Article(id=1261343847355900351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060202, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750176000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657407845, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657407845, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657407845, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657407845, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=471, endPage=480, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343851491484102, articleId=1261343847355900351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Nisin Compounds Active Packaging Film in Food Preservation, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The combination of Nisin with active substances can broaden its antibacterial spectrum and endow the system with antioxidant capacity, thereby synergistically enhancing food preservation efficacy. Consequently, it attracted much attention in the field of food safety research. In particular, the construction of composite films using Nisin-based compounds as functional components through different film-forming methods (such as coating, casting, extrusion, and electrospinning, etc.) became a research hotspot in the field of food active packaging in recent years. This article begins with a brief introduction to Nisin and its antibacterial mechanism, followed by a comprehensive overview of the bioactive substances utilized in conjunction with Nisin and their synergistic effects. Then, the research progress of Nisin compounds active films in food preservation, specifically from the aspects of different film-forming techniques, is mainly reviewed. Furthermore, the limitations of the current research and the future development directions are summarized and discussed, with the expectation of providing a reference for the efficient application of Nisin in the field of food preservation.

, correspAuthors=Kun FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kun FENG, Huange ZHOU, Junwei WU, Jingxuan KANG, Rongzu NIE, Bo LI, Yongmei WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343860677009904, articleId=1261343847355900351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=乳酸链球菌素复配物活性包装膜在食品保鲜中的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)与活性物质复配可拓宽其抗菌谱、赋予体系抗氧化性,从而协同提升食品的防腐保鲜效果,因此在食品安全研究领域备受关注。特别地,以Nisin复配物为功能成分,通过不同成膜方法(涂膜法、流延法、挤出法和静电纺丝法等)构建复合膜,已成为近年来食品活性包装领域的研究热点。基于此,本文在简要介绍Nisin及其抗菌机制的基础上,主要概述了用于与Nisin复配的生物活性物质及其复配效果;进而,从不同成膜技术着手,重点综述了含有Nisin复配物的活性膜在食品保鲜中的研究进展;此外,总结和讨论了当前研究存在的局限性及未来的发展方向,以期为Nisin在食品防腐保鲜领域中的高效应用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=冯坤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
冯坤(1989−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:
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冯坤(1989−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:

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Reprint of: Microbial food safety in the 21st century: Emerging challenges and foodborne pathogenic bacteria[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2019, 84: 34−37., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261343916050210853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343847355900351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SOLTANI S, HAMMAMI R, COTTER P D, et al. Bacteriocins as a new generation of antimicrobials: Toxicity aspects and regulations[J]. 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Common types of active substances for Nisin compounding and their application effects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复配活性物质致病菌应用效果
