Article(id=1261343844629623112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657407195, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657407195, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657407195, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657407195, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=310, endPage=320, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343848232530267, articleId=1261343844629623112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Lemongrass Extract on the Deodorization of Yellow River Carp Based on Electronic Nose and GC-IMS, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the influence of lemongrass extract on the fishy odor of Yellow River carp, this study focused on the fishy smell value and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and sensory score as evaluation indicators to optimize the deodorization process. Using the electronic nose and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology, combined with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, the volatile components before and after deodorization were analyzed. The results showed that under the conditions of LE concentration of 1.5%, material-liquid ratio of 1:5 (g:mL), and soaking time of 46 min, the fishy degree value and TBA value were the lowest, which were 1.248 points and 0.264 mg MDA/kg respectively. Electronic nose analysis showed that LE treatment had an inhibitory effect on fishy substances containing sulfur, alcohol, aldehydes and ketones. A total of 42 volatile flavor substances were identified by GC-IMS. Among them, the content of aldehyde compounds was the highest before deodorization, and it was significantly reduced by 76.62% after deodorization treatment. By using the relative odor activity value and the variable projection importance factor, the characteristic compounds of carp before deodorization were screened out as valeraldehyde, butyraldehyde, heptanaldehyde, propionaldehyde, 1-hexaldehyde-M, and 1-hexaldehyde-D. After deodorization treatment, the main characteristic aroma compounds were acetone and ethyl acetate, which could bring pleasant fruity and floral flavors to the fish body. In conclusion, lemongrass extract can effectively reduce the characteristic fishy smell of Yellow River carp and improve its overall flavor quality, providing a certain theoretical basis for its industrial application in aquatic product processing in the future.

, correspAuthors=Mengmeng LEI, Xiao ZHANG, Zhili PAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fengli YUE, Zhongmin HUANG, Yang BAI, Mengmeng LEI, Xiao ZHANG, Zhili PAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343877949174369, articleId=1261343844629623112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于电子鼻和GC-IMS分析香茅提取物对黄河鲤鱼脱腥效果的影响, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究香茅提取物(Lemongrass extract,LE)对黄河鲤鱼腥味作用的影响。本研究以腥度值、硫代巴比妥酸(Thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值和感官评分为评价指标,对脱腥工艺进行优化,采用电子鼻及气相色谱-离子迁移谱(Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)技术,结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析对脱腥前后挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明,在LE浓度为1.5%,料液比为1:5(g:mL),浸泡时间为46 min的条件下,腥度值和TBA值最低,分别为1.248分和0.264 mg MDA/kg。电子鼻分析显示,LE处理后对含硫、醇、醛酮类致腥物质具有抑制作用。GC-IMS共鉴定出42种挥发性风味物质,其中脱腥前醛类化合物含量最高,经脱腥处理后,显著降低76.62%;利用相对气味活性值和变量投影重要性因子筛选出鲤鱼脱腥前特征化合物为戊醛、丁醛、庚醛、丙醛、1-己醛-M、1-己醛-D,经脱腥处理后特征香气化合物主要有丙酮和乙酸乙酯,可为鱼体带来令人愉悦的果味和花香。综上,香茅提取物可有效降低黄河鲤鱼的特征性腥味,改善其整体风味品质,为今后在水产品加工中的产业化应用提供一定理论基础。

, correspAuthors=雷萌萌, 张枭, 潘治利, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张枭(1975−),男,本科,高级经济师,研究方向:预制菜,E-mail:
潘治利(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=lOxbQFGh7mBmgaIIbYCmBg==, magXml=j8nYNkDdMISU27Wfh+ctVQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=3klQK4ZReJEkytbQ4A5yGA==, pdfFileSize=8592064, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=c7sLZxUvreQsOoRimZoXYg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+c6W2ygsjcR77v33SE3afQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

岳凤丽(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:速冻食品,E-mail:

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岳凤丽(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:速冻食品,E-mail:

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注:不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图3同。

, figureFileSmall=qH1SHcmyaYJWZPrgjwbnRA==, figureFileBig=c7sLZxUvreQsOoRimZoXYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343940222005304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of soaking time on sensory scores, fishiness degree and TBA values in carp, figureFileSmall=n6NeWXZvio8bnv1kATKAkQ==, figureFileBig=Hg8SCUHosNA6lfZLKmLXiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343940628852804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=图2, caption=浸泡时间对鲤鱼感官评分、腥度值和TBA值的影响, figureFileSmall=n6NeWXZvio8bnv1kATKAkQ==, figureFileBig=Hg8SCUHosNA6lfZLKmLXiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343941287358537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of solid-liquid ratio on sensory scores, fishiness degree and TBA values in carp, figureFileSmall=kwyww8JyqiiXhgRFPiK7Ww==, figureFileBig=7eO9PX1MzLDUzKe0XW4OXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343941614514257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=图3, caption=料液比对鲤鱼感官评分、腥度值和TBA值的影响, figureFileSmall=kwyww8JyqiiXhgRFPiK7Ww==, figureFileBig=7eO9PX1MzLDUzKe0XW4OXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343941794869340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Radar (a) and PCA (b) maps of flavor compounds of Yellow River carp before and after deodorization, figureFileSmall=vLY1zZVKIVqfoWvCR/mlDA==, figureFileBig=lFbiJ0vFFu0BE4UpLwcUpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343942222688356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=图4, caption=黄河鲤鱼脱腥前后风味化合物的雷达图(a)和PCA图(b), figureFileSmall=vLY1zZVKIVqfoWvCR/mlDA==, figureFileBig=lFbiJ0vFFu0BE4UpLwcUpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343943850078319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=3D spectrum (a), 2D spectrum (b) and difference comparison (c) of volatile components in Yellow River carp before and after deodorization, figureFileSmall=qyJ/bB1s8UvUsKfu4Bd13Q==, figureFileBig=sTrAxFDrq31zBw27MkrNpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343944101736565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=图5, caption=黄河鲤鱼脱腥前后挥发性物质三维谱图(a)、二维谱图(b)和差异对比图(c), figureFileSmall=qyJ/bB1s8UvUsKfu4Bd13Q==, figureFileBig=sTrAxFDrq31zBw27MkrNpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343944336617597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Fingerprint of volatile components of Yellow River carp before and after deodorization, figureFileSmall=DLmBgxEBoiwVeprDm9pJKQ==, figureFileBig=QQrOMAr66Ay/8lxdai1Gig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343944726687877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=图6, caption=黄河鲤鱼脱腥前后挥发性成分指纹图谱, figureFileSmall=DLmBgxEBoiwVeprDm9pJKQ==, figureFileBig=QQrOMAr66Ay/8lxdai1Gig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343944961568907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Relative contents of volatile flavor substances in Yellow River carp before and after deodorization, figureFileSmall=9f1WrU/zaz7uKbIW3t+Pgg==, figureFileBig=ZW/GFgG7ONOukwJFn5GRpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343945259364495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=图7, caption=黄河鲤鱼脱腥前后挥发性风味成分相对含量, figureFileSmall=9f1WrU/zaz7uKbIW3t+Pgg==, figureFileBig=ZW/GFgG7ONOukwJFn5GRpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343945628463261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Score chart of volatile flavor substances OPLS-DA (a) and displacement test chart (b) of Yellow River carp before and after fishiness removal, figureFileSmall=EqjLCNcHJ+TxvJ1kUA8igg==, figureFileBig=FaDY/n/tfT4a3FFqYw8Zaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343945989173413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=图8, caption=黄河鲤鱼脱腥前后挥发性风味物质OPLS-DA得分图(a)和置换检验图(b), figureFileSmall=EqjLCNcHJ+TxvJ1kUA8igg==, figureFileBig=FaDY/n/tfT4a3FFqYw8Zaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343946517655727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=VIP value distribution map based on OPLS-DA model analysis, figureFileSmall=TQFx449bnXPT+6+BNNds0w==, figureFileBig=KFTP4+lnojjZszaNMdL5sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343948149239987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=图9, caption=基于OPLS-DA模型分析的VIP值分布图, figureFileSmall=TQFx449bnXPT+6+BNNds0w==, figureFileBig=KFTP4+lnojjZszaNMdL5sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343948648362171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factor and level of Box-Benhnken test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
LE浓度(%)浸泡时间(min)料液比(g:mL)
−11301:3
01.5451:5
12601:7
), ArticleFig(id=1261343949034238146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Box-Benhnken试验因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
LE浓度(%)浸泡时间(min)料液比(g:mL)
−11301:3
01.5451:5
12601:7
), ArticleFig(id=1261343949256536264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Scoring criteria for fishiness value

