Article(id=1261343846231826875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749052800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657407577, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657407577, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657407577, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657407577, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=430, endPage=438, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343847351706046, articleId=1261343846231826875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Antioxidant Activity and Stability of Calcium Ion-induced Assembled Walnut Protein Hydrolysates, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the antioxidant activity and stability of walnut peptide-metal chelates using walnut peptides (WP, Mw<1 kDa) as raw material. The antioxidant capacity of WP chelates with different metal ions prepared by coordination was systematically evaluated, followed by screening of optimal-activity chelates and comprehensive assessment of their antioxidant capacity and stability. Molecular docking was employed to identify the peptide segment exhibiting the strongest antioxidant capacity within walnut peptides and elucidate its specific binding interactions. Results showed that the walnut peptide-calcium chelates (WP-Ca) exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity(P<0.05), achieving 74.00%±0.54% DPPH and 85.27%±0.67% ABTS+ radical scavenging rates, surpassing other metal-ion chelates. WP-Ca also maintained high stability across various pH, temperatures, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Molecular docking identified NALVAPHY as the optimal peptide for DPPH chelation, with its antioxidant activity mediated by electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding with DPPH. This study provides theoretical support for valorizing walnut processing by-products and advances the development of novel metal-chelated peptide antioxidants, with particular implications for functional foods and nutraceuticals.

, correspAuthors=Liang TAO, Yang TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yifan WANG, Dechun CHEN, Zilin WANG, Haifen JIANG, Yongmei MA, Liang TAO, Yang TIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343863675937285, articleId=1261343846231826875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=钙离子诱导组装核桃蛋白水解物的抗氧化性及稳定性研究, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究核桃肽与金属离子螯合物的抗氧化性与稳定性,以分子量<1 kDa的核桃肽(Walnut peptide,WP)为原料,采用金属离子配位法,系统研究了WP与不同金属离子形成螯合物后的抗氧化能力。在此基础上,筛选出抗氧化能力最优的金属螯合物,完成其抗氧化性和稳定性的综合评价。进一步借助分子对接技术确定核桃肽中抗氧化能力最佳的肽段,并探究其结合作用机制。研究结果表明,WP(6 mg/mL)与Ca2+配位后,抗氧化能力与WP相比显著提升(P<0.05),其DPPH自由基清除率达74.00%±0.54%,ABTS+自由基清除率为85.27%±0.67%,均高于其他金属离子与WP形成的肽螯合物。此外,核桃肽-钙螯合物(Walnut peptide-Ca,WP-Ca)在不同pH、温度和胃肠道消化中表现出良好的稳定性。通过分子对接技术筛选出与DPPH螯合能力最佳的肽段NALVAPHY,该肽段与DPPH之间基于静电相互作用和氢键作用力发挥抗氧化作用。本研究不仅为核桃加工副产物的高值化利用提供了一定的理论依据,也为新型金属螯合肽类抗氧化剂的开发提供了思路,在功能性食品和营养补充剂领域具有一定的应用前景。

, correspAuthors=陶亮, 田洋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陶亮(1987−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:
田洋(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1S01hOK65GjejUCpugZMag==, magXml=U0WaAEczNSzAptZK1UZlPg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DuWTGA7BgBo0w3lRopHUag==, pdfFileSize=3031740, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=rpdebcjYNA7GeJolgj6ajA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=R7EYVBVWjoumUyRp8W7Drg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王一帆(2003−),女,大学本科,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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王一帆(2003−),女,大学本科,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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3.Engineering Research Center for Development and Utilization of Chinese Food and Drug Resources, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650201, China
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注:(A)不同金属螯合物DPPH自由基清除率;(B)不同金属螯合物ABTS+自由基清除率;不同小写字母表示显著性差异(P<0.05),图2~图5同。

, figureFileSmall=0xtBoTQgpBd4AHWAytM1EA==, figureFileBig=rpdebcjYNA7GeJolgj6ajA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343913915310097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of temperature on DPPH and ABTS+ free radical clearance of WP and WP-Ca, figureFileSmall=ihJHhgwZUHYR4oSL/Vpx1A==, figureFileBig=pAW5MY2iO3jnBwT27zEjVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343915328790558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=CN, label=图2, caption=温度对WP与WP-Ca螯合物DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率的影响

注:(A)不同温度条件下DPPH自由基清除率;(B)不同温度条件下ABST+自由基清除率。

, figureFileSmall=ihJHhgwZUHYR4oSL/Vpx1A==, figureFileBig=pAW5MY2iO3jnBwT27zEjVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343917761486889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of pH on DPPH and ABTS+ free radical clearance of WP and WP-Ca, figureFileSmall=/u+q4HRTHH1KKJVxor/+kg==, figureFileBig=b71jMXGDnQBLfTc0r+OYDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343918587764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=CN, label=图3, caption=pH对WP及WP-Ca的DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率的影响

