醛类为主,包括1-辛烯-3-醇和异戊醛等。非挥发性物质测定结果显示,呈味核苷酸总含量范围跨度较大,草菇总含量最多,其次为双孢蘑菇、松茸和平菇,含量分别为3.45、2.50、2.42、2.35 mg/g,均处在中等水平。双孢蘑菇游离谷氨酸含量最高,其等鲜浓度值(EUC)达1142.12 g MSG/100 g,属第一鲜味等级。有机酸主要是丁二酸,其在草菇、茶树菇、姬松茸中含量最高。主成分分析(PCA)与聚类分析表明,不同食用菌在营养与风味组分上差异显著,草菇、茶树菇、双孢蘑菇等因独特营养成分组成而独立成簇。本研究通过多方面分析揭示了不同食用菌营养组成与风味特点,为高附加值产品开发及功能食品设计提供了理论依据。

食用菌  /  营养成分  /  氨基酸组成  /  挥发性风味物质  /  非挥发性风味物质  /  等鲜浓度值(EUC)

This study focused on 14 edible fungi species—including Flammulina velutipes, Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lyophyllum decastes, Agrocybe cylindracea, Lentinula edodes, Phallus indusiatus, etc. The ash content, protein content, crude polysaccharide content, amino acid composition and content of these edible fungi were systematically determined and analyzed. The volatile flavor substances were analyzed using HS-SPME/GC-MS, while the non-volatile flavor components such as free amino acids and 5'-nucleotides were also evaluated. The results showed that among the 14 edible fungi, the protein content of Agrocybe cylindracea was the highest, reaching 40.12 g/100 g, the ash content of Volvariella volvacea was significantly higher than that of other species (P<0.05). Agaricus subrufescens contained the highest polysaccharide content, reaching 11.77 g/100 g. More than 150 volatile substances were detected, with 60 kinds of volatile components being the richest in Tricholoma matsutake, and the key flavor substances of 14 edible fungi were mainly alcohols and aldehydes, including 1-octen-3-ol and isovaleraldehyde. The results of the determination of non-volatile substances showed that the total content of flavor nucleotides ranged widely, with the highest total content in Volvariella volvacea, followed by Agaricus bisporus, Tricholoma matsutake and Pleurotus ostreatus, with contents of 3.45, 2.50, 2.42 and 2.35 mg/g respectively, all categorized as medium levels. Agaricus bisporus had the highest Glu content, and its equivalent umami concentration (EUC) reached 1142.12 g MSG/100 g, belonging to the top umami grade. The main organic acid was succinic acid, which had the highest content in Volvariella volvacea, Agrocybe cylindracea and Agaricus subrufescens. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis indicated that there were significant differences in the nutritional and flavor components of different edible fungi. Volvariella volvacea, Agrocybe cylindracea and Agaricus bisporus formed independent clusters due to their unique nutrient compositions. This study revealed the nutritional composition and flavor characteristics of different edible fungi through multi-faceted analysis, providing a theoretical basis for the development of high-value-added products and functional food design.

edible fungi  /  nutritional components  /  amino acid composition  /  volatile flavor substances  /  non-volatile flavor substances  /  equivalent umami concentration (EUC)
殷海心, 张梦楠, 夏文水, 姜启兴, 蓝荣英, 吴其耀, 余达威. 14种食用菌基本营养物质含量比较及风味轮廓构建. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 299 -309 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040402
Haixin YIN, Mengnan ZHANG, Wenshui XIA, Qixing JIANG, Rongying LAN, Qiyao WU, Dawei YU. Comparison of Basic Nutrient Content and Flavor Profile Construction of 14 Edible Fungi[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 299 -309 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040402
食用菌是一类子实体形态较大、可供人类食用的大型真菌,其富含蛋白质、膳食纤维、矿物质、维生素及多糖、甾醇、萜类、凝集素等多种生物活性成分[1],同时具有脂肪含量低、风味独特的特点,被誉为“植物性食品的顶峰”,是功能性食品与健康膳食体系的重要组成部分。联合国粮农组织(FAO)于2012年倡导的“一荤一素一菇”膳食结构,更将其提升至与动植物蛋白源并列的地位,凸显了其重要的食品营养学价值。中国目前是全球最大的食用菌生产国和消费国,2023年中国食用菌(鲜品)总产量达到4336.04万吨,总产值达3965.57亿元[2],2022年出口额达32.23亿美元[3],在农业经济与国际贸易中占据举足轻重的地位。然而,新鲜食用菌含水量高,易腐烂变质,难以长期保存,通常需经干燥等加工处理以利于储运和后续精深加工及产品开发。近年来,食用菌干制品在调味料、即食产品及保健品领域的研究与应用显著增多,市场上也涌现出了一系列以食用菌为原料的高附加值产品。例如,郝竞霄[4]利用5号茶树菇超微粉为主要食品原料,配合多种辅料开发茶树菇方便汤料。王会党[5]利用香菇粉开发出一款天然颗粒菇精,其风味柔和,在贮藏过程中能更好地保持产品的菌香风味。灵芝孢子油、香菇脆片、松鲜鲜等产品在各销售平台都有可观的销售额,获得了消费者的好评与信赖。这表明,深入挖掘不同种类食用菌的营养与风味特性,是实现其高值化利用的核心基础与迫切需求。
我国拥有超1000种已知品种的食用菌[6],大量研究已对常见食用菌的营养成分进行了表征,如孔凡舒等[7]总结了香菇柄的多种营养成分与风味物质及多种功能活性,归纳了香菇柄在食品、农业、生物技术领域的综合利用。吴莹莹等[8]收集了15份来自中国和马来西亚的市售秀珍菇,比较分析其营养成分特征和蛋白质品质。很多研究同时也对其关键风味物质(如香菇中的含硫化合物[9]、松茸中的肉桂酸甲酯[10]、牛肝菌中的特征性八碳化合物[11]等)进行了鉴定。然而,现有研究存在两个主要局限:一方面,研究对象高度集中于一种或少数几种商业化的常见食用菌,如香菇、金针菇、平菇等,对稀有或地方性品种(如鹿茸菇、鸡枞菌、姬松茸、美味牛肝菌等)的系统性研究匮乏,限制了食用菌资源的全面开发潜力;另一方面,多数研究倾向于单独分析其营养成分组成或挥发性香气成分,较少将二者同时进行系统性整合分析,特别是缺乏对多种类食用菌(尤其是稀有或地方性品种)营养组分和风味物质的探讨。因此,亟需扩大研究对象范围并在营养与风味两个维度进行分析,为食用菌资源的高效、精准开发和多元化产品创新提供更为坚实的科学依据。
