Article(id=1261343848366747997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040408, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657408085, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657408085, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657408085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657408085, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=458, endPage=470, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343864116359609, articleId=1261343848366747997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Low Glycemic Index Noodles, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, with the popularization of the concept of healthy diet, foods with glycemic index (GI) less than or equal to 55 (low GI) have gradually become the focus of consumers' attention. Among them, low GI noodles is a staple food that can regulate the level of blood sugar after meals, which have the advantages of reducing post-meal blood sugar fluctuations, preventing cardiovascular disease, regulating insulin levels, and enhancing satiety. In this manuscript, the research status of low GI noodles in recent years are summarized. The concept, classification, measurement method and influencing factors of GI are briefly described firstly, and then the influence mechanism of different types of raw materials, raw and auxiliary materials and different processing methods on the texture characteristics, sensory evaluation and starch content of low GI noodles are discussed, mainly focuses on the effects of different types of products on the level of postprandial blood glucose. Finally, the development prospect of low GI noodles is anticipated, in order to provide a theoretical basis for future research and market application in this field.

, correspAuthors=Ya MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaona PAN, Ya MA, Xiaojuan ZHAO, Hao DONG, Min QIAN, Weidong BAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343869287936496, articleId=1261343848366747997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=低血糖生成指数面条的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,随着健康饮食理念的普及,血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)小于或等于55(低GI)的食品逐渐成为消费者关注的焦点。其中,低GI面条是一种可调节餐后血糖水平的主食,具有减少餐后血糖波动、预防心血管疾病、调节胰岛素水平、增强饱腹感等优点。本文归纳了近年来低GI面条的研究现状,首先对GI的概念、分类、测定方法及影响因素进行简述,接着探讨不同种类原料、原辅料配比以及不同加工方式对低GI面条质构特性、感官评价、淀粉含量的影响机制,重点关注不同种类产品对餐后血糖水平的影响。最后展望了低GI面条的发展前景,以期为该领域的未来研究和市场应用提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=马亚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
马亚(1988−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品加工,食品安全检测,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=HSlqZtYzUhYGWPfABctrYA==, magXml=AWW0NCAcswc3M/UJcZxA4g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4B70UmNX0WHkT+hX5LBgSw==, pdfFileSize=1372575, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=IcEHTMKWx8OsrPFK91Ogrw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QjViJLnhPwJcjsoPnJQXFg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

潘小娜(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工,食品安全检测,E-mail:

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潘小娜(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工,食品安全检测,E-mail:

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潘小娜(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工,食品安全检测,E-mail:

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British Journal of Nutrition, 2019, 121(4): 416−425., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261343871011795458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343871028572675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, companyId=1261343871011795458, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343871053738501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, companyId=1261343871011795458, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.仲恺农业工程学院轻工食品学院,广东广州 510225)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261343872689517070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343872765014545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, companyId=1261343872689517070, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343872920203797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, companyId=1261343872689517070, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.仲恺农业工程学院,广东省岭南特色食品科学与技术重点实验室,广东广州 510225)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261343916117341086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the composition of raw and auxiliary materials and processing methods of low GI noodles, figureFileSmall=u6Bnfb61iyK9qWhsg6PGyw==, figureFileBig=IcEHTMKWx8OsrPFK91Ogrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343917832811427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, language=CN, label=图1, caption=低GI面条的原辅料组成和加工方式示意图, figureFileSmall=u6Bnfb61iyK9qWhsg6PGyw==, figureFileBig=IcEHTMKWx8OsrPFK91Ogrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343921767068603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Flow chart of traditional pasta processing, figureFileSmall=ngraIb9WINRrtRSBIcYA5A==, figureFileBig=4ZjeLxsKh9NBn+NI+CGYWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343922148750273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, language=CN, label=图2, caption=传统意大利面加工流程图, figureFileSmall=ngraIb9WINRrtRSBIcYA5A==, figureFileBig=4ZjeLxsKh9NBn+NI+CGYWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343922958250950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Other qingke noodles with different raw and auxiliary material ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号受试物主要原料辅料蒸煮方式GI/eGI/pGI值参考文献
1青稞苦荞面条青稞粉、苦荞粉、谷朊粉、山药粉等加水煮GI=55.00[40]
2青稞面条20%酶解青稞粉、8%谷朊粉、小麦粉0.4%盐、50%水加水煮eGI=54.20[41]
3控糖面条小麦粉、青稞粉、苦荞粉、谷朊粉、黑豆粉抗性糊精、黄豆粉、小麦膳食纤维、南瓜粉、白扁豆粉、魔芋粉、山药粉、桑叶粉、荷叶粉、芦根粉加水煮GI=51.79±14.90[42]
4黑青稞面条70%黑青稞粉加水煮GI=46.00[12]
5青稞挂面青稞粉、小麦粉1.5%谷氨酰胺转移酶、10%大豆蛋白加水煮pGI=53.73±0.44[43]
6青稞挂面青稞粉、小麦粉2.0%谷氨酰胺转移酶、10%大豆蛋白加水煮pGI=53.35±0.18[43]
7青稞挂面青稞粉、小麦粉2.5%谷氨酰胺转移酶、10%大豆蛋白加水煮pGI=53.58±0.31[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1261343924094907342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

其他不同原辅料配比青稞面条

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号受试物主要原料辅料蒸煮方式GI/eGI/pGI值参考文献
1青稞苦荞面条青稞粉、苦荞粉、谷朊粉、山药粉等加水煮GI=55.00[40]
2青稞面条20%酶解青稞粉、8%谷朊粉、小麦粉0.4%盐、50%水加水煮eGI=54.20[41]
3控糖面条小麦粉、青稞粉、苦荞粉、谷朊粉、黑豆粉抗性糊精、黄豆粉、小麦膳食纤维、南瓜粉、白扁豆粉、魔芋粉、山药粉、桑叶粉、荷叶粉、芦根粉加水煮GI=51.79±14.90[42]
4黑青稞面条70%黑青稞粉加水煮GI=46.00[12]
5青稞挂面青稞粉、小麦粉1.5%谷氨酰胺转移酶、10%大豆蛋白加水煮pGI=53.73±0.44[43]
6青稞挂面青稞粉、小麦粉2.0%谷氨酰胺转移酶、10%大豆蛋白加水煮pGI=53.35±0.18[43]
7青稞挂面青稞粉、小麦粉2.5%谷氨酰胺转移酶、10%大豆蛋白加水煮pGI=53.58±0.31[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1261343926217225176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of added ingredients on the changes of RDS/SDS/RS content and texture characteristics of soba noodles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号受试物添加成分RDS/SDS/RS含量变化质构特性机制参考文献
1挤压全荞麦面条1%的水杨酸RDS和SDS分别降至26.04%和12.94%、RS增至61.03%蒸煮损失由15.33%降至8.64%,面硬度增加水杨酸与淀粉通过氢键作用,降低淀粉相对结晶度、提高热稳定性、阻碍淀粉与消化酶的接触[53]
2挤压荞麦面条0.5%单油酸甘油酯和20%高直链玉米淀粉RS含量增至51.64%蒸煮损失降至7.28%,硬度降低淀粉和脂质复合物具有破坏淀粉凝胶网络的连续性,影响挤压荞麦面条蒸煮品质和淀粉与消化酶的作用,降低血糖[54]
3挤压荞麦面条20%高直链玉米淀粉和1%表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯RS含量增至61.60%吸水率和蒸煮损失分别为127.34%和6.08%,面条硬度增加、弹性降低直链淀粉对多酚类物质具有保护作用,易与多酚类物质形成复合物,降低面条的淀粉消化率[55]
4荞麦面条去壳鞘荞麦粉替代70%的小麦粉RDS含量降至16%、RS含量增至66%蒸煮损失提高21.76%,弹性和咀嚼性均下降,颜色较深形成更多淀粉-脂质复合物,黄酮和酚类物质含量增加,影响面条长程和短程有序结构[56]
5全荞麦面条掺杂海藻酸钠和氯化钙吸水率较低,改善其质地特性(如硬度、弹性、内聚性、粘附性和咀嚼性)Ca2+和海藻酸钠的交联显著降低面条释放葡萄糖量[57]
6荞麦挂面40%预糊化荞麦淀粉紧密的面筋结构和较好的蒸煮品质(如硬度、粘附性、弹性和咀嚼性增加)提高网络结构的强度,形成的致密面条结构抵消淀粉预糊化,降低消化率[58]
7挤压荞麦面条20%绿豆粉RDS降至18.26%、SDS降至26.28%、RS增至55.45%蒸煮损失率从19.26%下降至14.59%,改善鲜味和酸味改善淀粉的短程结构,网络结构更加完整,绿豆粉易诱导淀粉-脂质复合物的形成[59]
), ArticleFig(id=1261343926733124579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