注:(A)不同pH条件下DPPH自由基清除率;(B)不同pH条件下ABTS+自由基清除率。

, figureFileSmall=/u+q4HRTHH1KKJVxor/+kg==, figureFileBig=b71jMXGDnQBLfTc0r+OYDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343919506317370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=DPPH radical scavenging activity of WP and WP-Ca during simulated gastrointestinal digestion, figureFileSmall=u/Hhl0TRLNvsZCPDT8wxWQ==, figureFileBig=MY3jZbx9bzLHjRrYOpNXjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343922731737156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=CN, label=图4, caption=WP和WP-Ca胃肠道模拟消化过程中DPPH自由基清除率

注:(A)胃模拟消化DPPH自由基清除率;(B)肠模拟消化DPPH自由基清除率。

, figureFileSmall=u/Hhl0TRLNvsZCPDT8wxWQ==, figureFileBig=MY3jZbx9bzLHjRrYOpNXjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343923625123919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=ABTS+ radical scavenging activity of WP and WP-Ca during simulated gastrointestinal digestion, figureFileSmall=3VlncNWhVDKUEaIQzcmt0A==, figureFileBig=dhQ6pnYnVrRq45WJBBdb5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343924904386647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=CN, label=图5, caption=WP和WP-Ca胃肠道模拟消化过程中ABTS+自由基清除率

注:(A)胃模拟消化ABTS+自由基清除率;(B)肠模拟消化ABTS+自由基清除率。

, figureFileSmall=3VlncNWhVDKUEaIQzcmt0A==, figureFileBig=dhQ6pnYnVrRq45WJBBdb5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343926615662681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Thermogravimetric curve of WP and WP-Ca, figureFileSmall=YWiFu+U+ROcsXNG/hf68hw==, figureFileBig=6xSm7IA/890CD7bcltieHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343928213692520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=CN, label=图6, caption=WP和WP-Ca的热重曲线

注:(A)WP热重曲线;(B)WP-Ca热重曲线。

, figureFileSmall=YWiFu+U+ROcsXNG/hf68hw==, figureFileBig=6xSm7IA/890CD7bcltieHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343929455206514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Molecular docking results, figureFileSmall=PJZabHEbE14xml5IWY6dvg==, figureFileBig=TPoBnfDtLqNTzacix1Gl9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343930759635063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=CN, label=图7, caption=分子对接结果

注:(A)NALVAPHY和Ca2+结合模式;(B)NALVAPHY和DPPH结合模式;(C)NALVAPHY和Ca2+-DPPH结合模式;图7A中黄色虚线表示静电作用力,图7B、7C中黄色虚线代表氢键。

, figureFileSmall=PJZabHEbE14xml5IWY6dvg==, figureFileBig=TPoBnfDtLqNTzacix1Gl9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343932009537666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Docking results of walnut peptide sequence and DPPH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号序列结合能(kcal/mol)
1VVQGRGLHGA−8.5
2VVAIPAGVAH−8.6
3VLINAYRI−8.8
4VIAFPAGVAH−9.2
5TSTGPTSR−8.7
6SNAPRLVY−9.7
7SERPSYSN−9.6
8RQPEEGGR−8.1
9RQESTLVR−8.4
10PSFSNAPRL−9.4
11NSFNLPIL−8.9
12NALVAPHY−9.8
13LQLSAERGA−8.6
14LPSFSNAPR−8.6
15LLRGIENY−8.8
16ISTVNSHTL−8.5
17IRHNLDTQ−9
18HSTLPVLY−9.6
19GIGTVPVGR−8.1
20GESQLIVM−7.5
21GAKSPDQSY−9.4
22AVGSDIPLI−8.8
23ALNTPRDR−9.6
24AIRALPEE−8.4
25AERGVLYR−8
), ArticleFig(id=1261343932823232648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

核桃肽序列与DPPH对接结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号序列结合能(kcal/mol)
1VVQGRGLHGA−8.5
2VVAIPAGVAH−8.6
3VLINAYRI−8.8
4VIAFPAGVAH−9.2
5TSTGPTSR−8.7
6SNAPRLVY−9.7
7SERPSYSN−9.6
8RQPEEGGR−8.1
9RQESTLVR−8.4
10PSFSNAPRL−9.4
11NSFNLPIL−8.9
12NALVAPHY−9.8
13LQLSAERGA−8.6
14LPSFSNAPR−8.6
15LLRGIENY−8.8
16ISTVNSHTL−8.5
17IRHNLDTQ−9
18HSTLPVLY−9.6
19GIGTVPVGR−8.1
20GESQLIVM−7.5
21GAKSPDQSY−9.4
22AVGSDIPLI−8.8
23ALNTPRDR−9.6
24AIRALPEE−8.4
25AERGVLYR−8
), ArticleFig(id=1261343933729202320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