多酚芝麻酚单增李斯特菌二者复配处理降低单增李斯特菌菌落数1.1~3.2 lg CFU/g,鱼片经处理72 h后保持原有色泽[11];二者复配在48 h内完全抑制受试菌生物膜形成[12]
丁香酚单增李斯特菌二者复配处理抑制莴苣表面单增李斯特菌菌落数2.5 lg CFU/cm2[13]
香芹酚单增李斯特菌二者复配处理对受试菌株具有协同抑菌性(FICI=0.375~0.500)[14]
百里香酚铜绿假单胞菌二者复配使微生物的生物膜减少64%和85%,具有联合防御食源性病原菌的潜力[15]
有机酸(盐)柠檬酸沙门氏菌二者复配处理延长甜樱桃保质期至第10 d[16]
苹果酸、乳酸和乙酸单增李斯特菌苹果酸与Nisin复配后协同超声处理使蘑菇中单增李斯特菌菌落数降低至小于1.48 lg CFU/g[17]
3-苯乳酸木糖乳杆菌、黄曲霉二者复配使用有效提升抑菌效果(对木糖乳杆菌、黄曲霉抑菌圈直径分别为17.51 mm和21.89 mm)[18]
柠檬酸钠单增李斯特菌二者复配处理降低鲜切番茄中微生物菌落数2.56~3.48 lg CFU/mL[19]
微生物代谢物ε-PL蜡样芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌二者复配对蜡样芽胞杆菌具有协同抑菌性(FICI=0.6)[20],对大肠杆菌具有叠加抑菌性(FICI=0.6)[21];复配处理对菠萝蜜具有更好的保鲜效果[22]
黏菌素鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌二者复配处理对受试菌株具有协同抑菌性(FICI=0.315)[23]
Buforin I枯草芽孢杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、米曲霉二者复配对微生物具有协同抑菌性(FICI=0.375)[24]
纳他霉素扩展青霉、麦角镰刀菌二者复配使奶酪表面微生物减少1 lg CFU/g[25]
精油牛至精油大肠杆菌、单增李斯特菌二者复配分别减少生菜中大肠杆菌和单增李斯特菌菌落数3.43和9.20 lg CFU/mL[26]
迷迭香精油脂环芽孢杆菌二者复配抑制橙汁中脂环芽孢杆菌的生长繁殖(24 h内85%微生物死亡或受损)[27]
罗勒精油大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌二者复配抗菌指数FICI=0.75,对微生物抑菌圈达80 mm,具有相加作用,优于二者的单独抑菌效果[28]
藿香精油单增李斯特菌二者复配处理降低单增李斯特菌菌落数超过7 lg CFU/mL[29]
化学合成物次氯酸钠粪肠球菌二者复配抑菌表现相加效应(FICI=0.504),具有较强抗生物膜作用[30]
纳米银颗粒大肠杆菌二者复配具有协同抗菌效果(FICI值<0.5),显著抑制革兰氏阴性菌生长[31]
纳米银偶联物大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌二者复配能够抑制受试菌生物被膜形成,拓宽未偶联抗菌剂的抗菌谱[32]
植物/微生物/动物提取物 花椒提取物大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌二者复配处理抑制微生物生长(菌落数减少0.7 lg CFU/g),延长冷鲜肉货架期[33]
葡萄籽提取物单增李斯特菌二者复配处理使单增李斯特菌菌落数减少1.7~1.9 lg CFU/g [34]
韭菜提取物金黄色葡萄球菌二者对金黄色葡萄球菌具有协同抑菌活性,可在25 ℃和4 ℃下贮藏8 d 期间有效延缓巴氏杀菌乳和草莓的腐败变质[35]
微藻提取物金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌、伤寒沙门氏菌Nisin与不同藻类提取物复配具有协同或相加作用,能够使冰淇淋中需氧细菌和真菌的数量减少了90%以上[36]
溶菌酶单增李斯特菌二者复配分别降低全脂牛奶和脱脂牛奶中单增李斯特菌菌落数为2 lg CFU/mL和5 lg CFU/mL[37]
噬菌体内溶酶单增李斯特菌二者复配100%抑制单增李斯特菌的生长繁殖,奶酪在28 d储藏期间未发现微生物增殖[38]
壳聚糖腐败希瓦氏菌、海藻希瓦氏菌相比于单一抗菌剂,二者复配能够显著抑制受试菌的增殖及生物被膜形成[39];相比与单一抗菌剂,复配组的罗非鱼香肠保鲜效果最好[40]
), ArticleFig(id=1261343912808013832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343847355900351, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见的Nisin复配活性物质种类及其应用效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复配活性物质致病菌应用效果
多酚芝麻酚单增李斯特菌二者复配处理降低单增李斯特菌菌落数1.1~3.2 lg CFU/g,鱼片经处理72 h后保持原有色泽[11];二者复配在48 h内完全抑制受试菌生物膜形成[12]
丁香酚单增李斯特菌二者复配处理抑制莴苣表面单增李斯特菌菌落数2.5 lg CFU/cm2[13]
香芹酚单增李斯特菌二者复配处理对受试菌株具有协同抑菌性(FICI=0.375~0.500)[14]
百里香酚铜绿假单胞菌二者复配使微生物的生物膜减少64%和85%,具有联合防御食源性病原菌的潜力[15]
有机酸(盐)柠檬酸沙门氏菌二者复配处理延长甜樱桃保质期至第10 d[16]
苹果酸、乳酸和乙酸单增李斯特菌苹果酸与Nisin复配后协同超声处理使蘑菇中单增李斯特菌菌落数降低至小于1.48 lg CFU/g[17]
3-苯乳酸木糖乳杆菌、黄曲霉二者复配使用有效提升抑菌效果(对木糖乳杆菌、黄曲霉抑菌圈直径分别为17.51 mm和21.89 mm)[18]
柠檬酸钠单增李斯特菌二者复配处理降低鲜切番茄中微生物菌落数2.56~3.48 lg CFU/mL[19]
微生物代谢物ε-PL蜡样芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌二者复配对蜡样芽胞杆菌具有协同抑菌性(FICI=0.6)[20],对大肠杆菌具有叠加抑菌性(FICI=0.6)[21];复配处理对菠萝蜜具有更好的保鲜效果[22]
黏菌素鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌二者复配处理对受试菌株具有协同抑菌性(FICI=0.315)[23]
Buforin I枯草芽孢杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、米曲霉二者复配对微生物具有协同抑菌性(FICI=0.375)[24]
纳他霉素扩展青霉、麦角镰刀菌二者复配使奶酪表面微生物减少1 lg CFU/g[25]
精油牛至精油大肠杆菌、单增李斯特菌二者复配分别减少生菜中大肠杆菌和单增李斯特菌菌落数3.43和9.20 lg CFU/mL[26]
迷迭香精油脂环芽孢杆菌二者复配抑制橙汁中脂环芽孢杆菌的生长繁殖(24 h内85%微生物死亡或受损)[27]
罗勒精油大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌二者复配抗菌指数FICI=0.75,对微生物抑菌圈达80 mm,具有相加作用,优于二者的单独抑菌效果[28]
藿香精油单增李斯特菌二者复配处理降低单增李斯特菌菌落数超过7 lg CFU/mL[29]
化学合成物次氯酸钠粪肠球菌二者复配抑菌表现相加效应(FICI=0.504),具有较强抗生物膜作用[30]
纳米银颗粒大肠杆菌二者复配具有协同抗菌效果(FICI值<0.5),显著抑制革兰氏阴性菌生长[31]