本研究选取14种市售食用菌,其中包括金针菇、平菇、茶树菇、香菇等常见品种,以及鹿茸菇、鸡枞菌、姬松茸、美味牛肝菌等商业化程度相对较低或具地方特色的品种,所有样品经热风干燥后综合测定其基础营养指标(灰分、蛋白质、多糖、总氨基酸)及风味轮廓物质(挥发性组分、游离氨基酸、核苷酸、有机酸),通过比较分析揭示不同食用菌种类之间的营养组分差异与风味特点,以期为今后食用菌产品开发及综合利用奠定理论基础。
食用菌样品:金针菇、草菇、茶树菇、鹿茸菇、香菇、平菇、灰树花、竹荪、松茸、鸡枞菌、姬松茸、双孢蘑菇、黑牛肝菌、美味牛肝菌 浙江百兴食品有限公司,产地标称见表1;盐酸(36%~38%)、硫酸(95%~98%)、硫酸铜、硫酸钾、石油醚、三氯乙酸、氢氧化钠、硼酸(以上均为分析纯)、甲醇(色谱纯) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;无水乙醇、苯酚 分析纯,上海泰坦科技股份有限公司;17种氨基酸标准品(纯度>99%)、5′-胞苷酸(5′-CMP)、5′-尿苷酸(5′-UMP)、5′-鸟苷酸(5′-GMP)、5′-肌苷酸(5′-IMP)、5′-腺苷酸(5′-AMP)标准品(纯度>99%) 上海百灵威化学技术有限公司;苹果酸、富马酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、丁二酸、丙酸、丁酸、酒石酸、乳酸标准品 美国Sigma公司。
AX223ZH/E型电子天平 奥豪斯仪器(常州)有限公司;UV-1800型紫外可见分光光度计 日本岛津公司;SX2-4-10T型箱式电阻炉 上海习仁科学仪器有限公司;DF-101S型集热式磁力搅拌器 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司;SH220F型石墨消解仪、K9840型自动凯氏定氮仪 山东海能科学仪器有限公司;TGL-16C型离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;Waters 1525EF型高效液相色谱仪、XBridge C18液相色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) 美国沃特世公司;Trace1310-ISQ LT型单四极杆气相色谱质谱联用仪、Trace1310 TG-WAXA(60 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm)毛细管柱、Hypersil ODS色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;Agilent 1260型高效液相色谱仪 美国安捷伦科技有限公司。
14种食用菌样品在50 ℃下恒温干燥10 h,粉碎,过100目筛,避光干燥处保存,干燥后含水量见表1
采用GB 5009.3-2016方法测定水分含量,采用GB 5009.4-2016方法测定灰分,采用GB 5009.5-2016方法测定蛋白质含量,采用NY/T 1676-2023中方法测定粗多糖含量,采用6 mol/L盐酸水解处理食用菌样品,利用Agilent 1260型高效液相色谱仪进行总氨基酸含量测定。色谱条件:采用Hypersil ODS柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相A为27.6 mmol醋酸钠-三乙胺-四氢呋喃(体积比为500:0.11:2.5);流动相B为80.9 mmol醋酸钠-甲醇-乙腈(体积比为1: 2:2);采用梯度洗脱,洗脱程序为:0 min-8%B;17 min-50%B;20 min-100%B;24.0 min-0%B;流动相流速为1.0 mL/min;柱温为40 ℃;波长为338 nm,脯氨酸以262 nm检测。
采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME/GC-MS)对食用菌的风味物质进行分析。
顶空固相微萃取条件:称取2.00 g食用菌样品于顶空瓶中,孵化温度55 ℃,预热15 min,萃取30 min。
色谱条件:采用TG-WAXA(60 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm)毛细管柱,程序升温:柱初温40 ℃,停留1 min,以3 ℃/min升至180 ℃,然后以20 ℃/min升至230 ℃,保持15 min;载气为He,流速1.2 mL/min;进样口250 ℃,分流比4.2:1,分流流速为5 mL/min。
质谱条件:质谱型号为LSQ LT,离子源类型为EI源,离子源温度260 °C,传输线温度230 ℃,质量数范围1.2~1100 amu,最快扫描速度为11111 amu/sec,质量扫描范围m/z 29~350。
利用NIST 11.L谱库的标准质谱图对得到的谱图数据进行串联检索和解析,剔除硅氧烷类杂峰并选择匹配度大于80%作为物质鉴定依据。采用峰面积相对百分比法计算各挥发性物质的相对含量,按照公式计算:
$\rm \text{挥发性物质相对含量}( \text{%}) =\frac{{A}_{i}}{\sum \nolimits_{k=1}^{n}{A}_{k}}\times 100 $
式中:Ai代表目标化合物峰面积;$\rm \sum_{k=1}^{n} A_{k} $代表所有挥发性化合物的总峰面积。
参考孟令帅等[12]的方法,采用相对气味活度值(ROAV)评估检出挥发性成分对14种食用菌样品香气体系的贡献度。ROAV计算按照公式计算:
$ \rm{V}_{ROAV}=\frac{{C}_{i}}{{T}_{i}}\times \frac{{T}_{max}}{{C}_{max}}\times 100 $
式中:VROAV表示食用菌样品的相对气味活度值;Ci表示食用菌某一挥发性化合物组分的相对百分含量,%;Cmax表示食用菌香气体系中贡献最大组分的相对百分含量,%;Ti表示该组分的香气阈值;Tmax表示食用菌香气体系中贡献最大组分的香气阈值。
每种食用菌中所有挥发性成分ROAV≤100,对于某一种确定组分,ROAV越大,则该物质对该食用菌香气体系贡献度越大。ROAV≥1的化合物为关键香气成分,0.1≤ROAV<1.00为修饰香气成分,ROAV<0.1为潜在香气成分,该成分对样品总体风味有修饰作用。
参考Sun等[13]的方法并稍作修改,采用5%三氯乙酸水解样品,用外标法通过Agilent 1260型高效液相色谱仪进行测定。
色谱条件:采用Hypersil ODS柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相A为27.6 mmol醋酸钠-三乙胺-四氢呋喃(体积比为500:0.11:2.5);流动相B为80.9 mmol醋酸钠-甲醇-乙腈(体积比为1:2:2);采用梯度洗脱,洗脱程序为:0 min-8%B;17 min-50%B;20 min-100%B;24.0 min-0%B;流动相流速为1.0 mL/min;柱温为40 ℃;波长为338 nm,脯氨酸以262 nm检测。
参考陈万超等[14]的实验方法并稍作修改,精密称取1.00 g不同种类食用菌干粉,用超纯水定容至25 mL,混合均匀后采用双层滤纸过滤。取1 mL澄清滤液于离心管内,在10000 r/min下离心10 min,上清液用0.22 μm滤膜过滤,用外标法通过高效液相色谱仪检测核苷酸含量。
色谱条件:使用XBridge C18液相色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相A为甲醇/水/磷酸(3/97/0.05),流动相B为纯甲醇,流速1.0 mL/min;检测波长260 nm;柱温30 ℃;进样量10 μL。
参考陈万超等[14]的实验方法并稍作修改,精确称取0.50 g不同种类食用菌干粉,加入50 mL 0.1 mol/L盐酸,60 ℃振荡60 min提取有机酸。冷却后在12000 r/min下离心15 min,上清液过0.22 μm滤膜,用外标法通过高效液相色谱仪检测有机酸含量。
色谱条件:使用XBridge C18液相色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为10 mmol/L KH2PO4缓冲盐,pH2.8;流速1.0 mL/min;紫外检测波长为210 nm;柱温30 ℃;进样量10 μL。
等鲜浓度值(EUC值)是指100 g干燥样品中鲜味物质的含量,常等效于谷氨酸钠(monosodium glutamate,MSG)的含量表示,可通过量化鲜味强度进行鲜味评估。按照公式计算:
$ \mathrm{Y}=(\Sigma {\mathrm{a}}_{\mathrm{i}}{\mathrm{b}}_{\mathrm{i}})+1218(\Sigma {\mathrm{a}}_{\mathrm{i}}{\mathrm{b}}_{\mathrm{i}})(\Sigma {\mathrm{a}}_{\mathrm{j}}{\mathrm{b}}_{\mathrm{j}}) $
式中:Y代表EUC值,g MSG/100 g;ai代表鲜味氨基酸的含量(天冬氨酸、谷氨酸),g/100 g;aj代表鲜味核苷酸的含量(5′-AMP、5′-IMP、5′-GMP、5′-XMP),g/100 g;bi代表鲜味氨基酸相对于谷氨酸的常量值(Glu=1、Asp=0.077);bj代表呈味核苷酸相对于5′-肌苷酸的常量值(5′-IMP=1.00、5′-AMP=0.18、5′-GMP=2.30、5′-XMP=0.61);1218为协同常数。
对每个处理组进行3次平行实验,数据结果以平均值±标准差表示。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行数据统计分析。对每组进行方差分析(ANOVA)和邓肯多重比较检验,P<0.05作为显著差异检验的标准。运用Origin 2024进行聚类分析,运用SIMAC 14.1软件进行主成分分析(PCA)。
