Article(id=1261343851931943042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090260, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758556800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657408935, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657408935, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657408935, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657408935, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=493, endPage=504, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343860819673262, articleId=1261343851931943042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Systematic Review of Ultrasound, Light and Their Synergistic Technologies in Food Sterilization, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The synergistic sterilization approach, which combines ultrasound with light, serves as an emerging green non-thermal sterilization technology that can effectively overcome the limitations of single technology application and markedly enhance antibacterial efficacy against foodborne pathogens. This enhancement in antibacterial efficacy is achieved through the direct synergistic effects of physical energy, without the need for exogenous sono/photosensitizers, and offers distinct advantages in terms of efficiency and environmental sustainability. This paper provides an overview of the current progress regarding the sterilization efficacy, mechanisms and practical applications of ultrasound, light (including UV light, blue light, infrared light and pulsed light) as well as their combination (primarily UV and blue light) on various microorganisms. Studies have demonstrated that ultrasound-light synergistic sterilization technology can not only remarkably improve the inactivation efficiency against foodborne pathogens, but also well preserve food product quality, thus providing a novel technical approach for food non-thermal sterilization. Future research should aim to further clarify the underlying synergistic mechanisms, expand the application scope, and accelerate the industrialization of this technology in the food sector. Overall, this paper provides a solid theoretical reference for the development and practical application of ultrasound-light synergistic sterilization technology.

, correspAuthors=Yue SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuyu LU, Junxiao HEI, Xianqing HUANG, Wenxing SONG, Zhaowei WEI, Dan HAI, Lianjun SONG, Yue SHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343866159022315, articleId=1261343851931943042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超声波与光及其协同杀菌技术研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

超声波与光协同杀菌技术作为一种新兴的绿色非热杀菌技术,通过物理能量的直接协同效应,可有效克服单一技术应用的局限性,无需外源声光敏剂,即可显著提升对食源性病原体的杀菌效果,具有高效、环保的独特优势。本文系统综述了超声波、光(包括紫外线、蓝光、红外光和脉冲强光)及超声波与光(主要是紫外线和蓝光)协同处理对微生物的杀菌效果、作用机制及其应用。研究表明,超声波-光协同杀菌技术可显著提升对食源性病原体的灭活效果,同时较好地保持食品品质,为食品非热杀菌提供了新的技术途径。未来研究需进一步明确协同机制,扩展应用范围,推动该技术在食品领域中的实际应用。本文为超声波与光协同杀菌技术的开发与应用提供了理论参考。

, correspAuthors=沈玥, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
沈玥(1985−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品微生物控制,E-mai1:
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Food and Nutrition in China, 2019, 25(7): 16−19., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261343868532998399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343868553969920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, companyId=1261343868532998399, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343868570747138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, companyId=1261343868532998399, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.河南农业大学食品科学技术学院,河南郑州 450002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261343869388636434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343869413802259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, companyId=1261343869388636434, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.The Engineering Technology Research Center for Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343869447356693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, companyId=1261343869388636434, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.河南省食品加工与流通安全控制工程技术研究中心,河南郑州 450002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261343929153274669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Mechanism of ultrasonic sterilization, figureFileSmall=6KLZz9ylTDbF3dDh2yY6FA==, figureFileBig=u5d3fa1C/o8wd+gIOoAYtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343930830996274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, language=CN, label=图1, caption=超声波杀菌机制, figureFileSmall=6KLZz9ylTDbF3dDh2yY6FA==, figureFileBig=u5d3fa1C/o8wd+gIOoAYtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343933360161609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Mechanism of ultrasound and ultraviolet or blue light synergistic sterilization, figureFileSmall=bMg72FeZYZ9Gl9b8o/NhYQ==, figureFileBig=cSIkrUuFbxqo5qQPkE5fBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343935130157905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, language=CN, label=图2, caption=超声波与紫外/蓝光协同杀菌机制, figureFileSmall=bMg72FeZYZ9Gl9b8o/NhYQ==, figureFileBig=cSIkrUuFbxqo5qQPkE5fBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343935935464280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of different ultrasonic treatment conditions on the sterilization efficacy for food microorganisms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种初始浓度(CFU/mL)超声波频率(kHz)超声波功率(W)超声波时间(min)介质温度杀菌效果参考文献