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
程度微弱一般较重很重
分值(分)0123456
), ArticleFig(id=1261343949814378703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

腥度值评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
程度微弱一般较重很重
分值(分)0123456
), ArticleFig(id=1261343950087008471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标权重(%)标准评分(分)
气味40鱼香味不明显,鱼腥味较浓0~60
鱼香较弱,稍伴有鱼腥味61~80
鱼肉浓郁,有鱼肉固有鲜香味81~100
滋味30无明显鱼鲜味,鱼腥味明显0~60
鱼鲜味清淡,稍伴有鱼腥味61~80
正常鱼鲜味,无异味,无腥味81~100
质地20质地不均匀,鱼肉粗糙0~60
质地较均匀,形态较完整,鱼肉稍粗糙61~80
质地均匀,形态完整,鱼肉较嫩81~100
色泽10颜色暗淡不均匀0~60
色泽较暗淡,鱼肉偏黄61~80
色泽光亮,鱼肉嫩白81~100
), ArticleFig(id=1261343950300917984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标权重(%)标准评分(分)
气味40鱼香味不明显,鱼腥味较浓0~60
鱼香较弱,稍伴有鱼腥味61~80
鱼肉浓郁,有鱼肉固有鲜香味81~100
滋味30无明显鱼鲜味,鱼腥味明显0~60
鱼鲜味清淡,稍伴有鱼腥味61~80
正常鱼鲜味,无异味,无腥味81~100
质地20质地不均匀,鱼肉粗糙0~60
质地较均匀,形态较完整,鱼肉稍粗糙61~80
质地均匀,形态完整,鱼肉较嫩81~100
色泽10颜色暗淡不均匀0~60
色泽较暗淡,鱼肉偏黄61~80
色泽光亮,鱼肉嫩白81~100
), ArticleFig(id=1261343950527410409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Electronic nose sensor corresponding sensitive substances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号代码敏感物质
1W1C芳烃化合物
2W3C氨,芳香分子
3W5C烯烃、芳族,极性分子
4W1S烷类
5W2S醇、醛、酮、醚等物质
6W3S烷类和脂肪族
7W5S氮氧化合物
8W6S氢化物
9W1W硫化物
10W2W芳烃化合物,硫的有机化合物
), ArticleFig(id=1261343950758097135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

电子鼻传感器敏感物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号代码敏感物质
1W1C芳烃化合物
2W3C氨,芳香分子
3W5C烯烃、芳族,极性分子
4W1S烷类
5W2S醇、醛、酮、醚等物质
6W3S烷类和脂肪族
7W5S氮氧化合物
8W6S氢化物
9W1W硫化物
10W2W芳烃化合物,硫的有机化合物
), ArticleFig(id=1261343952725225716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Design and results of response surface experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号因素腥度值(分)TBA值(mg MDA/kg)
脱腥液浓度(%)浸泡时间(min)料液比(g:mL)
11301:53.550.57
22301:53.610.55
31601:53.360.49
42601:53.510.51
51451:32.770.52
62451:32.920.51
71451:73.020.49
82451:72.980.47
91.5301:33.370.52
101.5601:33.230.50
111.5301:73.310.55
121.5601:73.220.51
131.5451:51.210.25
141.5451:51.270.26
151.5451:51.250.28
161.5451:51.290.29
171.5451:51.230.26
), ArticleFig(id=1261343953379537145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号因素腥度值(分)TBA值(mg MDA/kg)
脱腥液浓度(%)浸泡时间(min)料液比(g:mL)
11301:53.550.57
22301:53.610.55
31601:53.360.49
42601:53.510.51
51451:32.770.52
62451:32.920.51
71451:73.020.49
82451:72.980.47
91.5301:33.370.52
101.5601:33.230.50
111.5301:73.310.55
121.5601:73.220.51
131.5451:51.210.25
141.5451:51.270.26
151.5451:51.250.28
161.5451:51.290.29
171.5451:51.230.26
), ArticleFig(id=1261343954067403007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Analysis of variance for the regression model of fishiness value

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方FP显著性
注:*差异显著,P<0.05;**差异极显著,P<0.01,表7同。
模型14.7091.63481.53<0.0001**
A-脱腥液浓度0.012810.01283.770.0932
B-浸泡时间0.033810.03389.960.0160*
C-料液比0.007210.00722.120.1885
AB0.002010.00200.59680.4651
AC0.009010.00902.660.1469
BC0.000610.00060.18420.6807
A23.7913.791117.05<0.0001**
B27.2117.212125.61<0.0001**
C22.2112.21650.05<0.0001**
残差0.023870.0034
失拟项0.019730.00666.580.0501
纯误差0.004040.0010
总和14.7316
), ArticleFig(id=1261343954306478343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

腥度值回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方FP显著性
注:*差异显著,P<0.05;**差异极显著,P<0.01,表7同。
模型14.7091.63481.53<0.0001**
A-脱腥液浓度0.012810.01283.770.0932
B-浸泡时间0.033810.03389.960.0160*
C-料液比0.007210.00722.120.1885
AB0.002010.00200.59680.4651
AC0.009010.00902.660.1469
BC0.000610.00060.18420.6807
A23.7913.791117.05<0.0001**
B27.2117.212125.61<0.0001**
C22.2112.21650.05<0.0001**
残差0.023870.0034
失拟项0.019730.00666.580.0501
纯误差0.004040.0010
总和14.7316
), ArticleFig(id=1261343954423918861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

