Article(id=1261343842855432512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040279, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745251200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657406771, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657406771, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657406771, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657406771, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=278, endPage=289, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343845388792137, articleId=1261343842855432512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Quality Characteristics Analysis of Gastrodia elata Fermentation Broth by Microbial Co-fermentation, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the impact of compound microbial fermentation on Gastrodia elata quality (fermented liquid), providing a theoretical foundation for its industrial deep processing. Gastrodia elata was fermented using a compound microbial consortium (Lactobacillus plantarum, Acetobacter pasteurianus, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus, FJ group), with unfermented (CK) and enzymatically hydrolyzed (MJ) groups as controls. Physicochemical properties (total acidity, pH, etc.) were assessed. HPLC analyzed gastrodin, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, determined total phenols, and total flavonoids, evaluated their antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Volatile compounds and differential metabolites were identified using SPME-GC-MS. Sensory evaluation assessed overall quality and flavor. The results showed that compared to CK, FJ significantly increased total acidity (2.6-fold), decreased pH, and elevated the content of crude polysaccharides (247.65±16.10 mg/g) and ethanol (0.54%vol±0.02%vol). MJ showed minimal physicochemical changes except in polysaccharides. HPLC revealed that microbial fermentation enhanced the production of bioactive compounds (gastrodin, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol), significantly increased total phenols (promoted 29.45% vs. CK), total flavonoids (promoted 44.08% vs. CK), antioxidant activity, and hypoglycemic activity (FJ>MJ>CK). SPME-GC-MS identified increased alcohols, acids, and esters in FJ, with characteristic differential metabolites including 3-penten-2-one, isoamyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, and ethyl acetate. Sensory evaluation confirmed improved quality, imparting distinct alcoholic and sweet notes. These results provide that compound microbial fermentation effectively enhances the bioactive components, functional properties, and sensory quality of Gastrodia elata, offering valuable insights for developing functional foods and advancing its industrial processing.

, correspAuthors=Manyou YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yinghao YUAN, Changbin LIN, Chen XIA, Liang FU, De XU, Yongqing ZHU, Gang LIU, Wenhui ZHANG, Manyou YU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343873926836782, articleId=1261343842855432512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=复合微生物发酵天麻液的品质特性分析, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

旨在探究复合微生物发酵对天麻品质(发酵液)的影响,为天麻产业深加工奠定理论基础。利用复合微生物(乳酸菌、醋酸菌、酵母菌)对天麻进行发酵处理(FJ组),并设置未发酵对照组(CK组)和酶解处理组(MJ组)进行对比。通过测定发酵液总酸、pH等指标评估理化特性变化。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇等天麻多酚组分,测定总多酚、总黄酮含量,并评价其抗氧化活性和降血糖活性。利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(SPME-GC-MS)分析挥发性物质组成及特征差异代谢物。最后,通过感官品评评估发酵对天麻整体品质和风味的影响。结果表明,相较于CK组,FJ组的天麻总酸含量增加2.6倍,pH明显下降,粗多糖(247.65±16.10 mg/g)、乙醇(0.54%vol±0.02%vol)含量明显增加。酶解处理组(MJ)关键理化除多糖含量外无较大变化。HPLC分析表明,微生物发酵促进了天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇等活性物质的产生,显著提高了天麻总多酚(比CK组提高29.45%)、总黄酮含量(比CK组提高44.08%)以及抗氧化活性和降血糖活性(FJ>MJ>CK)。SPME-GC-MS分析显示,FJ组醇类物质、酸类物质、酯类物质明显增加,鉴定出3-戊烯-2-酮、异戊醇、苯乙醇、乙酸乙酯等为特征挥发性差异代谢物。经感官品评,微生物发酵明显改善了天麻品质并赋予其醇香和甜香的气味。研究结果有助于进一步开发新型功能性食品,为天麻产业深加工提供更多理论依据和技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=余鳗游, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
余鳗游(1988−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:功能食品,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pAZtVcqJSWEntXzo8tTkLw==, magXml=NhN1ckqEhMjyQWTNyb8QVw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Gq1XLl6TTlKJwT2wjd9HuA==, pdfFileSize=2898815, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=svRyxPHQY0t0ou5zdxJ3Xw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=vYtCg+gGdsKQagfslyEHdw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

袁英豪(1997−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:功能食品/微生物发酵,E-mail:

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袁英豪(1997−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:功能食品/微生物发酵,E-mail:

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Interactions between major acids and esters in Nongxiangxing Baijiu and underlying mechanisms[J]. Food Science, 2025, 46(5): 75−84., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261343988406170240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VAN GEMERT L J. 化合物香味阈值汇编[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261343988674605700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VAN GEMERT L J. Compilations of flavour threshold values in water and other media[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261343988947235462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BURDOCK G A. Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients[M]. 7th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261343989031121544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=段桂媛, 张曼, 唐鑫静, 等. 乌红杂交鲜天麻质量评价研究[J]. 食品科学技术学报, 2024, 42(5): 157−167., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261343989186310793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUAN Guiyuan, ZHANG Man, TANG Xinjing, et al. Study on quality evaluation of hybrid fresh Gastrodia elata[J]. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2024, 42(5): 157−167., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261343875935908421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343876078514759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, companyId=1261343875935908421, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343876158206536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, companyId=1261343875935908421, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(四川省农业科学院食品与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261343877177422421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343877278085720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, companyId=1261343877177422421, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Dazhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dazhou 635000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343877311640155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, companyId=1261343877177422421, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.达州市农业科学研究院,四川达州 635000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261343877672350302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343877831733856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, companyId=1261343877672350302, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343877957562979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, companyId=1261343877672350302, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.四川师范大学,四川成都 610066)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261343878783840882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343878800618099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, companyId=1261343878783840882, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Institute of Agricultural Product Development and Food Science, Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261343878809006709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, companyId=1261343878783840882, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.西藏自治区农牧科学院农产品开发与食品科学研究所,西藏拉萨 850000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261343938544283691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Compound contents (A) and chromatographic peaks (B) in different Gastrodia elata processed groups, figureFileSmall=QarufawJJKvZ0x8lW7wEoQ==, figureFileBig=svRyxPHQY0t0ou5zdxJ3Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343939353784367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同天麻处理组中化合物含量(A)及物质出峰结果图(B)

注:图中不同小写字母表示具有显著差异(P<0.05),图2~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=QarufawJJKvZ0x8lW7wEoQ==, figureFileBig=svRyxPHQY0t0ou5zdxJ3Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343940297502783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Total polyphenol and total flavonoid content in different Gastrodia elata treatment groups, figureFileSmall=gL+0o+zEqRMiKesjDZREVw==, figureFileBig=3Oz//JswToBN+MOG27ktSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343940637241413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同天麻处理组中总多酚、总黄酮含量, figureFileSmall=gL+0o+zEqRMiKesjDZREVw==, figureFileBig=3Oz//JswToBN+MOG27ktSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343941287358538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Antioxidant activities of different Gastrodia elata processed groups, figureFileSmall=m3JJTYa7IyjzasRoNjuRgA==, figureFileBig=lCeS/Y4Jfu8/WWNnZ+u0kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343941635485780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同天麻处理组抗氧化活性