NALVAPHY binds to Ca2+ and DPPH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多肽配体结合能(kcal/mol)结合方式
NALVAPHYCa2+−3.02静电相互作用
NALVAPHYDPPH−6.29静电相互作用;氢键
NALVAPHYCa2+-DPPH−6.62静电相互作用;氢键
), ArticleFig(id=1261343935402729625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343846231826875, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

NALVAPHY和Ca2+、DPPH结合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多肽配体结合能(kcal/mol)结合方式
NALVAPHYCa2+−3.02静电相互作用
NALVAPHYDPPH−6.29静电相互作用;氢键
NALVAPHYCa2+-DPPH−6.62静电相互作用;氢键
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钙离子诱导组装核桃蛋白水解物的抗氧化性及稳定性研究
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王一帆 1 , 陈德春 1 , 王紫琳 1 , 蒋海芬 1 , 马咏梅 2 , 陶亮 *, 1, 3, 4 , 田洋 *, 1, 3, 4
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(9): 430-438
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食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026, 47(9): 430-438
钙离子诱导组装核桃蛋白水解物的抗氧化性及稳定性研究
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王一帆1 , 陈德春1, 王紫琳1, 蒋海芬1, 马咏梅2, 陶亮*, 1, 3, 4 , 田洋*, 1, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650201
  • 2.云南农业大学就业与创新创业指导服务中心,云南昆明 650201
  • 3.食药同源资源开发与利用教育部工程研究中心,云南昆明 650201
  • 4.云南省药食同源功能食品工程研究中心,云南昆明 650201
  • 王一帆(2003−),女,大学本科,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

通讯作者:

陶亮(1987−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:
田洋(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:
Antioxidant Activity and Stability of Calcium Ion-induced Assembled Walnut Protein Hydrolysates
Yifan WANG1 , Dechun CHEN1, Zilin WANG1, Haifen JIANG1, Yongmei MA2, Liang TAO*, 1, 3, 4 , Yang TIAN*, 1, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
  • 2.Yunnan Agricultural University Employment and Innovation Guidance Service Center, Kunming 650201, China
  • 3.Engineering Research Center for Development and Utilization of Chinese Food and Drug Resources, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650201, China
  • 4.Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Food, Kunming 650201, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060041
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为研究核桃肽与金属离子螯合物的抗氧化性与稳定性,以分子量<1 kDa的核桃肽(Walnut peptide,WP)为原料,采用金属离子配位法,系统研究了WP与不同金属离子形成螯合物后的抗氧化能力。在此基础上,筛选出抗氧化能力最优的金属螯合物,完成其抗氧化性和稳定性的综合评价。进一步借助分子对接技术确定核桃肽中抗氧化能力最佳的肽段,并探究其结合作用机制。研究结果表明,WP(6 mg/mL)与Ca2+配位后,抗氧化能力与WP相比显著提升(P<0.05),其DPPH自由基清除率达74.00%±0.54%,ABTS+自由基清除率为85.27%±0.67%,均高于其他金属离子与WP形成的肽螯合物。此外,核桃肽-钙螯合物(Walnut peptide-Ca,WP-Ca)在不同pH、温度和胃肠道消化中表现出良好的稳定性。通过分子对接技术筛选出与DPPH螯合能力最佳的肽段NALVAPHY,该肽段与DPPH之间基于静电相互作用和氢键作用力发挥抗氧化作用。本研究不仅为核桃加工副产物的高值化利用提供了一定的理论依据,也为新型金属螯合肽类抗氧化剂的开发提供了思路,在功能性食品和营养补充剂领域具有一定的应用前景。

核桃肽  /  核桃肽-金属离子螯合物  /  抗氧化性  /  稳定性  /  分子对接

This study investigated the antioxidant activity and stability of walnut peptide-metal chelates using walnut peptides (WP, Mw<1 kDa) as raw material. The antioxidant capacity of WP chelates with different metal ions prepared by coordination was systematically evaluated, followed by screening of optimal-activity chelates and comprehensive assessment of their antioxidant capacity and stability. Molecular docking was employed to identify the peptide segment exhibiting the strongest antioxidant capacity within walnut peptides and elucidate its specific binding interactions. Results showed that the walnut peptide-calcium chelates (WP-Ca) exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity(P<0.05), achieving 74.00%±0.54% DPPH and 85.27%±0.67% ABTS+ radical scavenging rates, surpassing other metal-ion chelates. WP-Ca also maintained high stability across various pH, temperatures, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Molecular docking identified NALVAPHY as the optimal peptide for DPPH chelation, with its antioxidant activity mediated by electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding with DPPH. This study provides theoretical support for valorizing walnut processing by-products and advances the development of novel metal-chelated peptide antioxidants, with particular implications for functional foods and nutraceuticals.