TBA value regression model analysis of variance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方FP显著性
模型0.223890.024955.17<0.0001**
A-脱腥液浓度0.000110.00010.24960.6327
B-浸泡时间0.004010.00408.990.0200*
C-料液比0.000110.00010.24960.6327
AB0.000410.00040.88750.3775
AC0.000010.00000.05550.8206
BC0.000110.00010.22190.6519
A20.060410.0604133.96<0.0001**
B20.085210.0852189.03<0.0001**
C20.050710.0507112.52<0.0001**
残差0.003270.0005
失拟项0.002130.00072.560.1928
纯误差0.001140.0003
总和0.227016
), ArticleFig(id=1261343954591691029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

TBA值回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方FP显著性
模型0.223890.024955.17<0.0001**
A-脱腥液浓度0.000110.00010.24960.6327
B-浸泡时间0.004010.00408.990.0200*
C-料液比0.000110.00010.24960.6327
AB0.000410.00040.88750.3775
AC0.000010.00000.05550.8206
BC0.000110.00010.22190.6519
A20.060410.0604133.96<0.0001**
B20.085210.0852189.03<0.0001**
C20.050710.0507112.52<0.0001**
残差0.003270.0005
失拟项0.002130.00072.560.1928
纯误差0.001140.0003
总和0.227016
), ArticleFig(id=1261343954818183452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Volatile flavor components and relative contents of Yellow River carp before and after deodorization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别化合物CAS号保留指数保留时间(s)迁移时间(ms)相对含量(%)
脱腥前脱腥后
注:“M”代表单倍体,“D”代表二聚体;不同小写字母用于标记组间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。
醛类庚醛111-71-71180.9430.3881.335655.31±0.07a2.00±0.06b
丁醛123-72-8905.7175.6571.289786.36±0.02a0.69±0.04b
戊醛110-62-3983.9225.6231.1889410.54±0.20a2.02±0.04b
丙醛123-38-6826.2136.1951.141654.50±0.18a1.81±0.10b
1-己醛-D66-25-11078.4308.0011.558513.78±0.04a1.34±0.10b
1-己醛-M66-25-11077.9307.4681.267545.65±0.13a0.60±0.01b
醇类1-己醇-M111-27-31349.2717.5161.328942.46±0.02a1.84±0.03b
1-己醇-D111-27-31349.2717.5161.632982.85±0.07a1.84±0.09b
1-戊醇71-41-01257.4540.2131.25341.39±0.06a0.93±0.05b
3-甲基-1-丁醇-M123-51-31207.8466.2531.240472.08±0.06b2.75±0.02a
3-甲基-1-丁醇-D123-51-31205.8463.5031.483281.36±0.10a1.21±0.02b
1-丁醇71-36-31138.5374.791.182521.31±0.05a0.77±0.05b
1-丙醇71-23-81031.2263.5541.111731.94±0.03b2.93±0.09a
乙醇64-17-5931.2190.6111.120232.18±0.08b3.07±0.08a
2-甲基-2-丙醇75-65-0924186.2321.325050.55±0.03b0.85±0.03a
2-丙醇67-63-0958.9208.2541.090532.58±0.19a2.51±0.04a
2-丁醇78-92-21028.6261.3761.155251.11±0.03b2.85±0.05a
酮类3-羟基-2-丁酮-M513-86-01300.7615.1891.061452.47±0.04a2.46±0.02a
3-羟基-2-丁酮-D513-86-01297.7609.3971.328942.00±0.05a1.92±0.10b
2-甲基-2-庚烯-6-酮110-93-01335685.9061.176140.49±0.01b2.63±0.03a
3-己酮-M589-38-81086.1315.8961.174481.44±0.05b1.56±0.04a
4-甲基-3-戊烯-2-酮141-79-71120.9353.9281.117930.35±0.04b1.89±0.03a
3-己酮-D589-38-81085.3315.0421.474451.06±0.03a0.56±0.02b
4-甲基-2-戊酮108-10-11008.3244.461.181261.76±0.14b1.99±0.03a
2-戊酮-D107-87-9982.2224.4011.37160.76±0.03b2.47±0.10a
2-丁酮-D78-93-3914.8180.8411.242561.10±0.02b3.31±0.04a
2-丁酮-M78-93-3912179.2131.059911.63±0.03b2.41±0.03a
2-戊酮-M107-87-9984225.6841.122632.28±0.04b3.20±0.08a
丙酮67-64-1853.1148.4691.1167511.15±0.23b15.83±0.13a
4-庚酮123-19-31138.4374.6631.220471.40±0.03a1.44±0.01a
酯类庚酸乙酯106-30-91331.3677.9371.413670.63±0.04b3.61±0.07a
乙酸乙酯141-78-6897.8171.3021.335630.97±0.04b5.60±0.05a
异硫氰酸异丙酯2253-73-81183.5433.7971.098891.05±0.02b2.01±0.05a
乙酸仲丁酯105-46-4979.9222.721.221061.87±0.05a1.42±0.10b
其他丙酸79-09-415411317.9591.098551.73±0.03b2.54±0.03a
乙酸64-19-71444.7971.1621.15341.26±0.01b2.51±0.04a
二丙基二硫化物629-19-61369.7765.7831.473481.21±0.03b1.33±0.01a
4-异丙基甲苯99-87-61299.2612.2931.161132.44±0.07a1.39±0.03b
丙烯腈-D107-13-11002.1239.4641.091752.48±0.03a1.34±0.05b
四氢呋喃109-99-9895.1169.7911.22560.50±0.06b2.04±0.02a
莰烯79-92-51085.6315.4011.212421.36±0.03a0.77±0.02b
丙烯腈-M107-13-11009.2245.1161.035440.67±0.02b3.73±0.06a
), ArticleFig(id=1261343955128561954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