添加成分对荞麦面条RDS/SDS/RS含量变化、质构特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号受试物添加成分RDS/SDS/RS含量变化质构特性机制参考文献
1挤压全荞麦面条1%的水杨酸RDS和SDS分别降至26.04%和12.94%、RS增至61.03%蒸煮损失由15.33%降至8.64%,面硬度增加水杨酸与淀粉通过氢键作用,降低淀粉相对结晶度、提高热稳定性、阻碍淀粉与消化酶的接触[53]
2挤压荞麦面条0.5%单油酸甘油酯和20%高直链玉米淀粉RS含量增至51.64%蒸煮损失降至7.28%,硬度降低淀粉和脂质复合物具有破坏淀粉凝胶网络的连续性,影响挤压荞麦面条蒸煮品质和淀粉与消化酶的作用,降低血糖[54]
3挤压荞麦面条20%高直链玉米淀粉和1%表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯RS含量增至61.60%吸水率和蒸煮损失分别为127.34%和6.08%,面条硬度增加、弹性降低直链淀粉对多酚类物质具有保护作用,易与多酚类物质形成复合物,降低面条的淀粉消化率[55]
4荞麦面条去壳鞘荞麦粉替代70%的小麦粉RDS含量降至16%、RS含量增至66%蒸煮损失提高21.76%,弹性和咀嚼性均下降,颜色较深形成更多淀粉-脂质复合物,黄酮和酚类物质含量增加,影响面条长程和短程有序结构[56]
5全荞麦面条掺杂海藻酸钠和氯化钙吸水率较低,改善其质地特性(如硬度、弹性、内聚性、粘附性和咀嚼性)Ca2+和海藻酸钠的交联显著降低面条释放葡萄糖量[57]
6荞麦挂面40%预糊化荞麦淀粉紧密的面筋结构和较好的蒸煮品质(如硬度、粘附性、弹性和咀嚼性增加)提高网络结构的强度,形成的致密面条结构抵消淀粉预糊化,降低消化率[58]
7挤压荞麦面条20%绿豆粉RDS降至18.26%、SDS降至26.28%、RS增至55.45%蒸煮损失率从19.26%下降至14.59%,改善鲜味和酸味改善淀粉的短程结构,网络结构更加完整,绿豆粉易诱导淀粉-脂质复合物的形成[59]
), ArticleFig(id=1261343928289211372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Other low GI pasta

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号受试物原辅料烹饪方法GI/pGI值参考文献
1意大利面全麦在盐水中煮10 minGI=55±8[12]
2意大利面无麸质、大米和玉米(高直链淀粉)加水煮GI=51±5[12]
3意大利面豌豆、大豆、无麸硬粒小麦加水煮GI=51±6[12]
4意大利面(白色)硬粒小麦加盐水煮15 minGI=44±3[12]
5意大利面(白色)硬粒小麦在盐水中煮11 minGI=27[12]
6意大利面(白色)硬粒小麦加水煮12 minGI=49±7[12]
7意大利面添加6% β-葡聚糖大麦浓缩物、硬粒小麦加水煮5 minGI=41[12]
8意大利面75%硬粒小麦和25%鹰嘴豆粉加水煮10 minGI=42±5[12]
9意大利面硬粒小麦:马基莓粉(质量比=92.5:7.5)加水煮pGI=53.12[94]
10意大利面硬粒小麦:马基莓粉(质量比=85:15)加水煮pGI=50.99[94]
11意大利面硬粒小麦盐水煮沸8 minGI=53[95]
12意大利面全麦在盐水煮沸8 minGI=54[95]
13意大利面硬粒小麦加水煮GI=54.9[96]
14意大利面波兰小麦加水煮GI=41.6[96]
15意大利面二粒小麦加水煮GI=56.5[96]
16意大利面7.5% β-葡聚糖、87.5%硬粒小麦加水煮GI=46.52[97]
17意大利面20%羽扇豆粉、7.5% β-葡聚糖、67.5%硬粒小麦、5%活性面筋加水煮GI=38.12[97]
18意大利面20%羽扇豆粉、20% β-葡聚糖和20%小米粉、35%硬粒小麦、5%活性面筋加水煮GI=33.75[97]
19黄豌豆意大利面黄豌豆、0.75%食盐浓度、硬粒小麦先水煮煮沸5 min,再用30%盐水和10 g橄榄油煮沸5 minGI=47±23[98]
), ArticleFig(id=1261343929975321591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

