Article(id=1261343846416396626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657407621, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657407621, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657407621, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657407621, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=248, endPage=257, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343847406252377, articleId=1261343846416396626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Enzymatic Preparation and Activity Analysis of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Peptide from Chlorella pyrenoidosa, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Exploring the xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory peptide from Chlorella pyrenoidosa could provide a scientific basis for hyperuricemia prevention and treatment strategies, and promote the comprehensive utilization of microalgal protein resources. In this study, Chlorella pyrenoidosa was used as the raw material to extract proteins. With the XOD inhibition rate and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) as evaluation indicators, the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were optimized through single-factor and response surface experiments. Based on this, further analysis of XOD inhibitory peptide was conducted. The results showed that papain was the most suitable protease, and the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were pH7.0, hydrolysis temperature 48.0 ℃, hydrolysis time 4.0 h, enzyme dosage 2000 U/g, and substrate concentration 10 mg/mL. Under these conditions, the theoretical inhibition rate was 73.78%, and the actual inhibition rate reached 71.56%±0.51%. The amino acid composition of Chlorella pyrenoidosa XOD inhibitory peptide was reasonable, with essential amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids, and basic amino acids accounting for 43.17%, 45.07%, and 14.15% of the total, respectively. Additionally, they exhibited moderate stability under gastrointestinal digestion conditions, but their inhibitory activity decreased significantly under high temperature or strong acid/alkaline conditions. They were also relatively sensitive to metal ions such as Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Mg2+. The relative molecular mass mainly concentrated below 1 kDa, and the ultrafiltered fraction with a molecular weight <3 kDa showed the highest XOD inhibitory activity, with an IC50 of (5.23±0.68) mg/mL. This study provides a theoretical reference for the development and utilization of food-derived uric acid-lowering peptides.

, correspAuthors=Shanshan WANG, Yong XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei ZANG, Rong CAO, Guohui SUN, Ling ZHAO, Shanshan WANG, Yong XUE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343864519012796, articleId=1261343846416396626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=蛋白核小球藻黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制肽的酶法制备及活性分析, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

挖掘蛋白核小球藻肽对黄嘌呤氧化酶(Xanthine oxidase,XOD)的抑制活性,能够为高尿酸血症的预防和治疗策略提供科学依据,并有助于促进微藻资源的综合利用。本研究选取蛋白核小球藻为原料提取蛋白,以黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制率和水解度(Degree of hydrolysis,DH)为评估指标,通过单因素和响应面试验优化最佳酶解工艺条件,并对XOD抑制肽进行深入分析。结果显示,木瓜蛋白酶为最适蛋白酶,最佳酶解条件为pH7.0,酶解温度48.0 ℃,酶解时间4.0 h,加酶量2000 U/g,底物浓度10 mg/mL。此时理论抑制率为73.78%,实际抑制率达71.56%±0.51%。蛋白核小球藻XOD抑制肽在氨基酸组成上模式合理,必需氨基酸、疏水性氨基酸及碱性氨基酸的含量分别为43.17%、45.07%和14.15%。该肽表现出较好的胃肠道消化稳定性,但在高温和强酸、强碱性条件下抑制能力下降,对Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu2+和Mg2+等金属离子较为敏感。该肽相对分子质量主要集中于1 kDa以下,超滤得到的<3 kDa组分XOD抑制活性最高,其IC50为(5.23±0.68)mg/mL。本研究食源性降尿酸肽的开发利用提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=王珊珊, 薛勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王珊珊(1984−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:水产品精深加工,E-mail:
薛勇(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bl8Bh9rmAxgLdZtZQpfDMQ==, magXml=zbvQ4q4mkkpwnlYOB2XrDg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5o4iStXHJizHz6zpZuVoIw==, pdfFileSize=3470732, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Dn64FHU83toGRB7ZreM74g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=B6Cbb14IsnZkwMqh4ToUyg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

臧薇(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:

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Verification of antioxidant activity, stability evaluation, and mechanism analysis of yak bone collagen peptide[J]. 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Food & Function, 2024, 15(11): 5714−5736., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261343865802469839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343865987019217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, companyId=1261343865802469839, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343866146402771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, companyId=1261343865802469839, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261343868159668701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343868184834527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, companyId=1261343868159668701, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343868256137696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, companyId=1261343868159668701, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东青岛 266071)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261343904398455630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of protease types on the XOD inhibitory rate and DH, figureFileSmall=y0CaxNMoyv+CJgzLpkCsfg==, figureFileBig=Dn64FHU83toGRB7ZreM74g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343905744827229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=CN, label=图1, caption=蛋白酶种类对XOD抑制率和水解度的影响