注:A-铁离子还原能力;B-DPPH自由基清除能力;C-ABTS+自由基清除能力;D-羟自由基清除能力。小图为阳性对照组放大结果,图4同。

, figureFileSmall=m3JJTYa7IyjzasRoNjuRgA==, figureFileBig=lCeS/Y4Jfu8/WWNnZ+u0kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343941778092120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of different Gastrodia elata processed groups, figureFileSmall=Z8aj62o/viTcDskQgejV4g==, figureFileBig=Tj/+ZMt0fPg2xlGOsrWapQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343941950058592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同天麻处理组α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力, figureFileSmall=Z8aj62o/viTcDskQgejV4g==, figureFileBig=Tj/+ZMt0fPg2xlGOsrWapQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343943845884014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Correlation analysis between TPC/TFC contents and antioxidant/hypoglycemic activities, figureFileSmall=ACNVIoxWS98h3iSFt0Jv9w==, figureFileBig=XR69Z/wx+RAVOxlxjI6WZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343944097542260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=图5, caption=TPC和TFC含量与抗氧化能力和降糖能力相关性分析

注:*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=ACNVIoxWS98h3iSFt0Jv9w==, figureFileBig=XR69Z/wx+RAVOxlxjI6WZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343944315646073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Volcanic map of volatile metabolites of Gastrodia elata, figureFileSmall=GWFUNzsVAAyOLBSnHviLsg==, figureFileBig=8gOLQt8qdbM0HL0a771kWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343944726687876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=图6, caption=天麻挥发性代谢物火山图, figureFileSmall=GWFUNzsVAAyOLBSnHviLsg==, figureFileBig=8gOLQt8qdbM0HL0a771kWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343945053843597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Principal component analysis (PCoA) of characteristic aroma compounds, figureFileSmall=x5O3d+y/sqvaU0Fbyc0Zkw==, figureFileBig=3PgfHUUY25N6TI3dyiqzSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343945276141713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=图7, caption=挥发性风味物质主成分分析(PCoA), figureFileSmall=x5O3d+y/sqvaU0Fbyc0Zkw==, figureFileBig=3PgfHUUY25N6TI3dyiqzSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343945561354393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Sample images from different treatment groups, figureFileSmall=78xfFOfHur7AUsOW4rEcwA==, figureFileBig=+KpZg7gkWjENJrtDkgwEpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343945943036068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同处理组样品图, figureFileSmall=78xfFOfHur7AUsOW4rEcwA==, figureFileBig=+KpZg7gkWjENJrtDkgwEpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343946505072814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Sensory evaluation radar chart, figureFileSmall=Yju0QaU5RGndlUSnKABbIw==, figureFileBig=f8+BRjXWplqYC5R81RJ5iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343948220543158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=图9, caption=感官品评雷达图, figureFileSmall=Yju0QaU5RGndlUSnKABbIw==, figureFileBig=f8+BRjXWplqYC5R81RJ5iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261343948656750780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory assessment standards of fermented liquid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官项目评分标准得分
色泽(15分)颜色呈棕色,颜色均匀一致11~15
颜色较深或较浅6~10
颜色过深或过浅0~5
气味(25分)香味浓郁,气味协调16~25
香味不足,气味稍刺激9~15
臭味明显,难以接受0~8
滋味(30分)酸甜适中,口味纯21~30
酸甜比例较差,略有杂味或酚类异味11~20
偏酸或偏甜,杂味或酚类异味明显0~10
口感(10分)口感清爽,细腻润滑8~10
口感不清爽,稍细腻顺滑5~7
口感粗糙0~4
体态(20分)清澈透明,允许有少量沉淀15~20
较清澈透明,有沉淀及杂质9~14
样液浑浊,沉淀及杂质较多0~8
), ArticleFig(id=1261343949038432451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

发酵液感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官项目评分标准得分
色泽(15分)颜色呈棕色,颜色均匀一致11~15
颜色较深或较浅6~10
颜色过深或过浅0~5
气味(25分)香味浓郁,气味协调16~25
香味不足,气味稍刺激9~15
臭味明显,难以接受0~8
滋味(30分)酸甜适中,口味纯21~30
酸甜比例较差,略有杂味或酚类异味11~20
偏酸或偏甜,杂味或酚类异味明显0~10
口感(10分)口感清爽,细腻润滑8~10
口感不清爽,稍细腻顺滑5~7
口感粗糙0~4
体态(20分)清澈透明,允许有少量沉淀15~20
较清澈透明,有沉淀及杂质9~14
样液浑浊,沉淀及杂质较多0~8
), ArticleFig(id=1261343949214593223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Determination of key physicochemical properties in different Gastrodia elata processed groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测定指标FJ组(接种复合微生物)MJ组(接种无菌水)CK组(天麻粉溶液)
注:同行不同小写字母表示具有显著差异(P<0.05),表4同;“/”表示未检出。
pH3.37±0.04b5.04±0.01a5.54±0.02a
总酸(g/100 g)4.86±0.08a1.50±0.42b1.35±0.55b
粗多糖(mg/g)247.65±16.10a145.50±0.79b125.50±0.88c
乙醇(%vol)0.54±0.02a//
), ArticleFig(id=1261343949701132493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同天麻处理组关键理化指标测定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测定指标FJ组(接种复合微生物)MJ组(接种无菌水)CK组(天麻粉溶液)
注:同行不同小写字母表示具有显著差异(P<0.05),表4同;“/”表示未检出。
pH3.37±0.04b5.04±0.01a5.54±0.02a
总酸(g/100 g)4.86±0.08a1.50±0.42b1.35±0.55b
粗多糖(mg/g)247.65±16.10a145.50±0.79b125.50±0.88c
乙醇(%vol)0.54±0.02a//
), ArticleFig(id=1261343950074425557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Linear relationship of active compounds (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号标准品出峰时间(min)回归方程R2
1天麻素2.863y=6620.4x−134.280.9994
2对羟基苯甲醇4.470y=4202.4x−52.650.9997
3柠檬酸酯E10.060y=3925.8x−79.890.9995
4对羟基苯甲醛10.608y=6285.8x−127.030.9997
5柠檬酸酯B15.596y=3177.9x−3.22120.9998
6巴利森苷A16.637y=4669.2x−70.1540.9998
), ArticleFig(id=1261343950233809115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