walnut peptides (WP)  /  walnut peptides-metal ion chelates  /  antioxidant activity  /  stability  /  molecular docking
王一帆, 陈德春, 王紫琳, 蒋海芬, 马咏梅, 陶亮, 田洋. 钙离子诱导组装核桃蛋白水解物的抗氧化性及稳定性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 430 -438 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060041
Yifan WANG, Dechun CHEN, Zilin WANG, Haifen JIANG, Yongmei MA, Liang TAO, Yang TIAN. Antioxidant Activity and Stability of Calcium Ion-induced Assembled Walnut Protein Hydrolysates[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 430 -438 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060041
核桃(Juglans regia L.)属于胡桃科胡桃属落叶乔木,主要种植区分布在云南、新疆、四川等省份。云南省的核桃种植面积已达4300万亩,核桃干果产量超过240万吨,是全球最大的核桃生产地。核桃含有多种蛋白质、维生素、矿物质、多酚和多糖等活性成分,具备较高的营养价值[1]。在我国居民膳食结构中植物蛋白的主要来源是大豆,且主要依赖进口[2],而核桃油压榨过程中产生的副产物核桃粕,蛋白质含量40%以上,含有人体必需氨基酸[3],是一种优质的植物蛋白资源,具备较高的开发潜力和应用价值[4],但目前多作为饲料原料或直接废弃处理,资源利用率不足且附加价值较低[5]。核桃蛋白中溶解性较差的谷蛋白占72%[6],加之种皮中酚类物质引发的蛋白聚集沉淀效应,导致核桃蛋白水溶性较低[7],限制了核桃蛋白在食品加工中的应用。研究表明,通过酶法或微生物水解技术对核桃蛋白进行适度修饰,可有效提高其溶解性,使其转化生成更易被机体吸收利用的功能性多肽[8],以减少核桃粕中优质蛋白资源的浪费,提高核桃油副产品的附加值。
多肽可以通过配位作用与金属离子形成稳定螯合物,并通过肽的吸收运输机制,提高生物体对矿物元素的利用效率[9]。不同的肽可能具有不同的结合模式,金属与肽链之间的分子间作用力能够影响螯合物的稳定性。此外,金属螯合肽还展现出多样的生物学特性,包括调节免疫系统、降低血糖和血脂水平等作用[10]。宫瑞林等[11]研究发现小麦蛋白肽与钙离子结合形成肽钙螯合物后,具有更加稳定的环状结构,防止钙在体内与磷酸盐等产生难溶盐类,增加钙的吸收利用。López-garcía等[12]研究发现铜螯合肽富含组氨酸,其可防止铜的氧化。冷雨佳等[13]研究发现大豆肽锌螯合物具有优于无机锌盐的胃肠溶解性和肠道透过率,可能增加锌的生物利用度。目前,以多肽为主要原料或配料开发的功能性食品及保健品中,多肽的活性和稳定性对产品质量至关重要,但基于金属离子配位提高多肽活性及稳定性的研究鲜有报道,因此开展相关研究具有一定意义及必要性,也将在食品工业等领域发挥重要作用。
本研究基于抗氧化指标(DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率)测定,从Zn2+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Ca2+、Se4+与核桃多肽配位制成的金属螯合物中筛选出具有较强抗氧化性的核桃肽金属螯合物。通过热稳定性、酸碱稳定性、胃肠道模拟消化试验对核桃肽及核桃肽-钙螯合物进行抗氧化性和稳定性分析,并使用分子对接模拟技术分析多肽配体与自由基对接的结合模式,进一步验证核桃肽钙金属螯合物的抗氧化能力。本研究旨在提高核桃多肽抗氧化性及稳定性,以实现核桃蛋白肽高值化利用,以期为核桃产业发展提供新思路。
脱脂核桃粕 云南一叶生物科技股份有限公司;DPPH、ABTS 美国Sigma公司;胰蛋白酶(250 U/mg)、胃蛋白酶(250 U/mg) 北京索莱宝试剂有限公司;胆酸盐 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;氯化钙、氯化铁、硫酸锌、硫酸铜、亚硒酸钠 分析纯,天津市风船化学试剂科技有限公司。
VL-7F低速冷冻离心机 湖南百诺克离心机仪器有限公司;A-AB33PH ZH pH仪 上海越平科学仪器有限公司;SKSW-KC-100酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;DK-8D水浴锅 金坛市城西峥嵘实验公司;YP20002电子分析天平 上海舜宇恒平仪器有限公司;TD-1A-50冷冻干燥机 北京博医康实验仪器有限公司;BPH-9272恒温振荡培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;TS-211B摇床培养箱 上海天呈实验仪器制造有限公司。