注:不同字母表示同一指标间差异显著(P<0.05),图2图4图5同。

, figureFileSmall=y0CaxNMoyv+CJgzLpkCsfg==, figureFileBig=Dn64FHU83toGRB7ZreM74g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343909217710967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different enzymatic conditions on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, figureFileSmall=24VymMqOWGfFr7UF9C1guA==, figureFileBig=oJyV0HNG2bTmEhP46+63Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343910723466113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同酶解条件对蛋白核小球藻酶解效果的影响, figureFileSmall=24VymMqOWGfFr7UF9C1guA==, figureFileBig=oJyV0HNG2bTmEhP46+63Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343913185522567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of interaction of various factors on the XOD inhibition rate, figureFileSmall=vBwU+mbbfdff/xuhj41Rog==, figureFileBig=GRUFRVdIsU2zHF+xVfjl+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343914217321361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各因素交互作用对XOD抑制率的影响, figureFileSmall=vBwU+mbbfdff/xuhj41Rog==, figureFileBig=GRUFRVdIsU2zHF+xVfjl+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343914955518873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different temperature, pH, mental ions, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the stability of Chlorella pyrenoidosa XOD inhibitory peptide, figureFileSmall=O24gnsOCTgHEy3AzuyN8/Q==, figureFileBig=2KtiXXDroOo9JqvYKhBDYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343917841200037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同温度、pH、金属离子以及胃肠模拟消化对蛋白核小球藻XOD抑制肽稳定性的影响, figureFileSmall=O24gnsOCTgHEy3AzuyN8/Q==, figureFileBig=2KtiXXDroOo9JqvYKhBDYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343918696838057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Activity of different ultrafiltration components, figureFileSmall=5yomJLMcuo5osg2i0BSbVw==, figureFileBig=dJpGTf6Luf3IkfaF0Hy2Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343920311645109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同超滤组分活性, figureFileSmall=5yomJLMcuo5osg2i0BSbVw==, figureFileBig=dJpGTf6Luf3IkfaF0Hy2Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343921754485690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Response surface factors and horizontal design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A酶解温度(℃)B酶解时间(h)C酶解pH
−14536.5
05047.0
15557.5
), ArticleFig(id=1261343922492683202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面因素和水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A酶解温度(℃)B酶解时间(h)C酶解pH
−14536.5
05047.0
15557.5
), ArticleFig(id=1261343923365098441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design and results of response surface experimental

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A酶解温度B酶解时间C酶解pHY XOD抑制率(%)试验号A酶解温度B酶解时间C酶解pHY XOD抑制率(%)
1−1−1072.821000073.74
2−10−158.871100070.32
3−10168.101200073.11
4−11766.001300074.73
50−1−156.02141−1062.06
60−1164.721510−156.28
701−160.071610164.74
801168.591711068.54
900072.57
), ArticleFig(id=1261343926066230228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A酶解温度B酶解时间C酶解pHY XOD抑制率(%)试验号A酶解温度B酶解时间C酶解pHY XOD抑制率(%)
1−1−1072.821000073.74
2−10−158.871100070.32
3−10168.101200073.11
4−11766.001300074.73
50−1−156.02141−1062.06
60−1164.721510−156.28
701−160.071610164.74
801168.591711068.54
900072.57
), ArticleFig(id=1261343926645044191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Variance analysis of regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方FP显著性
注:*表示显著差异(P<0.05),**表示极显著差异(P<0.01)。
模型586.28965.1422.730.0002**
A(酶解温度)25.10125.108.760.0211*
B(酶解时间)7.1817.182.510.1575
C(酶解pH)152.341152.3453.150.0002**
AB44.22144.2215.430.0057**
AC0.148210.14820.05170.8266
BC0.008110.00810.00280.9591
36.54136.5412.750.0091**
28.32128.329.880.0163*
266.171266.1792.86<0.0001**
残差20.0672.87
失拟项9.2033.071.130.4373不显著
纯误差10.8642.72
总和606.3516
), ArticleFig(id=1261343927928501226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方FP显著性
注:*表示显著差异(P<0.05),**表示极显著差异(P<0.01)。
模型586.28965.1422.730.0002**
A(酶解温度)25.10125.108.760.0211*
B(酶解时间)7.1817.182.510.1575
C(酶解pH)152.341152.3453.150.0002**
AB44.22144.2215.430.0057**
AC0.148210.14820.05170.8266
BC0.008110.00810.00280.9591
36.54136.5412.750.0091**
28.32128.329.880.0163*
266.171266.1792.86<0.0001**
残差20.0672.87
失拟项9.2033.071.130.4373不显著
纯误差10.8642.72
总和606.3516
), ArticleFig(id=1261343929128072177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Amino acid composition of Chlorella pyrenoidosa XOD inhibitory peptide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目相对百分含量(%)
注:必需氨基酸:Lys、Phe、Met、Thr、Ile、Leu、Val和Trp;疏水性氨基酸:Trp、Phe、Val、Ile、Leu、Ala、Pro和Met;碱性氨基酸:Lys、His和Arg;芳香族氨基酸:Tyr、Phe和Trp。
天冬氨酸(Asp)10.57±0.22
苏氨酸(Thr)5.38±0.25
丝氨酸(Ser)3.23±0.34
谷氨酸(Glu)11.56±0.10
甘氨酸(Gly)5.64±0.15
丙氨酸(Ala)8.53±0.33
胱氨酸(Cys)0.56±0.00
缬氨酸(Val)7.80±0.04
蛋氨酸(Met)2.13±0.67
异亮氨酸(Ile)5.40±0.01
亮氨酸(Leu)9.88±0.06
酪氨酸(Tyr)3.83±0.08
苯丙氨酸(Phe)5.47±0.07
赖氨酸(Lys)5.92±0.11
组氨酸(His)1.79±0.04
精氨酸(Arg)6.44±0.01
脯氨酸(Pro)4.67±0.24
色氨酸 (Trp)1.18±0.31
必需氨基酸(EAA)43.17±3.62
疏水性氨基酸(HAA)45.07±0.78
碱性氨基酸(BAA)14.15±0.05
芳香族氨基酸(AAA)10.49±0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1261343930415723513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