其他低GI意大利面

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号受试物原辅料烹饪方法GI/pGI值参考文献
1意大利面全麦在盐水中煮10 minGI=55±8[12]
2意大利面无麸质、大米和玉米(高直链淀粉)加水煮GI=51±5[12]
3意大利面豌豆、大豆、无麸硬粒小麦加水煮GI=51±6[12]
4意大利面(白色)硬粒小麦加盐水煮15 minGI=44±3[12]
5意大利面(白色)硬粒小麦在盐水中煮11 minGI=27[12]
6意大利面(白色)硬粒小麦加水煮12 minGI=49±7[12]
7意大利面添加6% β-葡聚糖大麦浓缩物、硬粒小麦加水煮5 minGI=41[12]
8意大利面75%硬粒小麦和25%鹰嘴豆粉加水煮10 minGI=42±5[12]
9意大利面硬粒小麦:马基莓粉(质量比=92.5:7.5)加水煮pGI=53.12[94]
10意大利面硬粒小麦:马基莓粉(质量比=85:15)加水煮pGI=50.99[94]
11意大利面硬粒小麦盐水煮沸8 minGI=53[95]
12意大利面全麦在盐水煮沸8 minGI=54[95]
13意大利面硬粒小麦加水煮GI=54.9[96]
14意大利面波兰小麦加水煮GI=41.6[96]
15意大利面二粒小麦加水煮GI=56.5[96]
16意大利面7.5% β-葡聚糖、87.5%硬粒小麦加水煮GI=46.52[97]
17意大利面20%羽扇豆粉、7.5% β-葡聚糖、67.5%硬粒小麦、5%活性面筋加水煮GI=38.12[97]
18意大利面20%羽扇豆粉、20% β-葡聚糖和20%小米粉、35%硬粒小麦、5%活性面筋加水煮GI=33.75[97]
19黄豌豆意大利面黄豌豆、0.75%食盐浓度、硬粒小麦先水煮煮沸5 min,再用30%盐水和10 g橄榄油煮沸5 minGI=47±23[98]
), ArticleFig(id=1261343930415723514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Other types of low GI noodles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号受试物原辅料加工方式烹饪方法GI/eGI值质构特性参考文献
1苜蓿豆面面条6.4%苜蓿粉、1.2%魔芋葡甘聚糖、5.2%谷朊粉,鹰嘴豆:小麦粉(质量比为15:85)挤压切条法煮制面条内部白芯刚好消失eGI=48.33±0.34断条率为2.12%,蒸煮损失率为1.63%,硬度、咀嚼性和拉伸性分别提升17.14%、64.69%和105.62%[110]
2海带香菇面70%混合粉(海带、香菇、苦荞、燕麦、青稞、白芸豆等)、30%小麦粉压片切条法加水煮4 min左右eGI=36.7断条率为13.5%,蒸煮损失率为6.27%[111]
3小米手指面条手指小米:精制小麦粉(质量比=30:70)加水煮10 minGI=45.13蒸煮损失率为16.0%±0.06%[112]
4谷物面条45%玉米粉、40%小麦粉、8%荞麦粉、3.5%黄豆粉、3.5%小米粉、4 g盐挤压-二次糊化法(即挤压成型,放入蒸锅中蒸制20 min)煮制面条内部白芯刚好消失eGI=53.32断条率为3.33,蒸煮损失率为0.99%±0.01%,黏弹性较好[2]
5挂面2.98%砂仁粉、3.08%黄芪粉、3%白扁豆粉、9.02%高直链玉米淀粉、6.02%谷朊粉、75.9%小麦粉压片切条法加水煮eGI=53.37蒸煮损失率为16.05%[113]
6奇亚籽面条25%奇亚籽、75%小麦粉压延切条法加水煮eGI=54.13断条率为0%,硬度较大[114]
7红扁豆面条100%红扁豆粉加水煮GI=22.38±6.92[115]
8豌豆面条100%豌豆粉加水煮GI=23.07±6.75[115]
9豆类面条60%草豌豆粉和40%鹰嘴豆粉的混合粉加水煮GI=20.07±7.67[115]
10细面小麦粉和水水煮细面(200 mL),配上清汤(共160 mL)GI=49[116]
11鲜麦面条小麦粉和水水煮鲜小麦面条,配清汤(共160 mL)GI=48.2[116]
12小麦面条(干)小麦粉加水煮GI=46[116]
), ArticleFig(id=1261343932072472577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343848366747997, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

其他种类低GI面条

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号受试物原辅料加工方式烹饪方法GI/eGI值质构特性参考文献
1苜蓿豆面面条6.4%苜蓿粉、1.2%魔芋葡甘聚糖、5.2%谷朊粉,鹰嘴豆:小麦粉(质量比为15:85)挤压切条法煮制面条内部白芯刚好消失eGI=48.33±0.34断条率为2.12%,蒸煮损失率为1.63%,硬度、咀嚼性和拉伸性分别提升17.14%、64.69%和105.62%[110]
2海带香菇面70%混合粉(海带、香菇、苦荞、燕麦、青稞、白芸豆等)、30%小麦粉压片切条法加水煮4 min左右eGI=36.7断条率为13.5%,蒸煮损失率为6.27%[111]
3小米手指面条手指小米:精制小麦粉(质量比=30:70)加水煮10 minGI=45.13蒸煮损失率为16.0%±0.06%[112]
4谷物面条45%玉米粉、40%小麦粉、8%荞麦粉、3.5%黄豆粉、3.5%小米粉、4 g盐挤压-二次糊化法(即挤压成型,放入蒸锅中蒸制20 min)煮制面条内部白芯刚好消失eGI=53.32断条率为3.33,蒸煮损失率为0.99%±0.01%,黏弹性较好[2]
5挂面2.98%砂仁粉、3.08%黄芪粉、3%白扁豆粉、9.02%高直链玉米淀粉、6.02%谷朊粉、75.9%小麦粉压片切条法加水煮eGI=53.37蒸煮损失率为16.05%[113]
6奇亚籽面条25%奇亚籽、75%小麦粉压延切条法加水煮eGI=54.13断条率为0%,硬度较大[114]
7红扁豆面条100%红扁豆粉加水煮GI=22.38±6.92[115]
8豌豆面条100%豌豆粉加水煮GI=23.07±6.75[115]
9豆类面条60%草豌豆粉和40%鹰嘴豆粉的混合粉加水煮GI=20.07±7.67[115]
10细面小麦粉和水水煮细面(200 mL),配上清汤(共160 mL)GI=49[116]
11鲜麦面条小麦粉和水水煮鲜小麦面条,配清汤(共160 mL)GI=48.2[116]
12小麦面条(干)小麦粉加水煮GI=46[116]
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低血糖生成指数面条的研究进展
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潘小娜 1 , 马亚 *, 1, 2 , 赵晓娟 1, 2 , 董浩 1, 2 , 钱敏 1, 2 , 白卫东 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(9): 458-470
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食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026, 47(9): 458-470
低血糖生成指数面条的研究进展
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潘小娜1 , 马亚*, 1, 2 , 赵晓娟1, 2, 董浩1, 2, 钱敏1, 2, 白卫东1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.仲恺农业工程学院轻工食品学院,广东广州 510225
  • 2.仲恺农业工程学院,广东省岭南特色食品科学与技术重点实验室,广东广州 510225
  • 潘小娜(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工,食品安全检测,E-mail:

通讯作者:

马亚(1988−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品加工,食品安全检测,E-mail:
Research Progress of Low Glycemic Index Noodles
Xiaona PAN1 , Ya MA*, 1, 2 , Xiaojuan ZHAO1, 2, Hao DONG1, 2, Min QIAN1, 2, Weidong BAI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
  • 2.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040408
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近年来,随着健康饮食理念的普及,血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)小于或等于55(低GI)的食品逐渐成为消费者关注的焦点。其中,低GI面条是一种可调节餐后血糖水平的主食,具有减少餐后血糖波动、预防心血管疾病、调节胰岛素水平、增强饱腹感等优点。本文归纳了近年来低GI面条的研究现状,首先对GI的概念、分类、测定方法及影响因素进行简述,接着探讨不同种类原料、原辅料配比以及不同加工方式对低GI面条质构特性、感官评价、淀粉含量的影响机制,重点关注不同种类产品对餐后血糖水平的影响。最后展望了低GI面条的发展前景,以期为该领域的未来研究和市场应用提供理论依据。