灰分含量直接反映食用菌中矿物质(如钾、钙、镁、磷、铁、锌等)的总量,灰分越高,表明无机成分越丰富,可能具有更高的营养价值。根据表2可知,大多数种类的食用菌灰分含量在6.00~8.00 g/100 g之间,草菇灰分含量最高,达到12.19±1.10 g/100 g,说明其中无机物含量较高,可能是因为草菇属于高温型草腐菌,通常以稻草、麦秆或棉籽壳为主要栽培基质[15],其菌丝在分解纤维素、半纤维素时会主动吸收基质中的矿物质以满足快速生长的能量需求,其钙、镁元素含量较多[16]。香菇灰分含量最少,只有4.40 g/100 g左右。
根据GB 28050-2011《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品营养标签通则》规定,当食品原料中每百克所含蛋白质的量达到或超过营养素参考值(NRV)的20%(即12 g/100 g)时,该食品可被判定为高蛋白质食品。由测定结果可知,14种食用菌中茶树菇的蛋白质含量最高,达到40.12±0.14 g/100 g,松茸的蛋白质含量最低,仅有14.75±0.36 g/100 g,其他种类食用菌除金针菇、香菇外蛋白质含量均超过20 g/100 g,属于高蛋白质类食品。同种食用菌因生长环境、栽培基质不同也会造成蛋白质含量的差异,如金针菇蛋白质含量可在17.90~28.00 g/100 g之间[17],本文测定结果与之相符。食用菌多糖具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、提升免疫、降血糖和血脂等多种生物功能,不同食用菌中多糖含量和结构有所差异,导致其生物活性也会不同[18]。胡晓倩等[19]比较了茶树菇与银耳的蛋白质含量,发现高山银耳的多糖含量最高,为8.08 g/100 g,张慢等[20]测得平菇和茶树菇多糖含量分别为11.12 g/100 g和11.05 g/100 g。本研究通过苯酚硫酸法测定14种食用菌粗多糖,发现松茸和姬松茸多糖含量最高,分别为10.07±3.41 g/100 g和11.77±0.11 g/100 g,茶树菇和双孢蘑菇多糖含量最低,为3.81±0.72 g/100 g和3.25±0.82 g/100 g,平菇多糖含量为5.65±0.46 g/100 g,其他食用菌多糖含量在4.00~10.00 g/100 g分布。
食用菌不仅蛋白质含量高,氨基酸组成也较全面,且富含人体所必需氨基酸,其营养价值可与肉、蛋、奶相媲美[21]。多数谷物在氨基酸组成上存在一定局限性,赖氨酸和亮氨酸含量相对匮乏,而食用菌却富含这两种氨基酸[22],能够有效弥补谷物饮食在氨基酸供给上的不足。
14种食用菌氨基酸组成结果如图1所示,可以看出不同食用菌氨基酸含量差异较大。在14种食用菌中,谷氨酸的含量普遍较高,尤其是在茶树菇和双孢蘑菇中谷氨酸含量达到了5.48 g/100 g和6.76 g/100 g。Li等[23]以茶树菇、黄蘑、金针菇、香菇、猴头菌为实验对象,测得这5种常见食用菌中谷氨酸含量也最高,分别占氨基酸总量的17.41%、19.75%、25.16%、24.92%和16.72%。除谷氨酸外,14种食用菌中含量较高的氨基酸还有天冬氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸。半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸的含量普遍很低。人体必须从食物中摄取必需氨基酸(Essential amino acid,EAA),包括缬氨酸,异亮氨酸,苯丙氨酸,组氨酸,赖氨酸,蛋氨酸,亮氨酸,色氨酸,苏氨酸。本研究测得14种食用菌的必需氨基酸总量在3.27~11.36 g/100 g之间,其中必需氨基酸含量最高的是茶树菇,最低的是松茸,这与前文蛋白质含量测定结果相符。根据FAO/WHO(联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织)所提出的理想蛋白质评判标准:组成蛋白质的每种必需氨基酸/总氨基酸的值(EAA/TAA)应趋近于总量的40%,必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸的值(EAA/NEAA)应不低于0.6[24]。14种食用菌EAA/TAA在31.46%~38.81%之间,EAA/NEAA在45.91%~63.44%之间,其中EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA最高的食用菌均是竹荪,最低均是双孢蘑菇,大部分食用菌EAA/TAA接近40%,竹荪、灰树花EAA/NEAA超过0.6,可以说明其是较理想的蛋白质。
为进一步比较分析不同食用菌灰分、蛋白质、粗多糖、氨基酸组成差异,采用基于欧氏距离的样本聚类分析对各食用菌样本间的关系进行系统性评价。结果如图2所示,在欧氏距离为6处,草菇、茶树菇和双孢蘑菇各自独立形成分支,表明其营养成分组成与其他11种食用菌存在差异。金针菇、香菇和松茸聚在一个分支下,推测这可能是由于这三种食用菌中氨基酸和蛋白质的含量相对较低,在聚类过程中被归为同一分支。当欧氏距离调整至10时,茶树菇和双孢蘑菇聚为一支,而其他食用菌则汇聚成一个相对较大的分支,且彼此之间的欧氏距离相对较近,说明在欧氏距离为10下,茶树菇和双孢蘑菇与其他食用菌在营养成分组成上的差异进一步凸显,而其他食用菌之间的营养成分组成则具有相对较高的相似性。