注:“/”表示文章中未提及超声波功率及处理时是否控制温度。
大肠杆菌106201000~60LB肉汤/7 min时菌落数分别减少约1.90 lg CFU/mL,60 min时大肠杆菌完全灭活(菌落数减少约6.00 lg CFU/mL)[11]
金黄色葡萄球菌10122056060(开5 s/关10 s)橙汁20、30、40 ℃20、30和40 °C下,菌落数分别减少3.80、4.02和4.30 lg CFU/mL[12]
单核细胞增生李斯特菌105 28600 10、20、30(开2 min/关5 min)目标细菌培养液30  ℃以下30 min时菌落数减少约2.40 lg CFU/mL[13]
蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢10 min时蜡样芽孢杆菌菌落数减少3.40 lg CFU/mL,蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢减少0.14 lg CFU/mL,时间延长至20、30 min效果均无显著差异
鼠伤寒沙门氏菌10 min时菌落减少0.71 lg CFU/mL,30 min时减少1.59 lg CFU/mL
大肠杆菌10、20、30 min时菌落数分别减少2.75、2.29和2.19 lg CFU/mL,无显著差异
生物膜包裹的金黄色葡萄球菌106 206010食品接触表面20 ℃以下菌落数减少0.09 lg CFU/mL[14]
单核细胞增生李斯特菌107 404005、10、15鲜黄瓜25 ℃5、10、15 min时菌落数分别减少0.47、0.33和0.4 lg CFU/g[15]
原始菌落(含肠杆菌、假单胞菌)自然污染30/45鱼片14 ℃以下假单胞菌和肠杆菌菌落数分别减少1.50 和 1.10 lg CFU/g[16]
大肠杆菌107 2040、16030、60磷酸盐缓冲盐水、橙汁、牛奶25 ℃160 W处理60 min,在pH为7.4和4的盐水中菌落数分别减少约1.30 lg CFU/mL和2.40 lg CFU/mL,在橙汁(pH为4,浓度为5%)和牛奶(pH为6.5,浓度为5%)中菌落数分别减少约3.00 lg CFU/mL和3.20 lg CFU/mL[17]
大肠杆菌106 2510 W/cm215(开1 s/关1 s)LB肉汤20 ℃菌落数减少约0.60 lg CFU/mL[18]
耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌1062016010生理盐水20 ℃以下菌落数减少3.42 lg CFU/mL[19]
荧光假单胞菌107 5040060BHI肉汤/菌落数减少约0.80 lg CFU/mL[20]
膜醭毕赤酵母10620、28、40 及双频15020(开10 s/关5 s)酱油40 ℃20+40 kHz时,菌落数减少1.06 lg CFU/mL[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1261343936375866210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

超声波不同处理条件对食品微生物杀菌效果的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种初始浓度(CFU/mL)超声波频率(kHz)超声波功率(W)超声波时间(min)介质温度杀菌效果参考文献
注:“/”表示文章中未提及超声波功率及处理时是否控制温度。
大肠杆菌106201000~60LB肉汤/7 min时菌落数分别减少约1.90 lg CFU/mL,60 min时大肠杆菌完全灭活(菌落数减少约6.00 lg CFU/mL)[11]
金黄色葡萄球菌10122056060(开5 s/关10 s)橙汁20、30、40 ℃20、30和40 °C下,菌落数分别减少3.80、4.02和4.30 lg CFU/mL[12]
单核细胞增生李斯特菌105 28600 10、20、30(开2 min/关5 min)目标细菌培养液30  ℃以下30 min时菌落数减少约2.40 lg CFU/mL[13]
蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢10 min时蜡样芽孢杆菌菌落数减少3.40 lg CFU/mL,蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢减少0.14 lg CFU/mL,时间延长至20、30 min效果均无显著差异
鼠伤寒沙门氏菌10 min时菌落减少0.71 lg CFU/mL,30 min时减少1.59 lg CFU/mL
大肠杆菌10、20、30 min时菌落数分别减少2.75、2.29和2.19 lg CFU/mL,无显著差异
生物膜包裹的金黄色葡萄球菌106 206010食品接触表面20 ℃以下菌落数减少0.09 lg CFU/mL[14]
单核细胞增生李斯特菌107 404005、10、15鲜黄瓜25 ℃5、10、15 min时菌落数分别减少0.47、0.33和0.4 lg CFU/g[15]
原始菌落(含肠杆菌、假单胞菌)自然污染30/45鱼片14 ℃以下假单胞菌和肠杆菌菌落数分别减少1.50 和 1.10 lg CFU/g[16]
大肠杆菌107 2040、16030、60磷酸盐缓冲盐水、橙汁、牛奶25 ℃160 W处理60 min,在pH为7.4和4的盐水中菌落数分别减少约1.30 lg CFU/mL和2.40 lg CFU/mL,在橙汁(pH为4,浓度为5%)和牛奶(pH为6.5,浓度为5%)中菌落数分别减少约3.00 lg CFU/mL和3.20 lg CFU/mL[17]
大肠杆菌106 2510 W/cm215(开1 s/关1 s)LB肉汤20 ℃菌落数减少约0.60 lg CFU/mL[18]
耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌1062016010生理盐水20 ℃以下菌落数减少3.42 lg CFU/mL[19]
荧光假单胞菌107 5040060BHI肉汤/菌落数减少约0.80 lg CFU/mL[20]
膜醭毕赤酵母10620、28、40 及双频15020(开10 s/关5 s)酱油40 ℃20+40 kHz时,菌落数减少1.06 lg CFU/mL[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1261343937558659948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different treatment conditions on the synergistic sterilization efficacy of ultrasound combined with ultraviolet/blue light

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验菌种初始浓度(CFU/mL)超声波条件光源及条件介质单独杀菌效果协同杀菌效果参考文献
耐四环素大肠杆菌10933 kHz、50 W、18 min255 nm UVC(19.9 J/cm2)、275 nm UVC(45.6 J/cm2无菌水超声波单独处理菌落数下降2.30 lg CFU/mL,255 nm紫外线单独处理菌落数下降5.32 lg CFU/mL,相比275 nm高出0.69 lg CFU/mL。超声波和组合波长紫外线同时处理,菌落数下降7.45 lg CFU/mL[75]
副溶血性弧菌10825 kHz、30 W、15 min460 nm蓝光(216 J/cm2鲑鱼片蓝光单独处理菌落数减少1.63~2.30 lg CFU/mL,超声波单独处理菌落数减少约1.00 lg CFU/mL超声波15 min+蓝光协同处理菌落数降至4.00 lg CFU/mL[77]
蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢10620 kHz、200 W、20 min253.7 nm UVC(0.55 mV/cm2无菌水超声波单独处理20 min与紫外线单独处理20 min,菌落数分别下降0.27 lg CFU/mL和3.50 lg CFU/mL超声波和紫外线同时处理20 min菌落数下降4.61 lg CFU/mL[78]
拜尔接合酵母菌10820 kHz、40 min254 nm UVC(2200 mW/cm2苹果汁超声波单独处理菌落数下降约1.70 lg CFU/mL,UVC处理菌落数减少约4.90 lg CFU/mL超声波+UVC处理后菌落数减少约7.40 lg CFU/mL[79]
酿酒酵母10620 kHz、600 W、3 min脉冲强光(71.6 J/cm2苹果汁超声波单独处理后菌落数下降2.60 lg CFU/mL,脉冲强光单独处理后下降3.90 lg CFU/mL(商业澄清苹果汁)和1.00 lg CFU/mL(鲜榨苹果汁)超声波处理后使用脉冲强光,在商业澄清苹果汁和鲜榨苹果汁中的菌落数分别下降6.40和5.80 lg CFU/mL[81]
酿酒酵母10720 kHz、250 W、3 min脉冲强光(0.84 J/cm²)鲜榨橙汁脉冲光单独处理菌落数下降5.50 lg CFU/mL,超声波单独处理下降2.90 lg CFU/mL脉冲强光后使用超声波,菌落数下降6.10 lg CFU/mL[82]
酸性脂环芽孢杆菌芽孢10735 kHz、120~480 W、5 min254 nm UVC(22.4 mJ/cm2果汁超声波单独处理30 min菌落数下降1.00 lg CFU/mL超声波处理5 min后紫外线照射25 min效果最好,菌落数下降5.00 lg CFU/mL,超声波处理25 min后紫外线照射5 min,菌落数下降2.00 lg CFU/mL,紫外线照射5 min后超声波处理25 min,菌落数下降4.0 CFU/mL[83]