低血糖生成指数  /  面条  /  原辅料配比  /  加工方式  /  血糖水平

In recent years, with the popularization of the concept of healthy diet, foods with glycemic index (GI) less than or equal to 55 (low GI) have gradually become the focus of consumers' attention. Among them, low GI noodles is a staple food that can regulate the level of blood sugar after meals, which have the advantages of reducing post-meal blood sugar fluctuations, preventing cardiovascular disease, regulating insulin levels, and enhancing satiety. In this manuscript, the research status of low GI noodles in recent years are summarized. The concept, classification, measurement method and influencing factors of GI are briefly described firstly, and then the influence mechanism of different types of raw materials, raw and auxiliary materials and different processing methods on the texture characteristics, sensory evaluation and starch content of low GI noodles are discussed, mainly focuses on the effects of different types of products on the level of postprandial blood glucose. Finally, the development prospect of low GI noodles is anticipated, in order to provide a theoretical basis for future research and market application in this field.

low glycemic index  /  noodles  /  proportion of raw and auxiliary materials  /  processing methods  /  blood sugar level
潘小娜, 马亚, 赵晓娟, 董浩, 钱敏, 白卫东. 低血糖生成指数面条的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 458 -470 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040408
Xiaona PAN, Ya MA, Xiaojuan ZHAO, Hao DONG, Min QIAN, Weidong BAI. Research Progress of Low Glycemic Index Noodles[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 458 -470 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040408
面条是中国传统主食之一,口感丰富且烹调方便,深受消费者喜爱。传统面条通常由去除麸皮和胚芽后的精白小麦粉制作而成,营养物质流失严重,可能会增加消费者患慢性疾病的风险[1],不适于肥胖症、糖尿病等患者大量食用[2]。血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)小于或等于55(低GI)的面条是一种可调节餐后血糖水平的主食,有研究表明[3],低GI面条能够缓解糖尿病小鼠的症状,如增加体重,调节血糖及血脂等,还能改善糖尿病对肝脏、胰腺等器官的损伤,长期食用可以有效控制糖尿病病情。另一方面,《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》中提到要引导人民群众合理膳食,形成健康的生活方式,预防疾病发生。因此,越来越多的研发机构和食品企业致力于开发低GI面条,为血糖控制和体重管理者提供更多选择。
目前对于低GI面条的研究主要集中在添加功能性物质、原辅料配方、加工方式等方面。比如,吕银德等[4]研究表明,多种谷物按照一定比例复配成重组谷粉,不仅可以弥补因面粉加工而损失的蛋白质、矿物质、维生素等营养素,还能提高其生物活性,产品的营养和保健价值均得到提高。Di等[5]和Luo等[6]研究显示,不同原料、原辅料配比以及加工方式都会对淀粉消化特性和GI值产生影响,但并未涉及机理的解释。韩悦等[7]综述了不同种类的面条对人体餐后血糖的影响,发现在小麦粉中添加富含蛋白质、可溶性膳食纤维和全谷杂豆的配料,增加配菜、调整进食顺序均有助于降低面条的GI值,控制餐后血糖反应。Cui等[8]综述了低GI面条和意大利面的研究进展,强调高GI面条对健康的不利影响以及开发低GI产品的必要性,文章还探讨了面条GI值的影响因素、作用机制及未来发展方向。综上,该研究方向存在系统性综述较少,对低GI面条的概念、功能特性及作用机制认识尚不够全面深入等问题。
基于此,本论文首先系统介绍低GI面条的概念、GI值分类和测定方法,以及GI值的影响因素。其次,全面梳理并深入分析:a.不同种类原料的特性及其对低GI面条的作用;b.原辅料配比对面条质构特性、感官评价、淀粉含量、GI值的影响机制;c.不同加工方式对淀粉结构、淀粉消化速率及面条GI值的影响机制。最后,展望低GI面条未来的发展方向,以期为相关研究人员、生产者和消费者提供更多参考。
GI的定义为食用含50 g可利用碳水化合物的食物后,在一段时间内(一般为2 h)血糖应答曲线下面积与食用等量标准食物(含50 g淀粉的白面包或50 g葡萄糖)后的血糖应答曲线下面积的比值[9]。根据GI值的大小,分为低GI食物(GI≤55)、中GI食物(55<GI<70)和高GI食物(GI≥70)[10]。高GI食物在消化道中迅速分解,吸收效率较高,血液中葡萄糖水平迅速上升,形成较高的血糖峰值。相比之下,低GI食物在消化道中停留时间较长,吸收效率较低,葡萄糖逐渐释放,血糖水平上升较为缓慢,峰值较低,血糖下降也较为缓慢,有助于血糖水平的长期稳定[11]。GI值的测定方法有三种:以人为对象的测定[12]、动物实验测定[13]以及体外模拟消化测定[14]。具体如下。