采用碱提酸沉法处理脱脂核桃粕获得核桃分离蛋白[1],将核桃分离蛋白溶解在超纯水中,用1 mol/L氢氧化钠调节混合溶液的pH至9.0,加入2%(w/w)碱性蛋白酶,在55 ℃下水解3 h,加热煮沸10 min以灭酶活,离心(4000 r/min,20 min),收集液体上清液[2],使用1 kDa超滤膜分离上清液,获得分子量<1 kDa的核桃肽(WP)并冻干保存。
参照Zhang等[14]的方法,将WP(终浓度为6 mg/mL)溶于蒸馏水中,分别与CaCl2、FeCl3、ZnSO4、CuSO4、Na2SeO3以1:2(WP:金属化合物)的质量比混合后得到金属螯合物(WP-Ca、WP-Fe、WP-Zn、WP-Cu、WP-Se)。调节溶液pH至6.8,在37 ℃条件下水浴反应30 min。随后在反应液中加入3倍体积(即反应液:乙醇=1:3)乙醇将其混合均匀,静置于4 ℃条件下使金属配合物沉淀1 h。以8000 r/min离心15 min后,收集沉淀并冻干得到金属离子螯合物。
参照任娇艳等[15]的方法并稍作修改。取0.02 mmol/L的DPPH溶液与1.2 mg/mL的样品液以体积1:3的比例混匀。在室温条件下避光反应30 min,于517 nm波长处测定其吸光值。按照式(1)计算出测得样品的DPPH自由基清除率。
$\rm DPPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(\text{1}-\frac{A_1-A_2}{A_0}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品待测液吸光度值,A2为乙醇溶液作对照吸光值,A0为以纯水代替样液并测空白吸光度值。
参照王宇晴等[16]的方法并稍作修改。称取ABTS 200.0 mg和过硫酸钾34.4 mg,溶于50 mL蒸馏水中,充分摇匀,在室温避光条件下反应24 h,作为ABTS母液。取适量ABTS母液,95%乙醇稀释使其在734 nm波长处吸光值在0.70±0.02范围内,作为ABTS测定溶液,溶液现配现用。取ABTS测定液与1 mg/mL的样品液以体积1:3比例混匀,室温避光反应6 min,于734 nm处测定吸光度。按照式(2)计算测得样品的ABTS+自由基清除率。
$ \rm{A}BTS^+自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{A_{\text{1}}-A_2}{A_0}\right)\times100 $
式中:A1为样品待测液吸光度值,A2为乙醇溶液作对照吸光值,A0为以纯水代替样液并测空白吸光度值。
采用熊含露等[17]的方法,稍加修改。将筛选出的金属螯合物分别在37、50、60、70、80、90、100 ℃条件下处理30 min后,利用1.2.3.1和1.2.3.2的方法测定不同温度处理后的核桃肽金属螯合物的抗氧化性,以未处理的核桃肽为对照,每次处理重复3次。
采用吴晗硕等[18]的方法,稍加修改。用1 mol/L HCl和1 mol/L NaOH将去离子水的pH分别调为2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0。以6 mg/mL金属螯合物溶解在各pH溶液室温反应1 h,利用1.2.3.1和1.2.3.2的方法测定抗氧化性。以未处理的核桃肽为对照,每次处理重复3次。
参考刘春燕[19]的方法并稍加修改。将核桃肽与核桃肽金属螯合物以6 mg/mL的浓度溶解到胃液中(1 mg/mL的胃蛋白酶溶液,pH为2.0),37 ℃摇床上避光振荡2 h。随后将胃模拟消化后的反应液加入肠液(1 mg/mL的胰蛋白酶溶液,pH7.4)使酶与样品的质量比为1:25,37 ℃摇床避光振荡2 h。每隔半小时取一次消化液并在100 ℃热水中灭酶5 min[20]。所得样品利用1.2.3.1和1.2.3.2的方法测定抗氧化性。以未处理的核桃肽为对照,每次处理重复3次。
将5 mg分子量<1 kDa的核桃肽与核桃肽金属螯合物样品加载到坩埚上,在流量为50 mL/min的氮气吹扫气、20 mL/min的保护气中进行25~900 ℃的热重分析,空坩埚为参比,升温速率20 K/min[21]
多肽(NALVAPHY)结构根据其氨基酸序列利用AlphaFold3进行构建(https://golgi.sandbox.google.com/)。使用离子操作平台(MOE2019.01)进行离子对接,将离子导入MOE软件中比利用Compute中的Energy Minimize模块对其进行几何优化以及能量最小化,之后定义为对接配体。将PEP多肽导入MOE中,利用Structure Preparation模块对蛋白进行优化处理,具体包括去除溶剂离子,水离子,无关金属离子,加氢以及能量最小化等,最后将处理好的靶点蛋白定义为对接受体。对接前,选择Amber14: EHT的力场和反应场的隐形溶剂化模型。对接配体为Ca2+以及DPPH分子。选择dock模块进行离子对接。根据诱导-契合原理进行对接,其中允许受体口袋范围内的侧链可以根据配体的构象移动,并限制其位置。通过London DG函数对所有的离子姿势进行排序,然后对前500个姿势进行立场细化并利用GBVI/WSA进行评分。对接后的复合物的可视化均在Pymol2.1软件上完成。