单核细胞增生李斯特菌10845 kHz、200 W、1 min254 nm UVC(3.09 J/cm2鲑鱼片紫外线单独处理减少0.50 lg CFU/g,超声波单独处理减少约0.35 lg CFU/g先紫外线照射5 min后超声波处理1 min,菌落数约减少0.80 lg CFU/g[84]
), ArticleFig(id=1261343939391570808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343851931943042, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理条件对超声波与紫外/蓝光协同杀菌的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验菌种初始浓度(CFU/mL)超声波条件光源及条件介质单独杀菌效果协同杀菌效果参考文献
耐四环素大肠杆菌10933 kHz、50 W、18 min255 nm UVC(19.9 J/cm2)、275 nm UVC(45.6 J/cm2无菌水超声波单独处理菌落数下降2.30 lg CFU/mL,255 nm紫外线单独处理菌落数下降5.32 lg CFU/mL,相比275 nm高出0.69 lg CFU/mL。超声波和组合波长紫外线同时处理,菌落数下降7.45 lg CFU/mL[75]
副溶血性弧菌10825 kHz、30 W、15 min460 nm蓝光(216 J/cm2鲑鱼片蓝光单独处理菌落数减少1.63~2.30 lg CFU/mL,超声波单独处理菌落数减少约1.00 lg CFU/mL超声波15 min+蓝光协同处理菌落数降至4.00 lg CFU/mL[77]
蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢10620 kHz、200 W、20 min253.7 nm UVC(0.55 mV/cm2无菌水超声波单独处理20 min与紫外线单独处理20 min,菌落数分别下降0.27 lg CFU/mL和3.50 lg CFU/mL超声波和紫外线同时处理20 min菌落数下降4.61 lg CFU/mL[78]
拜尔接合酵母菌10820 kHz、40 min254 nm UVC(2200 mW/cm2苹果汁超声波单独处理菌落数下降约1.70 lg CFU/mL,UVC处理菌落数减少约4.90 lg CFU/mL超声波+UVC处理后菌落数减少约7.40 lg CFU/mL[79]
酿酒酵母10620 kHz、600 W、3 min脉冲强光(71.6 J/cm2苹果汁超声波单独处理后菌落数下降2.60 lg CFU/mL,脉冲强光单独处理后下降3.90 lg CFU/mL(商业澄清苹果汁)和1.00 lg CFU/mL(鲜榨苹果汁)超声波处理后使用脉冲强光,在商业澄清苹果汁和鲜榨苹果汁中的菌落数分别下降6.40和5.80 lg CFU/mL[81]
酿酒酵母10720 kHz、250 W、3 min脉冲强光(0.84 J/cm²)鲜榨橙汁脉冲光单独处理菌落数下降5.50 lg CFU/mL,超声波单独处理下降2.90 lg CFU/mL脉冲强光后使用超声波,菌落数下降6.10 lg CFU/mL[82]
酸性脂环芽孢杆菌芽孢10735 kHz、120~480 W、5 min254 nm UVC(22.4 mJ/cm2果汁超声波单独处理30 min菌落数下降1.00 lg CFU/mL超声波处理5 min后紫外线照射25 min效果最好,菌落数下降5.00 lg CFU/mL,超声波处理25 min后紫外线照射5 min,菌落数下降2.00 lg CFU/mL,紫外线照射5 min后超声波处理25 min,菌落数下降4.0 CFU/mL[83]
单核细胞增生李斯特菌10845 kHz、200 W、1 min254 nm UVC(3.09 J/cm2鲑鱼片紫外线单独处理减少0.50 lg CFU/g,超声波单独处理减少约0.35 lg CFU/g先紫外线照射5 min后超声波处理1 min,菌落数约减少0.80 lg CFU/g[84]
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超声波与光及其协同杀菌技术研究进展
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芦姝羽 1, 2 , 黑俊肖 1, 2 , 黄现青 1, 2 , 宋文星 1, 2 , 魏照伟 1 , 海丹 1, 2 , 宋莲军 1, 2 , 沈玥 *, 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(9): 493-504
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食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026, 47(9): 493-504
超声波与光及其协同杀菌技术研究进展
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芦姝羽1, 2 , 黑俊肖1, 2, 黄现青1, 2, 宋文星1, 2, 魏照伟1, 海丹1, 2, 宋莲军1, 2, 沈玥*, 1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.河南农业大学食品科学技术学院,河南郑州 450002
  • 2.河南省食品加工与流通安全控制工程技术研究中心,河南郑州 450002
  • 芦姝羽(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物控制,E-mail:

通讯作者:

沈玥(1985−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品微生物控制,E-mai1:
Systematic Review of Ultrasound, Light and Their Synergistic Technologies in Food Sterilization
Shuyu LU1, 2 , Junxiao HEI1, 2, Xianqing HUANG1, 2, Wenxing SONG1, 2, Zhaowei WEI1, Dan HAI1, 2, Lianjun SONG1, 2, Yue SHEN*, 1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 2.The Engineering Technology Research Center for Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090260
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超声波与光协同杀菌技术作为一种新兴的绿色非热杀菌技术,通过物理能量的直接协同效应,可有效克服单一技术应用的局限性,无需外源声光敏剂,即可显著提升对食源性病原体的杀菌效果,具有高效、环保的独特优势。本文系统综述了超声波、光(包括紫外线、蓝光、红外光和脉冲强光)及超声波与光(主要是紫外线和蓝光)协同处理对微生物的杀菌效果、作用机制及其应用。研究表明,超声波-光协同杀菌技术可显著提升对食源性病原体的灭活效果,同时较好地保持食品品质,为食品非热杀菌提供了新的技术途径。未来研究需进一步明确协同机制,扩展应用范围,推动该技术在食品领域中的实际应用。本文为超声波与光协同杀菌技术的开发与应用提供了理论参考。

超声波  /  光  /  协同杀菌  /  食源性病原体  /  杀菌机制  /  食品安全

The synergistic sterilization approach, which combines ultrasound with light, serves as an emerging green non-thermal sterilization technology that can effectively overcome the limitations of single technology application and markedly enhance antibacterial efficacy against foodborne pathogens. This enhancement in antibacterial efficacy is achieved through the direct synergistic effects of physical energy, without the need for exogenous sono/photosensitizers, and offers distinct advantages in terms of efficiency and environmental sustainability. This paper provides an overview of the current progress regarding the sterilization efficacy, mechanisms and practical applications of ultrasound, light (including UV light, blue light, infrared light and pulsed light) as well as their combination (primarily UV and blue light) on various microorganisms. Studies have demonstrated that ultrasound-light synergistic sterilization technology can not only remarkably improve the inactivation efficiency against foodborne pathogens, but also well preserve food product quality, thus providing a novel technical approach for food non-thermal sterilization. Future research should aim to further clarify the underlying synergistic mechanisms, expand the application scope, and accelerate the industrialization of this technology in the food sector. Overall, this paper provides a solid theoretical reference for the development and practical application of ultrasound-light synergistic sterilization technology.