a.以人为对象的GI值测定:首先选择至少10名受试者,先测定其空腹血糖,随后食用参考食物或测试食物后在特定时间点(15、30、45、60、90、120 min)分别测试血糖浓度,最后,根据这些数据绘制血糖应答(相比空腹时的增幅)曲线,计算曲线下面积,除以进食含等量可利用碳水化合物的参考食物后血糖应答曲线下面积即得[12]
b.动物实验测定:用实验动物(大鼠或小鼠)代替志愿者,采用与人体实验类似的测试程序,所得结果接近人体实验。具体流程包括:将实验动物适应性喂养1周,首先通过尾部采血测空腹血糖水平,然后饲喂或灌胃待测物或参考食物,并分别于进食后15、30、45、60、90、120 min通过尾部取血测定血糖水平,最后,利用测试食物与参考食物血糖曲线下增幅面积的比值计算GI值[13]
c.体外模拟消化测定:通过模拟样品在人体胃肠道中的消化环境,测定并拟合样品的体外水解曲线计算得到,一般被称为估计血糖生成指数值(expected glycemic index,eGI)或者预测血糖生成指数值(predicted glycemic index,pGI),其主要方法有静态体外消化模型(Englyst模型、消化反应动力学模型)、动态体外消化模型(TIMcarbo模型、工程小肠模型)以及数值模型(FAO预测模型、经验模型、COMSOL Multiphysics模型)[15]。体外模拟消化测定一般过程:首先称取一定质量含有特定碳水化合物的样品,随后通过体外模拟人体口腔、胃液、小肠消化的方法,从小肠模拟消化阶段开始间隔一定时间测定样品消化液在一段时间(一般为3 h)内的还原糖含量,最后,利用已知GI值的碳水化合物食物作为标准参照物,建立血糖生成指数GI值和模拟人体消化实验参数之间的数学函数联系,拟合样品的体外水解曲线,计算得到样品的eGI/pGI值[1618]。简而言之,这是一种通过体外模拟消化过程来计算食物eGI/pGI值的方法,并不能真实地反映食物的GI值。
以上可知,不同测定GI值的方法可能造成测定的数值存在差异。
食物GI值受多方面因素的影响,如食物中碳水化合物的类型、结构,食物的化学成分和含量以及食物的物理状况和加工制作过程等[19]。食物GI值还受到淀粉消化产生葡萄糖的量和速率的影响,而淀粉的变化主要受到原辅料组成和加工方式两个方面的影响[20]。Englyst等[21]根据淀粉在人体小肠中消化的快慢,将其分为三类:快消化淀粉(rapidly digestible starch,RDS)、慢消化淀粉(slowly digestible starch,SDS)和抗性淀粉(resistant starch,RS)。SDS具有调节血糖水平、缓慢消化并持续释放能量等优点[22]。RS具有与膳食纤维相似的生理益处,不能在小肠中被消化,具有降低胆固醇、促进矿物质吸收利用以及维持餐后血糖稳定等优点[23]。以SDS和RS为主要原料制得的食物还可显著降低食物的消化速度、有效控制餐后血糖上升、增强饱腹感[24]。在原料方面,全谷物富含淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪以及膳食纤维等营养成分,相较于精制谷物,GI值较低。常见低GI谷物有:青稞[25](GI值为40.14±10.30)、荞麦[19](GI值为54)、藜麦[12](GI值为53)、燕麦[19](GI值为42)、全麦[12](GI值为42)等。在加工技术方面,通过调整加工方式、优化加工过程参数、调整蒸煮方式等,将易被水解消化的淀粉转化为抗性淀粉,从而降低食物的GI值[26]。选择富含蛋白质、RS和膳食纤维的原料替代传统精加工小麦粉和部分淀粉原料,辅以适当的加工方式,可降低淀粉消化速率、减少碳水化合物摄入量,有效降低GI值[27]
低GI面条一般是由白面粉和谷物粉按照不同的比例混合,然后采用不同的加工方式制备而成。根据谷物的种类,可分为青稞、荞麦、藜麦、燕麦、全麦、豆类面条以及意大利面等。产品的原辅料组成、加工方式以及食用方式共同决定面条的GI值,但是目前研究食用方式对GI值影响的文献报道非常少[27],这里着重关注原辅料组成和加工方式的影响,具体如图1所示。由于面条原辅料在营养成分(如蛋白质含量、膳食纤维含量以及特色营养成分)、口感与烹饪特性,以及加工方式(如挤压、磨粉、蒸汽预处理等)对原辅料之间相互作用的影响不同,不同种类的面条其GI值各不相同。
青稞是我国川藏地区的主要粮食之一,有着悠久的历史。三高(高蛋白、高纤维、高维生素)二低(低脂肪、低糖)是青稞最大的特点[28]。青稞还富含β-葡聚糖、黄酮类物质、总酚类物质,具有良好的抗癌、抗炎、降血脂、降血糖、调节免疫、扩张血管等功能[2930]。青稞面条以青稞粉为主,搭配荞麦粉、豌豆粉等全谷物粉制作而成,适合糖尿病患者、减重人群及健康管理需求者。
在青稞面条的原料配比方面,王润等[31]以青稞生粉为主要原料,添加20%豌豆粉、5%荞麦粉、5%藜麦粉、45%水分制作的青稞挤压面条,eGI为43.28,感官评分为89.5,同时具有较高的多酚含量以及抗氧化活性,营养价值也较高。青稞生粉和适宜水分使青稞面条能够保留更多抗性淀粉和天然结构,从而很好地降低消化速率。原料配方改良搭配传统挂面制作工艺,也能有效降低面条GI值。何瑞琪等[32]研究发现,在添加63%青稞粉、7%荞麦粉、1%大麦苗粉、25%谷朊粉、0.5%食盐、0.2%食用碱的配方下,结合传统挂面制作工艺,可得到口感佳且断条率低的青稞面条,pGI为45.2,GI值为48.5。在此项研究中,谷朊粉的主要成分是麦谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白,吸水后形成网络状湿面筋,能够包裹不含面筋蛋白的杂粮粉粒和淀粉颗粒,使面条成形之后在断条率方面表现更好。pGI值和GI值存在差异可能是因为,体外模拟消化实验无法完全重现人体动态环境且以人为对象测定的GI值受个体差异的影响,而pGI是标准化的实验室数据,不受个体差异影响[33]。Zhang等[34]研究发现,在紫青稞面条中添加2%壳聚糖,不仅可以提高其胶凝程度,还可以把可消化淀粉转化为不可消化淀粉,增加饱腹感,eGI值从60.08降至47.51。壳聚糖与淀粉分子通过氢键或共价键结合,阻碍淀粉酶对淀粉的接触和分解,从而避免血糖快速上升。其他不同原辅料配比青稞面条如表1所示。