食用菌通常具有良好的质构和风味,其中的风味物质赋予了食用菌特殊的香气和口感,使其成为优良的调味品并受到消费者的广泛欢迎。食用菌中风味物质包括挥发性与非挥发性物质,其主要挥发性组分为八碳(C8)化合物和含硫化合物[25]。C8化合物和含硫化合物均通过酶促反应产生,其中脂氧合酶和氢过氧化物裂合酶催化亚油酸产生C8化合物,如1-辛烯-3-酮和1-辛烯-3-醇,而γ-谷氨酰转肽酶和半胱氨酸亚砜裂合酶通过催化反应产生含硫化合物,这些挥发性化合物中,1-辛烯-3-醇是典型蘑菇气味产生的原因[26]。非挥发性物质主要由一些水溶性物质组成,包括游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、有机酸等。挥发性物质与非挥发性物质并非孤立存在,而是相互平衡、相互融合,共同形成了食用菌的特殊风味。
挥发性风味成分是影响食用菌品质的重要指标之一,也是影响消费的重要因素。品种、环境、加工、收获时间等均会影响风味化合物的水平[27]。现采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用方法对14种食用菌的挥发性风味物质进行检测,共检测出包括醇类、醛类、酯类、酸类、酮类、烷烃类、烯烃类等150余种挥发性物质,其中金针菇46种、草菇43种、茶树菇49种、鹿茸菇54种、香菇40种、平菇46种、灰树花38种、竹荪38种、松茸60种、鸡枞菌43种、姬松茸44种、双孢蘑菇46种、黑牛肝菌46种、美味牛肝菌48种(附表1,详见本刊官网https://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。另外,由于不同挥发性物质的感官阈值不同[28],本研究进一步采用ROAV法评估14种食用菌挥发性物质的气味贡献程度,进而了解对总体气味起重要作用的关键挥发性成分。结果如图3表3所示。
总体来看,除金针菇和竹荪外,酸类物质在其余12种食用菌中均为含量最高的挥发性类别。结合附表1可知,酸性物质主要为乙酸、丙酸、异戊酸、己酸、异丁酸等,其中美味牛肝菌中乙酸含量最多,为31.65%,与田婧[29]在灵芝检测出超过7%的乙酸结果一致。但大多数酸类物质的阈值很高[30](如乙酸阈值可达22000 μg/kg[31]),对于食用菌整体风味影响较弱,属潜在香气成分。
相比之下,醛类化合物通常具有较低的气味阈值,可赋予绿色、青草、坚果和脂肪气味[31],其可能来自脂质氧化降解和氨基酸Strecker反应[32]。醛类物质在金针菇、平菇、松茸中占比较高,分别为31.60%、21.70%、24.60%。Yin等[32]的研究也在六种平菇中发现了己醛、辛醛、壬醛等醛类物质。由于异戊醛在草菇、茶树菇、鹿茸菇等9个食用菌中的相对含量较高且阈值较低,其ROAV被定义为100,成为这些食用菌的主体挥发性香气成分。竹荪的醛类物质占比很低,仅为0.16%,但烯烃类物质占比高达85.08%,其中Alpha-芹子烯、Β-广藿香烯和Β-瑟林烯的总含量占竹荪挥发性风味物质总量的一半以上。竹荪的主体挥发性香气成分为香叶基丙酮(ROAV=100),其次对风味贡献大的还有异戊醛、苯乙醇,ROAV分别为50.73、23.47。
酮类物质在灰树花、美味牛肝菌、香菇中占比突出,如2-吡咯烷酮,其在灰树花和美味牛肝菌中的相对含量分别为10.77%和10.84%;香菇中2-吡咯烷酮、2-十一酮相对含量占比分别为4.30%、3.32%。此类物质普遍呈现多样化的芳香属性,如2-十一酮释放清新柠檬香韵,丙酮则表现出清凉薄荷气息[33]
醇类物质主要以苯甲醇、1-辛烯-3-醇和苯乙醇为主,其中苯甲醇和苯乙醇风味柔和,1-辛烯-3-醇可以产生蘑菇香气[34],是除竹荪外13个种类食用菌中的关键香气成分,1-辛烯-3-醇在平菇中所占比例最高,为1.99%,其次为灰树花(1.60%)和香菇(1.45%),并且灰树花中1-辛烯-3-醇的ROAV达到100,是其主体挥发性香气成分。
酯类物质主要通过短链脂肪酸与醇类的酯化反应生成,其特有的甜润果香成为食品香气的重要来源[33]。在茶树菇中,酯类物质以γ-戊内酯为主,占比为10.88%,ROAV>1,属于茶树菇的关键风味物质。
综合分析表明,14种食用菌的挥发性风味物质种类和含量差异很大。一方面,14种食用菌共检出7种共有挥发性风味物质,分别为正己醛、异戊醛、异丁醛、乙醛、丙酮、乙酸和2-正戊基呋喃。另一方面,存在一些特有物质,如马鞭草烯醇只在松茸中被检出(相对含量为3.34%),1-辛烯-3-酮只在姬松茸中检测到(相对含量0.19%),而己酸在金针菇中未被检出。通过ROAV(≥1)筛选发现,14种食用菌中的关键性风味物质主要为醇、醛类化合物,如1-辛烯-3-醇、苯甲醇、2-甲基丁醛、异戊醛等,并且同一物质对不同食用菌香气贡献程度不同,如3-辛烯-2-酮在鹿茸菇中ROAV可达48.42,但在姬松茸中ROAV只有1.63。从关键风味物质的数量看,灰树花最多(15种),平菇次之(14种),姬松茸最少,仅有7种。此外,在关键性风味物质中,正壬醇为双孢蘑菇特有(ROAV=1.71),反-2-辛烯醛为松茸特有(ROAV=37.84),黑牛肝菌与美味牛肝菌关键性风味物质组成相似,均包括异戊醛、正己醛、2-甲基丁醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-正戊基呋喃等物质。