所有实验至少进行三次平行重复,结果以平均值±标准偏差(mean±SD)表示。采用Origin 2024软件绘图。方差分析和显著性差异检验由SPSS 22.0根据Duncan检验采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)确定,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
核桃肽各金属螯合物抗氧化性通过DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率进行对比分析,结果如图1所示。5种核桃肽金属螯合物的DPPH自由基清除能力大小依次为:WP-Ca>WP-Se>WP-Cu>WP-Zn>WP-Fe,ABTS+自由基清除能力为:WP-Ca>WP-Se>WP-Cu>WP-Fe>WP-Zn。其中WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率为74.00%±0.54%,ABTS+自由基清除率为85.27%±0.67%,WP-Ca的两个自由基清除率在5个 WP金属螯合中均最高,表现出良好的抗氧化效果,这是由于Ca2+电荷密度低、配位能力适中,螯合时更易形成稳定但疏松的网状结构,保留多肽抗氧化基团(如氨基、羧基)的暴露[2223]。Ca2+和Se4+的WP金属螯合物与其余3种金属螯合物有显著差异(P<0.05),但WP-Se的DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS+自由基清除率分别比WP-Ca低2.16%、2.29%。因此,选择WP-Ca进行后续试验。
图2A为不同温度对WP和WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率的影响。结果显示,WP和WP-Ca均具备一定的DPPH自由基清除能力,但随着温度的升高DPPH自由基清除能力均逐渐降低,这可能是由于温度影响了多肽的空间构象及与金属离子的结合状态。在37 ℃和50 ℃条件下,WP的DPPH自由基清除率分别为76.41%±0.66%和74.75%±0.60%,而WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率分别为88.68%±0.51%和85.88%±0.62%,在小于60 ℃的温度的条件下,WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率显著大于WP的DPPH自由基清除率(P<0.05),且呈现随温度增高,DPPH自由基清除率均下降的趋势。在温度大于等于60 ℃的条件下,两者的清除活性相近,但WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除活性始终强于WP组,WP的DPPH自由基清除率分别为73.32%、69.76%、62.07%、51.65%、47.74%,WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率分别为74.61%、71.35%、64.06%、52.68%、48.65%。值得注意的是,常规巴氏消毒温度为62.5 ℃左右[24],WP-Ca在巴氏消毒温度前后活性能力均大于WP,为核桃肽相关创新产品工业化生产的热工艺优化提供了数据支持。综上,WP-Ca的热稳定性高于WP,因此WP-Ca在低温热加工产品中应用优势明显。
图2B为不同温度对WP和WP-Ca的ABTS+自由基清除率的影响。随着温度的升高,WP和WP-Ca的ABTS+自由基清除率活性呈现下降趋势。在37 ℃和70 ℃时WP-Ca的ABTS+自由基清除率与WP的ABTS+自由基清除率相差较多,分别相差1.89%、1.72%。60 ℃时WP与WP-Ca两者对ABTS+自由基的清除率相等,但WP-Ca的ABTS+自由基清除能力在37~100 ℃条件下普遍高于WP对ABTS+自由基的清除能力,表明在此温度范围内WP-Ca热稳定性强于WP,此结论与Luo等[25]的研究结论一致。但整体来看,温度对WP和WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除能力的影响大于ABTS+自由基清除能力。