蛋白核小球藻XOD抑制肽氨基酸组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目相对百分含量(%)
注:必需氨基酸:Lys、Phe、Met、Thr、Ile、Leu、Val和Trp;疏水性氨基酸:Trp、Phe、Val、Ile、Leu、Ala、Pro和Met;碱性氨基酸:Lys、His和Arg;芳香族氨基酸:Tyr、Phe和Trp。
天冬氨酸(Asp)10.57±0.22
苏氨酸(Thr)5.38±0.25
丝氨酸(Ser)3.23±0.34
谷氨酸(Glu)11.56±0.10
甘氨酸(Gly)5.64±0.15
丙氨酸(Ala)8.53±0.33
胱氨酸(Cys)0.56±0.00
缬氨酸(Val)7.80±0.04
蛋氨酸(Met)2.13±0.67
异亮氨酸(Ile)5.40±0.01
亮氨酸(Leu)9.88±0.06
酪氨酸(Tyr)3.83±0.08
苯丙氨酸(Phe)5.47±0.07
赖氨酸(Lys)5.92±0.11
组氨酸(His)1.79±0.04
精氨酸(Arg)6.44±0.01
脯氨酸(Pro)4.67±0.24
色氨酸 (Trp)1.18±0.31
必需氨基酸(EAA)43.17±3.62
疏水性氨基酸(HAA)45.07±0.78
碱性氨基酸(BAA)14.15±0.05
芳香族氨基酸(AAA)10.49±0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1261343932055695360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Relative molecular weight distribution of Chlorella pyrenoidosa XOD inhibitory peptide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分子量分布范围(Da)峰面积百分比(%)数均分子量(Mn)重均分子量(Mw)
注:“ / ”表示无有效测定结果。
>50002.8768837554
5000~30004.6537423822
3000~20005.6624072440
2000~100015.8913421395
1000~50024.78688714
500~18938.03300318
<1898.12//
), ArticleFig(id=1261343932970053643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846416396626, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

蛋白核小球藻XOD抑制肽分子量分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分子量分布范围(Da)峰面积百分比(%)数均分子量(Mn)重均分子量(Mw)
注:“ / ”表示无有效测定结果。
>50002.8768837554
5000~30004.6537423822
3000~20005.6624072440
2000~100015.8913421395
1000~50024.78688714
500~18938.03300318
<1898.12//
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蛋白核小球藻黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制肽的酶法制备及活性分析
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臧薇 1, 2 , 曹荣 2 , 孙国辉 2 , 赵玲 2 , 王珊珊 *, 2 , 薛勇 *, 1
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(9): 248-257
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食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026, 47(9): 248-257
蛋白核小球藻黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制肽的酶法制备及活性分析
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臧薇1, 2 , 曹荣2, 孙国辉2, 赵玲2, 王珊珊*, 2 , 薛勇*, 1
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266003
  • 2.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东青岛 266071
  • 臧薇(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:

通讯作者:

王珊珊(1984−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:水产品精深加工,E-mail:
薛勇(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:
Enzymatic Preparation and Activity Analysis of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Peptide from Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Wei ZANG1, 2 , Rong CAO2, Guohui SUN2, Ling ZHAO2, Shanshan WANG*, 2 , Yong XUE*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2.Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050032
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挖掘蛋白核小球藻肽对黄嘌呤氧化酶(Xanthine oxidase,XOD)的抑制活性,能够为高尿酸血症的预防和治疗策略提供科学依据,并有助于促进微藻资源的综合利用。本研究选取蛋白核小球藻为原料提取蛋白,以黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制率和水解度(Degree of hydrolysis,DH)为评估指标,通过单因素和响应面试验优化最佳酶解工艺条件,并对XOD抑制肽进行深入分析。结果显示,木瓜蛋白酶为最适蛋白酶,最佳酶解条件为pH7.0,酶解温度48.0 ℃,酶解时间4.0 h,加酶量2000 U/g,底物浓度10 mg/mL。此时理论抑制率为73.78%,实际抑制率达71.56%±0.51%。蛋白核小球藻XOD抑制肽在氨基酸组成上模式合理,必需氨基酸、疏水性氨基酸及碱性氨基酸的含量分别为43.17%、45.07%和14.15%。该肽表现出较好的胃肠道消化稳定性,但在高温和强酸、强碱性条件下抑制能力下降,对Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu2+和Mg2+等金属离子较为敏感。该肽相对分子质量主要集中于1 kDa以下,超滤得到的<3 kDa组分XOD抑制活性最高,其IC50为(5.23±0.68)mg/mL。本研究食源性降尿酸肽的开发利用提供理论参考。

蛋白核小球藻  /  酶解工艺  /  黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制肽  /  氨基酸组成  /  分子量