在青稞面条加工方式方面,通过调节面条的酸碱环境也能控制淀粉酶的活性,调控面条消化特性。Cui等[35]研究发现,将黑青稞半干面条调节为酸性(pH5.0)可以抑制α-淀粉酶活性,增加酚类物质释放量,调节淀粉消化速率,eGI值为52.59。热处理方式也对淀粉结构及其消化特性有影响[36]。Xu等[37]发现采用湿热处理和干热处理能够使青稞粉中的RS含量从21.95%分别提高至39.17%和24.08%。这是因为湿热处理能促进淀粉分子的重结晶,而干热则会导致分子间的交联或降解,促使淀粉分子与脂质、蛋白质及多酚等形成复合物,再通过氢键、静电作用等物理屏障包裹淀粉分子,进一步阻碍消化酶的作用,降低淀粉消化速率。朱雪静[38]以黑青稞为原料,添加2.0%山梨糖醇和1.5%魔芋胶,烘干条件为温度120 ℃,湿度50%,制得黑青稞半干面,其eGI由70.07降低至47.60,RS含量由36.17%增至47.60%。这是因为湿热烘干可促进淀粉形成更多的V型晶体结构,提高淀粉的糊化温度和直链淀粉含量,增强蛋白-淀粉复合结构。相同的原辅料不同的加工方式也影响青稞面的消化特性。方圆等[39]采用相同原料配比(青稞生粉:青稞挤压粉:小麦粉质量比=1:1:3)和不同加工方式分别制备出青稞鲜湿面条、青稞挂面和青稞炒面,它们的eGI值分别为60±13、51±11和33±14。青稞炒面经过炒制工艺,水分含量降低,淀粉糊化程度降低,部分支链淀粉侧链降解为直链淀粉,生成直链淀粉-脂质复合物,降低淀粉消化率。青稞炒面具有更低的eGI值,说明炒制是更适合青稞面的加工工艺。
综上,通过优化原辅料配比和添加成分,可以有效降低青稞面条的GI值,还可以通过冷冻老化、酸性调节、不同类型热处理、挤压以及炒制等加工方式,从淀粉结构、酶活性、抗性淀粉形成、淀粉脂肪复合物生成等多个角度对青稞进行改性,从而有效改善其口感,显著降低其GI和eGI/pGI值。
荞麦是蓼科荞麦属一年生草本植物,主要分为甜荞和苦荞两个栽培品种[44]。荞麦富含蛋白质、脂类、维生素、膳食纤维、矿物质,以及多酚、黄酮等生物活性物质,具有控糖、降脂、抗氧化、抗疲劳等多种生理功能,是功能型面条的理想原料[4546]。荞麦面条是将荞麦面粉与普通面粉混合制成的面条,营养丰富,食用方便快捷,是一种非常受欢迎的大众食品。
通过调整荞麦面条的原辅料配比和添加不同的功能性成分,可以有效调控其消化特性,影响GI值。薛超强[47]研究表明,添加苦荞皮粉能够使荞麦挂面的eGI值从76.35±0.17降至50.13±0.05;添加0.2%葡萄糖氧化酶,其eGI值下降为46.30±0.10,原因可能是葡萄糖氧化酶氧化葡萄糖为葡萄糖内酯,使蛋白网络结构致密,阻碍淀粉与酶的接触。此外,作者还研究了分别添加1.5%的黄原胶、卡拉胶、魔芋胶对面条eGI值的影响,结果发现其eGI值从53.04分别降低至45.53、49.16、47.17,这可能是因为亲水胶体与淀粉和蛋白质作用形成物理屏障,降低淀粉消化水解速率。李丹青等[48]研究发现,在添加7.5%猪血粉、5%谷朊粉、1%黄原胶、30%荞麦粉以及30%水的配方下,所得荞麦面条GI值为45.4±3.8,猪血粉、谷朊粉和黄原胶的添加具有辅助降血糖效果。王婷婷等[49]将荞麦粉、山药粉、高直链玉米淀粉、谷朊粉和小麦粉进行复配,能够增加直链淀粉和抗性淀粉的含量,eGI值从73.40下降至53.02。山药可以抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性,减缓葡萄糖的生成,避免血糖的急剧上升,高直链玉米淀粉具有较高含量直链淀粉和抗性淀粉,常作为低GI食品的原料。荞麦中添加水杨酸、海藻酸钠等化学类试剂以及高直链玉米淀粉等均可达到降低淀粉消化率以及降低血糖的目的,具体如表2所示。
对于荞麦面条的加工方式,挤压工艺是通过影响面条水分状态和分布以及面筋网络中蛋白质、淀粉的分布,促进面筋网络的形成,抑制淀粉的水解速率和糖类的吸收,从而延缓淀粉消化和血糖浓度上升。李凤林等[50]研究发现,在工艺参数为22.36 Hz的螺杆转速,24.51%的水分添加量,88.67 ℃的挤出温度下,以苦荞为基料制备的高膳食纤维面条感官评价合格,eGI值为46.59,膳食纤维含量高达8.3%,适合三高人群食用。这可能是过高或过低的螺杆转速会降低胶凝度,导致感官评分低。Sun等[51]研究发现,过度挤压(高温和高剪切)和过度烹饪所得的全荞麦面条,其可溶性淀粉的含量和糊化程度均显著增加、感官品质下降,淀粉的敏感性酶水解增加,pGI从78.04增加到86.92。过度挤压使淀粉颗粒更容易破裂,促进淀粉在体外的水解;过度烹饪会影响水的扩散速度,淀粉凝胶程度提高,淀粉分子在烹饪过程中容易溶解,蒸煮损失和破损率提高,以上因素协同作用,使得该产品的淀粉消化率提高、感官品质下降。Sun等[52]采用老化的方式(4 ℃水预冷10 s和4 ℃冰箱老化120 min)处理全荞麦淀粉,然后挤压制备出全荞麦面条,其蒸煮损失率和破损率分别为11.57%和2.22%,硬度和弹性得到提高,同时也降低了淀粉酶的催化效率和pGI值,这种老化方式可改善荞麦面条质量,有利于连续化生产。
综上,添加成分和不同的加工方式通过影响面条中各成分的含量和状态,从而改变其eGI/pGI值,以上研究可为开发低GI、高附加值的荞麦面条产品提供重要的理论依据和实践指导。
藜麦是苋科藜属双子叶植物,不仅富含人体必需脂肪酸、必需氨基酸且比例均衡,还含有优质蛋白质、膳食纤维、维生素、酚类、类黄酮等活性物质,具有良好的抗氧化、预防肥胖、预防心血管疾病和糖尿病的作用,被营养学家称为“超级谷物”[6062]。将藜麦与小麦粉混合制成藜麦面条,具有低脂、高饱腹感、有助于促进肠道健康的特点,常用于健身餐、养生餐等健康饮食场景。
Zhang等[63]的研究证明,食用添加20%发芽1 d的白藜麦和3 d的黑藜麦种子制备的面条,120 min内小鼠的血糖分别显著下降至132.17和126.83(mmol/L)·h(未发芽白藜麦和黑藜麦种子血糖分别为162.00±31.47和187.50±8.67(mmol/L)·h)。发芽过程中,藜麦种子内的α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶被激活,分解淀粉分子,易形成RS和SDS,达到降低小鼠血糖的目的。Mu等[64]采用藜麦全粉代替部分小麦粉,制得免油炸方便面,其最佳烹饪时间减少,蛋白质消化率降低,体外淀粉消化过程中释放糖的含量减少,具有一定的降血糖效果。藜麦全粉作用机制是膳食纤维通过物理阻碍和水分竞争作用抑制淀粉糊化,酚类物质通过酶抑制作用直接延缓水解,减少α-淀粉酶的作用位点,使α-淀粉酶更难接触到淀粉,从而抑制淀粉水解,降低淀粉消化率。马梦月等[65]研究发现,添加16%藜麦粉制作的面条,RS含量最高,达到63.27%,淀粉消化速度显著降低,但感官评分相对较低。
对于加工方式,双螺杆挤压技术是通过高温高压、高速剪切共同作用使淀粉颗粒糊化和凝胶化,形成淀粉网络凝胶结构代替蛋白网络结构,能够改善全谷物制品的感官特性及品质营养特性,使产品品质提升[66]。张鑫等[67]以藜麦粉为主要原料,在添加2%角叉菜胶、42%水分、挤出温度130 ℃、螺杆转速75 r/min条件下,所得藜麦挤压面条的eGI为45,属于低GI面条。Zhang等[68]采用螺旋挤压技术,在藜麦粉的含水量为30%且添加大豆分离蛋白条件下制备的藜麦面条,蒸煮损失率由16.65%降低到11.82%,硬度由6.35 N增加到7.99 N,RDS含量减少约8%,具有一定的降低血糖作用。