活性化合物的线性关系(n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号标准品出峰时间(min)回归方程R2
1天麻素2.863y=6620.4x−134.280.9994
2对羟基苯甲醇4.470y=4202.4x−52.650.9997
3柠檬酸酯E10.060y=3925.8x−79.890.9995
4对羟基苯甲醛10.608y=6285.8x−127.030.9997
5柠檬酸酯B15.596y=3177.9x−3.22120.9998
6巴利森苷A16.637y=4669.2x−70.1540.9998
), ArticleFig(id=1261343950430941411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Major volatile compounds in different Gastrodia elata processed groups (μg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质分类及名称CAS号不同组物质含量
CKFJMJ
注:ND表示未检出。
醇类乙醇64-17-5ND239.00±19.20a190.14±10.77b
异丁醇78-83-11.76±1.27b40.61±3.47a3.02±0.87b
苯乙醇60-12-817.51±1.03c42.97±5.07a22.73±6.02b
正己醇111-27-33.96±0.07c57.54±13.12a33.31±4.86b
异戊醇123-51-329.66±2.59b91.33±9.71aND
2-庚醇543-49-713.84±2.42a0.15±0.03b1.53±0.32b
2-壬醇628-99-913.49±0.72a0.44±0.07bND
醇类总含量100.45±10.38c474.04±47.24a288.60±16.28b
酸类乙酸64-19-714.28±0.63c650.99±61.44a152.66±11.55b
异戊酸503-74-21.02±0.05c14.93±4.45a2.22±0.32b
酸类总含量16.30±0.83c681.73±64.19a162.29±11.77b
酯类正己酸乙酯123-66-00.76±0.18b0.39±0.11c1.09±0.15a
乙酸乙酯141-78-68.07±0.18c52.81±7.37a30.20±4.52b
乙酸异戊酯123-92-2ND26.13±5.11aND
乙酸异丁酯110-19-0ND18.29±2.05a0.39±0.04b
酯类总含量9.73±1.68c121.24±9.69a39.01±5.05b
酮类仲辛酮111-13-711.26±1.56a1.39±0.06c2.71±1.11b
2-戊酮107-87-923.81±1.44a6.24±0.07c13.09±1.80b
2-庚酮110-43-0107.89±10.06aNDND
2-壬酮821-55-658.28±5.26aNDND
3-戊烯-2-酮625-33-2ND114.7±22.02aND
酮类总含量231.89±11.41a122.89±23.25b36.33±3.45c
脂肪烃2,4-二甲基庚烷2213-23-222.69±0.66a1.98±0.54c15.46±2.36b
癸烷124-18-511.39±1.47b14.5±1.82b30.32±1.65a
异癸烷25339-56-410.09±0.76aND5.19±0.83b
脂肪烃类总含量44.17±2.08b16.48±2.12c50.97±7.65a
芳香烃及其衍生物苯并环丁烯694-87-1100.22±0.91aND92.05±9.33b
邻-异丙基苯527-84-416.87±1.46aND2.81±1.07b
1,3-二叔丁基苯1014-60-40.09±0.02c154.71±31.16a57.89±5.33b
1,2,4,5-四甲基苯95-93-236.27±1.63aNDND
1,3-二乙基苯141-93-513.05±2.09aNDND
1-乙基-3,5-二甲基苯934-74-7138.74±12.5aNDND
对甲苯甲醚104-93-819.64±0.74bND69.22±10.79a
4-乙基苯甲醚1515-95-317.92±4.82aNDND
芳香烃类总含量342.8±21.36a154.71±18.98c221.97±21.43b
其它对甲酚106-44-514.6±0.89a5.27±0.91b12.41±1.83a
4-乙基苯酚123-07-913.36±1.46a0.07±0bND
N,N,O-三乙酰基羟胺41502-84-7ND406.76±21.12a89.2±16.39b
环丁基胺2516-34-967.63±7.69aNDND
2-(氮杂环丙烷-1-基)乙胺1072-52-274.1±5.61b0.47±0.08c143.03±104.46a
酸草醯脲1123-24-6NDND70.17±10.56a
2,5-二甲基吡嗪123-32-0ND5.10±0.89b13.85±1.54a
其他类总含量169.69±15.45c417.67±36.77a328.66±31.25b
), ArticleFig(id=1261343950737125612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同天麻处理组主要挥发性物质(μg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质分类及名称CAS号不同组物质含量
CKFJMJ
注:ND表示未检出。
醇类乙醇64-17-5ND239.00±19.20a190.14±10.77b
异丁醇78-83-11.76±1.27b40.61±3.47a3.02±0.87b
苯乙醇60-12-817.51±1.03c42.97±5.07a22.73±6.02b
正己醇111-27-33.96±0.07c57.54±13.12a33.31±4.86b
异戊醇123-51-329.66±2.59b91.33±9.71aND
2-庚醇543-49-713.84±2.42a0.15±0.03b1.53±0.32b
2-壬醇628-99-913.49±0.72a0.44±0.07bND
醇类总含量100.45±10.38c474.04±47.24a288.60±16.28b
酸类乙酸64-19-714.28±0.63c650.99±61.44a152.66±11.55b
异戊酸503-74-21.02±0.05c14.93±4.45a2.22±0.32b
酸类总含量16.30±0.83c681.73±64.19a162.29±11.77b
酯类正己酸乙酯123-66-00.76±0.18b0.39±0.11c1.09±0.15a
乙酸乙酯141-78-68.07±0.18c52.81±7.37a30.20±4.52b
乙酸异戊酯123-92-2ND26.13±5.11aND
乙酸异丁酯110-19-0ND18.29±2.05a0.39±0.04b
酯类总含量9.73±1.68c121.24±9.69a39.01±5.05b
酮类仲辛酮111-13-711.26±1.56a1.39±0.06c2.71±1.11b
2-戊酮107-87-923.81±1.44a6.24±0.07c13.09±1.80b
2-庚酮110-43-0107.89±10.06aNDND
2-壬酮821-55-658.28±5.26aNDND
3-戊烯-2-酮625-33-2ND114.7±22.02aND
酮类总含量231.89±11.41a122.89±23.25b36.33±3.45c
脂肪烃2,4-二甲基庚烷2213-23-222.69±0.66a1.98±0.54c15.46±2.36b
癸烷124-18-511.39±1.47b14.5±1.82b30.32±1.65a
异癸烷25339-56-410.09±0.76aND5.19±0.83b
脂肪烃类总含量44.17±2.08b16.48±2.12c50.97±7.65a
芳香烃及其衍生物苯并环丁烯694-87-1100.22±0.91aND92.05±9.33b
邻-异丙基苯527-84-416.87±1.46aND2.81±1.07b
1,3-二叔丁基苯1014-60-40.09±0.02c154.71±31.16a57.89±5.33b
1,2,4,5-四甲基苯95-93-236.27±1.63aNDND
1,3-二乙基苯141-93-513.05±2.09aNDND
1-乙基-3,5-二甲基苯934-74-7138.74±12.5aNDND
对甲苯甲醚104-93-819.64±0.74bND69.22±10.79a
4-乙基苯甲醚1515-95-317.92±4.82aNDND
芳香烃类总含量342.8±21.36a154.71±18.98c221.97±21.43b
其它对甲酚106-44-514.6±0.89a5.27±0.91b12.41±1.83a
4-乙基苯酚123-07-913.36±1.46a0.07±0bND
N,N,O-三乙酰基羟胺41502-84-7ND406.76±21.12a89.2±16.39b
环丁基胺2516-34-967.63±7.69aNDND
2-(氮杂环丙烷-1-基)乙胺1072-52-274.1±5.61b0.47±0.08c143.03±104.46a
酸草醯脲1123-24-6NDND70.17±10.56a
2,5-二甲基吡嗪123-32-0ND5.10±0.89b13.85±1.54a
其他类总含量169.69±15.45c417.67±36.77a328.66±31.25b
), ArticleFig(id=1261343952725225717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Calculation of OAV for major characteristic differential metabolites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称阈值(mg/kg)[3738]风味描述[33,3739]OAV
CKFJMJ
注:“\”表示不可计算。
冰醋酸10.00刺激性酸味\0.070.02
乙醇3.50醇香、微甜\0.070.05
2-庚酮0.001蓝乳酪香、果香107.89\\
3-戊烯-2-酮0.0015青草香\76.47\
异戊醇0.004杂醇油味、苦杏仁香7.4122.83\
对甲苯甲醚0.025药草香、辛香0.79\2.77
2-壬酮0.005柑橘皮香、脂肪味11.66\\
正己醇0.0056草本香、青叶味0.7110.285.95
乙酸乙酯0.005果香(菠萝/苹果)\10.566.04
1,2,4,5-四甲基苯0.083樟脑味、木香0.44\\
异丁醇0.36溶剂味、甜香\0.110.01
乙酸异戊酯0.00015香蕉香、甜果香\174.21\
苯乙醇0.000015玫瑰香1167.432864.411515.14
2-戊酮0.01醚香、果香2.380.021.31
乙酸异丁酯0.025水果糖香\0.730.02
2,5-二甲基吡嗪0.08坚果香、炒米香\0.060.17
邻-异丙基苯0.04松木香、柑橘皮香0.42\0.07
2-壬醇0.058黄瓜香、蜡味0.230.01\
4-乙基苯酚0.004烟熏味、药味3.340.02\
1,3-二乙基苯0.39汽油味、溶剂味0.03\\
2-庚醇0.041蘑菇香、土腥味0.34\0.04
异戊酸0.012奶酪香、汗酸味\1.240.18
对甲酚0.001酚醛异味14.65.2712.41
), ArticleFig(id=1261343953379537148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842855432512, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