ultrasound  /  light  /  synergistic sterilization  /  foodborne pathogens  /  antibacterial mechanism  /  food safety
芦姝羽, 黑俊肖, 黄现青, 宋文星, 魏照伟, 海丹, 宋莲军, 沈玥. 超声波与光及其协同杀菌技术研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 493 -504 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090260
Shuyu LU, Junxiao HEI, Xianqing HUANG, Wenxing SONG, Zhaowei WEI, Dan HAI, Lianjun SONG, Yue SHEN. Systematic Review of Ultrasound, Light and Their Synergistic Technologies in Food Sterilization[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 493 -504 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090260
食品安全问题关系人类健康和社会稳定,其中食源性病原体是引发食品安全问题的关键因素,长期受到广泛关注[1]。常见的食源性病原体包括大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌等细菌,以及各类病毒和真菌。这些病原体可通过污染食物进入人体,严重威胁人类健康[2]。据统计,全球每年约70%的食源性疾病由病原微生物引起[3]。目前,食品工业中广泛使用的传统杀菌方法(如高温杀菌与化学杀菌)均存在明显局限。高温杀菌易导致食品中维生素等热敏性营养成分损失,影响食品品质与口感[4]。化学杀菌则存在残留危害风险[56],且长期使用易诱导微生物产生耐药性,降低杀菌效果,增加食品安全保障难度[78]。因此,为克服这些局限,开发更为安全、高效且能更好保持食品品质的新型杀菌技术,已成为重要研究方向。
与传统方法相比,非热物理杀菌技术能更有效地保持食品的营养成分和感官特性[9],因此成为当前研究的重要方向之一。其中,超声波处理和光处理作为代表性非热技术,具有独特的杀菌机制和应用特点。近年来,二者协同使用的杀菌策略显示出高效、环保的杀菌潜力,受到广泛关注。现有关于超声波与光协同杀菌的综述主要聚焦于超声波与光动力杀菌、声敏剂和光敏剂的作用机制及其改性研究。本文则重点探讨超声波与光(紫外线/蓝光)在物理能量层面的直接协同效应。这种方法无需添加外源性声光敏剂,既避免了化学残留和安全风险,又符合“清洁标签”和“冷杀菌”的产业趋势,是一种具有发展前景的环境友好型杀菌策略。本文系统综述了超声波、光及其协同处理对食源性病原体的杀菌效果,深入分析了具体的杀菌机制,并总结该协同技术在食品工业中的应用现状,以期为该非热协同杀菌技术的工艺优化提供依据,并为其工业化应用奠定基础。
超声波是频率高于20 kHz的声波,通过在液体中产生的空化作用实现杀菌。当超声波在液体中传播时,会形成微小气泡(空化泡),这些气泡随超声波振动周期性膨胀与收缩,最终剧烈破裂,瞬间释放巨大能量,产生局部高温(>5000 K)、高压(>100 MPa),并伴随强烈的冲击波和微射流等机械效应,同时促使水分子解离生成羟基自由基和氢自由基等活性物质。如图1所示,上述空化效应及其伴随的热、压、机械和化学效应共同作用于微生物[10],通过破坏细胞膜与细胞壁、引起蛋白质变性及氧化损伤,实现多途径杀菌。
研究表明,超声波杀菌的效果具有广谱但非均一的特点。具体而言,超声波对悬浮生长态细菌通常表现出较强的灭活能力。例如,在液体体系中,20 kHz、100 W超声波处理60 min可使LB肉汤中106 CFU/mL的大肠杆菌完全灭活[11];20 kHz、560 W的超声波处理60 min可使橙汁中1012 CFU/mL的金黄色葡萄球菌的灭活量达3.80 lg CFU/mL以上[12]。然而,其效能对特定微生物和状态存在明显局限,如对蜡样芽孢杆菌的芽孢处理效果较弱(减少量仅0.14 lg CFU/mL)[13],且对生物膜内的金黄色葡萄球菌作用有限(减少量仅0.09 lg CFU/mL)[14]。此外,杀菌效果在不同食品基质(如橙汁、牛奶)中也存在显著差异。具体效果及条件对比见表1
超声波参数,包括频率、功率和作用时间,是决定空化效应强度的核心参数,同时也是影响杀菌效果的关键因素。首先,频率的选择至关重要。在相同功率(150 W)和时间(10 min)下处理枯草芽孢杆菌时,频率从20 kHz增至100 kHz,灭活率从92%降至69%[22]。这一结果表明低频超声波(20~50 kHz)通常具有更强的空化效应和杀菌优势。
其次,功率与时间的影响呈现阶段性特征,存在明显的效益递减临界点。例如,超声波处理水中的枯草芽孢杆菌时,功率由63 W增至105 W时,灭活率显著提高40%;但当功率从105 W提升至150 W后,灭活率几乎保持不变[22]。同样,处理时间也并非越长越好。对蜡样芽孢杆菌处理30 min或20 min的效果与10 min相比并无显著提升[13];对黄瓜中的单增李斯特菌处理15 min的效果反而比10 min有所下降,甚至可能因长时间处理导致微生物进入食品组织[15]
微生物自身的结构特征和存在状态决定了其对空化物理化学攻击的敏感性,不同种类的微生物对超声波的敏感性存在显著差异。首先,细胞结构差异导致敏感性不同。一般而言,革兰氏阴性菌(如大肠杆菌、假单胞菌属)因细胞壁较薄,对超声波更敏感;而革兰氏阳性菌(如产气荚膜梭菌、粪链球菌)因具有厚而致密的肽聚糖细胞壁,表现出更强的抵抗力[23]。其次,特殊形态的微生物展现出极高的耐受性。如蜡样芽孢杆菌的芽孢相比其营养细胞,灭活难度显著增加[13]。同样,附着于食品接触表面形成的生物膜内部的微生物(如金黄色葡萄球菌),因受到胞外聚合物的保护,超声波也难以有效杀灭[14]。此外,杀菌效果不仅取决于微生物种类,还表现出菌株特异性。Sarkinas等[13]研究发现,某些革兰氏阳性菌(如蜡样芽孢杆菌)反而比某些革兰氏阴性菌(如鼠伤寒沙门氏菌)更为敏感。