综上,藜麦作为一种极具潜力的健康原料,通过科学的原辅料配比和螺旋挤压技术工艺,能够有效降低面条的eGI值和淀粉消化率,提升其膳食纤维和生物活性物质含量,显著改善其健康属性。
燕麦是一种优质的一年生禾本科粮饲兼用作物,富含蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸、维生素、矿物质和膳食纤维等,被称为天然全价营养食品[69]。燕麦蛋白质中含有18种氨基酸,在促进人体生长发育、提高免疫力等方面优于一般谷物蛋白[70]。燕麦面条的主要原料是燕麦粉或燕麦,具有柔软质地和轻微坚果风味,因其高膳食纤维和营养价值,常被视为健康主食选择。
在原料方面,彭湃等[71]研究发现,含有30%燕麦麸皮粉的面条,其eGI值为47.9,低于纯小麦面条的82.72。其作用机制是燕麦麸皮粉的添加有助于维持面条中蛋白网络的热稳定性,稳定的蛋白质结构和β-葡聚糖对淀粉及其他组分的包裹作用,促进蛋白-淀粉和脂肪-淀粉的相互作用,提高面条中淀粉的抗消化性,具有良好的降糖功能,eGI值也降低。蔡攀福[72]研究发现,在100.00 g预拌粉中,添加15.00 g燕麦麸皮膳食纤维、2.50 g魔芋葡甘聚糖、3.50 g谷朊粉、0.30 g海藻酸钠、1.00 g食盐,47.00 g加水量,搅拌20 min制备的高纤面条,具有良好的适口性和韧性,蒸煮损失率降低至4.9%,eGI值为47.12±1.12,属于低GI食品。在该配方中,魔芋葡甘聚糖与面筋蛋白-淀粉复合物相互作用,将淀粉紧密结合在复合物中,抑制淀粉吸水膨胀糊化,阻碍淀粉与淀粉酶的接触,从而降低水解速率与水解率,降低面条eGI值。
在加工方式方面,Wang等[73]采用传统法、挤压法、挤压冷冻法等不同加工工艺制备的燕麦面条对糖尿病小鼠均有降血糖和降胆固醇的作用,其中传统法和挤压冷冻法降低小鼠空腹血糖水平和糖化血清蛋白水平更加显著,冷冻挤压法降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和天冬氨酸更加显著。Zou等[74]采用预烘烤-蒸煮的方法,以预烤燕麦和荞麦为主要原料,所制备面条的吸水性、黏性、可接受率均较高,且能够促进面条烹饪过程中的淀粉糊化,RS含量达到41%,面条的品质得到改善。烘烤(170 ℃,10 min)使燕麦淀粉初步糊化,随后蒸煮(105 ℃,30 min)促进水分渗透和分子重排,两步处理协同诱导淀粉分子链重排,形成更多RS。此外,超高温蒸汽处理也能有效改善面条品质特性。超高温蒸汽处理是一种通过高温短时处理改善面条品质的技术,能够高效降低燕麦中脂肪酶活性,减少脂质氧化和酸败风险,还能保持淀粉和蛋白质的结构完整性,改善面团的黏稠性和弹性,最终提升面条的质地和风味品质。Zhang等[75]研究发现,与蒸汽处理方法相比,采用超高温蒸汽预处理(200 ℃,2 min)燕麦粉制备的燕麦面条,淀粉颗粒完整、面团特性和质构特性得到改善、感官品质较好。
小麦是禾本科、小麦属一年或越年生草本植物,是我国主要粮食作物之一[76]。相比于精加工面粉,全麦粉具有更高的营养价值,其中,小麦麸皮中含有丰富的膳食纤维和植物化学物质,特别是可溶性膳食纤维,可以增加饱腹感、减少能量摄入、促进肠道蠕动,减少餐后血糖水平的升高[7778]
全麦粉用作功能性食物,对改善Ⅱ型糖尿病症状和调节血糖具有显著效果。吴丽等[79]以全麦粉、41%水、1.5%食用盐为原料,搅打4 min,在4 ℃条件下醒发16 h制备的3D全麦鲜湿面条,能够明显减缓糖尿病大鼠体重下降,降低糖尿病大鼠的血糖值,对Ⅱ型糖尿病具有较好的干预效果。这是因为全麦粉中的功能性成分通过增强磷脂酰肌醇3磷酸激酶/蛋白激酶B和腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶来缓解糖尿病症状[80]。此外,全麦面条中还可以添加药食同源的功能性成分,协同作用降低血糖水平。李月等[81]研究发现,以石磨黑全麦为主要原料,添加3.0 g沙棘果粉,40.0 g加液量(水:蛋液=9:1,质量比),1.6 g食盐,熟化20 min,制得沙棘黑麦生鲜面条。沙棘作为药食两用植物,含有黄酮、萜类、多糖和维生素等活性成分,将其添加到面条中可使制备的面条具有调节血脂代谢、抗氧化、提高人体免疫力等作用,感官评分高达92.26,eGI值为52.3,适合糖尿病、肥胖等慢性病人群食用。
石墨粉碎处理和电磁波作为新型技术,可通过破坏麦麸结构、释放多酚/黄酮并转化可溶性纤维来提升全麦面条中的活性成分含量与抗氧化能力。Cai等[82]研究发现,与小麦干面条、商业全麦干面条相比,采用石磨全麦所得全麦粉制备的面条蒸煮损失率较低,弹性和拉伸性最好,抗氧化能力最高,eGI值较低。王潜[83]研究发现,采用电磁波改性的方法处理麦麸制备的全麦面条,其eGI值显著降低,麦麸中多酚、黄酮、可溶性膳食纤维含量显著提高,具有良好的抗氧化能力。
综上,全麦面条具有多种健康益处,特别是在改善糖尿病症状、降低血糖和血脂方面。石磨全麦粉和电磁波改性处理麦麸的加工方式能进一步提高全麦面条的营养价值。
意大利面是意大利料理中非常经典的主食,传统意大利面以杜伦硬粒小麦为原料制作而成,具有高密度、高蛋白质和高筋度的特点[84]。意大利面中掺杂其他成分不仅可增加必需氨基酸、可溶性膳食纤维、矿物质、维生素、黄酮类和酚类化合物的含量,还可降低胆固醇、控制和预防慢性病发生[85]
意大利面种类繁多,有研究发现,添加6%马齿苋粉[86]和添加甜菜粉(3%和6%)或菊苣粉(3%和6%)[87]制备的鲜意大利面,多酚、色素和类胡萝卜素含量均提高,能够抑制α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,减少食物的吸收,减少血糖波动,具有一定的抗氧化、抗炎作用和降血糖的能力,pGI值分别为53、34、42以及44、42。Giuberti等[88]分别添加20%和40%新型豆粉(含有白籽低植酸和无凝集素的豆粉)制备的无麸质意大利面,RS含量增加,营养价值提高,对蒸煮损失和质构特性影响不大,pGI值分别降低到37和31,能够降低餐后血糖水平。这可能是因为豆粉中的淀粉结构与硬粒小麦粉不同,其直链淀粉含量高且颗粒尺寸较大,不易与酶接触,能够降低消化速度。此外,豆粉富含蛋白质和膳食纤维,形成物理性屏障阻碍淀粉酶作用,膳食纤维还可以增加肠道黏度,减缓葡萄糖吸收,多种因素协同降低pGI值。Krawęcka等[89]添加3%荨麻制备的意大利面,具有降低血糖、增加膳食纤维和矿物质含量以及降低淀粉水解指数等优点,eGI值为49.31。荨麻富含膳食纤维、黄酮类及酚类物质,能够抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,延缓葡萄糖吸收,从而辅助血糖调控。其他原料配方的意大利面的信息如表3所示。