纳米银偶联物大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌二者复配能够抑制受试菌生物被膜形成,拓宽未偶联抗菌剂的抗菌谱[32]
植物/微生物/动物提取物 花椒提取物大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌二者复配处理抑制微生物生长(菌落数减少0.7 lg CFU/g),延长冷鲜肉货架期[33]
葡萄籽提取物单增李斯特菌二者复配处理使单增李斯特菌菌落数减少1.7~1.9 lg CFU/g [34]
韭菜提取物金黄色葡萄球菌二者对金黄色葡萄球菌具有协同抑菌活性,可在25 ℃和4 ℃下贮藏8 d 期间有效延缓巴氏杀菌乳和草莓的腐败变质[35]
微藻提取物金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌、伤寒沙门氏菌Nisin与不同藻类提取物复配具有协同或相加作用,能够使冰淇淋中需氧细菌和真菌的数量减少了90%以上[36]
溶菌酶单增李斯特菌二者复配分别降低全脂牛奶和脱脂牛奶中单增李斯特菌菌落数为2 lg CFU/mL和5 lg CFU/mL[37]
噬菌体内溶酶单增李斯特菌二者复配100%抑制单增李斯特菌的生长繁殖,奶酪在28 d储藏期间未发现微生物增殖[38]
壳聚糖腐败希瓦氏菌、海藻希瓦氏菌相比于单一抗菌剂,二者复配能够显著抑制受试菌的增殖及生物被膜形成[39];相比与单一抗菌剂,复配组的罗非鱼香肠保鲜效果最好[40]
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乳酸链球菌素复配物活性包装膜在食品保鲜中的研究进展
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冯坤 *, 1, 2, 3 , 周欢格 1 , 武俊伟 1 , 康婧璇 1 , 聂荣祖 1, 2, 3 , 李波 1, 2, 3 , 伍永梅 1, 2, 3
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(9): 471-480
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食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026, 47(9): 471-480
乳酸链球菌素复配物活性包装膜在食品保鲜中的研究进展
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冯坤*, 1, 2, 3 , 周欢格1, 武俊伟1, 康婧璇1, 聂荣祖1, 2, 3, 李波1, 2, 3, 伍永梅1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.郑州轻工业大学食品与生物工程学院,河南郑州 450001
  • 2.冷链食品加工与安全控制教育部重点实验室,河南郑州 450001
  • 3.河南省冷链食品质量安全控制重点实验室,河南郑州 450001
  • 冯坤(1989−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:

通讯作者:

冯坤(1989−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:
Research Progress of Nisin Compounds Active Packaging Film in Food Preservation
Kun FENG*, 1, 2, 3 , Huange ZHOU1, Junwei WU1, Jingxuan KANG1, Rongzu NIE1, 2, 3, Bo LI1, 2, 3, Yongmei WU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Processing and Safety Control (Zhengzhou University of Light Industry), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 3.Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060202
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乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)与活性物质复配可拓宽其抗菌谱、赋予体系抗氧化性,从而协同提升食品的防腐保鲜效果,因此在食品安全研究领域备受关注。特别地,以Nisin复配物为功能成分,通过不同成膜方法(涂膜法、流延法、挤出法和静电纺丝法等)构建复合膜,已成为近年来食品活性包装领域的研究热点。基于此,本文在简要介绍Nisin及其抗菌机制的基础上,主要概述了用于与Nisin复配的生物活性物质及其复配效果;进而,从不同成膜技术着手,重点综述了含有Nisin复配物的活性膜在食品保鲜中的研究进展;此外,总结和讨论了当前研究存在的局限性及未来的发展方向,以期为Nisin在食品防腐保鲜领域中的高效应用提供参考。

乳酸链球菌素  /  复配  /  成膜技术  /  活性包装  /  食品保鲜

The combination of Nisin with active substances can broaden its antibacterial spectrum and endow the system with antioxidant capacity, thereby synergistically enhancing food preservation efficacy. Consequently, it attracted much attention in the field of food safety research. In particular, the construction of composite films using Nisin-based compounds as functional components through different film-forming methods (such as coating, casting, extrusion, and electrospinning, etc.) became a research hotspot in the field of food active packaging in recent years. This article begins with a brief introduction to Nisin and its antibacterial mechanism, followed by a comprehensive overview of the bioactive substances utilized in conjunction with Nisin and their synergistic effects. Then, the research progress of Nisin compounds active films in food preservation, specifically from the aspects of different film-forming techniques, is mainly reviewed. Furthermore, the limitations of the current research and the future development directions are summarized and discussed, with the expectation of providing a reference for the efficient application of Nisin in the field of food preservation.

