Article(id=1261343848735846751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040220, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657408173, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657408173, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657408173, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657408173, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=401, endPage=411, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343864569344445, articleId=1261343848735846751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Screening of Urate-lowering Food-Medicine Homologous Combinations and Investigation of the Mechanism, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To develop potential formulations for alleviating hyperuricemia, we screened approximately 10 medicinal and food homologous ingredients, including Apium graveolens L., Lycium ruthenicum Murray, and Inonotus obliquus, and explored their biological functions and underlying mechanisms.

Methods:

Based on the quantitative analysis from in vitro antioxidant capacity and xanthine oxidase inhibition for each candidate, the optimized formulation containing different ingredients, namely the homologous combinations 1 (FMHC1), could be obtained using the "Uniform Design Method". Further, the in vitro digestion behavior of FMHC1 was investigated. Besides, the protection efficiency on the hyperuricemia cell model that was established by inducing HK-2 cells with adenosine and xanthine oxidase was evaluated, by determining the levels of uric acid in cell supernatant, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β), as well as the oxidative stress markers (MDA, CAT, SOD, GSH-Px).

Results:

The ideal formulation for FMHC1 was 41% Apium graveolens L., 39% Inonotus obliquus, 10% Lycium ruthenicum Murray, 5% Lonicera japonica Thunb, and 5% Stigma Maydis. The experimental results showed that FMHC1 displayed high bioavailability, where the inhibitory efficiency for xanthine oxidase was decreased by only 4.89%±1.02% (gastric phase) and 11.08%±1.59% (intestinal phase) after in vitro digestion. Moreover, the uric acid level in the hyperuricemia cell model was down-regulated by 35.52% by 1563 μg/mL FMHC1. These occurrences might be attributed to the ameliorated inflammatory responses through regulation of cytokines. Upon the administration, the IL-6 and TNF-α were downregulated by 25.82% and 66.51%, respectively, whereas the corresponding IL-10 and TGF-β were upregulated by 73.10% and 49.18%. Besides, the antioxidant capacity was significantly enhanced. As a result, about 61.20% loss for MDA level in cell line occurred, and the activities for CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px were enhanced by 2.86, 0.63, and 2.00 times, respectively.

Conclusion:

The screened FMHC1 demonstrates great potential in dealing with hyperuricemia through multiple pathways, and could be considered to be a promising diet in disease intervention.

, correspAuthors=Henghui ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaojun LI, Juan GUO, Na LI, Yu YANG, Qingye LIU, Henghui ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343896576078620, articleId=1261343848735846751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=降尿酸食药同源组合物的筛选及其作用机制研究, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

以芹菜籽、黑枸杞、桦褐孔菌等10种食药同源物质为研究对象,筛选具有降尿酸功能的食药同源组合物配方并探究其缓解高尿酸血症的机制。

方法:

采用体外抗氧化能力和黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制能力筛选具有高体外活性的食药同源单体,通过“均匀设计法”优化具有高活性的食药同源组合物(food-medicine homologous combinations 1,FMHC1),利用体外消化模拟探究FMHC1的胃肠道行为,再以腺苷和黄嘌呤氧化酶诱导高尿酸血症HK-2细胞模型,通过检测细胞上清液中的尿酸含量,IL-6、TNF-α、IL-10、TGF-β的水平以及MDA、CAT、SOD、GSH-Px的活性,评价FMHC1对细胞模型的保护作用。

结果:

获得FMHC1配方:芹菜籽41%、桦褐孔菌39%、黑枸杞10%、金银花5%以及玉米须5%,且FMHC1经胃肠消化后黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性仅下降4.89%±1.02%和11.08%±1.59%,表现出优异的生物利用度,在高尿酸血症细胞模型中,1563 μg/mL FMHC1使尿酸水平降低35.52%,并通过双向调节炎症因子(下调IL-6 25.82%、TNF-α 66.51%和上调IL-10 73.10%、TGF-β 49.18%),有效改善炎症反应,同时显著增强抗氧化能力,使MDA水平降低61.20%,CAT、SOD、GSH-Px活性分别提高2.86倍、0.63倍、2.00倍。

结论:

筛选的FMHC1通过多途径协同作用,具备开发为高尿酸血症膳食干预剂的潜力。

, correspAuthors=张恒慧, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张恒慧(1988−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物研发及其功能产品构建,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=IngCDdckFT0l7r6gJ+AfTQ==, magXml=Osg5e94R1qKab/aIZGbf5Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ben4SuSTlxFLcZJirhqE0Q==, pdfFileSize=2902250, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=i6o++68gNXy+sd3hTxDQPg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=VedYEUqFgbt71ZHXg1IYXw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李晓君(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物研发及其功能产品构建,E-mail:

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李晓君(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物研发及其功能产品构建,E-mail:

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李晓君(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物研发及其功能产品构建,E-mail:

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注:不同大小写英文及拉丁字母分别代表不同期同组之间的XOI差异显著性(P<0.05);*代表同期内不同组之间的XOI差异显著性,*代表P<0.05,**代表P<0.01,***代表P<0.001,ns代表差异不显著。

, figureFileSmall=sH4Wjw36L7enL9Xu91T0Lw==, figureFileBig=ZrFlg9kILSgqm68Qs2dXgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343948992295105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Screening of the optimal induction concentrations, figureFileSmall=x/nV8R2N/9kt87FPzhxOyw==, figureFileBig=Pcz1NvhDBjLAdIlBIvhmug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343949210398918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=CN, label=图5, caption=最佳诱导浓度的筛选

注:(a)不同浓度腺苷对HK-2细胞UA生成的影响;(b)不同浓度XOD对HK-2细胞UA生成的影响;不同小写字母代表差异显著,P<0.05,图6~图9同。

, figureFileSmall=x/nV8R2N/9kt87FPzhxOyw==, figureFileBig=Pcz1NvhDBjLAdIlBIvhmug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343949470445770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of FMHC1 on cell viability of HK-2 cells, figureFileSmall=C2gVPEC0w9/MnkFRGPKlFQ==, figureFileBig=oBUjno31OmzzSD58pBjO/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343949894070481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=CN, label=图6, caption=FMHC1对HK-2细胞活力的影响, figureFileSmall=C2gVPEC0w9/MnkFRGPKlFQ==, figureFileBig=oBUjno31OmzzSD58pBjO/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343950133145818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of FMHC1 on uric acid in HK-2 cells of hyperuricemia, figureFileSmall=Df4aC3xKlhRmnkSgLQQTVA==, figureFileBig=yYsEXegrqJBr1hYIPHeBZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343950296723680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=CN, label=图7, caption=FMHC1对HUA HK-2细胞上清液中UA水平的影响, figureFileSmall=Df4aC3xKlhRmnkSgLQQTVA==, figureFileBig=yYsEXegrqJBr1hYIPHeBZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343950527410410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of FMHC1 on the production of inflammatory factors in HK-2 cells, figureFileSmall=ac6wRjr9Fbo7c6GXq6AXJA==, figureFileBig=+k1BeQwcYPHZD20L+87Enw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343950766485743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=CN, label=图8, caption=FMHC1对HK-2细胞产生炎症因子的影响