低GI意大利面的加工技术非常丰富,传统的加工方式如图2所示[90]。采用先冷却再重新加热煮制含鹰嘴豆的意大利面,与烹调后立即食用相比,面中的RS含量增加,且不影响感官属性,GI值为33。这可能是因为烹饪时淀粉颗粒吸水膨胀发生糊化,淀粉分子的结晶结构被破坏,冷却时,淀粉分子重新结晶,形成RS。再加热不会完全逆转老化,仍保留较高的RS含量,降低食物的消化速度,控制餐后血糖上升[91]。此外,面条的物理结构对其eGI值也有影响。Sissons等[92]研究发现,由小粒径粗面粉(<180 μm)制备的意大利面,烹饪至有嚼劲时,细的粗小麦粉粒与面筋蛋白的相互作用更强且形成紧密的结构,有助于减少淀粉的消化。Suo等[93]进一步研究发现,当意大利面形状较小、面筋含量较高时,咀嚼时间短,表现出较低的eGI值(<55)。
总体而言,原辅料的科学添加和合理的加工工艺,为意大利面实现个性化健康功能提供了有效途径。这不仅改善了意大利面的营养特性和口感,还能针对不同人群的健康需求给出适合的方案。
近年来,除了低GI青稞、荞麦、藜麦、燕麦面条以及意大利面,研究人员还对低GI豆类面条进行研究。天然豆类淀粉比天然谷物淀粉更不易被消化吸收,RS和膳食纤维含量更高,能够降低淀粉消化速率,降低餐后血糖水平和胰岛素反应[99]
小米和绿豆中均富含蛋白质、脂质、碳水化合物、维生素及大量生物活性成分,经常食用小米有助于预防胆固醇代谢紊乱和Ⅱ型糖尿病,经常食用绿豆则能清热解毒、消暑利水,降血糖、预防癌症以及增强免疫调节活性[100101]。华燕菲[102]研究证明,在50%小米-绿豆(小米:绿豆=31:19,质量比)、10%谷朊粉、10%交联淀粉、0.5%食盐、8%鸡蛋的配方下制得的小米绿豆面条,营养价值高,感官评分可达90.03±1.42,GI值为48.94,适于糖尿病患者食用。周文达等[103]采用普鲁兰酶结合螺杆挤压工艺制备低GI绿豆面条,30%绿豆粉、4000 U/kg普鲁兰酶、酶解温度为55 ℃、酶解时间为40 min、物料水分为35%、螺杆挤压温度为120 ℃、螺杆挤压转速为80 r/min条件下所得的绿豆面条品质最佳,平均eGI值为48.2,具有抑制体内血糖波动的作用。在这个过程中,普鲁兰酶能够专一性剪切支链淀粉分支中的α-1,6糖苷键,增加直链淀粉含量,不易被淀粉酶水解,降低淀粉消化速度,使得eGI值下降。
鹰嘴豆不仅富含优质蛋白质、脂肪和微量元素,还含有很多活性物质,具有抗氧化、降血糖、抗疲劳、抗癌、预防心血管疾病等作用[104]。丁长河等[105]研究发现,与纯小麦面条相比,鹰嘴豆粉添加量大于50%制备而成的面条,可显著降低糖尿病大白鼠的餐后血糖水平,eGI值为54.46,较普通面条降低29.93[106]。Beniwal等[107]添加孟加拉鹰嘴豆和碎米制备的面条中总膳食纤维、可溶性膳食纤维和不溶性膳食纤维含量均显著增加,淀粉和糖含量降低,其GI值(45.78)显著低于对照面条(66.43),感官评分较高。
大豆中富含蛋白质和油脂,以及大量的活性次生代谢成分,如大豆异黄酮、大豆皂苷等,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌、预防心血管疾病、糖尿病以及缓解更年期症状等作用,特别适合中老年人和糖尿病患者食用[108]。Liang等[109]研究发现,在高筋挂面中添加20%的大豆分离蛋白,可提高挂面的蛋白质含量和水分含量,降低碳水化合物含量,GI值为48.63,有助于降低患心血管疾病的风险,但其感官评价得分较低。
综上,以绿豆、鹰嘴豆、大豆等富含膳食纤维、抗性淀粉和生物活性成分的豆类为主要原料,再结合酶解、挤压等加工方式,成功开发出多种营养丰富、具有显著降血糖效果且感官评价高的低GI豆类面条,为人们提供更健康、更多元的选择。
除了以上介绍的低GI面条,其他还有如海带香菇低GI面条、魔芋面条等,它们的主要原料、烹饪方法及GI值均不同,具体如表4所示。
低GI面条是一种以低血糖生成指数为主要特点的主食,具有对血糖水平影响较小、可预防心血管疾病发生、调节胰岛素水平、抗氧化、增强饱腹感等功能特点,已逐渐成为健康饮食的重要组成部分。本文从低GI面条的原辅料和加工方式入手,着重关注不同原料配比、面条中营养成分之间的交互作用(淀粉与蛋白质、脂质等)、淀粉颗粒大小、不同消化淀粉含量对GI值的影响机制;分析不同加工方式(挤压技术、冷冻挤压技术、磨粉技术、蒸汽预处理技术、蒸煮方式)对其蒸煮质构特性、感官评价以及餐后血糖反应等方面的影响。随着AI时代的到来,未来,低GI面条可从以下几个方面进一步发展:a.产品多样化:结合国家批准的药食同源名单,开发更多种类的低GI面条并优化其配比,在保证面条口感的同时,关注其与人体健康之间的关系,使其具有特定功能,以满足特定人群的需求;b.生产工艺创新:通过传感器自动化、全过程实时检测原辅料湿度、温度、压力、面团黏度等参数,结合机器学习模型自动调节工艺参数,优化生产状态,并将其与挤压技术、冷冻挤压技术、磨粉技术、冷冻干燥技术等联用,通过感知挤出压力、温度和速度,AI实时优化挤压参数,控制淀粉结构和面团密度,进一步提升面条的品质和营养价值;c.进一步深入研究原辅料配比和加工方式对GI值的影响机制,探究低GI面条影响人体血糖、胆固醇等的详细机理,结合临床试验,揭示低GI面条的生理学功能;d.个性化定制:消费者通过APP选择面条成分,再利用AI算法分析原料的营养数据、粉碎粒度、配比范围,实现自动优化配方,确保产品口感佳、营养均衡且GI值低,3D打印即时生产;e.深入探究食用方式对GI值的影响:分别研究面条与蛋白质、脂肪以及富含膳食纤维的蔬菜类食物搭配食用对GI值的影响,从延缓胃排空和淀粉吸收的角度解释其降低血糖的机理。从小众市场到大众消费,未来,低GI面条将成为更多家庭餐桌上的常客,为人类健康服务。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040408
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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    1.仲恺农业工程学院轻工食品学院,广东广州 510225
    2.仲恺农业工程学院,广东省岭南特色食品科学与技术重点实验室,广东广州 510225

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马亚(1988−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品加工,食品安全检测,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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