食用菌在热处理的过程中蛋白质会发生降解,生成短肽和氨基酸,氨基酸作为蛋白质的降解产物是评价食品营养品质的重要指标,其中,游离氨基酸作为非挥发性滋味化合物对食用菌的滋味组成有很大影响。Yang等[39]将呈味氨基酸分为甜味、鲜味、苦味和无味氨基酸,天冬氨酸、谷氨酸主要呈现鲜味,丝氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸主要呈现甜味,酪氨酸、赖氨酸主要呈现无味,而剩余的色氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸则被认为呈苦味。鲜味和甜味氨基酸是食用菌中普遍存在的味觉活性氨基酸,所产生的苦味可能被大量的可溶性糖、多元醇和其他甜味成分以及鲜味氨基酸所掩盖,可以增强食品的风味,缓和苦涩味[40]
图4(a)可以看出,不同食用菌中游离氨基酸含量均有差异。总体来看,鹿茸菇、双孢蘑菇、茶树菇中游离氨基酸总含量在前三位。谷氨酸是重要的呈鲜氨基酸,在14种食用菌中含量最多,尤其在鹿茸菇、鸡枞菌、双孢蘑菇,分别为1.13±0.02、1.34±0.10、1.50±0.12 g/100 g。食用菌中含量较少的为半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸。由图4(b)可知,鲜味和甜味氨基酸在食用菌中占主要地位,双孢蘑菇中鲜味、甜味氨基酸含量均高于其他13种。无味、苦味氨基酸在所有食用菌中的含量均较低,其中茶树菇、鹿茸菇、姬松茸中苦味氨基酸相对较高,可能是因为其中缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸含量较高。
5′-核苷酸包括5′-胞苷酸(5′-CMP)、5′-尿苷酸(5′-UMP)、5′-鸟苷酸(5′-GMP)、5′-肌苷酸(5′-IMP)和5′-腺苷酸(5′-AMP)。其中食用菌中5'-GMP、5'-IMP具有强烈的呈鲜作用,通常被称为呈味核苷酸[41],5′-GMP为肉味,对鲜味的增强效果比单独使用味精更强,5′-IMP的水溶液即使在比较低的浓度下,也可起到呈味作用[42]。Yang等[39]将呈味核苷酸含量大于5 mg/g定义为高含量,1~5 mg/g定义为中等范围含量。如图5(a)所示,在14种食用菌样品中,5′-AMP、5′-UMP普遍较高,其中灰树花5′-AMP含量最多,为21.52±0.19 mg/g。在样品中检测到少量的5′-CMP、5′-GMP、5′-IMP,其中5′-CMP、5′-GMP在双孢蘑菇中含量较多,5′-UMP在草菇中含量最多。由图5(b)可知,14种食用菌中的呈味核苷酸总含量范围跨度较大,在草菇中总含量最多,其次为双孢蘑菇、松茸和平菇,呈味核苷酸含量分别为3.45±0.04、2.50±0.01、2.42±0.05、2.35±0.03 mg/g,均处在中等水平。呈味核苷酸低于中等水平的有香菇、竹荪、鸡枞菌、美味牛肝菌和黑牛肝菌,总含量不超过1 mg/g。结合图5(a)发现,主要是由于香菇、竹荪、鸡枞菌、美味牛肝菌和黑牛肝菌中的5′-GMP含量相对较少。
在食用菌生长过程中,有机酸可作为风味前体物质的代谢枢纽参与酚类化合物的生物合成,又与氨基酸代谢、酯类生成密切相关,其种类和含量的不同在一定程度上影响着子实体独特风味的形成。有机酸抗氧化活性很高(尤其是苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、丁二酸),并且具有使来自自由基和螯合金属的电子电荷离域的能力[43]。影响食用菌滋味的有机酸主要包括苹果酸、富马酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、丁二酸、丙酸、丁酸、酒石酸和乳酸,于海龙等[44]对国内不同产地的4种香菇干品有机酸进行测定,发现湖北随州冬菇中苹果酸含量最高,福建尤溪金钱菇中乙酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸的含量最高,浙江庆元花菇中富马酸含量最高,从有机酸角度揭示了不同地区同类香菇风味差异。
图6可知,在14种食用菌中,不同有机酸含量差异较为明显,总体来看,有机酸中丁二酸含量较高,其中丁二酸在草菇、茶树菇、姬松茸中含量最高,分别为236.30、219.00、251.69 mg/g,丁二酸又名琥珀酸,陈万超等[45]对11个主要栽培品种的香菇子实体有机酸组分进行定量分析,发现有机酸主要以琥珀酸为主,占总量的60%~83%,本研究结果与文献报道一致。富马酸在14种食用菌中含量均最低。丙酸在竹荪中含量最高,为18.57 mg/g,乙酸在松茸中含量最低,仅2.63 mg/g,与其他种类食用菌含量差异较大。金针菇、灰树花、松茸的酒石酸含量均很低。