注:(a)IL-6水平;(b)TNF-α水平;(c)IL-10水平;(d)TGF-β水平。

, figureFileSmall=ac6wRjr9Fbo7c6GXq6AXJA==, figureFileBig=+k1BeQwcYPHZD20L+87Enw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343952691671283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of FMHC1 on oxidative stress indicators in HK-2 cells, figureFileSmall=uunVnZqdAcbaTJYBRCwtvA==, figureFileBig=Zm3x214xH5YC8PVFEnSlrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343953362759928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=CN, label=图9, caption=FMHC1对HK-2细胞氧化应激指标的影响

注:(a)MDA水平;(b)CAT活性;(c)SOD活性;(d)GSH-Px活性。

, figureFileSmall=uunVnZqdAcbaTJYBRCwtvA==, figureFileBig=Zm3x214xH5YC8PVFEnSlrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343954071597313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Dosage of food-medicine homologous substances (total concentration 10 mg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组方X1X2X3X4X5
N10.51.41.82.34.1
N20.61.82.432.1
N31.44.10.51.82.3
N41.80.52.34.11.4
N52.31.84.11.40.5
N61.82.10.62.43
N72.131.80.62.4
N82.40.632.11.8
N94.12.31.40.51.8
N1032.42.11.80.6
), ArticleFig(id=1261343954319061256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

食药同源物质剂量(总浓度10 mg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组方X1X2X3X4X5
N10.51.41.82.34.1
N20.61.82.432.1
N31.44.10.51.82.3
N41.80.52.34.11.4
N52.31.84.11.40.5
N61.82.10.62.43
N72.131.80.62.4
N82.40.632.11.8
N94.12.31.40.51.8
N1032.42.11.80.6
), ArticleFig(id=1261343954503610639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

IC50 of the in vitro activities of various food-medicine homology substances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食药同源物质DPPH自由基清除能力(mg/mL)ABTS+自由基清除能力(mg/mL)XOI能力(mg/mL)
注:表中“−”表示当前数据超出合理范围,并无统计学意义。不同字母表示各组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),表3同。
IO1.35±0.03b0.58±0.05bc6.13±0.07c
LRM0.54±0.04f0.29±0.11d4.81±0.08c
AGL0.93±0.02e0.37±0.02cd5.75±0.23c
LJT1.58±0.02a0.56±0.08bc5.55±0.03c
SM1.4±0.03b0.61±0.14bc5.94±0.15c
CPB1.26±0.01c0.64±0.12b45.82±2.61b
RIL1.12±0.01d0.97±0.10a54.92±3.14a
PCSM
CI
PLWO
), ArticleFig(id=1261343954721714455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各种食药同源物质体外活性的IC50

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食药同源物质DPPH自由基清除能力(mg/mL)ABTS+自由基清除能力(mg/mL)XOI能力(mg/mL)
注:表中“−”表示当前数据超出合理范围,并无统计学意义。不同字母表示各组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),表3同。
IO1.35±0.03b0.58±0.05bc6.13±0.07c
LRM0.54±0.04f0.29±0.11d4.81±0.08c
AGL0.93±0.02e0.37±0.02cd5.75±0.23c
LJT1.58±0.02a0.56±0.08bc5.55±0.03c
SM1.4±0.03b0.61±0.14bc5.94±0.15c
CPB1.26±0.01c0.64±0.12b45.82±2.61b
RIL1.12±0.01d0.97±0.10a54.92±3.14a
PCSM
CI
PLWO
), ArticleFig(id=1261343954969178398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

XOI of uniform design group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组方X1LRMX2LJTX3AGLX4IOX5SMXOI(%)
注:X1~X5总浓度为10 mg/mL。
N10.51.41.82.34.181.80±2.10bc
N20.61.82.43.02.177.15±2.13d
N31.44.10.51.82.381.62±0.71bc
N41.80.52.34.11.483.28±0.87ab
N52.31.84.11.40.586.00±1.25a
N61.82.10.62.43.077.23±2.45d
N72.13.01.80.62.480.07±0.81cd
N82.40.63.02.11.879.61±0.27cd
N94.12.31.40.51.881.32±1.55bc
N103.02.42.11.80.681.09±0.92bc
), ArticleFig(id=1261343955199865127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

均匀设计组的XOI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组方X1LRMX2LJTX3AGLX4IOX5SMXOI(%)
注:X1~X5总浓度为10 mg/mL。
N10.51.41.82.34.181.80±2.10bc
N20.61.82.43.02.177.15±2.13d
N31.44.10.51.82.381.62±0.71bc
N41.80.52.34.11.483.28±0.87ab
N52.31.84.11.40.586.00±1.25a
N61.82.10.62.43.077.23±2.45d
N72.13.01.80.62.480.07±0.81cd
N82.40.63.02.11.879.61±0.27cd
N94.12.31.40.51.881.32±1.55bc
N103.02.42.11.80.681.09±0.92bc
), ArticleFig(id=1261343955405386031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

t-Test of partial regression coefficient

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合项偏回归系数TP
r(y,X30.999531.26230.0010
r(y,X40.998618.68110.0029
r(y,X42−0.96413.63330.0681
r(y,X520.999737.93370.0007
r(y,X1X2−0.999854.61910.0003
r(y,X1X5−0.93222.57580.1234
r(y,X3X5−0.999742.55500.0006
r(y,X4X5−0.999855.36330.0003
), ArticleFig(id=1261343957057941813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848735846751, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

偏回归系数的t检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合项偏回归系数TP
r(y,X30.999531.26230.0010
r(y,X40.998618.68110.0029
r(y,X42−0.96413.63330.0681
r(y,X520.999737.93370.0007
r(y,X1X2−0.999854.61910.0003
r(y,X1X5−0.93222.57580.1234
r(y,X3X5−0.999742.55500.0006
r(y,X4X5−0.999855.36330.0003
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降尿酸食药同源组合物的筛选及其作用机制研究
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李晓君 1 , 郭娟 1 , 李娜 2 , 杨宇 1, 3 , 刘青业 1 , 张恒慧 *, 1, 3
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(9): 401-411
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食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026, 47(9): 401-411
降尿酸食药同源组合物的筛选及其作用机制研究
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李晓君1 , 郭娟1, 李娜2, 杨宇1, 3, 刘青业1, 张恒慧*, 1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中北大学化学与化工学院,山西太原 030051
  • 2.太原师范学院生物科学与技术学院,山西晋中 030619
  • 3.太原工业学院环境与安全工程系,山西太原 030008
  • 李晓君(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物研发及其功能产品构建,E-mail:

通讯作者:

张恒慧(1988−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物研发及其功能产品构建,E-mail:
Screening of Urate-lowering Food-Medicine Homologous Combinations and Investigation of the Mechanism
Xiaojun LI1 , Juan GUO1, Na LI2, Yu YANG1, 3, Qingye LIU1, Henghui ZHANG*, 1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
  • 2.School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China
  • 3.Department of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040220
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目的:

以芹菜籽、黑枸杞、桦褐孔菌等10种食药同源物质为研究对象,筛选具有降尿酸功能的食药同源组合物配方并探究其缓解高尿酸血症的机制。

方法:

采用体外抗氧化能力和黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制能力筛选具有高体外活性的食药同源单体,通过“均匀设计法”优化具有高活性的食药同源组合物(food-medicine homologous combinations 1,FMHC1),利用体外消化模拟探究FMHC1的胃肠道行为,再以腺苷和黄嘌呤氧化酶诱导高尿酸血症HK-2细胞模型,通过检测细胞上清液中的尿酸含量,IL-6、TNF-α、IL-10、TGF-β的水平以及MDA、CAT、SOD、GSH-Px的活性,评价FMHC1对细胞模型的保护作用。

结果:

获得FMHC1配方:芹菜籽41%、桦褐孔菌39%、黑枸杞10%、金银花5%以及玉米须5%,且FMHC1经胃肠消化后黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性仅下降4.89%±1.02%和11.08%±1.59%,表现出优异的生物利用度,在高尿酸血症细胞模型中,1563 μg/mL FMHC1使尿酸水平降低35.52%,并通过双向调节炎症因子(下调IL-6 25.82%、TNF-α 66.51%和上调IL-10 73.10%、TGF-β 49.18%),有效改善炎症反应,同时显著增强抗氧化能力,使MDA水平降低61.20%,CAT、SOD、GSH-Px活性分别提高2.86倍、0.63倍、2.00倍。

结论:

筛选的FMHC1通过多途径协同作用,具备开发为高尿酸血症膳食干预剂的潜力。

降尿酸  /  食药同源  /  肾小管上皮细胞HK-2  /  炎症因子  /  氧化应激
Objective:

To develop potential formulations for alleviating hyperuricemia, we screened approximately 10 medicinal and food homologous ingredients, including Apium graveolens L., Lycium ruthenicum Murray, and Inonotus obliquus, and explored their biological functions and underlying mechanisms.

Methods:

Based on the quantitative analysis from in vitro antioxidant capacity and xanthine oxidase inhibition for each candidate, the optimized formulation containing different ingredients, namely the homologous combinations 1 (FMHC1), could be obtained using the "Uniform Design Method". Further, the in vitro digestion behavior of FMHC1 was investigated. Besides, the protection efficiency on the hyperuricemia cell model that was established by inducing HK-2 cells with adenosine and xanthine oxidase was evaluated, by determining the levels of uric acid in cell supernatant, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β), as well as the oxidative stress markers (MDA, CAT, SOD, GSH-Px).

Results:

The ideal formulation for FMHC1 was 41% Apium graveolens L., 39% Inonotus obliquus, 10% Lycium ruthenicum Murray, 5% Lonicera japonica Thunb, and 5% Stigma Maydis. The experimental results showed that FMHC1 displayed high bioavailability, where the inhibitory efficiency for xanthine oxidase was decreased by only 4.89%±1.02% (gastric phase) and 11.08%±1.59% (intestinal phase) after in vitro digestion. Moreover, the uric acid level in the hyperuricemia cell model was down-regulated by 35.52% by 1563 μg/mL FMHC1. These occurrences might be attributed to the ameliorated inflammatory responses through regulation of cytokines. Upon the administration, the IL-6 and TNF-α were downregulated by 25.82% and 66.51%, respectively, whereas the corresponding IL-10 and TGF-β were upregulated by 73.10% and 49.18%. Besides, the antioxidant capacity was significantly enhanced. As a result, about 61.20% loss for MDA level in cell line occurred, and the activities for CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px were enhanced by 2.86, 0.63, and 2.00 times, respectively.

Conclusion:

The screened FMHC1 demonstrates great potential in dealing with hyperuricemia through multiple pathways, and could be considered to be a promising diet in disease intervention.