黄河鲤鱼脱腥前后挥发性风味成分及相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别化合物CAS号保留指数保留时间(s)迁移时间(ms)相对含量(%)
脱腥前脱腥后
注:“M”代表单倍体,“D”代表二聚体;不同小写字母用于标记组间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。
醛类庚醛111-71-71180.9430.3881.335655.31±0.07a2.00±0.06b
丁醛123-72-8905.7175.6571.289786.36±0.02a0.69±0.04b
戊醛110-62-3983.9225.6231.1889410.54±0.20a2.02±0.04b
丙醛123-38-6826.2136.1951.141654.50±0.18a1.81±0.10b
1-己醛-D66-25-11078.4308.0011.558513.78±0.04a1.34±0.10b
1-己醛-M66-25-11077.9307.4681.267545.65±0.13a0.60±0.01b
醇类1-己醇-M111-27-31349.2717.5161.328942.46±0.02a1.84±0.03b
1-己醇-D111-27-31349.2717.5161.632982.85±0.07a1.84±0.09b
1-戊醇71-41-01257.4540.2131.25341.39±0.06a0.93±0.05b
3-甲基-1-丁醇-M123-51-31207.8466.2531.240472.08±0.06b2.75±0.02a
3-甲基-1-丁醇-D123-51-31205.8463.5031.483281.36±0.10a1.21±0.02b
1-丁醇71-36-31138.5374.791.182521.31±0.05a0.77±0.05b
1-丙醇71-23-81031.2263.5541.111731.94±0.03b2.93±0.09a
乙醇64-17-5931.2190.6111.120232.18±0.08b3.07±0.08a
2-甲基-2-丙醇75-65-0924186.2321.325050.55±0.03b0.85±0.03a
2-丙醇67-63-0958.9208.2541.090532.58±0.19a2.51±0.04a
2-丁醇78-92-21028.6261.3761.155251.11±0.03b2.85±0.05a
酮类3-羟基-2-丁酮-M513-86-01300.7615.1891.061452.47±0.04a2.46±0.02a
3-羟基-2-丁酮-D513-86-01297.7609.3971.328942.00±0.05a1.92±0.10b
2-甲基-2-庚烯-6-酮110-93-01335685.9061.176140.49±0.01b2.63±0.03a
3-己酮-M589-38-81086.1315.8961.174481.44±0.05b1.56±0.04a
4-甲基-3-戊烯-2-酮141-79-71120.9353.9281.117930.35±0.04b1.89±0.03a
3-己酮-D589-38-81085.3315.0421.474451.06±0.03a0.56±0.02b
4-甲基-2-戊酮108-10-11008.3244.461.181261.76±0.14b1.99±0.03a
2-戊酮-D107-87-9982.2224.4011.37160.76±0.03b2.47±0.10a
2-丁酮-D78-93-3914.8180.8411.242561.10±0.02b3.31±0.04a
2-丁酮-M78-93-3912179.2131.059911.63±0.03b2.41±0.03a
2-戊酮-M107-87-9984225.6841.122632.28±0.04b3.20±0.08a
丙酮67-64-1853.1148.4691.1167511.15±0.23b15.83±0.13a
4-庚酮123-19-31138.4374.6631.220471.40±0.03a1.44±0.01a
酯类庚酸乙酯106-30-91331.3677.9371.413670.63±0.04b3.61±0.07a
乙酸乙酯141-78-6897.8171.3021.335630.97±0.04b5.60±0.05a
异硫氰酸异丙酯2253-73-81183.5433.7971.098891.05±0.02b2.01±0.05a
乙酸仲丁酯105-46-4979.9222.721.221061.87±0.05a1.42±0.10b
其他丙酸79-09-415411317.9591.098551.73±0.03b2.54±0.03a
乙酸64-19-71444.7971.1621.15341.26±0.01b2.51±0.04a
二丙基二硫化物629-19-61369.7765.7831.473481.21±0.03b1.33±0.01a
4-异丙基甲苯99-87-61299.2612.2931.161132.44±0.07a1.39±0.03b
丙烯腈-D107-13-11002.1239.4641.091752.48±0.03a1.34±0.05b
四氢呋喃109-99-9895.1169.7911.22560.50±0.06b2.04±0.02a
莰烯79-92-51085.6315.4011.212421.36±0.03a0.77±0.02b
丙烯腈-M107-13-11009.2245.1161.035440.67±0.02b3.73±0.06a
), ArticleFig(id=1261343955384414508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

ROAV results of key flavor substances of Yellow River carp before and after deodorization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物阈值(μg/kg)ROAV气味描述
脱腥前脱腥后
注:阈值数据主要来源于《化合物嗅觉阈值汇编》。气味描述主要来源于网站http://www.flavornet.org/flavornet.html。
庚醛2.810063.78鱼腥味、脂肪味
戊醛1246.3215.03辛辣、刺激
丁醛1130.495.60香蕉味、辛辣味
丙醛1515.8210.77焦糖味、甜味
1-己醛-M4.566.2111.90青草味、牛油气味
1-己醛-D4.544.2926.59青草味、牛油气味
3-甲基-1-丁醇-M427.4261.38发酵味、油味、果味
3-甲基-1-丁醇-D417.9327.00发酵味、油味、果味
3-羟基-2-丁酮-M149.3015.69黄油味、草味
3-羟基-2-丁酮-D147.5312.24黄油味、草味
丙酮8320.711.70甜香味
乙酸乙酯510.23100果味、甜味
4-异丙基甲苯5.0125.6824.77
), ArticleFig(id=1261343957129244984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343844629623112, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

黄河鲤鱼脱腥前后关键风味物质的ROAV结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物阈值(μg/kg)ROAV气味描述
脱腥前脱腥后
注:阈值数据主要来源于《化合物嗅觉阈值汇编》。气味描述主要来源于网站http://www.flavornet.org/flavornet.html。
庚醛2.810063.78鱼腥味、脂肪味
戊醛1246.3215.03辛辣、刺激
丁醛1130.495.60香蕉味、辛辣味
丙醛1515.8210.77焦糖味、甜味
1-己醛-M4.566.2111.90青草味、牛油气味
1-己醛-D4.544.2926.59青草味、牛油气味
3-甲基-1-丁醇-M427.4261.38发酵味、油味、果味
3-甲基-1-丁醇-D417.9327.00发酵味、油味、果味
3-羟基-2-丁酮-M149.3015.69黄油味、草味
3-羟基-2-丁酮-D147.5312.24黄油味、草味
丙酮8320.711.70甜香味
乙酸乙酯510.23100果味、甜味
4-异丙基甲苯5.0125.6824.77
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基于电子鼻和GC-IMS分析香茅提取物对黄河鲤鱼脱腥效果的影响
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岳凤丽 1, 2 , 黄忠民 1, 2, 3 , 白杨 4 , 雷萌萌 *, 1, 2, 3 , 张枭 *, 5 , 潘治利 *, 1, 2, 3
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(9): 310-320
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食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026, 47(9): 310-320
基于电子鼻和GC-IMS分析香茅提取物对黄河鲤鱼脱腥效果的影响
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岳凤丽1, 2 , 黄忠民1, 2, 3, 白杨4, 雷萌萌*, 1, 2, 3 , 张枭*, 5, 潘治利*, 1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.河南农业大学食品科学技术学院,河南郑州 450002
  • 2.国家速冻米面制品加工技术专业研发中心,河南郑州 450002
  • 3.农业农村部大宗粮食加工重点实验室,河南郑州 450002
  • 4.思念食品(河南)有限公司,河南郑州 450044
  • 5.河南禾胜合食品有限公司,河南新乡 453500
  • 岳凤丽(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:速冻食品,E-mail:

通讯作者:

张枭(1975−),男,本科,高级经济师,研究方向:预制菜,E-mail:
潘治利(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:
Effects of Lemongrass Extract on the Deodorization of Yellow River Carp Based on Electronic Nose and GC-IMS
Fengli YUE1, 2 , Zhongmin HUANG1, 2, 3, Yang BAI4, Mengmeng LEI*, 1, 2, 3 , Xiao ZHANG*, 5, Zhili PAN*, 1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 2.National R & D Center of Quick-frozen Rice and Noodle Products Processing Technology, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Bulk Grain Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 4.Synear Food (Henan) Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450044, China
  • 5.Henan Heshenghe Food Co., Ltd., Xinxiang 453500, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050016
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为探究香茅提取物(Lemongrass extract,LE)对黄河鲤鱼腥味作用的影响。本研究以腥度值、硫代巴比妥酸(Thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值和感官评分为评价指标,对脱腥工艺进行优化,采用电子鼻及气相色谱-离子迁移谱(Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)技术,结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析对脱腥前后挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明,在LE浓度为1.5%,料液比为1:5(g:mL),浸泡时间为46 min的条件下,腥度值和TBA值最低,分别为1.248分和0.264 mg MDA/kg。电子鼻分析显示,LE处理后对含硫、醇、醛酮类致腥物质具有抑制作用。GC-IMS共鉴定出42种挥发性风味物质,其中脱腥前醛类化合物含量最高,经脱腥处理后,显著降低76.62%;利用相对气味活性值和变量投影重要性因子筛选出鲤鱼脱腥前特征化合物为戊醛、丁醛、庚醛、丙醛、1-己醛-M、1-己醛-D,经脱腥处理后特征香气化合物主要有丙酮和乙酸乙酯,可为鱼体带来令人愉悦的果味和花香。综上,香茅提取物可有效降低黄河鲤鱼的特征性腥味,改善其整体风味品质,为今后在水产品加工中的产业化应用提供一定理论基础。

黄河鲤鱼  /  香茅提取物  /  脱腥  /  电子鼻  /  气相色谱-离子迁移谱  /  正交偏最小二乘判别分析

To investigate the influence of lemongrass extract on the fishy odor of Yellow River carp, this study focused on the fishy smell value and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and sensory score as evaluation indicators to optimize the deodorization process. Using the electronic nose and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology, combined with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, the volatile components before and after deodorization were analyzed. The results showed that under the conditions of LE concentration of 1.5%, material-liquid ratio of 1:5 (g:mL), and soaking time of 46 min, the fishy degree value and TBA value were the lowest, which were 1.248 points and 0.264 mg MDA/kg respectively. Electronic nose analysis showed that LE treatment had an inhibitory effect on fishy substances containing sulfur, alcohol, aldehydes and ketones. A total of 42 volatile flavor substances were identified by GC-IMS. Among them, the content of aldehyde compounds was the highest before deodorization, and it was significantly reduced by 76.62% after deodorization treatment. By using the relative odor activity value and the variable projection importance factor, the characteristic compounds of carp before deodorization were screened out as valeraldehyde, butyraldehyde, heptanaldehyde, propionaldehyde, 1-hexaldehyde-M, and 1-hexaldehyde-D. After deodorization treatment, the main characteristic aroma compounds were acetone and ethyl acetate, which could bring pleasant fruity and floral flavors to the fish body. In conclusion, lemongrass extract can effectively reduce the characteristic fishy smell of Yellow River carp and improve its overall flavor quality, providing a certain theoretical basis for its industrial application in aquatic product processing in the future.