WP与WP-Ca在不同pH条件下的DPPH自由基清除率如图3A所示,在pH为2.0~10.0的范围内,WP及WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率均呈先升高后降低的趋势。在pH环境变化中,pH为4.0时,WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率达到最大值85.52%±0.56%;pH为6.0时,WP的DPPH自由基清除率达到最大值84.98%±0.45%;pH为10.0时,WP和WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率下降到最小值,分别为64.14%±0.55%和67.88%±0.68%,且WP和WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率能力较最大值分别降低24.52%和20.63%,即WP-Ca组的抗氧化能力下降幅度小于WP组,pH环境变化下WP-Ca更具稳定性优势。整体观察,WP与WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除能力对碱性环境更加敏感,与郑昌亮[26]研究鳙鱼抗氧化肽随pH变化趋势相似。在酸碱稳定性试验中WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率明显高于WP,在过酸或过碱性条件下WP和WP-Ca的DPPH自由基能力下降,可能由于酸性条件更容易影响多肽的残基基团及空间结构,使其与自由基结合受到一定的抑制,从而导致其活性降低,而碱性环境中,多肽容易发生外消旋或脱酰胺反应,从而导致其活性减弱。因此,在WP的加工及贮藏过程中,应严格控制环境条件,避免强酸、强碱物质与其接触。
WP与WP-Ca在不同pH条件下的ABTS+自由基清除率如图3B所示,随pH增加,WP和WP-Ca的ABTS+自由基清除率呈先升高后降低的趋势。在pH为6.0时WP和WP-Ca的ABTS+自由基清除率均达到最大值,分别为95.92%±0.43%、97.34%±0.21%,WP和WP-Ca的ABTS+自由基清除率均在pH为10.0时达到最小值,分别为87.11%±0.32%和93.14%±0.41%。结果表明WP和WP-Ca均具有一定的ABTS+自由基清除能力,在酸碱稳定性试验中WP-Ca的ABTS+自由基清除力明显高于WP,这是由于在螯合反应后多肽的供氢能力得到了显著提高[27],增强了WP-Ca的抗氧化能力。综上,WP-Ca的酸碱稳定性整体优于WP,且对于WP-Ca,相较于DPPH自由基清除能力,ABTS+自由基清除能力可维持更佳的酸碱稳定性。
图4A、B展示了WP和WP-Ca在体外模拟胃消化、肠消化过程中对DPPH自由基的清除率。在体外模拟胃消化30~120 min中WP和WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率总体呈现上升趋势,WP的DPPH自由基清除率在55.46%~76.78%之间,WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率在66.97%~80.69%之间,整体优于WP。在胃模拟消化(30~120 min)期间,WP与WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率分别上升了21.32%和13.72%,这是因为在胃消化过程中,多肽进一步被酶解成较小的肽段和氨基酸,这些较小的分子更容易与DPPH自由基结合,从而提高DPPH自由基的清除能力[28]。肠模拟消化30、60、90、120 min过程中WP的DPPH自由基清除率分别为69.08%、57.48%、42.48%、39.71%,WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率分别为72.71%、67.48%、65.02%、47.31%,总体呈现下降的趋势,可能因为在弱碱性环境WP、WP-Ca中肽的抗氧化能力受到抑制[29],WP-Ca的DPPH自由基清除率明显高于WP,因此可知WP-Ca比WP更稳定,受到的影响更小。梁秋芳[30]进行的玉米多肽及抗氧化研究实验结果与本实验结果相似。
图5A、B展示了WP与WP-Ca在体外模拟胃消化、肠消化环境下ABTS+自由基清除效率。体外模拟胃消化30、60、90、120 min过程中WP的ABTS+自由基清除率依次为50.23%、50.87%、60.60%、76.13%,WP-Ca的ABTS+自由基清除率分别为55.93%、64.03%、70.03%、77.62%,在体外模拟胃消化过程中WP和WP-Ca的ABTS+自由基清除率总体情况呈现上升趋势。WP和WP-Ca在胃模拟消化(30~120 min)过程中的ABTS+自由基清除率分别上升了25.90%、21.69%,结果显示WP-Ca的ABTS+自由基清除率高于WP。肠模拟消化30、60、90、120 min过程中WP的ABTS+自由基清除率分别为49.06%、48.11%、46.06%、43.65%,WP-Ca的ABTS+自由基清除率分别为52.96%、50.75%、46.01%、44.01%,均呈现下降趋势。WP和WP-Ca在肠模拟消化(30~120 min)过程中ABTS+自由基清除率分别下降5.4%、8.95%。整体来看,经过胃肠道模拟消化后WP-Ca比WP的ABTS+自由基清除率高。结果同样证明WP-Ca抗氧化活性比WP高。
图6A为WP的热重曲线,由图可知,在加热过程中有6个弱吸热峰,WP分别在88.3、153.1、193.3、276.4、411.4、796.9 ℃有吸热峰,同时伴随着TG-DSC曲线的下降,在25~900 ℃过程中出现了2个失重区,WP在这个阶段质量损失约74.81%。由此说明WP在88.3 ℃时开始分解,这可能由不同位置上的C-N键在高温下断裂引起的[31]