urate-lowering  /  food-medicine homology  /  HK-2 renal tubular epithelial cell  /  inflammatory factors  /  oxidative stress
李晓君, 郭娟, 李娜, 杨宇, 刘青业, 张恒慧. 降尿酸食药同源组合物的筛选及其作用机制研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 401 -411 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040220
Xiaojun LI, Juan GUO, Na LI, Yu YANG, Qingye LIU, Henghui ZHANG. Screening of Urate-lowering Food-Medicine Homologous Combinations and Investigation of the Mechanism[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 401 -411 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040220
高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia,HUA)是由血清尿酸(uric acid,UA)产生过多或排泄不足或两者兼得引起的代谢性疾病[1],并且HUA通常伴随着肾脏损伤、冠心病、高血压等并发症[24],因此,对HUA的管理在预防痛风等疾病方面具有重要意义。黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase,XOD)连续催化黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤转化为UA,是UA产生的关键酶,通过抑制其活性,可达到降UA的目的[5]。同时,XOD催化黄嘌呤生成UA时会产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)[6],并且导致细胞氧化损伤,从而加剧HUA[7],所以机体主要通过调节抗氧化应激因子的水平来改善氧化应激,如增加SOD、CAT、GSP-Px等的活性[8]。肾脏是UA排泄的主要器官,肾脏代谢功能与多种UA转运蛋白有关,且HUA通常会引发肾脏炎症,尿酸积累过量可导致尿酸盐晶体在某些组织和器官中的产生和累积,从而引发免疫反应并促进巨噬细胞等炎症细胞吞噬尿酸盐晶体[910],进而激活炎症信号通路(如NF-κB通路),激活炎症反应[1112]。目前用于治疗HUA的药物如别嘌呤醇和苯溴马隆在降尿酸的同时还存在一定副作用,如导致肝肾损伤、胃肠道刺激、骨髓抑制等[13],甚至引起继发性HUA,其安全性和耐受性问题亟待解决[14]。因此,有必要寻找一种安全、有效、经济的药物/食品用于HUA的预防或治疗。
我国食药同源物质资源丰富,其对人体健康有着积极的促进作用。刘雪梅[15]研究发现,丁香、高良姜、荷叶、覆盆子、槐花等五十种食药同源植物中含有丰富的酚酸类活性物质,其中90%的植物具有良好的黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制(xanthine oxidase inhibition,XOI)活性和抗氧化活性,尤其以高良姜提取物活性最佳,通过构建氧嗪酸钾诱导的HUA大鼠模型发现,高良姜提取物显著抑制HUA大鼠肝脏XOD活性,并通过调节URAT1和GLUT9来促进UA排泄,还能够发挥良好的肾保护作用和抗氧化应激效果,可作为具有降UA作用的新型功能性食品配料改善HUA。此外,多种多酚及黄酮类化合物如槲皮素、芹菜素、木犀草素、绿原酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸等,都能表现出良好的抑制UA合成和促进UA排泄作用[1617]。因此,食药同源物质是开发具有降UA活性功能性食品的潜在原料。
本研究以《食品标准与法规》和中医降UA理念为依据,从治疗痛风的中医方剂中选择10种使用频次较高、又被食药同源名单收录的物质(简称食药同源物质)为研究对象,包括芹菜籽(Apium graveolens L.,AGL)、桦褐孔菌(Inonotus obliquus,IO)、黑枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murray,LRM)、玉米须(Stigma Maydis,SM)、金银花(Lonicera japonica Thunb,LJT)、葛根(Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi,PLWO)、茯苓(Poria cocos(Schw.)Wolf,PCSW)、菊苣(Cichorium intybus,CI)、山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge,CPB)及覆盆子(Rubus idaeus L.,RIL),通过黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制能力和体外抗氧化能力初筛活性较高的单一食药同源物质,随后采用“均匀设计法”对活性突出的前几位食药同源物质进行配伍研究,获得高活性的组合FMHC1。在此基础上,通过体外消化模拟口腔、胃和肠道中食药同源组合物的胃肠道行为,以评价食药同源组合物消化前后的XOI和生物利用度;并通过建立腺苷和XOD诱导的HUA HK-2细胞模型,探讨FMHC1预防HUA的作用机制。通过多种机制探究、验证食药同源组合物丰富的生物活性,为降UA功能性食品配料的开发提供理论与方法的指导。
AGL、IO、LRM、SM、LJT、PLWO、PCSW、CI、CPB及RIL提取物均为水提物 制备方法为将原料清选、粉碎后,加水浸泡、热回流提取、固液分离得到提取液,提取液依次进行减压浓缩和干燥,分别得到相应的提取物,由中北大学生物工程实验室提供;肾小管上皮细胞HK-2 武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼基(DPPH)、2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)、L-抗坏血酸(VC) 分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD,50 U/mg)、黄嘌呤、α-淀粉酶(2000 U/g)、胃蛋白酶(30000 U/g)、胃脂肪酶(20000 U/g)、胰蛋白酶(130 U/mg)、胰酶(130 U/mg) 生物试剂,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;尿酸、次黄嘌呤、黄嘌呤、腺嘌呤、肌苷、腺苷、别嘌呤醇 色谱纯,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;MEM基础培养基、CCK-8试剂盒、胎牛血清(FBS)、链霉素、青霉素 生物试剂,北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司;磷酸、冰乙酸、乙腈 色谱纯,天津市北辰方正试剂厂;无水乙醇、盐酸(HCl) 分析纯,天津市北辰方正试剂厂;IL-6、IL-10、TGF-β、TNF-α试剂盒 上海爱萌优宁生物科技有限公司;BCA法蛋白定量测试盒、丙二醛(MDA)测试盒、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)测试盒、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSP-Px)测试盒、过氧化氢酶(CAT)测试盒 南京建成生物工程研究所。