Yellow River carp  /  lemongrass extract  /  remove fishy smell  /  electronic nose  /  gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS)  /  orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis
岳凤丽, 黄忠民, 白杨, 雷萌萌, 张枭, 潘治利. 基于电子鼻和GC-IMS分析香茅提取物对黄河鲤鱼脱腥效果的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 310 -320 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050016
Fengli YUE, Zhongmin HUANG, Yang BAI, Mengmeng LEI, Xiao ZHANG, Zhili PAN. Effects of Lemongrass Extract on the Deodorization of Yellow River Carp Based on Electronic Nose and GC-IMS[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 310 -320 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050016
黄河鲤鱼是黄河流域特有的淡水经济鱼类,生物学特性及食用价值展现出鲜明的地域特色,其蛋白质含量范围在11.8%~18%,脂肪含量介于6.8%~12.4%,且主要由不饱和脂肪酸构成[1]。然而,淡水鱼相较于海鱼往往具有更为明显的鱼腥味和土腥味,这一特性严重制约了其产业发展的深度拓展及市场接受度的提升。因此,腥味物质的控制与去除仍是水产品加工领域需要重点突破的技术方向之一。目前脱腥技术主要分为物理、化学和生物三大类[2],随着健康消费理念的普及,富含生物活性成分的天然物质在食品加工领域的应用日益受到市场关注和消费者认可。熊华兴等[3]发现,蓝莓花青素对罗非鱼鱼皮进行处理能够显著降低其特征性醛类物质的含量。王源渊等[4]采用迷迭香提取物对鲐鱼进行脱腥,发现鱼肉腥味明显减弱,风味得到改善。香茅,俗称柠檬草,富含多种生物活性成分,其含有的柠檬醛和香叶醇等特征性化合物表现出显著的抗菌、抗氧化及保鲜功能[5],是一种安全高效的新型天然去腥物质。目前,香茅提取物用于鲤鱼脱腥的报道较少。
气相色谱-离子迁移谱(Gas chromatography-ion migration spectrometry,GC-IMS)技术能高效地对复杂样品进行挥发性有机物的分离并实现高灵敏度的检测[6]。它能提供准确的定性分析,同时建立高分辨率的非靶标挥发性指纹图谱。近年来,GC-IMS技术已广泛应用于水产品的风味分析,包括罗非鱼[7]、鲈鱼[8]、黑鱼[9]等。因此,本研究以香茅提取物为原料制作脱腥液用于黄河鲤鱼脱腥,通过对感官评分、腥度值及TBA值的测定确定最佳工艺参数,同时,采用电子鼻及气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术,对处理前后样品中的挥发性风味成分进行分析。为进一步评估这些成分的变化,结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)与相对气味活性值(ROAV),确定影响黄河鲤鱼特征风味的关键化合物。
黄河鲤鱼(重约1~1.25 kg) 郑州盒马鲜生;香茅提取物(20 kg香茅全草浓缩萃取成1 kg提取物) 陕西海益斯生物科技有限公司;1,1,3,3-四乙氧基丙烷、三氯乙酸、硫代巴比妥酸、乙二胺四乙酸二钠 国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
DZKW型电热恒温水浴锅 北京市永光明医疗仪器有限公司;TU-1810紫外分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;PEN-3电子鼻 德国AIRSENSE公司;FlavourSpecⓇ风味分析仪 德国G.A.S公司。
新鲜鲤鱼去除头部、内脏及鳞片,充分清洗后将鱼肉分割成规格一致的小块(20 g左右)。
准确称取鲤鱼肉20 g,设定浸泡时间为45 min,料液比为1:5(g/mL),分别添加不同浓度(0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%)的LE脱腥液,以腥度值、感官评分和TBA值为评价指标,探究LE浓度对鲤鱼脱腥效果的影响。
准确称取鲤鱼肉20 g,设定LE浓度为1.5%,料液比为1:5(g/mL),分别在不同浸泡时间(15、30、45、60、75 min)下进行处理,以腥度值、感官评分和TBA值为评价指标,探究浸泡时间对鲤鱼脱腥效果的影响。
准确称取鲤鱼肉20 g,设定LE浓度为1.5%,浸泡时间为45 min,分别在不同料液比(1:1、1:3、1:5、1:7、1:9 (g:mL))下进行处理,以腥度值、感官评分和TBA值为评价指标,探究料液比对鲤鱼脱腥效果的影响。
将LE浓度(A)、浸泡时间(B)和料液比(C)作为自变量,设定腥度值和TBA值为响应指标,构建三因素三水平试验方案,因素和水平见表1
根据鲍佳丽等[10]的方法并稍作修改。采用六分制感官评价体系,由10名经过培训的食品专业研究生对鲤鱼样品脱腥处理前后的腥味强度进行量化评估。具体标准见表2
根据张海燕等[11]的方法并稍作修改。将处理后的鱼肉蒸制3 min后,由10名经专业培训的感官评定员从气味、滋味、质地和色泽四个维度进行评分,具体评分标准见表3
参考GB 5009.181-2016《食品中丙二醛的测定》进行测定。
根据Yin等[12]的方法并加以修改。准确称取5 g鱼肉样品并转移至50 mL离心管中,密封后在室温条件下平衡30 min,随后使用电子鼻系统进行检测,设定参数如下:采样间隔为1 s,传感器清洗时间为100 s,进样时间为5 s,载气流速设为400 mL/min,检测时间为80 s。每组样品测试三次,选取69~71 s数据为结果进行后续汇总与分析。电子鼻传感器敏感物质见表4
参考Kang等[13]的方法并稍作修改,将2 g切碎的鱼肉转移至20 mL样品瓶中,在自动进样器单元中以500 r/min的转速在60 ℃下孵育15 min,将从顶空获得的500 μL气体样品注入气相色谱进样器。
气相色谱设置:DB-WAX石英毛细管柱(15 m×0.53 mm×1 µm);N2作为载气;色谱柱温度为60 ℃;流速程序:起始流速为2 mL/min,2 min时增至5 mL/min,10 min时达10 mL/min,20 min时为100 mL/min,并在25 min时最终达到150 mL/min。
漂移管温度为45 ℃,使用高纯氮气为漂移气体,漂移流速为150 mL/min,所有测试均采用一式三份进行。
利用FlavourSpec®风味分析仪进行物质图谱分析,使用GC×IMS Library Search软件内置的NIST数据库和IMS数据库定性,采用峰面积归一化法进行定量。
参考Li等[14]提出的ROAV评价方法确定黄河鲤鱼中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)对其整体风味的贡献水平。计算方法为:以对样品整体风味贡献度最高的VOCs组分作为参照物质(ROAVstan=100),其余组分的相对贡献值按下式进行计算:
$\rm ROAV_i=100\times \frac{C_i}{T_i}\times \frac{T_{stan}}{C_{stan}} $
式中:Ci为目标挥发性化合物的相对含量(%),Ti为该化合物的感官阈值(µg/kg),Cstan和Tstan分别表示具有最高气味活性值的化合物的相对百分比含量(%)和相应的气味阈值(µg/kg)。