主要特征差异代谢物OAV计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称阈值(mg/kg)[3738]风味描述[33,3739]OAV
CKFJMJ
注:“\”表示不可计算。
冰醋酸10.00刺激性酸味\0.070.02
乙醇3.50醇香、微甜\0.070.05
2-庚酮0.001蓝乳酪香、果香107.89\\
3-戊烯-2-酮0.0015青草香\76.47\
异戊醇0.004杂醇油味、苦杏仁香7.4122.83\
对甲苯甲醚0.025药草香、辛香0.79\2.77
2-壬酮0.005柑橘皮香、脂肪味11.66\\
正己醇0.0056草本香、青叶味0.7110.285.95
乙酸乙酯0.005果香(菠萝/苹果)\10.566.04
1,2,4,5-四甲基苯0.083樟脑味、木香0.44\\
异丁醇0.36溶剂味、甜香\0.110.01
乙酸异戊酯0.00015香蕉香、甜果香\174.21\
苯乙醇0.000015玫瑰香1167.432864.411515.14
2-戊酮0.01醚香、果香2.380.021.31
乙酸异丁酯0.025水果糖香\0.730.02
2,5-二甲基吡嗪0.08坚果香、炒米香\0.060.17
邻-异丙基苯0.04松木香、柑橘皮香0.42\0.07
2-壬醇0.058黄瓜香、蜡味0.230.01\
4-乙基苯酚0.004烟熏味、药味3.340.02\
1,3-二乙基苯0.39汽油味、溶剂味0.03\\
2-庚醇0.041蘑菇香、土腥味0.34\0.04
异戊酸0.012奶酪香、汗酸味\1.240.18
对甲酚0.001酚醛异味14.65.2712.41
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复合微生物发酵天麻液的品质特性分析
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袁英豪 1 , 林长彬 1 , 夏陈 1 , 付亮 2 , 徐德 2 , 朱永清 1 , 刘刚 3 , 张文会 4 , 余鳗游 *, 1
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(9): 278-289
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食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026, 47(9): 278-289
复合微生物发酵天麻液的品质特性分析
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袁英豪1 , 林长彬1, 夏陈1, 付亮2, 徐德2, 朱永清1, 刘刚3, 张文会4, 余鳗游*, 1
作者信息
  • 1.四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(四川省农业科学院食品与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066
  • 2.达州市农业科学研究院,四川达州 635000
  • 3.四川师范大学,四川成都 610066
  • 4.西藏自治区农牧科学院农产品开发与食品科学研究所,西藏拉萨 850000
  • 袁英豪(1997−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:功能食品/微生物发酵,E-mail:

通讯作者:

余鳗游(1988−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:功能食品,E-mail:
Quality Characteristics Analysis of Gastrodia elata Fermentation Broth by Microbial Co-fermentation
Yinghao YUAN1 , Changbin LIN1, Chen XIA1, Liang FU2, De XU2, Yongqing ZHU1, Gang LIU3, Wenhui ZHANG4, Manyou YU*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
  • 2.Dazhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dazhou 635000, China
  • 3.Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
  • 4.Institute of Agricultural Product Development and Food Science, Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040279
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旨在探究复合微生物发酵对天麻品质(发酵液)的影响,为天麻产业深加工奠定理论基础。利用复合微生物(乳酸菌、醋酸菌、酵母菌)对天麻进行发酵处理(FJ组),并设置未发酵对照组(CK组)和酶解处理组(MJ组)进行对比。通过测定发酵液总酸、pH等指标评估理化特性变化。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇等天麻多酚组分,测定总多酚、总黄酮含量,并评价其抗氧化活性和降血糖活性。利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(SPME-GC-MS)分析挥发性物质组成及特征差异代谢物。最后,通过感官品评评估发酵对天麻整体品质和风味的影响。结果表明,相较于CK组,FJ组的天麻总酸含量增加2.6倍,pH明显下降,粗多糖(247.65±16.10 mg/g)、乙醇(0.54%vol±0.02%vol)含量明显增加。酶解处理组(MJ)关键理化除多糖含量外无较大变化。HPLC分析表明,微生物发酵促进了天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇等活性物质的产生,显著提高了天麻总多酚(比CK组提高29.45%)、总黄酮含量(比CK组提高44.08%)以及抗氧化活性和降血糖活性(FJ>MJ>CK)。SPME-GC-MS分析显示,FJ组醇类物质、酸类物质、酯类物质明显增加,鉴定出3-戊烯-2-酮、异戊醇、苯乙醇、乙酸乙酯等为特征挥发性差异代谢物。经感官品评,微生物发酵明显改善了天麻品质并赋予其醇香和甜香的气味。研究结果有助于进一步开发新型功能性食品,为天麻产业深加工提供更多理论依据和技术支撑。