图6B为WP-Ca的热重曲线,由图可知,在加热过程中出现3个吸热峰,WP-Ca分别在116.8、404.5、652.3 ℃有吸热峰。在各类化学键中,键能的增加导致断裂过程需消耗更多的能量。随着断裂温度的提高,物质结构愈发稳定,抗破坏性也更强。此研究表明,WP与Ca2+之间存在着相互作用,形成了一种新的化学键使其结构更为稳定,在116.8 ℃时才开始分解。这个阶段,WP-Ca的质量损失大约为56.74%。随着温度的不断升高,WP和螯合物上的化学键会在高温下断裂,WP-Ca的起始分解温度比WP高28.5 ℃。这表明WP-Ca可能形成了稳定的化学键[32],分解螯合物需要更多的能量,说明螯合物的结构更加稳定。结果表明WP-Ca的稳定性比WP强。
表1为核桃肽序列与DPPH对接的结果,由表可知,NALVAPHY序列与DPPH对接的结合能最低,Ma等[33]研究指出肽与DPPH的最佳结合构型基于最小的结合能,Wen等[34]研究表明西瓜籽中与DPPH结合能最低的活性肽段具有最强的抗氧化性,而NALVAPHY序列与DPPH最易结合,因此与其他肽段相比,其具有更优的潜在抗氧化能力,选择NALVAPHY序列的对接结果进行分析。将Ca2+、DPPH与多肽NALVAPHY进行分子对接,结果如表2所示。结合能越低,结合能力越强,结合能小于−5.00 kcal/mol表示良好结合,小于−7.00 kcal/mol则表示强结合能力[35],对接结果表明,DPPH与NALVAPHY,Ca2+、DPPH与NALVAPHY三者的结合能分别为−6.29、−6.62 kcal/mol,并形成静电相互作用与氢键作用,因此三者存在良好的结合作用且匹配度良好。将对接后离子及分子与蛋白形成的复合物利用Pymol 2.1软件进行可视化,得到离子与蛋白的结合模式,根据结合模式可以很清晰的看到离子及分子与蛋白口袋的相结合的氨基酸残基。图7中A为NALVAPHY和Ca2+结合模式(单个金属离子与肽结合无法呈现2D图),B为NALVAPHY和DPPH结合模式,C为NALVAPHY和Ca2+-DPPH结合模式,Ca2+与NALVAPHY的TYR-8氨基酸形成静电相互作用,平均距离为2.80 Å。DPPH与NALVAPHY的ASN-1,LEU-3,HIS-7氨基酸形成氢键作用,与多肽结合较强。此外,将Ca2+与NALVAPHY复合物再与DPPH对接,发现三者之间存在很强亲和力,结合能为−6.62 kcal/mol,且NALVAPHY的TYR-8的羧基与DPPH化合物的硝基均能够与Ca2+形成静电相互作用,而且化合物硝基还可以与HIS-7,ALA-5形成氢键。本研究选择NALVAPHY序列为代表性多肽组分与Ca2+DPPH进行分子对接,分析Ca2+螯合多肽后对其抗氧化性及稳定性提升的潜在作用,在此基础上,推测其他多肽组分亦可能通过类似的分子间相互作用(氢键、静电相互作用、疏水相互作用等)参与协同作用,进而形成“多组分协同增强效应”实现其功能强化。
本研究以分子量<1 kDa的核桃肽为原料,基于抗氧化活性指标,通过抗氧化试验与分子对接,热稳定性、酸碱稳定性、胃肠道模拟消化试验及热重分析,研究WP-Ca的抗氧化特性及稳定性。结果表明Zn2+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Ca2+、Se4+中与WP配位抗氧化活性较好的金属螯合物为WP-Ca,且WP-Ca在抗氧化试验与稳定性试验中展现出比WP更好的抗氧化能力和稳定性,分子对接定向锁定了分子量<1 kDa的核桃肽中抗氧化能力最强的肽序列为NALVAPHY,进一步证实,Ca2+与NALVAPHY螯合后再与DPPH对接,三者亲和力更强,即进一步表明核桃肽钙金属螯合物的抗氧化能力及稳定性强于核桃肽。本研究为提高核桃多肽功能性提供了理论基础和技术支持,为实现核桃蛋白的高值化利用提供新的途径,为推动核桃产业技术创新具有一定理论意义。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060041
  • 接收时间:2025-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05
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    1.云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650201
    2.云南农业大学就业与创新创业指导服务中心,云南昆明 650201
    3.食药同源资源开发与利用教育部工程研究中心,云南昆明 650201
    4.云南省药食同源功能食品工程研究中心,云南昆明 650201

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陶亮(1987−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:
田洋(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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