Exploring the xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory peptide from Chlorella pyrenoidosa could provide a scientific basis for hyperuricemia prevention and treatment strategies, and promote the comprehensive utilization of microalgal protein resources. In this study, Chlorella pyrenoidosa was used as the raw material to extract proteins. With the XOD inhibition rate and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) as evaluation indicators, the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were optimized through single-factor and response surface experiments. Based on this, further analysis of XOD inhibitory peptide was conducted. The results showed that papain was the most suitable protease, and the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were pH7.0, hydrolysis temperature 48.0 ℃, hydrolysis time 4.0 h, enzyme dosage 2000 U/g, and substrate concentration 10 mg/mL. Under these conditions, the theoretical inhibition rate was 73.78%, and the actual inhibition rate reached 71.56%±0.51%. The amino acid composition of Chlorella pyrenoidosa XOD inhibitory peptide was reasonable, with essential amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids, and basic amino acids accounting for 43.17%, 45.07%, and 14.15% of the total, respectively. Additionally, they exhibited moderate stability under gastrointestinal digestion conditions, but their inhibitory activity decreased significantly under high temperature or strong acid/alkaline conditions. They were also relatively sensitive to metal ions such as Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Mg2+. The relative molecular mass mainly concentrated below 1 kDa, and the ultrafiltered fraction with a molecular weight <3 kDa showed the highest XOD inhibitory activity, with an IC50 of (5.23±0.68) mg/mL. This study provides a theoretical reference for the development and utilization of food-derived uric acid-lowering peptides.