ULTIMATE 3000高效液相色谱仪(HPLC) 赛默飞世尔科技;ME204/02分析天平 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;HFsafe-1500LC超净工作台 上海力申科学仪器有限公司;Epoch多功能酶标仪 星晖生物科技有限公司;SPX-150B-Z恒温培养箱 上海博讯实业有限公司医疗设备厂;TDL-5-A高速离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂。
通过DPPH和ABTS+自由基抑制试验评估10种食药同源物质的抗氧化活性。
DPPH自由基清除能力的测定根据Li等[18]的方法稍作修改。配制不同质量浓度(0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6、2.0 mg/mL)的样品溶液,分别量取样品溶液100 μL和DPPH醇溶液(0.2 mmol/L)100 μL于96孔板中混匀,室温避光反应40 min后在517 nm波长处测定吸光度值。用VC作为阳性对照。按照公式(1)计算样品对DPPH自由基的清除率。
$\rm DPPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{A_s-A_r}{{A_0}}\right)\text{×100} $
式中,As:样品组(样品+DPPH醇溶液);Ar:样品对照组(样品+95%乙醇);A0:空白对照组(95%乙醇+DPPH醇溶液)。
ABTS+自由基清除能力的测定根据张建丰等[19]的方法稍作修改。配制不同质量浓度(0.10、0.25、0.40、0.55、0.70 mg/mL)的样品溶液,分别量取50 μL样品溶液和150 μL ABTS工作液(7.00 mmol/L ABTS溶液和2.45 mmol/L过硫酸钾溶液等体积混合,室温条件下避光反应12~16 h得到ABTS储备液,用70%的乙醇溶液进行稀释,使其在734 nm波长处的吸光度为0.7±0.02)于96孔板中混匀,室温避光反应6 min,734 nm波长处测定吸光度。用VC作为阳性对照。按照公式(2)计算样品对ABTS+自由基的清除率。
$\rm ABTS^+自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{A_i-A_j}}{{A_0}}\right)\text{×100} $
式中,Ai:样品组(样品+ABTS工作液);Aj:样品对照组(样品+无水乙醇);A0:空白对照组(无水乙醇+ABTS工作液)。
配制不同质量浓度(2、4、6、8、10 mg/mL)的样品溶液,向96孔板中依次加入50 μL磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,pH7.5)、70 μL样品溶液、50 μL XOD溶液(0.5 U/mL),于37 ℃恒温箱中孵育10 min后,加入100 μL黄嘌呤溶液(0.6 mmol/L),在37 ℃下反应20 min后,于290 nm处测定吸光值。以别嘌呤醇作为阳性对照,按照公式(3)计算XOI[20]
$\rm XOI(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{A_a-A_b}}{{A_c-A_d}}\right)\text{×100} $
式中,Aa:样品组(样品+XOD+PBS+黄嘌呤);Ab:样品对照组(样品+PBS+黄嘌呤);Ac:空白组(XOD+PBS+黄嘌呤);Ad:空白对照组(PBS+黄嘌呤)。
在前期研究中已经证实了LRM、LJT、SM、IO及AGL具有良好的抗氧化活性和XOI活性,但单物质的活性不是非常突出,为了提高其活性,以XOI为评价指标,采用“均匀设计法”[21]对这五种食药同源物质的最佳配伍进行研究,以期获得较高活性的FMHC1。
选用U10×(108)均匀设计表,根据均匀设计使用表,进行分组设计,X1:LRM,X2:LJT,X3:SM,X4:IO,X5:AGL。参考抗氧化试验和XOI试验的结果,按照U10×(108)使用表的说明,设置因素和水平,通过DPS 7.05软件优化得到均匀设计方案(表1),对10组食药同源组合物的XOI进行多元逐步回归分析,确定各食药同源物质之间的最佳比例和关系。
唾液电解质(SSF):准确称取0.3822 g NaCl、0.7455 g KCl、0.0666 g CaCl2用500 mL蒸馏水溶解,再用1 mol/L的HCl和1 mol/L的NaHCO3调节pH至6.9(±0.05)。
模拟唾液(eSSF):准确称取α-淀粉酶0.493 g溶于400 mL SSF,搅拌20 min后过滤,滤液中再加入400 mL的SSF溶液混匀,冷藏备用。
胃电解质(SGF):准确称取1.595 g NaCl、0.55 g KCl、0.075 g CaCl2、0.60 g NaHCO3用500 mL蒸馏水溶解,再用1 mol/L的HCl调节pH至2.5(±0.05)。
模拟胃液(eSGF):准确称取1.77 g胃蛋白酶、75 mg胃脂肪酶和量取1.5 mL CH3COONa(pH为5.0、1.0 mol/L)加入到150 mL SGF中,在室温下磁力搅拌10 min,用1 mol/L的HCl调节pH至2.5(±0.05),冷藏备用。
肠电解质(SIF):准确称取2.70 g NaCl、0.325 g KCl、0.165 g CaCl2用500 mL蒸馏水溶解,再用1 mol/L的NaHCO3调节pH至7(±0.05)。
模拟肠液(eSIF):准确称取13 mg胰蛋白酶加入到100 mL胰酶溶液(7%,w/w,磁力搅拌10 min,4000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液)、200 mL胆汁(4%,w/w)及100 mL SIF混合液中,再用1 mol/L的NaHCO3调节pH至7.5(±0.05)。
模拟唾液消化:取FMHC1溶液(10 mg/mL)4 mL与eSSF 2 mL于离心管中充分混合,以150 r/min于37 ℃恒温摇床反应5 min来模拟口腔消化,再迅速沸水浴5 min灭酶以终止反应,室温冷却后用消化液进行XOI试验,试验方法同1.2.2,每组试验3次平行。试验分为试验组(样品+eSSF)、模型组(样品+SSF)、空白对照组(eSSF+蒸馏水)[22]
模拟唾液-胃液连续消化:取FMHC1溶液(10 mg/mL)20 mL和eSSF 20 mL于150 mL锥形瓶中,混匀后以150 r/min于37 ℃恒温摇床反应5 min,迅速沸水浴5 min灭酶,用1 mol/L的HCl调节pH至2.5,再与20 mL eSGF混合,用1 mol/L的HCl调节pH至2.5得到混合消化液,均匀分成4组后以150 r/min于37 ℃恒温摇床反应,分别反应0、1、2和4 h后,取出各自对应离心管沸水浴5 min灭酶以终止反应。室温冷却后用消化液进行XOI试验,试验方法同1.2.2,每组试验3次平行。试验分为试验组(样品+eSSF+eSGF)、模型组(样品+SSF+SGF)、空白对照组(eSSF+eSGF+蒸馏水)[23]
模拟唾液-胃液-肠液连续消化:取FMHC1溶液(10 mg/mL)20 mL和eSSF 20 mL,混匀后以150 r/min于37 ℃恒温摇床反应5 min,迅速沸水浴5 min灭酶活,再与20 mL eSGF混合,用1 mol/L的HCl调节pH至2.5,混匀后以150 r/min于37 ℃恒温摇床反应4 h进行第二阶段胃消化,然后迅速沸水浴5 min灭酶活,用1 mol/L的NaHCO3调节pH至7。经唾液和胃液消化后与20 ml eSIF混合,用1 mol/L的NaHCO3调节pH至7得到混合消化液,均匀分成4组后以150 r/min于37 ℃恒温摇床反应。分别反应0、0.5、1和2 h后,取出各自对应离心管沸水浴5 min灭酶以终止反应。室温冷却后用消化液进行XOI试验,试验方法同1.2.2,每组试验3次平行。试验分为试验组(样品+eSSF+eSGF+eSIF)、模型组(样品+SSF+SGF+SIF)、空白对照组(eSSF+eSGF+eSIF+蒸馏水)[24]