食品介质中的营养物质、温度、pH等因素会影响超声波的传播和空化效应的产生,从而影响其杀菌效果[24]。食品组分可能产生保护效应,例如介质中的蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉等大分子物质可能附着于微生物表面,吸收声能,从而削弱空化效应。刘丽艳等[25]研究发现,介质中蛋白质的存在会提高大肠杆菌的存活率,且存活率随着蛋白质浓度的增加而上升。介质的物理化学性质同样重要,其中温度是关键因素之一。适当的升温可与超声波产生协同效应,增强杀菌效果[12]。此外,介质的pH和黏度也会影响声波的传播和空化泡的动力学行为。例如,在低pH环境中,超声波可能表现出更佳的效果[17]。研究还发现,在pH与超声波参数保持一致的条件下,超声波处理对磷酸盐缓冲盐水和橙汁体系中大肠杆菌的灭活效果存在差异[17]
综上所述,尽管超声波杀菌具有一定效果,但其单独应用仍存在局限性。例如,超声波在介质中能量衰减较快,对耐受力强的致病菌和芽孢杀灭效果有限[26]。此外,在复杂的食品体系中,基质的保护作用会进一步降低其杀菌效率。因此,当前研究前沿多聚焦于将超声波与其他杀菌技术(如光杀菌等)联用,以克服单一技术的不足并实现协同增效。
光杀菌技术是一种利用特定波长的电磁辐射(如紫外线、可见光、红外光等)抑制或灭活微生物的非热物理方法。不同波段的光因能量、穿透性及与微生物作用的机制差异,呈现出多样的杀菌特性。按照波长从长到短,光可分为红外光(0.75 μm~1 mm)、可见光(380~760 nm)、紫外线(10~400 nm)、X射线(0.01~10 nm)和γ射线(<0.01 nm)等,而脉冲强光是涵盖200~1100 nm的广谱光(包含紫外、可见、红外波段)。本文主要综述紫外线与蓝光这两种在协同中具有突出潜力的技术,并简要介绍红外光与脉冲强光等其他光技术。
紫外线(Ultraviolet,UV)杀菌技术是应用最广泛的杀菌方法之一,其通过特定波长的光量子能量直接破坏微生物的遗传物质,从而实现高效灭活。根据波长,杀菌紫外线主要分为UVA、UVB、UVC和远UVC四个波段。各波段因光子能量差异,其杀菌机制、效率及安全性各有不同。
紫外线杀菌的核心机制是通过诱导微生物核酸的光化学损伤,抑制转录和复制等关键细胞过程,最终导致微生物失活[2728]。其中,UVC波段(230~280 nm)的杀菌效果最为显著,尤其是260 nm附近的光子能量较高,且可被微生物DNA强烈吸收。其主要作用机制是直接破坏DNA碱基对之间的氢键,促使相邻嘧啶碱基(胸腺嘧啶T和胞嘧啶C)形成环丁烷嘧啶二聚体(CPD)和6-4光产物(6-4PP)[29]。这两种光加合物会导致DNA双螺旋构象扭曲,干扰其正常复制与转录,从而导致微生物灭活[30]
远UVC(200~230 nm),特别是222 nm,不仅能直接诱导DNA损伤,还能被微生物蛋白质强烈吸收,从而损伤蛋白质外层结构[31]。此外,由于远UVC在生物组织中的穿透深度较浅,其对人体安全性更高[32]
UVB(280~320 nm)的杀菌机制与UVC类似,但光子能量略低,杀菌效率相对较弱。Wen等[33]在对比265 nm UVC和285 nm UVB的杀菌效果时发现,285 nm UVB也能产生少量CPD产物,但其数量远少于265 nm UVC。而UVA(320~400 nm)的能量最低,其杀菌作用主要依赖间接机制,即通过激发细胞内或介质中的核黄素等内源性光敏物质产生活性氧,进而氧化损伤DNA[34]
基于上述机制差异,紫外线的杀菌效果在实践中也呈现出显著的波段依赖性。Kang等[35]的研究表明,使用10 mW的UVC照射60 s可使水中的大肠杆菌下降约5.5个数量级;当照射时间延长至90 s时,单核细胞增生李斯特菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌分别减少约3.50和4.00 lg CFU/mL。Gunter-ward等[36]发现,使用40 mJ/cm2的UVC处理可使牛奶中的大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌均减少超过5.00 lg CFU/mL。远UVC在提高安全性的同时,对细菌及芽孢的杀灭效果优于传统254 nm UVC[3738]。相比之下,UVB与UVA的杀菌能力较弱。例如,Feng等[39]使用365 nm UVA处理水中的大肠杆菌,照射120 min后仅下降一个数量级,杀菌效果有限。综合来看,UVC及远UVC具有快速且显著的杀菌特性。
然而,紫外线杀菌技术存在穿透力弱、易受介质遮挡的局限性,且照射后微生物可能通过光复活或暗修复机制修复损伤,从而影响杀菌效果的持久性[40]。另外,高剂量的UVC对人体皮肤和眼睛有潜在危害,需在封闭系统中操作。为提升杀菌效率并抑制微生物复活,多波段紫外线协同处理可显著增强杀菌效果并抑制复活现象。例如,使用222 nm远UVC协同307 nm UVB处理切片奶酪时,两者协同处理80 s即可使单核细胞增生李斯特菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌分别减少3.20和3.50 lg CFU/g[41]。Wu等[42]也指出,367 nm UVA预处理后再进行265 nm UVC照射时,双波长紫外线协同处理对大肠杆菌的对数灭活率比单独照射之和高出2倍以上。222 nm远UVC和280 nm UVC协同处理还可显著降低鼠伤寒沙门氏菌受损后的复活数量。单独使用222 nm远UVC处理60 s后,复活水平最高可达2.09 lg CFU/mL,而协同处理60 s后最高仅为1.27 lg CFU/mL[43]
蓝光杀菌技术是可见光波段中应用最广泛的非热杀菌方式,主要指波长在400~500 nm范围内的蓝光对微生物的灭活作用。其中,405[4445]、460和470 nm[4647]波长的蓝光研究最为广泛,且效果显著。与需要外源光敏剂的光动力杀菌不同,蓝光杀菌主要依赖于微生物体内的内源性光敏物质,是一种更为环保的技术选择。