Chlorella pyrenoidosa  /  enzymatic hydrolysis process  /  xanthine oxidase inhibitory peptide  /  amino acid composition  /  molecular mass
臧薇, 曹荣, 孙国辉, 赵玲, 王珊珊, 薛勇. 蛋白核小球藻黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制肽的酶法制备及活性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 248 -257 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050032
Wei ZANG, Rong CAO, Guohui SUN, Ling ZHAO, Shanshan WANG, Yong XUE. Enzymatic Preparation and Activity Analysis of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Peptide from Chlorella pyrenoidosa[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 248 -257 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050032
微藻是一种形态微小、结构简单的光合自养单细胞微生物,普遍分布于海洋及淡水湖泊[1]。其生长繁殖速率快;培养方式灵活,且不占用耕地资源;含有丰富营养素及大量生物活性物质,例如蛋白质、多糖、多不饱和脂肪酸、β-胡萝卜素及虾青素等[2]。当今世界人口激增,资源匮乏现象尤为严重,基于食品健康及可持续性发展的需求,微藻成为最有发展潜力的粮食替代物之一[3]。蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)属于绿藻门小球藻属,富含大量优质蛋白,约占其干重的50%~65%,是一种优良的可持续性未来食品蛋白质来源[45]。2012年,国家卫健委批准其为新资源食品[6]。同时,研究发现蛋白核小球藻酶解肽具有多种生物功效,是制备生物活性肽的优质原料,如:林娈等[7]从蛋白核小球藻酶解肽中筛选出具有降脂效果的多肽,并在秀丽隐杆线虫中验证该肽段能够抑制高糖饮食线虫体内22.5%的脂肪沉积;Suo等[8]利用胰蛋白酶制备蛋白核小球藻酶解产物,经分离纯化,获得具有降血压活性的肽段LVAKA,其体外ACE抑制活性IC50达26.66 μmol/L。目前国内外对蛋白核小球藻精深加工的研究仍十分有限,对其生物活性肽进一步开发利用亟需研究。
高尿酸血症(Hyperuricemia,HUA)是一种由嘌呤代谢紊乱导致尿酸生成过多的慢性疾病,其典型病症包括痛风和尿酸性肾结石,长期HUA还可能导致心血管疾病等一系列代谢综合征[9]。近几十年来,我国HUA患病率呈逐年上升趋势(大陆高达16.4%),发病年龄趋于年轻化[10]。黄嘌呤氧化酶是人体内尿酸生成过程中的关键酶,主要作用是以黄嘌呤为中间体,催化次黄嘌呤羟基化生成尿酸[11]。因此,可通过抑制XOD活性来降低血清中尿酸水平,以达到缓解或治疗HUA的目的。目前已开发出别嘌呤醇和非布他司等基于XOD活性调节的降尿酸药物。但此类药物使用剂量过大或时间过长时可能产生不良反应,例如引起肝肾损伤、胃肠道不适、过敏和心血管损害等[1213]。近年来,已有大量研究发现具有降尿酸功效的天然产物能够与XOD相互作用、改变其空间结构,从而使酶活性降低或使酶失活[14]。其中,食源性降尿酸肽因其活性高、稳定性好、特异性强等优点而受到研究者的广泛关注[11]。Zhu等[15]发现水稻肽和胶原蛋白肽能够通过抑制XOD活性,有效降低高尿酸血症小鼠血清中的尿酸水平;Wei等[16]研究表明高浓度鲣鱼肽可降低高尿酸血症小鼠的血清尿酸水平、血清肌酐水平、血尿素氮水平和肝黄嘌呤氧化酶活性;芸豆水解物中鉴定出具有较强XOD抑制活性的六肽DWYDIK,其抑制率达68.63%±5.07%,可通过疏水通道与XOD关键氨基酸形成氢键[17]
虽然陆地和海洋生物来源的降尿酸肽已被大量研究,但微藻来源的降尿酸肽研究仍鲜有报道。本研究拟采用蛋白核小球藻干粉为原料提取粗蛋白,以XOD抑制率和水解度为指标,根据单因素和响应面试验优化出蛋白核小球藻XOD抑制肽的最佳酶解条件,并对其氨基酸组成、稳定性、分子量分布和不同超滤组分XOD抑制活性进行分析。本研究可为蛋白核小球藻的高质化利用提供理论依据,同时也为食源性降尿酸肽的开发提供科学参考。
蛋白核小球藻藻粉 上海光语生物科技有限公司;硫酸钾、硫酸铜、盐酸 均为分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;浓硫酸 分析纯,烟台远东精细化工公司;木瓜蛋白酶(8×105 U/g)、中性蛋白酶(5×104 U/g)、胃蛋白酶(3000 U/g)、风味蛋白酶(3×104 U/g)、胰蛋白酶(2.5×105 U/g)、黄嘌呤、黄嘌呤氧化酶(8.16 U/mL) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;碱性蛋白酶(2×105 U/g) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;3 kDa离心超滤管 美国Millipore公司;BeyoGold 96孔透明平地UV板、BCA蛋白试剂盒 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司。
SH220F石墨消解仪、K9840自动凯氏定氮仪 海能未来技术集团股份有限公司;LX1211箱式高温电阻炉 天津市莱玻特瑞仪器设备有限公司;HWCJ-6S恒温磁力搅拌水浴锅 常州市春秋电子仪器有限公司;SHA-B水浴恒温振荡器 常州国宇仪器制造有限公司;FE20实验室pH计 上海梅特勒-托利多(Mettler Toledo)公司;Christ冷冻干燥机 德国Marin Christ公司;UV-5100紫外可见分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;H1850离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;Multi Go15010酶标仪 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司。
蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、水分、多糖和粗纤维含量测定分别依据GB 5009.5-2016 《食品安全国家标准 凯氏定氮法》[18]、GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 索氏提取法》[19]、GB 5009.4-2016《食品安全国家标准 灼烧称量法》[20]、GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 直接干燥法》[21]、SN/T 4260-2015 《出口植物源食品中粗多糖的测定 苯酚-硫酸法》[22]和GB/T 5009.10-2003《植物类食品中粗纤维的测定》[23]
参考黄素艳等[24]的方法并略作修改。取适量的蛋白核小球藻干粉与蒸馏水以料液比1:15(g/mL)混匀,4 ℃溶胀24 h。后置于−50 ℃冰箱冻结6 h,此操作反复4次以上。再用2 moL/L NaOH溶液调pH至9.0,搅拌浸提4 h后4000 r/min离心20 min。取上清液用2 mol/L HCl溶液调pH至最佳沉淀点4.0,静置至无沉淀生成,离心收集蛋白沉淀并透析72 h,冻干得粗蛋白粉。
$ 粗蛋白得率(\text{%})= \frac{\text{A}}{\text{B}}\times 100 $
式中,A为粗蛋白粉质量,g;B为原料总质量,g。
参考Hou等[25]的方法,称取一定量的粗蛋白粉,按适当底物浓度溶解于蒸馏水中,调节pH后加入蛋白酶,在适宜温度下进行酶解,对反应液进行沸水浴灭酶15 min。冷却至室温后,经离心(8000 r/min,20 min)收集上清液得酶解液,冻干后冷藏备用。
选取木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶5种商品蛋白酶,在底物浓度10 mg/mL,加酶量2000 U/g,酶解时间4 h,在各种酶的最适温度(均为50 ℃)和pH(分别为7.0、7.0、8.5、2.0和7.5)下进行酶解。以XOD抑制率和水解度为指标,筛选出最优蛋白酶进行工艺优化。
选择最适蛋白酶,固定条件为底物浓度10 mg/mL、酶解pH7.0、酶解温度48.00 ℃、酶解时间4.0 h和加酶量2000 U/g,分别考察底物浓度(4、6、8、10、12 mg/mL)、酶解时间(2、3、4、5、6 h)、酶解温度(40、45、50、55、60、65 ℃)、酶解pH(6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0)和加酶量(500、1000、1500、2000、2500、3000 U/g)对XOD抑制率的影响。
基于单因素实验的结果,选定XOD抑制率作为响应指标,运用Design-Expert 13.0软件中的Box-Behnken方法,设计涉及酶解温度(℃)、酶解时间(h)以及酶解pH的三因素三水平响应面试验(表1)。
参考邹琳[26]的方法并稍作调整。首先,在96孔板中加入100 μL待测样品(10 mg/mL)和50 μL XOD溶液(0.02 U/mL),振荡30 s以确保混合均匀,25 ℃下保温5 min。加入50 μL黄嘌呤溶液(0.48 mmol/L),再次振荡30 s混合,继续在25 ℃下保温25 min。最后,在290 nm波长下测定吸光度。XOD抑制率的计算公式如下:
$\rm XOD抑制率(\text{%})=\left(1- \frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{3}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{4}}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,A1代表加入酶后的样品溶液的吸光度;A2代表未加入酶的样品溶液的吸光度;A3代表以缓冲液替代样品溶液作为空白对照时的吸光度;A4则代表该空白对照中未加入酶的吸光度。
茚三酮比色法[27]可以有效测定蛋白质水解溶液中氨基酸生成量,凯氏定氮法测定原料中总氮含量,最终可以准确地计算出样品的水解度。公式如下:
$\rm DH(\text{%})= \frac{\text{h}}{{\text{h}}_{\text{tot}}}\times 100 $
式中,DH指蛋白质分子中由于酶法水解而断裂的肽键占蛋白质分子中总肽键数的比例;h代表水解后每g蛋白质被裂解的肽键数,mmol/g;htot代表每g原料蛋白质中的肽键数,mmol/g。
参考张钧橙等[28]的方法,采用BCA蛋白试剂盒对最佳酶解条件下所制备的多肽浓度进行检测。
参考GB 5009.124-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》和GB 5009.294-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中色氨酸的测定》对酶解物氨基酸组成进行分析[29]
配制浓度为10 mg/mL的样品溶液,分别将样品溶液在不同温度(4、25、37、50、80和100 ℃)、不同pH(4.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、10.0和12.0)以及不同金属离子环境下(K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Fe3+和Cu2+,离子浓度均为500 μg/mL)放置2 h,评估其在不同条件下的稳定性。
参考孙菁茹等[30]的方法并略作修改。将10 mg/mL样品溶液用1 moL/L HCl溶液调pH至2.0,加入底物质量分数2%的胃蛋白酶,37 ℃水浴反应2 h,取10 mL消化液水浴灭酶,冷却至室温后离心取上清液,随后4 ℃保存;剩余胃消化溶液用1 moL/L NaOH溶液调pH至7.5,加入底物质量分数2%胰蛋白酶溶液,37 ℃水浴反应2 h,水浴灭酶,冷却至室温后离心取上清液,分别测定经胃液和肠液消化后样品溶液的XOD抑制率。
依照GB/T 22729-2008《海洋鱼低聚肽粉》[31]中的高效液相色谱法,配制浓度为2 mg/mL的样品溶液并过膜,对其进行分子量分布的测定。
配制浓度为10 mg/mL样品溶液并过膜,采用3 kDa超滤膜进行超滤,分别收集不同组分,冷冻干燥后测定其XOD抑制率。通过软件Origin 2024,使用非线性回归分析拟合曲线并计算各组分的IC50值。