天麻  /  复合微生物  /  活性成分  /  抗氧化  /  挥发性物质

To investigate the impact of compound microbial fermentation on Gastrodia elata quality (fermented liquid), providing a theoretical foundation for its industrial deep processing. Gastrodia elata was fermented using a compound microbial consortium (Lactobacillus plantarum, Acetobacter pasteurianus, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus, FJ group), with unfermented (CK) and enzymatically hydrolyzed (MJ) groups as controls. Physicochemical properties (total acidity, pH, etc.) were assessed. HPLC analyzed gastrodin, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, determined total phenols, and total flavonoids, evaluated their antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Volatile compounds and differential metabolites were identified using SPME-GC-MS. Sensory evaluation assessed overall quality and flavor. The results showed that compared to CK, FJ significantly increased total acidity (2.6-fold), decreased pH, and elevated the content of crude polysaccharides (247.65±16.10 mg/g) and ethanol (0.54%vol±0.02%vol). MJ showed minimal physicochemical changes except in polysaccharides. HPLC revealed that microbial fermentation enhanced the production of bioactive compounds (gastrodin, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol), significantly increased total phenols (promoted 29.45% vs. CK), total flavonoids (promoted 44.08% vs. CK), antioxidant activity, and hypoglycemic activity (FJ>MJ>CK). SPME-GC-MS identified increased alcohols, acids, and esters in FJ, with characteristic differential metabolites including 3-penten-2-one, isoamyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, and ethyl acetate. Sensory evaluation confirmed improved quality, imparting distinct alcoholic and sweet notes. These results provide that compound microbial fermentation effectively enhances the bioactive components, functional properties, and sensory quality of Gastrodia elata, offering valuable insights for developing functional foods and advancing its industrial processing.