蓝光的杀菌作用主要依赖于内源性光敏反应所诱导的氧化应激[48]。其机制在于,蓝光光子可被微生物细胞内的天然卟啉类物质特异性吸收,并转化为能量,进而诱导大量活性氧(ROS)的产生。ROS因具有较强的氧化能力,可无差别地攻击细胞内的各类生物大分子[49]。近年来,通过对关键损伤标志物的定量分析,已有直接分子证据揭示ROS的具体攻击靶点。研究表明,经蓝光处理后,细菌的细胞膜通透性显著增强:405 nm蓝光照射30 min,PI荧光强度可达到未处理组的3.7倍[50];照射180 min后,SYTOX green核酸染料荧光强度提升超过500%,胞外DNA泄漏量增加近50%[51];同时,细胞膜脂质过氧化水平也显著升高[52]。这些结果均证实,ROS对细胞膜结构具有显著的破坏作用。另一项研究显示,在410 nm蓝光高剂量照射(>LD99.9)下,金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的蛋白质羰基化水平均显著上升。此外,金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌还表现出明显的DNA损伤;然而,在相同处理条件下,铜绿假单胞菌未检测到显著的DNA降解,这表明不同菌种对氧化应激的响应存在差异[53]
此外,蓝光还能干扰细菌群体感应系统(QS),通过破坏生物膜形成过程中的关键信号通路和调节因子[54],抑制微生物的黏附、聚集和细胞外基质的合成,从而有效阻止微生物生物膜的形成[5556],削弱微生物抗逆性。Wang等[57]研究发现,铜绿假单胞菌经蓝光照射后,其生物膜形成能力被破坏。Fila等[58]的研究发现,411 nm蓝光可干扰铜绿假单胞菌的群体感应信号分子合成,有效抑制其生物膜形成,同时实现对细菌的直接杀灭。
研究表明,蓝光对多种食源性病原体和腐败菌具有显著的灭活效果。例如,Hur等[59]采用405 nm蓝光处理液体培养基、牛油果、樱桃和番茄表面的七种食源性致病菌和腐败菌。当光照剂量达到1512 J/cm2时,液体培养基中的七种菌数量均减少超过5.00 lg CFU/mL;当光照剂量为1944 J/cm2时,水果表面的假单胞菌活菌数均减少超过5.00 lg CFU/样本。吴越等[60]采用415 nm蓝光处理鲜牛奶,当光照剂量增加至82.08 J/cm2时,牛奶中初始菌落数为7.00 lg CFU/mL的大肠杆菌被完全杀灭。
蓝光的显著优势在于其安全性高,对人体伤害的风险远低于紫外线[61],适用于连续、长期的杀菌处理(如数小时至数天)。但单独使用时,其作用速度较慢,需高剂量或长时间照射(数十分钟至数小时)才能达到理想效果。此外,蓝光对芽孢等耐受结构的效果有限,未被完全灭活的细菌可能在48 h后恢复生长[62]。因此,为了达到理想的灭活效果,需要将蓝光与其他杀菌方式联合使用。超声波的空化效应及其对细胞膜的破坏作用,有望加速ROS的胞内扩散并增强其氧化损伤效率,从而弥补蓝光杀菌的不足,实现协同增效。
除紫外线与蓝光外,红外光与脉冲强光也在食品杀菌中有所应用,但其作用机制与协同潜力相对有限。
红外光杀菌主要通过光热效应实现[63]。当红外光被微生物细胞及水分子吸收后,光能迅速转化为热能,导致细胞温度急剧升高,从而使微生物体内的蛋白质变性和酶失活,最终实现灭活[64]。例如,采用红外辐射使黑胡椒种子表面温度达到350 ℃并维持2 min,可使其初始107 CFU/g的需氧菌总数完全灭活[65];使胡萝卜粉表面温度达到120 ℃并维持10 min,可将8.94 lg CFU/g的细菌总数降低至检测限以下[66]。然而,该技术本质上仍属热杀菌范畴,升温过程可能对食品的热敏性营养成分、色泽和风味造成不良影响。这一特性使其与本文聚焦的非热协同杀菌主题关联度较低,因此不作为重点论述内容。
脉冲强光杀菌(Pulsed light,PL)技术利用高功率广谱闪光(200~1100 nm)[67],通过光化学(UV部分诱导DNA损伤)结合光热(红外部分产热)[68]和光物理(机械应力破坏菌体结构)[69]效应实现快速灭菌。张晓千等[70]研究发现,在脉冲强度为300、400、500 J,脉冲次数为20、60、100次的条件下,新鲜蓝莓汁中酵母菌数量可由127 CFU/mL降至20 CFU/mL以下,符合国家标准,且对蓝莓汁品质和营养成分影响较小。田芳等[71]发现,当闪照次数为5次、电压为7 kV时,脉冲强光去除湿米粉中霉菌的杀菌率达92.0%,并能将货架期由3 d延长至4 d。然而,该技术存在设备成本高和能效问题,在协同应用中不及紫外线或蓝光技术成熟。
综合而言,各种光杀菌技术因作用机制不同,其效果、适用性及局限性各异。不同技术的核心特征差异显著:紫外线技术杀菌高效且快速,但存在安全风险并可能引发光复活现象;蓝光技术安全性高且可连续使用,但作用缓慢且对耐受微生物效果有限;红外光与脉冲强光分别以热效应和广谱闪光为特点,但前者易影响食品品质,后者成本较高。紫外线与蓝光因其非热机制和明确的作用靶点,成为与超声波协同最具潜力的技术方向。
超声波与光(主要为紫外线和蓝光)的协同杀菌技术通过声能和光能的协同作用,为解决单一非热技术存在的局限性提供了创新思路。
超声波与不同种类的光协同处理能够显著增强杀菌效果,其原理主要基于两者不同的杀菌机制相互补充(图2)。目前研究较多的是超声波与紫外线协同杀菌,其次是超声波与蓝光协同。
当超声波处理与紫外线照射相结合时,超声波空化效应产生的局部高温、高压、冲击波及微射流等剧烈机械应力能对微生物细胞壁和细胞膜造成严重破坏,使其对紫外线的敏感性增强,加剧DNA损伤。显微镜观察显示,超声波和紫外线协同处理后细胞膜结构发生明显改变。陈怡等[72]研究发现,先超声波、后紫外线照射处理大肠杆菌时,细胞壁和膜结构明显破损,胞内结构严重受损。靳慧霞等[73]在探究超声波协同紫外线对大肠杆菌灭活机制时发现,协同处理对细菌形态结构具有严重破坏作用。有研究通过碘化丙啶荧光标记实验进一步证实协同处理中DNA损伤的加剧:协同处理后碘化丙啶与DNA的结合效率降低,说明该处理不仅破坏细胞膜,也直接损害DNA结构,影响了染料的结合能力[72]