所有实验均独立重复3次,采用软件IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0.1对实验数据进行ANOVA单因素方差分析、显著性差异分析(P<0.05差异显著,P<0.01差异极显著);借助Origin 2024软件,对实验数据进行可视化处理并作图,数据结果均以(平均值±标准差)表示。
基本组分分析结果表明,蛋白核小球藻藻粉中蛋白含量最高,为59.81%±0.29%,高于莱茵衣藻(48%)和微拟球藻蛋白含量(47%)[32],其粗脂肪、多糖、水分、灰分和粗纤维含量均较低,分别为3.48%±0.00%、12.99%±0.46%、6.30%±0.00%、5.54%±0.00%和9.90%±1.71%,表明蛋白核小球藻是提取微藻蛋白的良好原料。采用浸提溶胀、循环冻融和碱提酸沉联合提取方法,经冷冻干燥得到粗蛋白,其得率为25.78%。粗蛋白冻干粉经凯氏定氮法测得蛋白含量为65.05%,提取结果表明大部分蛋白质已被有效分离,能够满足后续酶解实验的需求。
以XOD抑制率和DH为指标,分别在五种酶的最适温度和pH下进行酶解。由图1可知,XOD抑制率和DH的变化趋势大体一致,与其他4种酶相比,木瓜蛋白酶的XOD抑制率和DH最高,分别可达62.12%±1.62%和22.75%±1.25%,中性蛋白酶的XOD抑制率次之。这可能是由于蛋白酶对底物结构的选择有特异性,木瓜蛋白酶主要作用于羧基端含有精氨酸、甘氨酸、赖氨酸等氨基酸残基的肽键,其切割释放的肽段对XOD具有较好的抑制活性作用[33]。因此,选用木瓜蛋白酶制备酶解液。
图2(a)可知,随着底物浓度的增加,XOD抑制率先迅速上升后缓慢下降,当底物浓度为10 mg/mL时,XOD抑制率达到最大值65.08%±1.48%,当底物浓度升至12 mg/mL时,XOD抑制率显著下降(P<0.05)。随着底物浓度的增大,酶的活性位点与底物的接触几率增大,酶解后产生的高活性肽段随之增加;底物浓度过高时,底物分子扩散受阻,催化位点被占据,导致酶促反应受到限制[34]。因此,选取10 mg/mL为最佳底物浓度。
图2(b)显示,XOD抑制率随酶解时间延长呈现先上升后下降的趋势。当酶解4 h时,其抑制率最高达65.06%±2.80%,显著高于其他时间(P<0.05),在酶解5 h后抑制效果趋于平缓。这可能是由于反应时间过长,过度酶解可能导致原有的高活性肽段被破坏,酶解液失去抑制活性[35]。因此,选取酶解时间3、4、5 h进行后续酶解优化试验。
图2(c)可知,酶解温度过高或过低均会导致酶解产物XOD抑制活性下降。当酶解温度为50 ℃时,XOD抑制效果最明显,抑制率为65.16%±1.6%。木瓜蛋白酶的最适温度为50 ℃,低于最适温度时分子扩散速率较慢,酶与底物作用不充分,高温则导致酶部分失活[36]。因此,选取酶解温度45、50、55 ℃进行后续酶解优化试验。
图2(d)可知,随着酶解pH的增大,XOD抑制率表现出先增加后减小的趋势。当酶解体系pH为7.0时,抑制效果最佳。pH偏高或者偏低可能会影响酶的构象变化,造成催化性能降低[37]。因此,选取pH6.5、7.0、7.5进行后续酶解优化试验。
随着加酶量增加,XOD抑制效果先缓慢增加,在加酶量为2000 U/g时XOD抑制率最大;当加酶量继续增高时,XOD抑制率迅速显著降低(P<0.05)(图2(e))。加酶量不足时,底物分子无法与酶的活性位点充分接触;当加酶量过高时,活性肽分子被过度水解,造成酶与底物的物料浪费[38];另外,与其他单因素条件相比,不同加酶量条件下,XOD抑制率变化幅度较小,因此,结合实际确定加酶量为2000 U/g。
根据单因素的实验结果,选择酶解温度、酶解时间和酶解pH。以XOD抑制率为响应值进行三因素三水平响应面优化试验,试验结果见表2
利用Design-Expert 13对响应面试验所得数据进行多元回归拟合分析,得到XOD抑制效果对A(酶解温度)、B(酶解时间)和C(酶解pH)的二次回归方程:
Y=72.89−1.77A+0.9475B+4.36C+3.33AB−0.1925AC−0.0450BC−2.95A2−2.59B2−7.95C2
表3可知,回归模型(P=0.0002)极显著,失拟项(P=0.4373)不显著,R2=0.9669,R2adj=0.9244,说明该模型可以较为准确地预测酶解工艺参数。因素的F值越大,表明该因素对XOD抑制率影响程度越大,因此,三因素对XOD抑制率影响大小为:C(酶解pH)>A(酶解温度)>B(酶解时间)。
图3所示,AB的等高线趋于椭圆形且密集程度高,说明酶解时间和酶解温度交互作用强,两因素交互对XOD抑制率的影响更显著;BC和AC的等高线稀疏且不趋于椭圆,说明酶解时间与酶解pH、酶解温度和酶解pH的两两交互作用较弱且不显著。由3D响应面图可知,坡度最陡峭的因素是酶解pH,可见其对XOD抑制活性影响最为显著;其次是酶解温度,酶解时间的坡度最平缓,说明其对XOD抑制率影响较小。响应面交互作用结果与方差结果保持一致。
利用Design-Expert 13预测的酶解液最佳酶解工艺为pH7.139,酶解温度48.369 ℃,酶解时间3.972 h,理论XOD抑制率为73.78%。结合实际生产应用,将酶解工艺适当调整为pH7.0,酶解温度48.00 ℃,酶解时间4.0 h,并同时在加酶量2000 U/g,底物浓度10 mg/mL的条件下进行验证实验,测定XOD抑制率达71.56%±0.51%,表明该模型对酶解工艺的预测有较高的准确度,具有一定的可行性。
将酶解产物冻干处理,获得肽粉后,将其溶解并配制成浓度为0.5 mg/mL的溶液。由BCA蛋白试剂盒测得蛋白核小球藻多肽的蛋白纯度较高为84.29%±0.38%,与响应面法优化制备的小麦抗氧化活性肽蛋白纯度85%±0.16%相近[28],能够有效避免某些杂质对后续实验造成干扰。
表4可知,氨基酸组成中必需氨基酸占比为43.17%,高于联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织倡议的理想蛋白规定(40%),表明其具有较高的营养价值。疏水性氨基酸占比为45.07%,高于藜麦多肽(34.11%)[39],与羊骨多肽含量接近(43.20%)[40]。据报道,XOD是一种含钼(Mo)酶,其中Mo结构域是关键活性位点,底物黄嘌呤可通过一个狭窄的疏水通道进入Mo结构域。富含疏水性氨基酸的活性肽段更容易通过疏水作用与XOD中特定的氨基酸残基或Mo活性位点相互作用,进而发挥抑制作用[4142]。此外,研究表明芳香族氨基酸与碱性氨基酸对活性肽段的XOD抑制活性也有较大贡献,芳香族氨基酸与XOD活性中心通过π-π堆叠相互作用,从而竞争性抑制其与底物结合[43]。碱性氨基酸能够在含有芳香族氨基酸的XOD抑制肽中起关键作用。蛋白核小球藻酶解物中芳香族氨基酸占比10.49%,碱性氨基酸占比14.15%,这有助于提升其对XOD活性的抑制效果,但其特定的多肽序列仍需要进一步分析[44]