标准溶液的配制:准确称取腺苷6 mg、肌苷6 mg、次黄嘌呤3 mg、黄嘌呤4 mg、腺嘌呤4 mg及UA 4 mg标准品,分别加入少量0.1 mol/L的NaOH助溶后,最后用去离子水定容到2.4 mL,配制成100 μmol/L的标准溶液,4 ℃保存备用。
采用高效液相色谱分析不同次级代谢产物的变化和表达水平,两相流动相进行梯度洗脱。流动相A为0.1%磷酸(w/v),流动相B为纯乙腈溶液。程序如下:0~15 min,2%~95%B;15~25 min,95%~2%B。总流速设定为1.0 mL/min。在注入第一个样品之前,在给定流速下平衡相应的系统至少20 min,以确保柱压稳定。注射体积为20 μL,柱温为30 ℃[25]。制备上述六种标准样品并通过HPLC进行分析。肌苷、腺苷、UA、黄嘌呤、次黄嘌呤及腺嘌呤构建的标曲分别为Y=0.7341X−1.3179(R2=0.9987)、Y=0.8317X+3.7498(R2=0.9997)、Y=0.3778X−0.2615(R2=0.9993)、Y=0.8395X−2.4576(R2=0.9966)、Y=1.5766X−6.7516(R2=0.9955)、Y=4.1467X−4.9993(R2=0.9997)。
细胞培养:HK-2细胞在含有10% FBS(胎牛血清、100 μg/mL链霉素和100单位/mL青霉素)的RPMI 1640培养基中培养,细胞在补充有5% CO2的湿润气氛中于37 ℃培养,每隔一天更换一次培养基[26]
腺苷浓度筛选:将HK-2细胞接种于6孔板(3.0×105个/孔)中培养24 h后弃去完全培养基,再用基础培养基培养24 h。培养完用PBS冲洗培养基3次,加入含不同浓度腺苷(0.5、1.5、2.5、3.5、4.5 mmol/L)的基础培养基,做三次重复,培养30 h后每孔加入0.5 U/mL XOD,再培养8 h收集细胞培养上清液。随后进行HPLC分离分析得到目标峰,根据方法1.2.5构建的标曲计算腺苷浓度。
XOD浓度筛选:将HK-2细胞接种于6孔板(3.0×105个/孔)中培养24 h后弃去完全培养基,再用基础培养基培养24 h。培养完用PBS冲洗培养基3次,加入含有2.5 mmol/L腺苷的基础培养基,培养30 h后每孔分别加入不同浓度的XOD(0.05、0.5、1、1.5、2 U/mL),做三次重复,再培养8 h收集细胞培养上清液。随后进行HPLC分离分析得到目标峰,根据方法1.2.5构建的标曲确定计算XOD浓度。
实验分组:实验通过底物(腺苷)定向供给和外源酶(XO)补充,刺激尿酸代谢途径中的相关酶活产生放大效应,从而诱导细胞产生过多的尿酸[25]。设置空白对照组(无添加),模型组(2.5 mmol/L腺苷+0.5 U/mL XOD),别嘌呤醇组(2.5 mmol/L腺苷+0.5 U/mL XOD+1 mmol/L别嘌呤醇);高浓度样品组(2.5 mmol/L腺苷+0.5 U/mL XOD+3125 µg/mL FMHC1),中浓度样品组(2.5 mmol/L腺苷+0.5 U/mL XOD+1563 µg/mL FMHC1),低浓度样品组(2.5 mmol/L腺苷+0.5 U/mL XOD+781 µg/mL FMHC1)。以300000细胞/孔(120000个/mL)的密度接种于6孔板中,37 ℃孵育48 h,空白对照组和模型组换用新培养基,别嘌呤醇组和样品组预培养24 h,随后吸出培养液,用PBS洗涤3次,并在模型组、别嘌呤醇组和样品组中分别加入2.5 mmol/L无血清培养基中的腺苷,空白对照组保持在不含腺苷的新鲜培养基中,孵育30 h后,向每孔中添加0.5 U/mL XOD,处理8 h后收集培养物上清液并通过HPLC分离分析得到目标峰及1.2.5构建的标曲计算UA浓度,判断模型是否构建成功[27]
将HK-2细胞以6000个细胞/孔的密度接种到96孔板,分别加入含有不同浓度FMHC1(49、98、195、391、781、1563、3125、6250 µg/mL)的培养基100 μL作用48 h。再弃去旧培养基,每孔加入100 μL含10% CCK-8溶液的培养基,另设不含10% CCK-8溶液的培养基作为空白对照,在37 ℃,5% CO2的培养箱培育2 h,然后用酶标仪在450 nm波长下检测每孔的OD值[28]。细胞活力计算如式(4)。
$\rm 细胞活力(\text{%})=\frac{{A_1-A_0}}{{A_2-A_0}}\times {100} $
式中,样品组A1:含细胞、CCK-8溶液和药物;空白组A0:含培养基和CCK-8溶液而没有细胞;样品对照组A2:含细胞、CCK-8溶液而没有药物。
在细胞完成给药后,将压碎后的细胞在商业裂解缓冲液中重悬,在4 ℃下孵育30 min,低温离心后(12000 r/min,20 min)后,收集上清液进行炎症因子检测。IL-6、TNF-α、IL-10和TGF-β的检测均根据ELISA试剂盒说明书进行操作,每组重复三次。
同1.2.8收集细胞上清液,采用BCA法对MDA、CAT、SOD、GSP-Px进行检测,根据ELISA试剂盒说明书进行操作,每组重复三次。
实验数据以3次测定结果的平均值±标准差表示;图形绘制使用Origin 2022软件;均匀设计数据使用DPS 7.05进行统计和分析;其他数据采用SPSS 23.0软件进行差异性分析,P<0.05表示具有显著的统计学差异。
图1展示了不同食药同源物质对DPPH自由基的清除能力。在试验浓度范围内,随着样品浓度的增大,LRM、AGL、RIL、CPB、IO、SM及LJT这7种食药同源物质对DPPH自由基的清除率逐渐增大,呈现浓度依赖性,其IC50分别为0.54±0.04、0.93±0.02、1.12±0.01、1.26±0.01、1.35±0.03、1.4±0.03、1.58±0.02 mg/mL,均表现出一定的DPPH自由基清除能力。但整体均低于阳性对照的活性,其中LRM在2 mg/mL表现出与VC接近的DPPH自由基清除率。
图2食药同源物质对ABTS+自由基的清除能力所示,随着样品浓度的增大,LRM、AGL、LJT、IO、SM、CPB及RIL这7种食药同源物质对ABTS+自由基的抑制率呈现浓度依赖性,与DPPH自由基的清除效果一致,其IC50分别为0.29±0.11、0.37±0.02、0.56±0.08、0.58±0.05、0.61±0.14、0.64±0.12、0.97±0.10 mg/mL,均表现出一定的ABTS+自由基清除能力,但清除效果均弱于VC。而PCSW、CI及PLWO对ABTS+自由基几乎无清除能力。因此,10种食药同源物质对ABTS+自由基的清除能力与DPPH自由基的清除能力一致,除PCSW、CI及PLWO这三种物质外,其他样品均具有一定的自由基清除效果。
XOD连续催化黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤转化为UA,UA在体内积累会导致HUA,所以XOD是UA产生的关键酶,通过抑制其活性以降低UA水平,可以为预防和管理HUA提供有效靶点[29]。如图3食药同源物质的XOI活性所示,随着质量浓度的增加,提取物均表现出较好的剂量-效应关系,但均弱于阳性对照AP。其中LRM、LJT、IO、AGL及SM的活性相对较强,其IC50分别为4.81±0.08、5.55±0.03、6.13±0.07、5.75±0.23、5.94±0.15 mg/mL,CPB和RIL的抑制效果较弱,PCSW、CI及PLWO对XOD几乎无抑制效果。