Nisin  /  compound  /  film-forming technology  /  active packaging  /  food preservation
冯坤, 周欢格, 武俊伟, 康婧璇, 聂荣祖, 李波, 伍永梅. 乳酸链球菌素复配物活性包装膜在食品保鲜中的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 471 -480 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060202
Kun FENG, Huange ZHOU, Junwei WU, Jingxuan KANG, Rongzu NIE, Bo LI, Yongmei WU. Research Progress of Nisin Compounds Active Packaging Film in Food Preservation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 471 -480 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060202
“民以食为天,食以安为先”。食品在生产、流通等过程中易受微生物污染,导致其质量降低、货架期缩短,甚至会引发食品安全问题[1]。随着大健康背景下消费者对食品安全的重视,如何在不影响营养与感官品质的前提下实现食品的防腐保鲜是当前亟需解决的重点问题。抗菌活性包装膜是近年来兴起的一种新型包装形式,通过膜中抗菌剂的释放,抑制微生物的生长繁殖,从而达到延长食品货架期的目的。特别地,相比于传统的无机抗菌剂,天然抗菌剂以其生物安全性高、来源广泛等优势而备受青睐。乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)是一种抗菌多肽,被WHO/FDA认证为天然食品防腐剂,现已被广泛用于肉制品及果蔬保鲜[23]。然而,直接将Nisin添加于食品中易影响其抗菌活性和食品品质。通过抗菌包装膜负载Nisin虽能解决上述问题,但Nisin主要作用于革兰氏阳性菌,Nisin抗菌膜往往无法有效应对复杂菌系引发的食品腐败问题。活性物质复配是解决上述问题的重要手段[4]。如图1所示,以Nisin及其复配物为活性成分,借助不同成膜技术构建活性包装材料应用前景广阔,是当前Nisin在食品保鲜研究领域的热点研究方向,然而目前相关综述报道较少。因此,本文在简要介绍Nisin及其抗菌机制的基础上,从复配物类型、复配物组成、复配物功能等方面总结和分析了用于与Nisin复配的生物活性物质及其复配效果,重点综述了基于不同成膜技术的Nisin复配物活性包装膜在食品防腐保鲜中的研究进展。
Nisin是由34个氨基酸组成的阳离子多肽,目前其主要有A、B、C、D、E、Z和Q七种类型。其中研究最多的是A型和Z型,二者在组成上只有第27位氨基酸残基不同,即A型为组氨酸残基,而Z型为天冬酰胺残基[5]。研究表明,Nisin能够抑制金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、单增李斯特菌、嗜热链球菌等大部分革兰氏阳性菌的生长和繁殖,特别是对芽孢的抑制作用明显[6]。然而Nisin对革兰氏阴性菌、霉菌以及酵母菌的抑制作用有限。基于此,当前的研究主要聚焦于Nisin复配来弥补其抗菌谱窄的缺陷,提升防腐保鲜效果。为全面强化Nisin在食品保鲜领域的应用,首先需要明确Nisin的抗菌机制。前期,国内外对Nisin的抗菌机制进行了广泛的研究,但目前尚未形成统一定论。如图2所示,现有机制的研究包括以下三个方面:a.基因转录抑制。Nisin通过阻碍细菌(如金黄色葡萄球菌)关键功能基因的转录,抑制其生长繁殖[7];b.细胞膜酶反应。Nisin分子结构中的关键活性基团脱氢丙氨酸或β-甲基脱氢丙氨酸(DHA/DHB)与细菌细胞膜上含硫醇(-SH)的酶或蛋白发生共价结合,导致某些细菌产生抗性突变及细胞内容物流出并裂解[8];c.孔道理论。Nisin在细胞膜上形成孔道,使小分子物质外流,破坏细胞稳态。从分子动力学角度的“孔道理论”最受关注与认同,其核心是Nisin通过“楔形”模型和脂质Ⅱ依赖模型两种途径在细胞膜上形成孔道[9]。孔道理论从分子动力学角度揭示了Nisin的快速杀菌机制,尤其是脂质Ⅱ结合模式兼具“破坏膜完整性”和“抑制细胞壁合成”的双重作用[10]。综上,Nisin的抗菌机制可能是多途径协同的结果,未来可聚焦于不同机制的协同效应,或针对特定细菌(如耐药菌)的靶向应用,多角度深入探讨和研究Nisin的抗菌机制。