Gastrodia elata  /  compound microorganisms  /  active components  /  antioxidant activity  /  volatile compounds
袁英豪, 林长彬, 夏陈, 付亮, 徐德, 朱永清, 刘刚, 张文会, 余鳗游. 复合微生物发酵天麻液的品质特性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 278 -289 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040279
Yinghao YUAN, Changbin LIN, Chen XIA, Liang FU, De XU, Yongqing ZHU, Gang LIU, Wenhui ZHANG, Manyou YU. Quality Characteristics Analysis of Gastrodia elata Fermentation Broth by Microbial Co-fermentation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 278 -289 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040279
天麻(Gastrodia elata)作为兰科天麻属多年生草本植物的干燥块茎,是我国传统医学典籍中记载的珍贵药食同源物种。近年来,基于色谱分离技术,从天麻中鉴定出天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇、β-谷甾醇等多种特征活性组分[13],现代药理学研究证实,它们具有多种生物活性,如调节中枢神经系统功能、改善代谢综合征及延缓神经退行性病变等[47]。因此,天麻在功能性食品开发领域具有广阔前景。然而,当前天麻加工仍以炮制工艺为主[8],存在食用方法相对单一、产品形式有限以及固有得特殊气味不易被消费者广泛接受等瓶颈问题,这些因素严重制约了天麻资源的高值化利用及其在现代健康产业中的推广。
生物转化技术,特别是微生物发酵,为药食同源资源的高值化利用提供了新途径。在发酵过程中,微生物代谢酶系可促进底物发生复杂的生化重构,既能保留原有营养成分,又能通过次级代谢合成新的生物活性物质[911]。研究表明,使用多菌种协同发酵体系(如醋酸菌-酵母菌-乳酸菌复合体系)能显著提高代谢通量[12],其作用机制涉及糖酵解、三羧酸循环等多个代谢途径,除基础代谢物(乙酸、乙醇等)外,最终产物还富含生物活性的萜类衍生物、酚酸化合物及多种维生素[1314]。许多研究证明,微生物转化不仅能改善底物的异味成分[1516],还能合成γ-氨基丁酸等功能因子,赋予产物调节肠道菌群、改善心血管功能及增强免疫应答等功能[1720]。然而,目前针对天麻的微生物发酵研究相对较少,且多集中于单一菌种或简单发酵工艺的初步探索,对于复合微生物协同发酵如何系统性地影响天麻关键活性成分(如天麻素、多糖、多酚、黄酮等)的转化规律、挥发性风味物质的形成机制以及感官品质的综合提升,尚缺乏深入系统的研究。特别是,利用乳酸菌-醋酸菌-酵母菌这一特定复合体系对天麻进行发酵,并系统评价其对特征功效成分、功能活性(抗氧化、降血糖)及感官风味的综合改良效果,具有明确的创新性。
基于以上研究背景和创新性考量,本研究以天麻粉为原料,创新性地采用乳酸菌、醋酸菌和酵母菌组成的复合微生物体系对其进行为期5 d的可控发酵。研究将重点探究该复合微生物发酵技术对天麻发酵液关键理化指标(如总酸、pH、粗多糖、乙醇)、核心功效成分(天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇等)的含量与组成、功能活性(体外抗氧化、降血糖活性)以及挥发性风味物质和整体感官品质的影响。通过系统比较发酵组与对照组(未发酵)、酶解组的差异,深入解析复合微生物发酵对天麻品质的改良机制,以期为开发新型高附加值天麻发酵食品或配料提供坚实的科学依据和实用的技术路径。
微生物菌种(植物乳杆菌R5 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum、巴氏醋杆菌FM1 Acetobacter pasteurianus、异常威克汉姆酵母J1 Wickerhamomyces anomalus) 保存于四川省农业科学院农产品加工所功能食品研究中心;川红(四川红茶) 市售;天麻粉 达州市某生态农业有限公司;淀粉酶(50000 U/g)、纤维素酶(10000 U/g) 成都市科龙化学品有限公司;乙腈、甲醇 色谱纯,阿拉丁生化;2,2-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(DPPH)、2,2'-联氮基双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)、天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇、对羟基苯甲醛、柠檬酸酯E、柠檬酸酯B、巴利森苷A、磷酸、福林酚、碳酸钠、亚硝酸钠、水溶性维生素E、芦丁、没食子酸、三吡啶基三嗪等 分析纯,购于上海源叶生物科技有限公司。
SW-CJ-1D超净工作台 苏州净化设备有限公司;LHS-250HC-I恒温培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;Sigma 3K15冷冻离心机 Sigma 公司;LX-800多功能酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;1290 Infinty Ⅱ高效液相色谱仪、Poroshell 120 PFP 色谱柱、7890A-5975C气相-质谱联用仪 美国安捷伦科技有限公司。
糖茶水培养基:称取10 g洁净红茶叶和100 g白砂糖,加入0.8 L纯净水并煮沸10 min,过滤并补水至1 L,最后得到糖茶水。
天麻发酵培养基:按照质量比1:10的料液比将天麻粉加入红糖水中(80 g/L),加入纤维素酶(0.3 g/L)和淀粉酶(0.3 g/L),分别于55、80 ℃温度条件下各酶解1 h,酶解完成后于121 ℃灭菌20 min。
种子液制备:分别将活化后醋酸菌、酵母菌、乳酸菌用无菌生理盐水调整菌体浓度为107 CFU/mL,按照1:1:1比例向糖茶水中加入体积分数为5%的菌液,置于28~30 ℃培养箱中培养7 d,得到复合微生物种子液。
接种发酵:按照体积分数5%将种子液接种于天麻发酵培养基中,置于30 ℃培养箱静置发酵5 d,得到天麻发酵液(FJ)。按照相同接种比例将无菌水接种于天麻发酵培养基(MJ),同时设置相同干物质浓度天麻溶液为对照组(CK)。
后处理(仅用于多酚类化合物及总多酚、总黄酮含量测定):将天麻发酵液进行冷冻干燥处理(升华温度为35 ℃、预冻温度为−80 ℃,真空度1 Pa,隔板温度20 ℃)。称取样品(发酵天麻冻干粉、天麻粉)2 g(精确至0.01 g),量取20 mL体积分数80%甲醇溶液,混匀,超声浸提30 min(40 ℃恒温),过滤,收集上清液,重复提取2次,合并上清液并定容至50 mL,4 ℃保存,备用。
天麻发酵液pH由pH计准确测定。
天麻发酵液总酸测定参照GB 12456-2021 《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》的酸碱滴定法。
参照文献[21],并作适当修改。前处理:取适量天麻发酵液,加入无水乙醇(使混合体系中乙醇的体积分数为80%),超声45 min(去除脂溶性杂质),以7500 r/min离心10 min,沉淀烘干至恒重。提取:称取上述除杂后的样品l g,纯水超声浸提45 min(料液比质量比1:40),经7500 r/min离心10 min后收集上清液,重复提取2次,将所得上清液合并混匀。醇沉制样:上清液浓缩至原体积的25%左右,加入100 mL的乙醇(95%)。低温过夜沉淀,7500 r/min离心10 min,沉淀挥干,加水定容至50 mL容量瓶,置于4 ℃待测。
参考文献[22]方法,利用蒽酮硫酸法测定粗多糖含量。稀释样液至适当浓度,量取1.5 mL置于干燥洁净玻璃管中,加入蒽酮试剂5 mL,振荡混匀,保持沸水浴(100 ℃)加热15 min,取出后迅速冷却。于波长625 nm处测定吸光度。以葡萄糖溶液质量浓度(mg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,制标准曲线为y=1.2911x+0.0408,R2=0.9992。计算公式见式(1)。
$\rm 粗多糖含量= \frac{\rho _1\times N_1\times V_1}{m_1} $
式中:ρ1为样品溶液中粗多糖的质量浓度,mg/mL;N1为稀释倍数;V1为样品溶液总体积,mL;m1为称取样品干物质质量,g。
天麻发酵液的乙醇含量测定参照GB 5009.225-2016《食品安全国家标准 酒中乙醇浓度的测定》的酒精计法。
参考文献[11]方法,并作修改。取方法1.2.1中得到的发酵天麻提取液1 mL,经0.22 μm有机滤膜过滤至进样瓶。称取天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇、对羟基苯甲醛、柠檬酸酯E、柠檬酸酯B、巴利森苷A对照品各20 mg,经甲醇溶解并定容至10 mL容量瓶,得到2 mg/mL标准储备液,通过梯度稀释制备系列浓度工作液(10~200 μg/mL)。使用HPLC法进行测定。色谱柱,Poroshell 120 PFP(4.6 mm×100 mm,2.7 μm);DAD 检测器,检测波长220 nm;柱温35 ℃;进样量2 μL;流速0.8 mL/min;流动相:A相为体积分数0.1%的磷酸水溶液,B相为乙腈。梯度洗脱程序:0~5 min,2%~5%B;5~10 min,5%~10%B;10~20 min,10%~25%B;20~25 min,25%~80%B。