实验重复3次,数据以平均值±标准差表示。分别运用Microsoft Excel进行数据整理和分析,Origin 2022绘图,SPSS 27.0进行统计分析,Design Expert 8.0.6处理响应面数据,SIMCA 14.1执行OPLS-DA和VIP值计算。
TBA值是利用脂肪酸在氧化过程中产生的丙二醛(MDA)与硫代巴比妥酸发生特异性反应来量化的,从而确定脂质氧化的次生产物的形成[15]。鱼体内的脂肪容易发生氧化分解,产生带有腥味的醛、酮类挥发性物质。TBA值越高,脂质氧化程度越高。由图1可知,腥度值随着脱腥液浓度的增大而呈现逐渐降低的趋势,感官评分呈现先升后降的变化趋势,TBA值则先下降随后趋于平稳。当浓度为1.5%时,鱼肉的感官评分最高,TBA值最低。这可能是因为随着脱腥液浓度的增高,其有效成分增加,香茅中的特征性活性成分如柠檬醛、柠檬烯等萜类化合物,能够有效控制微生物的生长,进而延缓食品腐败和变质,同时具有清除自由基的能力[5],可以有效抑制腥味物质的生成,然而,当脱腥液浓度超出适宜范围时,鱼体会残留明显的香茅特征性气味,致使鱼体本身的固有风味受到显著影响,感官评分降低。因此,选择1%~2%作为脱腥工艺优化的关键参数区间。
图2可知,随着处理时间的增加,鲤鱼肉的腥味强度呈现出下降的趋势,感官评分呈现先升后降的变化规律,TBA值则表现为先降低后平稳的特征,当处理时间为45 min时,样品达到最佳品质状态,此时感官评分最高且TBA值最低。这可能与蛋白质溶出效应有关:过长的浸泡时间会导致水溶性蛋白流失,引起肌肉组织结构松散和表面黏度增加[16];同时,香茅特征性成分的过度渗透会掩盖鱼体本身的鲜味特征,并对质地产生负面影响。因此,选择30~60 min作为脱腥工艺优化的关键参数区间。
图3可知,随着料液比的提升,鱼肉的腥味强度呈递减趋势,感官评分呈现先升高后降低的变化特征,TBA值则表现为初期显著下降(P<0.05)随后趋于平缓。当料液比达1:5(g:mL)时,样品获得最优品质,此时感官评分最高且TBA值最低。这可归因于溶剂用量的增加促进了活性成分与鱼体的充分接触,从而增强了脱腥效果。然而,过高的溶剂比例会导致香茅特征性成分过度渗透,不仅影响鱼体原有风味特征,其色素成分的溶出还会改变产品外观品质,最终导致感官接受度下降。因此,选择1:3~1:7(g:mL)作为脱腥工艺优化的关键参数区间。
为了进一步优化脱腥条件,基于前期单因素实验的结果,采用Box-Behnken设计方案进行响应面试验,试验结果见表5
运用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件对表5中的试验数据进行多变量回归分析,通过方差分析得出脱腥液浓度(A)、浸泡时间(B)和料液比(C)与腥度值(Y1)、TBA值(Y2)的二次回归方程:Y1=1.25+0.0400A−0.0650B+0.0300C+0.0225AB−0.0475AC+0.0125BC+0.9487A2+1.31B2+0.7238C2;Y2=0.2680−0.0038A−0.0225B−0.0038C+0.0100AB−0.0025AC−0.0050BC+0.1198A2+0.1423B2+0.1098C2
表6表7可知,所建立的回归模型达到极显著水平(P<0.01),且失拟项不显著(P>0.05),表明该模型具有良好的预测精度和可靠性。二次项A2、B2、C2P<0.0001,表明三因素均对鲤鱼脱腥效果具有显著影响。腥度值回归模型中决定系数R2达到0.9984,逼近于1,表明该回归模型具有极强的数据拟合能力,可准确表征自变量与响应值之间的映射关系。经校正后的R2adj值为0.9963,意味着该模型能有效捕捉鲤鱼腥度值99.63%的变异特征,仅存在0.37%的变异未被解释。TBA值回归模型中决定系数R2为0.9861,接近1,说明该方程可以很好拟合,校正决定系数R2adj为0.9682,说明此模型能够解释鲤鱼TBA值中96.82%的变化。因此,利用此模型可以较为准确地预测不同处理条件下鲤鱼腥度和TBA值的变化趋势,为优化脱腥工艺条件提供了坚实的理论基础。
通过响应面优化分析,确定了鲤鱼脱腥工艺的最优条件:LE浓度1.498%、浸泡时间45.743 min、料液比1:5(g:mL)。在此条件下,预测的腥度值和TBA值最低,分别为1.250分和0.267 mg MDA/kg。为了兼顾实验操作的可行性和实际应用中的便利性,对工艺参数进行了适当修正,将LE浓度调整为1.5%,浸泡时间调整为46 min,料液比保持为1:5(g:mL)。在修正后的条件下,验证实验的腥度值为1.248±0.01分,TBA值为0.264±0.01 mg MDA/kg,与模型预测结果高度一致,进一步证明了优化模型的可靠性与实用性。
将鲤鱼样品分为两组,即脱腥前和脱腥后,利用主成分分析法(PCA)对电子鼻系统中10个传感器采集的多维响应数据进行降维处理,以提取主要特征信息。电子鼻系统包含交叉敏感传感器阵列和模式识别算法两大核心部分,可用于定性区分气体分子及其响应特征[1718]。由图4(a)可知,电子鼻的10种传感器对脱腥前后鱼肉的风味均有响应值,其中响应值变化较为明显的传感器为W1S、W2S、W1W、W3S,在去腥前样品中,烷烃类、醇类、醛类、酮类、醚类、芳香族化合物、含硫化合物及脂肪族化合物是主要的气味化合物,经LE处理后,W3S和W1W仍具有较高的响应值,但与未处理组相比均呈现显著降低(P<0.05),表明其对含硫、醇、醛酮类致腥物质具有抑制作用。由图4(b)可知,第一主成分PC1和第二主成分PC2的累积贡献率达93.9%,能够充分表征原始高维矩阵数据的特征信息,说明该技术可有效鉴别脱腥处理前后鱼样在气味特征上的差异性[19]。为深入探究脱腥处理对鱼肉风味特征的影响机制,采用GC-IMS对挥发性风味物质开展更细致、全面的分析与鉴定。
采用HS-GC-IMS法分析脱腥前后鱼肉样品中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的差异与变化情况,结果以图5中的三维和二维图谱表示。三维图谱(图5a)中红色竖形峰表示反应离子峰,两侧的点代表挥发性风味物质,其中白色点表示响应信号较弱,红色点表示响应信号较强,颜色越深响应信号越大[20]。对三维光谱进行投影,得到自上而下的二维光谱图(图5b),可以更好地阐明脱腥前后鱼肉样品中挥发性有机物的差异强度[21]。为有效地对比脱腥前后鱼肉中挥发性化合物差异,以脱腥前样品作为参比,对脱腥后样品的图谱进行扣减,得到差异对比图(图5c)。扣除后的白色区域表明VOCs含量相同,红色和蓝色的区域则表明该挥发性物质的含量分别高于和低于基准参照。从图5可以看出,大部分VOCs的保留时间集中在200~1200 s之间,漂移时间在1.00~2.00 ms之间。结果表明,脱腥前后鱼肉的出峰位置、峰数量大致相同,但峰强度表现出一定的变化,表明脱腥前后鱼肉中所含VOCs存在差异,这和电子鼻的结果一致。
为了系统且直观地评估脱腥处理前后鲤鱼肉中挥发性有机化合物组成的差异,通过软件内置Gallery Plot插件生成指纹图谱,如图6所示,共检测出42种VOCs,矩阵中每个纵向维度对应特定挥发性风味组分在全部受检样本中的响应强度分布,横向维度代表着单一样本内所有挥发性成分的特征信号谱图信息,颜色从蓝到红代表信号强度由弱到强,同时体现挥发性风味物质含量由低至高的变化趋势[22]。从图中可以明确看出,黄河鲤鱼脱腥前后表现出独特的挥发性成分特征分布,在区域A中,两组样品的挥发性风味物质含量表现出相似性,区域B在脱腥前样品中呈现高信号强度,主要富集醛类化合物,包括戊醛、庚醛、丁醛及1-己醛-M,这些物质通常与鱼腥味特征密切相关,经脱腥处理后,该区域信号强度显著降低,表明脱腥工艺有效减少了腥味相关醛类的含量,区域C突出显示了脱腥后样本的主要挥发性化合物,主要包括2-丁酮-D、2-戊酮-D、庚酸乙酯和乙酸乙酯等酯类与酮类衍生物,与脱腥前相比,该区域的亮度增加,说明这些化合物的浓度明显提升。
表8所示,对脱腥处理前后的鲤鱼样品进行分析,共识别出42种挥发性成分,按类别划分为醛类(6种)、醇类(11种)、酮类(13种)、酯类(4种)以及其他类别(8种)。采用峰面积归一化法计算各化合物的相对含量,结果如图7所示,脱腥前鲤鱼样品中醛类含量占比最高(36.14%),其次是酮类(27.90%)、醇类(19.79%)和酯类(4.52%),脱腥后鲤鱼样品中酮类含量占比最高(41.68%),其次是醇类(21.56%)、酯类(12.64%)和醛类(8.45%),其中醛类含量显著降低76.62%。