针对Nisin抗菌谱较窄这一问题,将其与其他抗菌活性物质进行复配,是实现食品长时保鲜的关键策略。近年来,研究者主要从复配物种类、复配物数量、复配物功效三方面对Nisin复配物的食品防腐保鲜效果展开研究。
随着Nisin复配保鲜研究的不断深入,参与Nisin复配的活性物质类型也逐渐增多,主要的活性物质包括多酚、有机酸(盐)、细菌素、精油、化学合成物、其它提取物等。表1列出了Nisin复配的常用的活性物质种类及复配效果。相比于化学合成物抗菌剂,研究者更倾向使用多酚、细菌素、精油等天然抗菌剂与Nisin进行复配来提升防腐保鲜效果。多酚类化合物能够通过破坏细胞壁和细胞膜、抑制蛋白和核酸合成等,进而诱导细菌死亡[41]。Dai等[42]将茶多酚与Nisin和壳聚糖复配,对比研究该复配体系对植物肉的保鲜特性。与对照样品的保质期相比,复配体系能够有效抑制微生物生长,使植物肉产品保质期延长至56 d。有机酸是含有酸性基团(如羧基或磺酸基)的天然碳基化合物,其未解离的分子因脂溶性可穿透微生物细胞膜,进入细胞后在中性环境中解离并释放H+,降低胞内pH,从而破坏酶活性和代谢功能,实现抗菌作用。Guo等[43]将Nisin与柠檬酸复配使用,探究其协同抗菌作用。相比于Nisin,复配体系对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制率分别提升4.43倍和1.49倍。细菌素是由细菌代谢产生的抗菌物质,主要对同种或近缘种细菌具有抑制作用,其化学结构多为多肽、蛋白质或其复合物。杨立娜等[44]将Nisin与纳他霉素复配应用于干豆腐保鲜。在37 ℃条件下储藏3 d后,空白对照组和Nisin处理组的菌落总数均已超过国家非发酵性豆制品的标准临界值(5.0 lg CFU/g)。然而,复配体系能够显著抑制微生物的增殖,有效延长干豆腐的储藏期至3 d,且不影响产品的感官品质。精油主要含醛类、酚类和含氧萜类化合物等[45]。作为疏水性天然抗菌剂,它能渗透细菌细胞膜磷脂双分子层,破坏其结构,还能与细菌内关键成分如酶、转运蛋白或信号分子结合抑制生长[46]。Liu等[47]研究Nisin与ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)和八角茴香精油复配体系对肴肉的防腐保鲜效果。结果发现在20 d储藏期内,经复合抗菌剂处理的样品总菌落数在第16 d时才达到食品安全上限(4 lg CFU/g),较对照组货架期延长了8 d。
根据参与Nisin复配的活性物质的数量,可将复配体系分为二元复配体系、三元复配体系等。现有研究中以二元复配体系最为常见,如表1所示。此外,三元和多元复配体系在食品保鲜中被证实具有更显著的优势[48]。比如,Verdi等[49]研究发现,Nisin、乳酸菌素AL750与山梨酸钾组成的三元复合抗菌体系能协同增强对单增李斯特菌的抗菌效果,并显著延长Sardo硬奶酪的货架期。相较于Nisin/山梨酸钾二元体系,三元体系中Nisin和山梨酸钾的用量明显降低,同时在15 ℃储藏条件下可使Sardo硬奶酪的总菌落数降低7 lg CFU/g。刘苗苗等[50]研究发现,Nisin与ε-PL、壳聚糖联用对卤牛肉中的假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和溶酪大球菌均具有较高的抑制作用。在此基础上,进一步以纳他霉素作为抗真菌剂进行复配。结果发现Nisin与多种抗菌剂联合制备的多元复配物用于托盘包装卤牛肉,可使其冷藏货架期延长至7 d。此外,与单纯Nisin相比,Nisin复配不但能够拓展抗菌谱,获得较好的抗菌保鲜效果,而且也能降低单组分抗菌物质的添加量,从而有望实现更大的经济收益[51]
含脂类食品(如肉品)在储藏过程中的腐败变质主要由微生物污染和油脂氧化两个因素引起。因此,Nisin在用于此类食品保鲜时,不仅存在抗菌谱窄的问题,也无法解决因氧化导致的食品腐败。鉴于此,除了采用具有单一抗菌活性的复配物外,兼具抗菌和抗氧化活性的功能性物质是更加理想的Nisin复配物。多酚和精油是最典型的抗菌/抗氧化活性物质,以此与Nisin复配能够赋予体系较好的抗氧化性,进而提升保鲜效果。比如,陈旋等[52]将茶多酚与Nisin复配制备复合涂膜剂,研究其对澳洲坚果仁储藏稳定性的影响。结果表明该复配体系的DPPH自由基清除率可达87.11%,羟基自由基清除率最高达100%,能够通过有效抑制脂质氧化来延缓坚果酸价上升。王欣等[53]将Nisin与迷迭香精油复配后掺入明胶/壳聚糖薄膜溶液制备活性膜,研究其对花蛤的保鲜效果。相较于仅含Nisin的薄膜,复配物膜的DPPH自由基清除率提升至69.66%,这得益于迷迭香精油中富含的酚酸和萜类化合物的强抗氧化作用。除了脂质抗氧化外,杜津[54]将柚子精油微胶囊与Nisin复配,用于探究其对鲜切苹果的保鲜效果。在储藏期间,鲜切苹果表面因氧化而产生褐变,其程度可以通过褐变指数(BI)来量化表示。储藏2周后,空白对照组中鲜切苹果的BI接近140,仅使用柚子精油微胶囊处理的鲜切苹果BI接近90。这是由于精油中的醛类等化合物在一定条件下可以转化为具抗氧化活性的脂肪族醇类物质,从而抑制多酚氧化酶活性,减缓褐变[55]。更为显著的是,Nisin与柚子精油微胶囊复配组处理的苹果,其BI仅为75,这表明Nisin与柚子精油微胶囊的联合使用在抑制鲜切苹果褐变方面具有更佳的效果。