膜结构的破坏会抑制膜结合ATP酶的活性,或导致酶流失至膜外。紫外线造成的DNA损伤会进一步干扰基因表达调控,导致微生物能量代谢紊乱和离子平衡失调,从而加速微生物灭活。李晨[74]的研究发现,经协同处理后,细菌胞内物质外流,三种关键ATP酶活性显著下降,严重影响其能量代谢过程,最终导致细菌活性下降或丧失。
超声波处理可消除紫外线照射后细菌可能出现的光复活现象,从而提高紫外线的杀菌效果。一方面,超声波的空化作用产生的机械、化学和热效应对细菌细胞膜的损伤具有延时效应,即使超声波作用停止后,细菌细胞膜的损伤仍持续发生。此外,协同处理会削弱细菌的生长活力,使其难以复活[75]。另一方面,超声波的空化作用可以干扰细菌细胞内的光复活酶活性,抑制光复活过程,使协同处理后受损的细胞无法恢复活性[76]。这种对微生物修复系统的抑制使紫外线造成的DNA损伤更难以逆转,从而巩固并增强杀菌效果。
当超声波处理与蓝光照射相结合时,其杀菌机制主要是通过超声波损伤微生物细胞壁和细胞膜,增强其对蓝光的敏感性,加剧ROS生成和扩散,进而干扰细胞代谢,最终导致细菌死亡。受损的细胞壁和细胞膜,促进了微生物内源性光敏剂与氧气的接触,从而产生大量ROS。同时,ROS更容易扩散至氧化靶点,如蛋白、DNA和多不饱和脂肪酸等,从而导致更严重的氧化损伤和细胞死亡。研究表明,加入ROS清除剂后,协同杀菌效果显著减弱[77],这进一步证实了ROS在该协同机制中的关键作用。
除直接的氧化损伤外,超声波和蓝光协同处理还能显著影响微生物的大分子代谢途径。研究显示,协同处理显著干扰糖酵解途径和氨基酸的生物合成,尤其是缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸的合成[77]。这种干扰可能源于超声波对代谢相关酶结构地破坏,而蓝光诱导的ROS则进一步氧化并破坏这些关键的代谢酶和辅因子。
综上所述,超声波与光协同杀菌机制是一个多靶点的复杂过程。超声波通过物理作用(主要是膜破坏)为光化学效应创造有利条件。具体而言,超声波与紫外线的协同作用以物理损伤增强DNA损伤为核心,并伴随能量代谢紊乱和抑制修复系统;而超声波与蓝光的协同作用则侧重于物理损伤促进ROS的氧化效应,同时干扰大分子代谢通路。然而,目前多数机制研究仍停留在细胞层面,分子水平的研究尚不充分。此外,对不同微生物的机制响应差异缺乏系统性研究,特别是对真核微生物的机制探索尤为不足。未来应利用多组学联用等方法,从分子水平深入研究其机制,以推动超声波与光协同杀菌技术的精准调控。
表2总结了不同处理条件对超声波与紫外/蓝光协同杀菌效果的影响,为评估该技术的杀菌效能提供参考。研究表明,超声波与光(主要为紫外线与蓝光)的协同处理并非超声波与光效果的简单叠加,而是产生了显著的协同增效作用。这种增效作用体现在杀菌效果的极大提升和对顽固微生物杀灭能力的突破,已在对多种食源性病原体的灭活中得到验证。例如,使用20 kHz、50 W的超声波与255/275 nm组合波长紫外线协同处理18 min,对耐四环素大肠杆菌的灭活量达到7.45 lg CFU/mL,比单独使用组合波长紫外线的杀菌效果提高了1.34 lg CFU/mL[75]。对于更为耐受的微生物形态,协同技术同样展现出强大潜力。例如,针对蜡样芽孢杆菌的芽孢,超声波与紫外线协同处理20 min,菌落数可下降4.61 lg CFU/mL,效果远优于超声波单一处理(0.27 lg CFU/mL)和紫外线单一处理(3.50 lg CFU/mL)[78]。对于真菌,如拜尔接合酵母菌,超声波与254 nm紫外线协同处理40 min,可使菌体数量减少约7.40 lg CFU/mL,同样也优于两者单一处理之和[7980]
该协同效果在不同食品基质中也得到广泛验证。在水产品中,使用25 kHz、30 W的超声波与216 J/cm2 460 nm蓝光协同处理鲑鱼30 min,其副溶血性弧菌杀菌率可达99.99%[77]。在果汁体系中对酿酒酵母的处理也证实,无论是“先超声波后脉冲强光”还是“先脉冲强光后超声波”的处理顺序,均可实现5.80~6.40 lg CFU/mL的菌落数减少量[8182]
这些数据充分表明,超声波与光协同杀菌是一种极具潜力的高效非热杀菌策略。
超声波与光协同杀菌的效果主要受处理顺序、微生物类型以及处理参数间复杂交互作用的影响。此外,食品基质的复杂性会通过影响超声波和光的穿透与传播特性,从而间接影响协同杀菌效果。
在处理顺序方面,“先超声波后光照”通常具有更优的杀菌效果。例如,杀灭苹果汁中酸性脂环芽孢杆菌芽孢时,该顺序可使菌落数下降达5.00 lg CFU/mL,效果显著优于“先光照后超声波”(下降4.00 lg CFU/mL)[83]。这主要是因为超声波能先破坏芽孢的致密保护层结构,从而增强其对后续光照的敏感性,为光杀菌创造有利条件。
不同微生物对超声波-光协同处理的敏感性存在显著差异,这与其细胞结构和生理特性有关。如表2所示,该技术对革兰氏阴性菌效果最为显著,对革兰氏阳性菌也有明显增效作用。此外,如3.2所述,该方法还能有效应对某些耐受形态的微生物(表2)。
此外,超声波参数(包括频率、功率和时间)与光参数(包括波长、剂量和时间)的交互作用共同决定了协同效应的强弱。这种协同效应并非处理时长的线性叠加,而是存在最优的能量分配策略。例如,在总处理时间为30 min的条件下,与“先超声波处理25 min后紫外线处理5 min”相比,“先超声波处理5 min后紫外线处理25 min”对果汁中酸性脂环芽孢杆菌芽孢的灭活效果提升了3.00 lg CFU/mL[83]。这表明短暂的超声预处理即可通过诱导微生物结构损伤实现增敏作用,其诱导的结构损伤足以大幅提升后续光照的杀菌效率。
此外,食品基质的复杂性会进一步加剧参数交互的复杂性,导致不同基质下的最佳杀菌参数存在显著差异。例如,在灭活液体介质(如果汁)中的酸性脂环芽孢杆菌芽孢和拜尔接合酵母菌时,最优杀菌参数分别为“超声波处理5 min后紫外线照射25 min”[83]和“超声波和紫外线同时处理40 min”[79];而在处理不透明的固态食品(如鲑鱼片)中的单核细胞增生李斯特菌时,需要调整为先紫外线照射5 min后超声波处理1 min才能达到最佳杀菌效果[84]。这表明超声与光的参数交互具有基质依赖性,需结合具体食品基质进行针对性优化。