定性定量方法:目标化合物(天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇等)的定性依据为其与相应对照品保留时间的一致性。各目标化合物的定量分析采用外标法,以相应标准工作溶液的浓度-峰面积绘制标准曲线进行计算。
参照文献[23]的方法。使用超纯水将天麻提取液进行适当稀释,吸取稀释液和福林酚溶液(2 mol/L)各20 μL,混匀,静置5 min,加入160 μL质量分数5%Na2CO3,振荡混匀,常温反应60 min(避光),于波长765 nm处测定吸光度。以没食子酸质量浓度(μg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线为y=0.0034x+0.4205,R2=0.9992。样品中的总多酚含量以没食子酸当量(mg GAE/g)表示,计算公式见式(2)。
$\rm 总多酚含量= \frac{\rho _2\times N_2\times V_2}{m_2} $
式中:ρ2为样品待测液中总多酚的质量浓度,μg/mL;N2为稀释倍数;V2为提取液总体积,mL;m2为称取样品的干物质质量,g。
参照文献[23]的方法。使用超纯水将天麻提取液进行适当稀释,吸取20 μL稀释液和15 μL质量分数5%NaNO2混合,常温反应6 min(避光),加入15 μL质量分数10%AlCl3∙6H2O,静置5 min,最后加入100 μL NaOH(1 mol/L),于波长510 nm处测定吸光度。以芦丁质量浓度(μg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线为y=0.0005x+0.046,R2=0.9995。总黄酮含量以芦丁当量(mg RE/g)表示,计算公式见式(3)。
$\rm 总黄酮含量= \frac{\rho _3\times N_3\times V_3}{m_3} $
式中:ρ3为样品待测液中总黄酮的质量浓度,μg/mL;N3为稀释倍数;V3为提取液总体积,mL;m3为称取样品的干物质质量,g。
参照文献[24]方法,并稍作修改。按照体积比1:1:10量取10 mmol/L TPTZ、20 mmol/L FeCl3和0.3 mol/L C2H3NaO2溶液(pH3.6),混匀,得到FRAP工作液。使用超纯水将天麻发酵液(1.2.1)稀释为不同质量浓度(0.25、0.5、1.0、5.0、7.5、10.0、15.0、20.0 mg/mL)的样品待测液备用。吸取30 μL待测液和265 μL FRAP工作液,混匀,37 ℃恒温反应30 min,于波长700 nm处测定吸光度。以Trolox溶液质量浓度(μg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,制标准曲线为y=0.0154x+0.0953,R2=0.9992。铁离子还原能力以水溶性维生素E(Trolox)当量(μg TE/mL)表示。FRAP计算公式见式(4)。
$ \rm{铁}离子还原能力=\rho_4\times N_4 $
式中:ρ4为样品待测液中Trolox当量的质量浓度,μg TE/mL;N4为稀释倍数。
参照文献[24]方法,并稍作修改。提前配制质量浓度为128.50 μg/mL DPPH溶液(体积分数80%甲醇溶液为溶剂),吸取100 μL待测液(超纯水稀释发酵液至质量浓度为:0.25、0.5、1.0、5.0、7.5、10.0、20.0、50.0、100.0 mg/mL),加入100 μL上述DPPH溶液(128.50 μg/mL),混匀后静置30 min,于波长517 nm处测定吸光度。以上述甲醇溶液为空白对照,测定吸光度A0,以水溶性VE(2.00~80.00 μg/mL)为阳性对照。DPPH自由基清除率计算公式见式(5)。
$\rm DPPH自由基清除率(\text{%})= \frac{A_0-A_1}{A_0}\times 100 $
式中:A0为空白组吸光度;A1为样品组或阳性组的吸光度。
参考文献[24]方法,并稍作修改。按照1:1的体积比量取7 mmol/L ABTS溶液和2.45 mmol/L K2S2O8溶液,混匀,得到ABTS储备液,常温避光16 h。ABTS工作液:将ABTS储备液用体积分数80%的甲醇溶液稀释,使其吸光度在波长734 nm处为0.70±0.02。吸取40 μL待测液(超纯水稀释发酵液至质量浓度为:0.25、0.5、1.0、5.0、7.5、10.0、20.0、50.0 mg/mL),加入160 μL ABTS工作液,混匀后静置6 min,于波长734 nm处测定吸光度。用体积分数80%的甲醇代替样品溶液作为空白组,测定吸光度A2,以水溶性VE(2.00~200.00 μg/mL)为阳性对照品。ABTS+自由基清除率计算公式见式(6)。
$\rm ABTS^+自由基清除率(\text{%})= \frac{A_\text{2}-A_\text{3}}{A_\text{2}}\times 100 $
式中:A2为空白组吸光度;A3为样品组或阳性组的吸光度。
参考文献[25]方法,结合实验室方法稍作修改。取1.0 mL邻二氮菲溶液(0.75 mmol/L,无水乙醇溶液为溶剂)、2.0 mL磷酸盐缓冲溶液(0.2 mol/L,pH7.40)和1.0 mL蒸馏水,混匀,加入1 mL FeSO4溶液(0.75 mmol/L)和待测样液(超纯水稀释发酵液至质量浓度为:75、100、150、200、250、300、500 mg/mL)1 mL,最后加入1.0 mL H2O2(体积分数0.01%),置于37 ℃水浴反应60 min,于波长536 nm处测定吸光度A4,以水溶性VC(10.00~1000.00 μg/mL)为阳性对照品。羟自由基清除率计算公式见式(7)。
$\rm 羟基自由基清除率(\text{%})= \frac{A_\text{5}-A_\text{4}}{A_\text{6}-A_\text{5}}\times 100 $
式中:A4为样液吸光度;A5样品空白组的吸光度(无水乙醇代替样液);A6样品对照组的吸光度(蒸馏水代替H2O2)。
参考文献[26]方法。吸取40 µL待测液(超纯水稀释发酵液至质量浓度为:0.25、0.5、1.0、7.5、10.0、25.0、50.0、80.0、100.0 mg/mL)和30 µL α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液(0.5 U/mL),混匀,置于37 ℃水浴反应10 min,再加入30 µL 5 mmol/L的对硝基苯-β-D-半乳糖苷(pNPG,0.1 mol/L pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲溶液为溶剂),混匀,继续在37 ℃条件下反应30 min,加入100 µL的1 mol/L Na2CO3溶液,在波长405 nm处测吸光度Aa,以阿卡波糖(5~200 μg/mL)为阳性对照品。α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制率计算公式见式(8)。
$\rm \alpha\text{-}葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(\text{%})= \left(1-\frac{A_\text{a}-A_\text{b}}{A_\text{c}-A_\text{d}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:Aa为样品和酶溶液吸光度;Ab为磷酸盐缓冲液替代样品的吸光度;Ac为酶液和磷酸盐缓冲液的吸光度;Ad为磷酸盐缓冲液替代酶的吸光度。
参考文献[27]方法。取天麻发酵液5 mL置于15 mL的顶空瓶中,同时加入10 μL 2-辛醇(10 mg/L)作为内标物(Internal Standard,IS)和1 g氯化钠,将顶空瓶于50 ℃水浴锅中恒温平衡30 min,使用2 cm-50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS StableFlex萃取头的手动进样器,50 ℃顶空萃取30 min后,移出萃取头并立即插入GC-MS进样口(温度250 ℃),解吸5 min进样。
色谱条件:DB-Heavy Wax(30 m×0.25 mm,0.5 μm);50 ℃保持2 min,以5 ℃/min速度升温到240 ℃,保持5 min;不分流进样;高纯N2流速为1 mL/min。质谱离子源温度:230 ℃;传输线温度:250 ℃;电离方式:电子轰击电离(EI);电子能量:70 eV;质量扫描范围:m/z 50~550 amu;扫描模式:全扫描(Full Scan)。
定性/定量分析:将测得的未知化合物质谱图与NIST标准质谱库(NIST 20)进行比对,选择匹配度(Similarity)大于80%的物质,并结合色谱保留时间进行初步鉴定。为校正样品前处理及仪器分析过程中的潜在误差,采用内标法进行半定量分析。目标挥发性化合物的含量以内标当量计(μg/mL),计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{目标化合物含量=(A}_{ \mathrm{h}} \mathrm{/A}_{ \mathrm{f}} \mathrm{)\times (C}_{ \mathrm{f}} \mathrm{\times V}_{ \mathrm{f}} \mathrm{/M}_{ \mathrm{i}} \mathrm{)} $