综合XOD抑制活性和体外抗氧化活性,筛选出了IO、LRM、AGL、LJT及SM这5种XOD抑制活性较突出、具有较大降尿酸潜力的食药同源物质进行下一步试验。体外活性的IC50表2所示。
均匀设计结果如表3,结果显示不同剂量的食药同源物质以不同比例组合,呈现出了较高的XOI,在77.15%±2.13%~86.00%±1.25%之间,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其中均匀设计组N2、N6处于较低的XOI水平,N1、N3、N9、N10组处于中等水平,且不具有显著差异(P>0.05),而N5组则具有更高的XOI且与其他组(除N4组外)具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。
对偏回归系数进行显著性检验,可以判断引入的拟合项对因变量Y的单独影响。由表4可知,X3(AGL)、X4(IO)、X52(SM)、X1X2(LRM、LJT)、X3X5(AGL、SM)、X4X5(IO、SM)对XOI均有显著性影响。各自变量单独影响XOI的顺序为X4X5>X1X2>X3X5>X52>X3>X4>X42>X1X5,表明不同食药同源物质相互交互时对XOI具有更显著的影响。
将该实验数据进行多元逐步回归分析,得到回归方程为Y=82.5937+0.3343X3+0.5213X4−0.0093X42+0.0648X52−0.0495X1X2−0.0033X1X5−0.0739X3X5−0.1542X4X5,其中X1、X2、X3、X4、X5分别代表LRM、LJT、AGL、IO、SM。回归模型的决定系数R2=0.99995,显著水平P=0.0151(P<0.05),剩余标准差S=0.0505,表明该回归模型的拟合性良好,可用于预测食药同源组合物在不同剂量配比下的XOI。得到最佳配比X1:X2:X3:X4:X5为1:0.5:4.1:3.9:0.5,XOI预测值为87.61%。配制组合物10 mg/mL的最优配伍组合物溶液进行配方验证,得到实测值XOI为87.10%±0.79%,与预测值没有显著性差异(P>0.05),且均优于均匀设计组N1~N10的XOI。所以经该模型优化后的食药同源组合物(FMHC1)各物质最佳配比为:AGL 41%、IO 39%、LRM 10%、LJT 5%以及SM 5%。
经消化模拟后,FMHC1试验组在各消化阶段受消化酶影响导致XOI变化程度如图4所示。对比不同消化阶段,FMHC1试验组XOI呈逐步下降趋势,最终肠消化阶段结束比消化前XOI显著下降(P<0.05),可能是消化酶和不同的pH对XOD的活性产生了影响[30];空白对照组经过消化过程后XOI变化较小,且与加了FMHC1样品的试验组和模型组存在显著差异,表明FMHC1样品产生明显的XOI作用,未加FMHC1样品出现了较低的XOI。
对比各消化阶段中FMHC1试验组和模型组XOI的差异,经模拟口腔消化后二者的XOI都仅有微量的变化,二者之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05),二者分别与各自未消化期也没有显著性差异(P>0.05);在模拟胃液连续消化阶段,在胃液消化0、1、2、4 h后FMHC1试验组相较于模型组的XOI分别降低了0.72%±0.82%(P>0.05)、1.52%±0.98%(P>0.05)、3.77%±1.34%(P<0.05)、5.61%±1.02%(P<0.01),即模拟口腔-胃消化2 h后,XOI有显著性降低;在模拟肠液连续消化阶段,在肠液连续消化0、0.5、1、2 h后FMHC1试验组相较于模型组的XOI分别降低了7.12%±1.05%(P<0.01)、8.8%±0.59%(P<0.01)、11.5%±1.21%(P<0.01)、18.2%±1.55%(P<0.01),即FMHC1试验组的XOI在模拟人体肠液消化阶段经肠道消化酶作用后持续降低。FMHC1含有大量的多酚类、黄酮类等活性物质,在模拟消化过程中,由于消化酶(α-淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶、胃脂肪酶、胰酶、胰蛋白酶)、pH的影响,活性物质发生分解,导致XOI有所降低,这与多酚类(如咖啡酸、绿原酸、没食子酸等)、黄酮类(芹菜素、槲皮素、儿茶素等)化合物在体外模拟消化的结果一致[31]相比之下,FMHC1的XOI在各消化阶段的降低程度关系是肠>胃>口腔,原因可能是口腔消化过程短,并未对活性物质造成损失;而FMHC1属于弱酸性组合物,在模拟胃液的酸性环境下短时间内(2 h内)相对稳定,活性物质不易被破坏,降解程度较慢;但在弱碱性的肠液中活性物质较易发生降解和氧化,因此XOI降低程度也随之增加[32];对比消化后结果,FMHC1经各阶段消化后XOI活性虽呈现一定程度下降,但最终还保留了约60%以上的活性。综上所述,FMHC1在消化过程中仍保持了较好的活性,保证了机体可以有足够的活性物质吸收利用进而发挥XOI活性,以期为FMHC1未来开发成食品或药品提供应用基础。
尿酸是嘌呤代谢的最终产物,首先腺苷在腺苷脱氨酶的作用下生成肌苷,再通过嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶进一步分解成次黄嘌呤,进而转化成黄嘌呤,黄嘌呤在黄嘌呤氧化酶作用下最终生成尿酸[33]。其中,催化次黄嘌呤到尿酸的两步氧化反应,是尿酸生成的限速步骤,而黄嘌呤氧化酶在此环节起到了关键作用。因此,通过联合添加外源性的腺苷与黄嘌呤氧化酶,可以有效诱导细胞产生尿酸。如图5a所示,当添加0.5~4.5 mmol/L的腺苷诱导30 h后,细胞上清液中检测到了腺苷、肌苷和UA,当腺苷浓度为0.5、1.5、2.5 mmol/L时,细胞上清液中的UA水平显著升高(P<0.05),UA含量分别为95.33、126.14、138.70 mg/L,均达到HUA水平,但继续升高腺苷浓度,其UA水平无显著变化(P>0.05),表明腺苷浓度大于2.5 mmol/L时UA前体物被最大限度地催化生成UA,所以为保证HUA模型构建成功,选择2.5 mmol/L作为腺苷的最佳诱导浓度。同样地,如图5b所示,当XOD浓度为0.05~1.5 U/mL 时,细胞上清液中的UA水平显著升高(P<0.05),继续升高UA浓度则无统计学意义(P>0.05),并且0.5 U/mL的XOD成功诱导HUA,细胞上清液中的UA含量为129.25 mg/L,因此选择0.5 U/mL作为XOD的最佳诱导浓度。
为了筛选HK-2细胞培养浓度,分别用不同浓度的FMHC1(49、98、195、391、781、1563、3125、6250 µg/mL)作用细胞48 h,然后用CCK-8试剂检测细胞活力。结果如图6所示,不同浓度的FMHC1对细胞的耐受性不同,随着FMHC1浓度的升高,HK-2细胞活力先升高后降低,当浓度达到1563 µg/mL时细胞存活率最高,为198.84%±6.81%,与其他浓度的细胞活力具有显著性差异(P<0.05),呈现较好的细胞耐受性。因此选择FMHC1(781、1563、3125 µg/mL)三个浓度作为接下来的低、中、高给药浓度。
通过建立外源腺苷和XOD诱导HUA HK-2细胞模型,验证FMHC1对HK-2细胞中UA水平的影响。使用HPLC检测细胞培养上清液中的UA、腺苷和肌苷,如图7所示,模型组细胞培养上清液中的UA含量为132.45±4.32 mg/L,达到HUA水平,说明HUA细胞模型构建成功。与模型组对比,阳性对照组UA含量为75.42±2.63 mg/L,显著降低了HK-2细胞的UA水平(P<0.05),并且FMHC1的低、中、高剂量组表现出相同的降尿酸效果,其中中剂量组(1563 µg/mL)效果最显著,UA含量为85.40±1.41 mg/L,这可能与该剂量组有更高的细胞活力有关。结果表明,FMHC1的刺激可能对HUA HK-2细胞具有一定的保护作用。