综上所述,超声波与光的协同作用并非简单的线性关系,而是涉及多参数复杂交互的结果。然而,目前相关优化研究较少,后续需要采用响应面分析等方法,系统地分析各参数及其交互作用对协同杀菌效果的影响,从而为特定菌种和食品建立精准的优化模型,以推动该技术的精准应用。
超声波与光协同杀菌技术因其非热、高效、无化学残留的独特优势,在食品加工领域展现出巨大的应用价值。本节将系统分析该技术在不同食品体系中的实际应用效果,重点探讨其在热敏性食品和固态食品表面的应用效果。
超声波与紫外线/蓝光协同杀菌技术在热敏性食品体系具有显著的杀菌保鲜优势,广泛应用于新鲜果蔬汁的处理,能在达到灭菌标准的同时,有效保持食品品质。研究表明,该技术能高效保留热敏性营养成分、保持感官品质并提升功能活性成分含量。Bhavya等[85]将超声波与462 nm蓝光协同用于橙汁杀菌,处理后橙汁的总酚、总类黄酮及橙皮苷含量均未受到显著影响,较好地保持了其营养品质。Anjaly等[86]优化处理条件后表明,33 kHz、250 W超声波处理23 min后结合254 nm紫外线在1.577 J/cm2下处理10 min可使菠萝汁的感官品质接近新鲜状态。Alabdali等[80]的研究表明,超声波与紫外线协同处理能有效保留石榴汁中的总酚、a*色度、可溶性固形物、浊度及花青素等指标,更好地维持了果汁的生物活性成分。Wang等[87]也证实了超声波与紫外线协同处理可使芒果汁中的类胡萝卜素含量提升3倍,这对提升芒果汁品质具有积极作用。
超声波与紫外线/蓝光协同处理能有效抑制生鲜水产品表面微生物生长,延缓品质劣变。闫寒等[88]使用蓝光和超声波协同处理三文鱼,可使货架期延长3~6 d,在4 ℃冷藏条件下贮藏至第9 d时,仍能保持较好的感官品质,还能延缓脂肪氧化和蛋白质分解。Zhu等[77]发现,超声波和蓝光协同处理不仅能够有效防止三文鱼脂肪氧化,还能增强肉质香气,并减少鱼腥味。然而,当协同超声波的时间由15 min延长至30 min时,三文鱼的剪切力减少约4 N。这与Ma等[89]关于超声波处理后牡蛎硬度增加的结果一致,可能是由于超声波导致肌原纤维蛋白变性所致。因此,需要严格控制超声波处理的时间以保持鱼肉的嫩度。同样的协同处理对不同水产品品种的感官品质影响存在差异。Mikš-krajnik等[84]发现,超声波与紫外线协同处理会提高三文鱼颜色亮度,但降低其气味评分;而Nie等[90]报道,同类处理可改善罗非鱼片的风味特征,从而提高其感官评分。这说明,超声波与光(紫外线、蓝光)协同处理可作为水产品保鲜的有效杀菌手段,但需要根据产品特性进一步优化处理参数。
针对鲜切农产品的表面杀菌,超声波与紫外线/蓝光协同处理能有效抑制酶促褐变,提升感官品质。孟一等[91]使用超声波和紫外线协同处理鲜切山药,能显著降低菌落总数(包括细菌、霉菌和酵母菌)、褐变度、色值、多酚氧化酶活性和氧化产物丙二醛含量,将山药的贮存期从6 d延长至10 d。Wang等[92]将超声波和紫外线协同处理5 min即可达到和84消毒剂相同的效果,同时樱桃、番茄的抗氧化能力和番茄红素含量略高于水洗处理,维生素C含量也无显著下降。此外,采用超声波与紫外线协同处理兰州百合,配合气调包装,可使产品保质期从1个月延长至2个月,同时保持其甜脆清香的口感和洁白色泽[93]
综上所述,超声波与光协同处理技术凭借其协同增效作用,能够在保证杀菌效果的前提下,降低单一处理的强度,从而减少对食品品质的负面影响。目前研究多聚焦于协同技术与单一技术的对比,但缺乏关于协同技术不同参数组合对品质影响的系统性研究。未来的研究方向应聚焦于构建以关键品质指标为响应变量的优化模型,在保证微生物安全的同时,最大限度地保留产品的综合品质。
超声波与光协同杀菌技术是一种结合超声波与光效应的新兴非热物理杀菌方式,在食源性病原体抑制领域展现出显著的应用潜力。本文概述了超声波、光及超声波-光协同杀菌技术的杀菌效果、作用机制和应用。在杀菌效果方面,超声波空化效应与光辐射的协同作用弥补了各自单独作用的不足,产生了显著的协同效应。这一效应已在多种微生物和食品基质中得到验证。研究发现,协同效果受处理顺序、微生物类型和处理参数三方面因素的综合影响。在作用机制方面,超声波-紫外线协同与超声波-蓝光协同是两种机制不同的协同路径。前者以“物理破坏增强DNA损伤”为核心,通过超声波破坏细胞结构来提高紫外线对DNA的破坏效率;后者则侧重于“物理破坏促进ROS氧化应激”,通过增强膜通透性加速活性氧的生成、扩散及代谢干扰,这两种机制的阐明为理解协同杀菌的本质提供了理论基础。在应用方面,超声波与光技术在热敏性液态食品的品质保持方面具有显著优势,能有效保留热敏成分;但在固态表面处理食品(如生鲜水产品、鲜切农产品)中,需注意质构变化等挑战。
尽管超声波与光协同杀菌技术已取得重要进展,但其机制研究仍缺乏分子层面的证据,且应用对象有待进一步扩展。因此,未来研究应整合转录组、蛋白质组与代谢组学,系统阐释超声波与光协同作用对微生物基因表达调控、蛋白功能及代谢网络的影响;同时积极拓展其在各类食品基质中的应用研究,并探索其与冷等离子体等非热杀菌方式的新型技术组合,最终构建高效、精准的下一代绿色杀菌体系,为食品安全控制提供更高效、绿色的方案。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090260
  • 接收时间:2025-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-23
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    1.河南农业大学食品科学技术学院,河南郑州 450002
    2.河南省食品加工与流通安全控制工程技术研究中心,河南郑州 450002

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沈玥(1985−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品微生物控制,E-mai1:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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