图4(a)所示,当温度在4~50 ℃时,样品溶液的XOD抑制活性均能维持在68%以上(P>0.05),说明此温度范围内XOD抑制肽对温度变化敏感性较弱;当温度升至80 ℃保持一段时间后,其抑制活性显著下降(P<0.05)。这可能是高温影响了肽段中活性氨基酸残基,破坏了中心结构的稳定性[45]
图4(b)可知,样品溶液在中性条件下XOD抑制活性显著高于酸性和碱性条件下(P<0.05);在pH分别为4.0和12.0时,其XOD抑制活性分别下降了41.29%和14.68%。酸性条件下,分子间相互作用减弱,多肽颗粒聚集沉淀,溶解度降低,导致活性削弱[46];碱性条件下肽分子易发生外消旋或引发脱酰胺水解反应,进而影响活性与稳定性[45]。可见,过酸和过碱均会影响肽段稳定性。
金属离子是食品配方中常见成分,因此有必要测定其对XOD抑制活性的影响。如图4(c)所示,添加K+、Ca2+和Na+对XOD抑制率并无显著影响(P>0.05),其数值均高于67%;金属离子Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu2+和Mg2+使得XOD抑制率显著下降(P<0.05),Fe2+和Fe3+的影响最为明显,与不加金属离子的样品溶液相比分别降低了20.21%和16.56%,这与姜涵等[47]研究结果一致。这可能是由于金属离子破坏多肽之间化学作用力的平衡,从而削弱XOD抑制活性[48]。此外,不同金属离子对XOD抑制肽活性的影响程度存在差异,可能是由于肽段对不同金属离子的络合能力及形成的络合物空间结构不同。因此,在加工、运输和贮藏过程中应尽量避免接触金属离子。
图4(d)所示,与对照组相比,经胃消化后样品溶液XOD抑制率显著上升了7.25%(P<0.05),这可能因为胃蛋白酶的主要作用部位为芳香族氨基酸或酸性氨基酸的氨基所组成的肽键,使得苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和亮氨酸等疏水性氨基酸暴露,活性进一步提高[30];再经肠道消化,样品溶液的XOD抑制率显著下降(P<0.05),可能是在胰蛋白酶的消化下,小分子肽段进一步酶解为分子质量更小的短肽和游离氨基酸,使得原有的XOD抑制活性减弱[49]
表5所示,肽的分子量主要分布在1 kDa以下,占比为70.95%,其中分子量<500 Da的肽段占比46.15%,说明蛋白核小球藻XOD抑制肽主要以小分子肽段为主。研究发现,小分子肽(<1 kDa)具有更强的XOD抑制效果,且分子量较小的多肽穿透性较强,更易穿透小肠黏膜被机体消化吸收[40]。Qi等[50]比较了乳清蛋白肽不同超滤组U1、U2和U3的XOD抑制活性,结果显示U3组中分子量<1 kDa的肽段占比最大且表现出最高的XOD抑制活性。李晓彤等[40]采用双酶分步法水解羊骨蛋白240 min时,低于1 kDa多肽占94.48%,能够有效降低高尿酸小鼠的血清尿酸水平。
经超滤分离得到两个组分,即分子量<3 kDa和>3 kDa。如图5所示,分子量<3 kDa组分IC50为(5.23±0.68)mg/mL,显著低于(P<0.05)粗XOD抑制肽(IC50=7.18±0.67 mg/mL)和分子量>3 kDa组分(IC50=7.63±0.30 mg/mL),阳性药物别嘌呤醇(IC50=0.19±0.10 mg/mL)具有更强的抑制能力,这可能是由于其分子量小,更易于嵌入XOD活性位点[30]。考虑到肽类抑制剂能够摆脱药物有副作用的缺点,具有制备成本低、安全性高、易吸收等特点,因此更适合长期治疗高尿酸血症[51]。此外,该超滤组分的XOD抑制效果优于藜麦降尿酸肽(IC50=5.97 mg/mL)[39]和小黄鱼肽(IC50=25.87±0.16 mg/mL)[48]。这表明,高活性XOD抑制肽的分子量相对更低,这是因为较小的空间位阻能够使其顺利嵌入XOD活性中心,从而有效阻断底物与XOD的结合[30]
本研究以蛋白核小球藻为原料,采用浸提溶胀、循环冻融和碱提酸沉法联合提取蛋白,以XOD抑制率和DH为指标,通过单因素和响应面试验优化制备XOD抑制肽的最佳酶解参数:木瓜蛋白酶为最适蛋白酶,酶解pH7.0,酶解温度48.0 ℃,酶解时间4.0 h,加酶量2000 U/g,底物浓度10 mg/mL,此条件下所制备XOD抑制肽抑制率达71.56%±0.51%。氨基酸组成分析表明该肽中含有较高比例的必需氨基酸和疏水性氨基酸。稳定性分析揭示了XOD抑制肽具有一定的胃肠道消化稳定性,但在高温和强酸、强碱性条件下其活性显著降低,对Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu2+和Mg2+等金属离子较为敏感。分子量分布和超滤显示小分子肽在XOD抑制活性中起关键作用。本研究为微藻蛋白资源的高质化利用和XOD抑制肽的开发提供一定的理论参考,未来可进一步解析其构效关系及体内降尿酸机制,定向开发功能制品,探索其在不同食品系统中的应用效果,深化微藻资源的多元化应用。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050032
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-08
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    1.中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266003
    2.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东青岛 266071

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王珊珊(1984−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:水产品精深加工,E-mail:
薛勇(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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