醛类物质的产生主要源于两个方面,一方面是脂质发生氧化反应,另一方面是美拉德反应所诱导的氨基酸降解过程[23],通常阈值较低,气味浓郁,主要呈现出鱼腥味、脂肪味等,是水产品重要的香气来源。鲤鱼脱腥前醛类物质的含量占比高达36.14%,庚醛、丁醛、戊醛、丙醛、己醛均被检出。庚醛是油酸氧化的特征产物,呈现典型的鱼腥味和脂肪味,己醛作为亚油酸在热降解作用下的产物,散发着浓郁且强烈的青草味[24],在鱼肉的风味构成方面发挥着重要作用,丁醛作为一种具有刺激性气味的挥发性物质,不仅会直接引起感官不适,还能与鱼体中的其他风味成分产生协同作用,共同形成特征性的鱼腥气味。经LE处理后,醛类物质相对含量下降为8.45%,这可能是因为LE中含有的柠檬醛、香叶醇、香茅醇等活性成分具有较强的抗氧化性,减缓了多不饱和脂肪酸的氧化,进而减少了醛类物质的产生。这与吴燕燕等[5]的研究一致。
醇类物质主要产生于脂质氧化,同时也可通过糖类、醛类化合物及氨基酸等前体物质的还原反应生成[25],通常阈值较高,对肉制品特征风味贡献相对较小,但这类物质往往能赋予食品独特的花香和果香等愉悦风味特征,可能对形成鱼类特有的香气轮廓具有重要贡献。经去腥处理后,鲤鱼样品中的3-甲基-1-丁醇-M、1-丙醇、乙醇、2-甲基-2-丙醇和2-丁醇的含量显著增加(P<0.05)。酮类物质的生成主要源于以下几种途径:一是多不饱和脂肪酸进行氧化或者降解反应;二是氨基酸出现降解;三是微生物氧化进程的发生[2627],通常具有较高的阈值,因此对鱼肉的风味贡献较小,但2-酮类对肉品风味具有重要贡献[28],脱腥处理后2-丁酮和2-戊酮的相对含量显著提高(P<0.05),其中2-丁酮具有奶糖味、水果味,2-戊酮具有水果味、橘皮味,均对鱼体的风味具有改善作用。丙酮在样品中相对含量较高,促进了肉品中甜香味的形成[29]。酯类物质主要源于有机酸与醇之间发生的酯化反应,阈值较低,往往散发宜人的水果香,能够减轻由脂肪酸所引发的苦味与刺激味道,有效改善鲤鱼整体风味品质[30]。其中脱腥处理后的特征性物质乙酸乙酯散发着独特的果香和酒香,对鱼肉风味具有促进作用。
挥发性成分对样品风味的实际贡献度不仅取决于其相对含量,更需结合各物质的风味阈值进行综合评估[31]。ROAV法作为当下备受认可的一种方法,在评定食品的关键风味化合物方面得到了广泛应用,一般认为,ROAV≥1的挥发性组分被判定为关键风味物质,0.1≤ROAV<1在香气中起修饰作用[32]。结合表8表9可知,脱腥前样品中,庚醛不仅含量较高,而且气味阈值较低,表明它对整体风味具有显著的影响,因此庚醛被选定为脱腥前样品中的关键风味成分。脱腥后样品中,乙酸乙酯含量较高且阈值较小,故乙酸乙酯被选定为脱腥后样品的关键风味成分,通过1.2.9公式计算出各挥发性化合物的ROAV,得出脱腥前后样品中ROAV≥1的挥发性风味物质有庚醛、戊醛、丁醛、丙醛、3-甲基-1-丁醇-M、3-甲基-1-丁醇-D、1-己醛-M、1-己醛-D、3-羟基-2-丁酮-M、3-羟基-2-丁酮-D、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和4-异丙基甲苯。其中经过脱腥处理后,庚醛、戊醛、丁醛、丙醛、1-己醛-D、1-己醛-M及4-异丙基甲苯共7种挥发性风味物质的ROAV整体呈下降趋势,醛类物质对鱼腥味具有很大贡献,其ROAV值降低,表明鱼腥味得到改善。相反的是,3-甲基-1-丁醇-M、3-甲基-1-丁醇-D、3-羟基-2-丁酮-M、3-羟基-2-丁酮-D、丙酮及乙酸乙酯的ROAV值明显增加,醇类化合物一般源自脂肪的氧化降解过程,这类物质能够赋予水产品清新的香气,酮类化合物由于阈值较高,对鱼肉的整体风味贡献较小,乙酸乙酯带有明显的果香和酒香气息,这些特性能够显著提升鱼体的整体风味。
OPLS-DA是一种多变量统计方法,主要用于数据可视化及样本差异的定量分析[33]。通常用R2X和R2Y评估模型的解释能力,Q2用于衡量模型的预测能力,当R2Q2趋近于1,表明该模型具有更好的拟合效果和更高的预测可靠性。将GC-IMS检测到的42种挥发性化合物作为因变量,组别作为自变量,OPLS-DA结果如图8a所示,其中R2X为0.993,R2Y为1,Q2为1,表明该模型具有良好的预测能力,脱腥前后样品位于不同象限,能有效区分。为了评估模型的有效性,再对模型进行200次置换检验,模型有效性的标准为:Q2的回归线与纵轴相交于零或小于零,如图8b所示,检验结果为R2=0.753,Q2=0.265,表明该模型可靠,没有出现过拟合现象。为进一步解析脱腥前后鲤鱼样品挥发性化合物之间的差异,在OPLS-DA的基础上进行VIP分析,当VIP≥1表明该挥发性化合物能表达模型的差异特征,被称为标志性风味物质,VIP值越大,影响越大。如图9所示,按照VIP≥1和P<0.05的原则筛选出了14种挥发性物质,依次为戊醛、丁醛、1-己醛-M、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、庚醛、丙烯腈-M、庚酸乙酯、丙醛、1-己醛-D、2-丁酮-D、2-甲基-2-庚烯-6-酮、2-丁醇、2-戊酮-D,可作为脱腥前后鲤鱼中贡献较大的关键挥发性物质。为了更精确地确定关键风味物质,对满足相对气味活度值(ROAV)≥1和变量重要性投影(VIP)值≥1这两个条件的挥发性风味物质进行综合分析与比对,得出戊醛、丁醛、1-己醛-M、1-己醛-D、庚醛、丙醛、丙酮以及乙酸乙酯共8种挥发性化合物,作为鲤鱼在脱腥处理前后样品中的核心气味标志物。
本研究采用LE脱腥液对黄河鲤鱼脱腥工艺进行优化,电子鼻及HS-SPME-GC-IMS结合多元统计分析对鲤鱼脱腥前后风味特征进行综合表征。结果表明:在LE浓度为1.5%,料液比为1:5(g:mL),浸泡时间为46 min的条件下,测得的鲤鱼腥度值最低为1.248分,TBA值最低为0.264 mg MDA/kg。GC-IMS共鉴定出42种挥发性风味物质,包含6种醛类、11种醇类、13种酮类、4种酯类,在脱腥处理前,醛类化合物在所有挥发性风味物质中所占比例最高,经过脱腥处理后,醛类化合物的含量显著降低了76.62%。利用ROAV和OPLS-DA共筛选出戊醛、丁醛、1-己醛-M、1-己醛-D、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、庚醛、丙醛8种关键气味标志物。其中,戊醛、丁醛、1-己醛-M、1-己醛-D、庚醛、丙醛被鉴定为鲤鱼脱腥处理前样品的关键挥发性物质,使鱼体带有鱼腥味;丙酮和乙酸乙酯作为脱腥后样品的关键挥发性物质,使鱼体具有更宜人的果香、酒香及甜香味。电子鼻结果与GC-IMS一致,能有效区分脱腥前后鲤鱼样品的风味变化。综上,LE脱腥液可有效改善鲤鱼的鱼腥味,为预制水产品的脱腥以及深加工提供理论参考。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050016
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-08
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    1.河南农业大学食品科学技术学院,河南郑州 450002
    2.国家速冻米面制品加工技术专业研发中心,河南郑州 450002
    3.农业农村部大宗粮食加工重点实验室,河南郑州 450002
    4.思念食品(河南)有限公司,河南郑州 450044
    5.河南禾胜合食品有限公司,河南新乡 453500

通讯作者:

张枭(1975−),男,本科,高级经济师,研究方向:预制菜,E-mail:
潘治利(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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