机体的高尿酸环境会激活NF-κB信号通路,从而增加体内促炎因子IL-6等的表达,引起机体的炎症[34]。因此本研究检测了FMHC1对HK-2细胞中炎症因子(IL-6、TNF-α、IL-10和TGF-β)的影响。促炎因子IL-6和TNF-α的过量产生是由于HUA导致尿酸盐晶体沉积,尿酸盐晶体的沉积激活了IL-1β,而IL-1β会诱导下游因子IL-6和TNF-α的分泌,因此催化了机体的炎症反应[35],此外,HUA激活NF-κB通路也会放大IL-6和TNF-α的表达[36]。如图8a所示,空白对照组的IL-6浓度为9.83±0.59 pg/mL,而模型组IL-6水平显著升高(P<0.05),浓度为22.19±0.32 pg/mL,表明成功诱导细胞炎症,不同剂量组的FMHC1给药后可显著降低IL-6水平(P<0.05),中剂量组效果最显著,给药后的IL-6浓度为16.46±0.47 pg/mL,且别嘌呤醇也表现出良好的治疗效果。同样地,如图8b所示,与空白对照组(TNF-α水平10.32±1.42 pg/mL)相比,模型组TNF-α水平(29.05±2.02 pg/mL)显著升高(P<0.05),别嘌呤醇和不同剂量的FMHC1给药后,均逆转了TNF-α水平的升高,且别嘌呤醇、低和中剂量组FMHC1的TNF-α水平与空白对照组水平相当(P>0.05)。结果表明,HUA可导致细胞中的IL-6和TNF-α水平增加,而FMHC1可降低其水平。
TGF-β和IL-10通过协同作用发挥抗炎效果,调节性T细胞(Treg)是IL-10的主要来源,TGF-β可促进Treg细胞分化,间接增强IL-10活性,形成负反馈环路,但在IL-6和TNF-α过量产生的同时,由于尿酸盐晶体促使巨噬细胞向促炎表型极化,抑制Treg细胞的增殖,进而导致IL-10分泌减少和TGF-β功能异化[37]。如图8c所示,与空白对照组(IL-10水平42.30±3.78 pg/mL)相比,模型组IL-10水平(21.15±1.71 pg/mL)显著降低(P<0.05),与模型组相比,别嘌呤醇和不同剂量的FMHC1显著逆转了IL-10水平的降低(P<0.05),且中剂量组与别嘌呤醇治疗水平相当,IL-10浓度分别为36.61±0.99、38.28±1.90 pg/mL。如图8d所示,模型组TGF-β水平(19.56±1.28 pg/mL)显著低于空白对照组(35.82±1.84 pg/mL)(P<0.05),别嘌呤醇给药后TGF-β水平为30.25±1.28 pg/mL,显著改善了HUA导致的TGF-β活性降低,并且高剂量组的FMHC1(TGF-β水平29.18±1.94 pg/mL)给药效果与别嘌呤醇效果相似(P>0.05),中、低剂量组FMHC1也促进了TGF-β表达水平的提高。结果表明,HUA可导致细胞中的TGF-β和IL-10水平降低,而FMHC1可提高其表达水平,且高剂量组与别嘌呤醇表现出相似的治疗效果。
综上所述,FMHC1可通过降低促炎因子IL-6和TNF-α水平、增加抗炎因子TGF-β和IL-10水平来改善HUA引发的细胞炎症。
MDA是脂质过氧化的终产物之一,可以评估细胞或组织氧化损伤的水平[38]。如图9a所示,模型组的MDA水平(2.99±0.22 nmol/mg prot)显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05),表明HUA促进了MDA的产生,通过不同剂量组的FMHC1给药后,MDA的水平显著降低(P<0.05),并且高剂量组FMHC1的治疗效果与别嘌呤醇组相似(P>0.05)。
CAT能够催化过氧化氢分解为水和氧气,从而保护细胞免受氧化损伤[39]。如图9b所示,模型组的CAT活性(0.07±0.02 U/mg prot)较低,别嘌呤醇给药后,CAT活性显著增加(P<0.01),为0.35±0.05 U/mg prot,并且高剂量组的FMHC1(0.27±0.04 U/mg prot)与别嘌呤醇的治疗效果相当(P>0.05),但低剂量组的FMHC1给药后,CAT的活性还低于模型组,并未表现出治疗效果(P>0.05)。
SOD是一种重要的抗氧化酶,广泛存在于生物体中,能够催化超氧自由基歧化为过氧化氢和氧气,来保护细胞免受氧化应激的损伤[40]。如图9c所示,与空白对照组(SOD活性为0.13±0.02 U/mg prot)相比,模型组的SOD活性(0.08±0.02 U/mg prot)显著降低(P<0.05),但经过给药后,SOD活性均有所增加,并且中剂量组的SOD活性(0.24±0.03 U/mg prot)显著优于别嘌呤醇组(0.16±0.01 U/mg prot)(P<0.05),而低、高剂量组的SOD活性与空白对照组相当(P>0.05)。
GSH-Px可以催化还原型谷胱甘肽与过氧化氢的反应,生成氧化型谷胱甘肽和水,能在抗氧化防御系统中起到关键作用[41]。如图9d所示,与模型组(GSH-Px活性为146.76±8.22 U/mg prot)对比,低、中剂量组的给药并没有升高GSH-Px的活性(P>0.05),但高剂量组的给药显著提高了GSH-Px的水平(P<0.05),GSH-Px活性为239.10±11.52 U/mg prot,并且与别嘌呤醇得到了相似的结果(P>0.05)。
综上所述,HUA能够诱导细胞发生氧化应激反应,但经过不同剂量组的FMHC1给药后,降低了细胞的MDA水平,提高了抗氧化酶的活性,表明FMHC1能够有效地缓解HUA导致的氧化应激。
本研究得到降尿酸食药同源组合物FMHC1最优配方为:AGL 41%、IO 39%、LRM 10%、LJT 5%以及SM 5%,其XOI达到87.10%±0.79%。FMHC1的XOI活性在模拟口腔阶段并没有显著变化,在模拟胃液和肠液消化阶段相对XOI分别降低了4.89%±1.02%和11.08%±1.59%,表明FMHC1在消化过程中仍能保持较好的活性。FMHC1可显著降低HK-2细胞上清液中的UA水平,其中1563 μg/mL的FMHC1降UA效果最显著,降低了35.52%;HUA还会促进IL-6与TNF-α的产生和抑制TGF-β与IL-10释放,表明FMHC1可改善细胞炎症。此外,FMHC1还可减轻HUA细胞的氧化应激反应,与模型组相比,3125 μg/mL的FMHC1治疗后细胞MDA水平降低了61.20%,并且将CAT活性和GSH-PX活性分别提高了2.86倍和0.63倍,1563 μg/mL的FMHC1将SOD活性提高了2.00倍,显著提高了抗氧化酶的活性,从而抑制氧化应激反应。
因此,食药同源组方FMHC1不仅具有良好的体外抗氧化活性和XOI活性,还具有较高的生物稳定性,表现出良好的降UA效果、抗炎活性和抗氧化应激能力,这为食药同源组合物在功能性食品基料的开发方面提供了理论基础和产品开发的应用空间。在后续的研究中,探明食药同源组方中发挥主要降尿酸作用的化学物质(如多酚类物质)或者化学物质的组合将是持续深入研究的重点,这将对相关产品开发和科学问题的机理研究提供重要依据。
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040220
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-18
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    1.中北大学化学与化工学院,山西太原 030051
    2.太原师范学院生物科学与技术学院,山西晋中 030619
    3.太原工业学院环境与安全工程系,山西太原 030008

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张恒慧(1988−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物研发及其功能产品构建,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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