PCA是一种多变量统计分析方法,通过降维处理可以分析多组分信息和不同食用菌样品之间的复杂关系[46],相对位置距离越远,差异性越大。14种食用菌游离氨基酸PCA得分见图7(a),除双孢蘑菇外其余13种食用菌游离氨基酸分布于95%置信区间内,第一主成分和第二主成分累积贡献率达68.2%,说明前两个主成分包含了样品大部分信息。图中鹿茸菇、茶树菇、金针菇、草菇位于第一象限,灰树花、美味牛肝菌位于第二象限,平菇、松茸、鸡枞菌位于第三象限,茶树菇、鹿茸菇和姬松茸与其他食用菌位置距离相对较远,表明茶树菇、鹿茸菇和姬松茸与其他食用菌游离氨基酸含量有明显差异;而竹荪、黑牛肝菌、香菇分布在第二和第三象限边界附近,且聚合度较高,即该3种食用菌中游离氨基酸含量差异较小。该3种食用菌又与松茸、美味牛肝菌分布距离较为接近,可知这3种食用菌游离氨基酸含量与松茸、美味牛肝菌差异不大。另外,从整体分布来看,双孢蘑菇分布远离其他食用菌,说明双孢蘑菇中游离氨基酸含量与其他食用菌差异最为明显。
图7(b)为5′-核苷酸PCA得分,第一主成分与第二主成分累积贡献率为73.2%。除双孢蘑菇、草菇、灰树花外其余11种食用菌主要分布于中心周围,彼此又相互靠近,说明其呈味核苷酸含量差异不大。有机酸PCA得分见图7(c),所有数据均分布于95%置信区间内,图中各点呈现出均匀且分散的分布态势,没有明显的聚集或聚类现象,表明数据在各个主成分所代表的维度上具有较为均衡的分布,14种食用菌有机酸含量样本特征差异较小,无明显分组。
等鲜浓度值(EUC值)可量化衡量鲜味氨基酸和鲜味核苷酸的协同作用。根据EUC值的大小可将食用菌分为4个等级:第1等级为EUC大于1000 g MSG/100 g干重;第2等级为EUC在100~1000 g MSG/100 g干重之间;第3等级为EUC在10~100 g MSG/100 g干重之间;第4等级为EUC小于10 g MSG/100 g干重[47]
表4可知,不同食用菌EUC值差异显著(P<0.05)。鲜味氨基酸和呈味核苷酸的协同作用可增强蘑菇的鲜味,对EUC值产生影响。双孢蘑菇的EUC值超过1000 g MSG/100 g,鲜味响应强度较高,达到第一等级标准。其次为草菇、茶树菇、平菇,EUC值分别为832.43±49.02、707.12±8.74、683.86±14.00 g MSG/100 g。竹荪、美味牛肝菌、黑牛肝菌的EUC值较低,分别为86.12±1.45、43.97±10.50、28.06±3.26 g MSG/100 g,鲜味响应强度相对而言更低。Xue等[48]发现八种常见食用菌的EUC值均属于二级水平,双孢蘑菇的EUC值最高,为826.55±20.06 g/100 g,其次是草菇787.90±3.86 g/100 g,与本研究结果相似。可见,双孢蘑菇与草菇鲜味特征十分明显,可以作为较好的增鲜物质。虽然等鲜浓度值可对食物的呈鲜作用进行客观的评价,但它只针对食用菌的游离氨基酸和呈味核苷酸的含量,从而给出量化值,而大多食物的基质都是复杂的,可能还受到其他呈鲜物质影响,如鲜味肽[49]、有机酸[50]、无机离子以及维生素[51]等。
本研究比较了14种食用菌的营养成分及风味特征,结果表明:不同种类食用菌在灰分、蛋白质、多糖等基础营养指标上存在显著差异(P<0.05)。草菇灰分含量最高,可能与其草腐菌特性及栽培基质中矿物质吸收相关,茶树菇蛋白质含量最高,是优质的植物蛋白源,姬松茸多糖含量在14种食用菌中最高。挥发性风味物质分析表明,14种食用菌中酸类物质相对含量占比较高,关键性风味物质主要为醇、醛类化合物(ROAV≥1),如异戊醛、1-辛烯-3-醇等;非挥发性成分中,双孢蘑菇因高谷氨酸与核苷酸协同作用,鲜味强度显著优于其他种类,EUC值达1142.12 g MSG/100 g,草菇呈味核苷酸总量最高(3.45 mg/g)且丁二酸含量突出(236.30 mg/g)。未来研究可进一步扩大样本种类,结合代谢组学解析风味形成机制,并探索加工工艺对营养活性成分的影响,以推动食用菌产业的多元化与高值化发展。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040402
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06
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    1.江南大学食品学院,食品科学与资源挖掘全国重点实验室,江苏无锡 214122
    2.浙江百兴食品有限公司,浙江丽水 323800

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余达威(1990−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品资源深加工,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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