当Nisin及其复配物直接添加到食品中或涂覆于食品表面时,可能会与食品中的蛋白质、脂肪等成分发生相互作用,从而导致其抗菌活性降低,难以实现长效抗菌效果[56]。为解决这一问题,活性包装技术应运而生。该技术通过将活性物质与聚合物材料相结合,制成薄膜或涂层,用于食品的防腐保鲜。目前,用于制备Nisin及其复配物活性包装膜的主要技术包括涂膜法、流延法、挤压法和静电纺丝法等。
涂膜法是将成膜基材与活性成分、助剂等混合制成膜液,随后在食品表面或内部进行浸渍、涂布或喷洒的保鲜技术。当成膜液干燥后,会形成一层致密的涂层薄膜。相较于其他活性包装技术,涂膜法可直接在食品表面一步成膜,具备操作简便、使用便捷等优势。特别地,该技术一般选用以多糖为主体的天然生物材料(如多糖、蛋白质等)来制备可食用涂膜。比如,商立超等[57]将Nisin与抗坏血酸复配,然后与卡拉胶混合制成涂膜液,该涂膜能够减少双孢蘑菇子实体储藏期的腐烂失重率,有效延长采后双孢蘑菇的储藏期至8 d。李晨等[58]以明胶和壳聚糖作为涂膜基材,将Nisin与荞麦胰蛋白酶抑制剂(BTI)复配后掺入其中,应用于鲈鱼鱼糜的保鲜处理。研究表明,该复配保鲜剂能显著抑制微生物生长、延缓脂质氧化和蛋白质分解,并降低蒸煮损失率。且BTI可增强Nisin抑制蛋白酶的抗性和稳定性,最终将鱼糜的冷藏货架期从4 d延长至7 d。
除成膜基材外,活性物质同样是决定涂膜保鲜效果的关键因素,主要包括多酚、有机酸、细菌素、精油等。通过将Nisin与这些活性物质联合使用,并在食品表面形成涂层,能够有效拓宽其抗菌谱,延长食品货架期。比如,Eldib等[59]以壳聚糖作为成膜基质和抗菌剂,与Nisin及二氧化硅纳米粒子构建三元复合涂膜应用于采摘后蓝莓。结果发现,该涂层能够显著降低蓝莓表面霉菌和嗜温菌总数。相较于壳聚糖/纳米二氧化硅二元体系,三元复合涂膜进一步提升了蓝莓的储藏稳定性。Cao等[60]将Nisin与壳聚糖、没食子酸复配涂膜,探究对猪里脊肉抗氧化保鲜效果。结果显示,相比于Nisin/壳聚糖涂膜组,经过没食子酸复配的Nisin/壳聚糖涂膜组样品储藏20 d后的TBARS值显著降低,猪里脊肉储藏期延长5 d。
从适用食品种类来看,目前基于Nisin复配物涂膜保鲜的食品以果蔬和肉品为主。比如,Song等[61]利用涂膜法将Nisin与ε-PL复配,研究其对鲜切胡萝卜品质的影响。结果显示,与空白组相比,复配组能够抑制呼吸速率,减少酵母菌、霉菌、大肠杆菌和假单胞菌数量,保持抗坏血酸和总酚含量,使得4 ℃下第9 d时仍低于腐败水平。侯晓卫等[62]采用Nisin/壳聚糖/多酚复合涂膜处理冷鲜牦牛肉。该复合涂膜通过抑制蛋白质腐败和脂肪氧化,有效降低硫代巴比妥酸值,从而延长其保鲜期。此外,相关研究还证实了Nisin与茶多酚、ε-聚赖氨酸盐酸盐和抗坏血酸等成分复配涂膜可显著改善卤蛋与锥栗的感官品质,并有效提高其储藏稳定性[6364]
流延法,即溶液浇铸法,是食品活性包装膜研究的常用方法。该方法先将生物可降解聚合物溶解,与其他助剂混合制成均匀的混合溶液。然后,将溶液浇铸到成型模具中,随着溶剂的挥发,溶液逐渐固化并形成致密的薄膜[65]。流延法与成膜法的共同点都是将基材与活性物质混合成膜液,不同之处在于流延法是涂膜到模具上形成独立的薄膜。因此,基于Nisin复配的流延膜所采用的复配物种类与涂膜法相类似,目前主要包括天然活性物质[66]和合成化合物[67]。比如,Kaewprachu等[68]以明胶为成膜基材,将儿茶素和Nisin作为二元复配物构建流延膜,并研究了其对肉糜的保鲜效果。与单纯的Nisin膜相比,含有Nisin/儿茶素的二元复合膜在抑制微生物生长和脂质氧化方面具有明显优势,能够有效延长肉糜的保质期1~4 d。谢闰生等[69]将纳米银(AgNPs)加入到果胶溶液中绿色合成果胶基纳米银,通过加入Nisin复配,最终制备得到Nisin@果胶-AgNPs偶联物溶液,并通过流延法制备Nisin@果胶-AgNPs复合薄膜。结果表明,相较于单一的果胶-AgNPs薄膜,Nisin@果胶-AgNPs复合薄膜具有更高的抗菌活性。此外,Wu等[70]采用流延法将Nisin与红甘蓝提取物(RCA)固定在支链淀粉和壳聚糖复合成膜基质中,制备出兼具抗菌-抗氧化功能的智能活性膜。RCA的加入有效弥补了Nisin抗菌谱较窄的缺陷,同时赋予薄膜抗氧化功能。该复合薄膜具有独特的pH响应变色特性,能够通过颜色变化直观地反映鲈鱼在储藏过程中的新鲜度变化。
与涂膜法相比,流延膜作为一种独立的膜材,其基材的选择更具灵活性,同时流延膜的应用方式也更具多样性。除了单纯以天然聚合物为基材,Chang等[71]以合成聚合物聚乳酸和壳聚糖为基材构建负载Nisin和EDTA的复合流延膜,该复合膜中抗菌剂复配联用可以拓宽Nisin抗菌谱,显著提升复合膜对石斑鱼的长时保鲜效果。此外,除了传统的单层膜,Luciano等[72]采用流延法在两层明胶膜之间加入了皮坦加叶氢乙醇提取物和Nisin,制备得到抗菌复合膜。该复合膜对金黄色葡萄球菌和单增李斯特菌均表现出良好的抗菌性。与相同厚度的单层膜相比,制备该双层膜时抗菌剂的添加量减少三分之二,有效降低食品活性包装的成本。另外,流延膜不仅可以单独使用,还可以与传统的包装基材结合使用,以发挥更好的保鲜效果。例如,Cheng等[73]将负载Nisin的羧甲基壳聚糖流延膜与聚乙烯薄膜贴合,研究了这种新型食品包装膜对刺梨的保鲜效果。结果表明,该包装膜的抗菌效果显著优于未添加Nisin的薄膜,能够显著延长刺梨的保鲜期达28 d。
挤压法制备薄膜根据制作工艺的不同,主要分为挤压成型法和挤压吹制法。目前以该类技术构建Nisin复配活性包装膜的研究相对较少。挤压成型法是将成膜基材与活性成分共混,通过螺杆挤出机加热搅拌,直至全部融化为可流动的粘性熔融态。随后,利用螺旋杆将熔融态物料推送至出料端(模具或固定形状喷嘴),从而制成所需大小和厚度的薄膜[74]。Lopresti等[75]采用挤压成型法将Nisin与香芹酚等比例掺入生物聚合物基质中,制备可降解抗菌膜。通过研究抗菌剂的释放规律,评估该膜用于食品活性包装的潜力。结果表明,膜中抗菌剂的释放呈现突释、缓释和停滞释放三个阶段。复合膜的抗菌作用主要依赖于香芹酚的释放。
相比于挤压成型法,挤压吹制法是制备负载热稳定性抗菌剂的活性薄膜的理想方法。该方法将活性成分、成膜基材、塑化改性剂、成膜剂按配比在高速混合机混匀,经单/双螺杆挤出造粒、脱泡吹膜、定型处理得到薄膜[76]。对比其它成膜方法,挤压吹制法成膜温度高,需避免用强挥发性物质。Gao等[77]研究了Nisin和ε-PL两种商用抗菌素的协同作用,并采用挤压吹制法制备了淀粉/聚己二酸丁二醇酯抗菌膜。研究结果表明,添加了Nisin和ε-PL的复合膜对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌率超过90%,从而能够有效延长鲜桃的储藏期。除了负载天然活性物质外,也有研究将Nisin与合成物质复配用于食品保鲜。例如,Diblan等[78]将Nisin与山梨酸钾、壳聚糖以及银替代沸石进行复配,并采用吹制法得到一种活性多层膜,并将其用于Kasar奶酪的保鲜。与空白对照膜相比,这种活性薄膜能够将具备不同功能特性的聚合物进行组合,能够有效抑制霉菌的滋生,显著延长Kasar奶酪的保质期,在食品保鲜领域展现出良好的应用前景。
近年来,纳米材料因其独特的结构特性在活性物质稳态化及控释领域备受关注。静电纺丝技术凭借设备简单、操作方便、条件温和,所得微/纳米材料控释性好等优势,成为食品活性包装研究的热点。静电纺丝装置主要由电源、注射泵、喷头和接收板组成[79]。根据喷头结构及纤维结构的不同,静电纺丝可分为单轴、同轴及三轴静电纺丝[80]。目前,该技术多用于制备负载Nisin单一抗菌剂的纤维膜。通过单轴、同轴、三轴静电纺丝制得的Nisin纤维膜对金黄色葡萄球菌等革兰氏阳性菌展现出良好的抗菌活性,且能有效控释Nisin,延长食品保质期[8182]。然而,基于Nisin构建的纤维膜抗菌谱较窄,防腐保鲜效果仍存在局限性。因此,以Nisin复配物为活性成分构建活性包装材料,成为该领域的重点研究方向。
单轴静电纺丝是最简单的静电纺丝方法。该方法首先将活性物质溶解于天然或合成聚合物基材中制成纺丝液,然后借助单轴喷头制备负载活性物质的单层结构纳米纤维[8384]。比如,Wang等[85]利用单轴静电纺丝技术将Nisin与氧化锆(ZrO2)负载于聚乙烯醇/小麦面筋蛋白(WG)制得的Nisin-PVA/WG/ZrO2纤维膜中,探究二者对纳米纤维膜形貌及其抗菌效果的影响。当Nisin和ZrO2添加量分别为6wt%和8wt%时,纤维膜平均直径最均匀。抑菌及释放实验结果表明,该纤维膜对金黄色葡萄球菌具有较好的抗菌效果(抑菌圈直径26.6 mm),且纤维膜对Nisin和ZrO2的控释效果更好,Nisin从纳米纤维中的释放符合Fickian扩散模型。此外,Meral等[86]将Nisin和姜黄素共封装于PVA单轴纳米纤维中。经该纳米纤维膜处理后,虹鳟鱼片总嗜酸性好氧菌菌落数降低2.30 lg CFU/g,乳酸菌菌落数降低3.79 lg CFU/g。此外,姜黄素复配赋予该纤维膜抗氧化作用,能够有效延缓鱼片氧化变质,使其保质期延长至12 d。Pleva等[87]将丁香酚、百里香酚与Nisin复配加入玉米醇溶蛋白/聚乙二醇纺丝体系中,构建负载三元复配物的抗菌纳米纤维膜。丁香酚和百里香酚复配能够显著增强该抗菌膜对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果,有效弥补了Nisin对革兰氏阴性菌抗菌性不足的缺陷。
单轴静电纺丝是构建Nisin复配食品活性包装膜的常见方法,但存在生物活性物质突释等问题,进而会影响其长效保鲜效果[88]。为解决这一问题,研究者采用同轴静电纺丝技术将Nisin与其它复配活性物质共负载到具有核壳结构的纳米纤维中。比如,Duan等[89]将羧甲基壳聚糖和Nisin复配制成纳米凝胶,负载于同轴纤维芯层,研究纤维膜对鲈鱼的品质保鲜效果。与空白组相比,抗菌纤维膜能够显著抑制革兰氏阳性菌数量和鲈鱼中微生物的生长,使得鲈鱼保质期从9 d延长至15 d。此外,借助同轴静电纺丝技术还可以在纤维核层和壳层分别负载不同生物活性物质,有望实现活性物质的缓控释放。例如,Tajfiroozeh等[90]采用同轴静电纺丝技术制备了以壳聚糖/聚氧化乙烯(CS/PEO)为基材的核/壳结构纤维膜,其中芯层负载没食子酸(GA),壳层负载Nisin。研究结果表明,单纯的CS/PEO纤维膜几乎不具备抗菌和抗氧化活性。而仅负载Nisin的纤维膜虽有一定的抗菌效果,但效果较弱,且Nisin的加入对纤维膜的抗氧化活性提升贡献甚微。然而,引入GA后,纤维膜的拉伸强度和抗氧化能力显著增强,GA/Nisin/CS/PEO复合膜的DPPH自由基清除率可高达90%。此外,该复合膜中的GA和Nisin均展现出良好的缓释特性,GA的缓释周期为12~20 d,Nisin的缓释周期为30~60 d。因此,使用该活性膜能够为食品的长时防腐保鲜提供重要保障。
本综述深度剖析了Nisin复配抗菌保鲜领域的研究现状,明确了其在食品保鲜中的优势与挑战。Nisin作为一种天然生物防腐剂,对革兰氏阳性菌具有显著的抑制效果,且安全性高,使其在食品保鲜领域备受关注。然而,当前研究仍存在诸多不足。首先,Nisin的抗菌机制尚未完全明确,限制了复配体系的精准设计。其次,Nisin抗菌膜在实际应用中存在抗菌剂释放不理想的问题,缺乏对Nisin释放与保鲜效果之间关联的系统性分析,导致保鲜效果难以充分发挥。此外,从基材和成膜技术角度出发的缓控释活性膜研究虽有进展,但仍有待完善,以实现更高效、更持久的抗菌保鲜效果。因此,未来Nisin复配保鲜的研究应聚焦于以下几个关键方向:a.深入研究Nisin的抗菌机制,借助基因编辑、蛋白质组学等先进生物技术手段,解析Nisin与微生物细胞的相互作用,明确其关键作用靶点和作用途径,为复配体系的合理设计提供坚实的理论基础;b.加强Nisin抗菌膜中抗菌剂释放与保鲜效果关联的研究,优化抗菌膜的配方和制备工艺,实现Nisin的缓控释放,提高保鲜效果的可控性;c.从基材和成膜技术角度出发,进一步探索新型缓控释活性膜的制备方法。开发具有良好生物相容性、机械性能和缓控释功能的基材,结合静电纺丝、层层自组装等先进成膜技术,制备出性能优异的Nisin缓控释抗菌膜。综上,通过上述研究方向的持续探索与推进,不断推动Nisin复配抗菌保鲜技术的创新发展,为食品保鲜领域提供更加高效、安全、环保的解决方案,助力食品行业的可持续发展。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060202
  • 接收时间:2025-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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    1.郑州轻工业大学食品与生物工程学院,河南郑州 450001
    2.冷链食品加工与安全控制教育部重点实验室,河南郑州 450001
    3.河南省冷链食品质量安全控制重点实验室,河南郑州 450001

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冯坤(1989−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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