式中:Ah为目标化合物的色谱峰面积;Af为内标物的色谱峰面积;Cf为加入的内标物溶液浓度(μg/mL);Vf为加入的内标物体积(mL);Mi为样品量(mL)。
$\rm \mathrm{物质的气味活度值(OAV)}=\frac{C_i}{T_i} $
式中:Ci为物质在样本中的浓度;Ti为物质的嗅觉阈值。
采用定量描述分析法(Quantitative Descriptive Analysis,QDA)对天麻发酵液进行感官评价。评价小组由12名经过筛选和培训的专业感官评价员组成(6名男性,6名女性;年龄范围25~45岁)。评价项目包括色泽、气味、滋味、口感、体态五项(表1),各项满分分别为:色泽15分、气味25分、滋味30分、口感10分、体态20分,总分100分。记录12位评价员对所有样品各感官项目的评分结果。最终结果取各感官项目得分的平均值±标准差(Mean±SD)。
每个实验处理组重复3次,使用Excel对数据预处理;采用Pearson相关分析法,对总多酚、总黄酮含量与抗氧化能力和降糖能力进行相关性分析;用SPSS 27.0统计软件对数据进行正态性检验和方差齐性检验,实验结果使用Simca 14、Origin 2021和Graph pad 10.0软件进行绘图。
表2为复合微生物发酵天麻后的理化指标测定结果。结果显示,较对照组(CK),复合微生物发酵天麻(FJ)的样液pH显著下降至3.37±0.04,总酸含量显著增加了2.6倍(P<0.05),这归因于发酵体系中产酸菌的代谢产生了乳酸、乙酸等短链脂肪酸[12],这些酸不仅有助于调节人体肠道健康和增强免疫功能[28],还直接导致pH的降低。同时,FJ组粗多糖含量较CK组增加97.33%。此外,乙醇含量达到0.54%vol,这些结果综合表明,复合微生物发酵可促进天麻活性物质转化及风味物质产生。接种无菌水即酶解组(MJ)的各项理化指标较CK组均发生一定程度变化,其中酶解处理后粗多糖含量显著增加(145.50±0.79 mg/g),但与发酵组相比差异较大,说明在传统酶解工艺上,创新结合三菌协同发酵使天麻品质明显提高。
根据前期广泛的文献调研以及本实验室对多批次天麻样品的初步筛查结果,表3中6种化合物在天麻中普遍含量较高且相对稳定,是天麻多酚类成分中的主要物质[11,2526]。以标准品质量浓度X(μg/mL)为横坐标,对应的峰面积平均值Y为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,并根据标准曲线进行回归分析和计算。结果显示6个标准品的线性关系良好,回归方程和相关系数如表3所示。
测定不同组天麻提取液中活性化合物,结果如图1(A)所示。经酶解和发酵处理后,天麻液中活性化合物存在明显差异,其中天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇、巴利森苷A的含量差异显著(P<0.05)。相关研究表明,巴利森苷A在酶的作用下可分解为天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇及巴利森苷类等产物[29]。CK组经酶解后,巴利森苷A被大量分解,同时天麻素和对羟基苯甲醇含量显著增加(P<0.05);经微生物发酵后,FJ组中天麻素和对羟基苯甲醇含量较MJ组分别增加8.41%和7.87%,同时较CK组分别增加80.14%和35.65%。此外,柠檬酸酯E、柠檬酸酯B及对羟基苯甲醛等物质含量在酶解和发酵后发生不同程度变化,活性成分增幅差异源于微生物对特定苷类的定向转化,其中MJ组柠檬酸酯E和对羟基苯甲醛含量相对较高,说明发酵后此类物质被部分分解。对比赖岚玉等[11]所得到的发酵天麻产物,本研究高出其对羟基苯甲醇含量3.94倍,高出天麻素含量4.57倍,突出了本文复合微生物发酵优势。进一步分析出峰结果(图1B)发现,FJ组中检测到更多物质,如出峰时间为1.527 min的未知代谢物,其峰面积较大且在CK、MJ组中均未检出,说明该物质为发酵过程中新产生的代谢产物。由此说明,复合微生物发酵不仅促进了天麻活性成分的转化与释放,还合成了更多新的代谢物,提高产品的功能活性与附加价值,为天麻发酵产品的开发提供了重要的理论依据和技术支持。
对比不同组天麻提取液中总多酚(TPC)和总黄酮(TFC)含量,结果如图2所示。FJ组的TPC和TFC含量分别达到39.87±1.55 mg GAE/g和17.52±0.21 mg RE/g,显著大于MJ组(30.80±0.89 mg GAE/g、12.16±0.57 mg RE/g)和CK组(24.95±0.97 mg GAE/g、9.08±0.10 mg RE/g)(P<0.05)。与CK组相比,FJ组TPC和TFC含量分别提高29.45%和44.08%。同时,MJ组的TPC和TFC含量也显著大于CK组,这一趋势与HPLC测定结果基本一致,表明酶解和发酵提高了天麻中多酚和黄酮类物质的含量。因此推断,发酵过程中微生物的代谢活动可能促进了天麻中酚类物质的释放和转化,发酵后多酚含量显著增加,这与“红茶菌”发酵天麻的研究结果相似[12]。此外,黄酮类物质的增加可能与发酵过程中微生物对糖苷类化合物的降解有关,进一步验证了发酵对天麻活性成分的增强作用。
本研究根据自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力比较不同组天麻发酵液的抗氧化活性。阳性对照组采用高效合成抗氧化剂(VE、VC),其抗氧化活性显著高于发酵天麻样品,符合该类对照剂的预期效能,也侧面验证了本实验体系的灵敏度。如图3(A)所示,CK组、MJ组和FJ组3组天麻样品在铁离子还原能力上存在显著差异(P<0.05),具体表现为FJ组>MJ组>CK组。如图3B~图3D所示,比较了3组样品对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和羟自由基的清除能力,IC50值越小代表自由基清除能力越强,分析发现3组样品自由基清除能力存在显著差异(P<0.05),不同自由基清除能力表现一致:FJ组>MJ组>CK组。DPPH实验中,FJ组IC50为3.46 mg/mL,而阳性对照组仅需9.31 μg/mL(相差约371倍);ABTS+自由基清除率实验中,FJ组IC50为0.73 mg/mL,阳性对照组为19.20 μg/mL(相差约38倍);羟自由基实验中,FJ组IC50为93.42 mg/mL,阳性对照组为215.50 μg/mL(相差约434倍)。阳性对照为小分子强效抗氧化剂,可直接提供电子或氢原子快速中和自由基;而天麻样品中的活性成分(如多糖、酚类)可能通过协同作用缓慢清除自由基,且受基质复杂性影响,故效率较低。
结合上述天麻多酚测定结果,微生物发酵能够改变天麻液中活性成分组成和含量,从而提高其抗氧化活性,这一结果与先前的研究相符[11],进一步证实了抗氧化能力与总多酚、总黄酮含量之间存在正向关系。此外,较CK组,MJ组也表现出较好的抗氧化能力,这可能是因为酶解过程中分解出了总多酚、总黄酮等活性化合物,从而提升了天麻样品的抗氧化活性。
图4可知,不同组天麻样液在抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性方面展现出明显差异,其中FJ组在3个试验组中表现最佳(IC50=0.69±0.12 mg/mL),显著优于MJ组(IC50=1.17±1.14 mg/mL)和CK组(IC50=3.02±0.96 mg/mL),证实微生物发酵可提升天麻降糖活性(FJ组较CK组IC50降低约77.15%),阳性对照组(阿卡波糖)的抑制效能远高于天麻样品(IC50=181.56±12.45 μg/mL),说明发酵天麻在降糖活性方面仍存在较大提升空间。然而,通过微生物发酵,天麻对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力已显著提高(P<0.05),且显著优于多数报道的天然产物[21]。这一发现对于天麻产业在深加工领域,特别是在探索降低人体餐后血糖的研究中具有重要意义。
基于以上结果,对各组天麻样品中总多酚和总黄酮与抗氧化能力和降糖能力进行Pearson相关性分析,如图5所示,总多酚含量与样液中各项抗氧化活性指标(DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力、羟自由基清除能力、铁离子还原能力)和降糖活性(α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力)均呈现显著正相关(P<0.001)(多酚含量与清除率/抑制率IC50值呈负相关,则与其活性能力呈正相关,黄酮含量同理);同时,总黄酮含量也与样液抗氧化活性和降糖活性呈显著正相关(P<0.001)。该结果说明总多酚和总黄酮含量对抗氧化活性和降糖活性具有积极作用,同时也有相关研究表明,黄酮类化合物和香豆素类化合物具有抗氧化药理活性,甚至它们可能通过协同作用,共同清除自由基,降低氧化应激水平[30]
本文利用HS-SPME-GC-MS对天麻发酵液中的挥发性成分进行半定量分析。选取匹配度>80%的物质为代表,在全部样本中共检测到269种挥发性物质,包括醇类37种、醛类10种、酸类15种、酯类30种、酮类26种等。如图6所示,与CK组相比,FJ组90个代谢物上调,113个代谢物下调,MJ组105个代谢物上调,81个代谢物下调;与MJ组相比,FJ组72个代谢物上调,113个代谢物下调。由表4所示,各组样品的物质组成呈现显著差异,其中CK组酮类(231.89±11.41 μg/mL)和醇类(100.45±10.38 μg/mL)物质含量较高,MJ组醇类(288.60±16.28 μg/mL)和酸类(162.29±11.77 μg/mL)物质含量较高,而FJ组表现出更丰富的物质多样性,其醇类(474.04±47.24 μg/mL)、酸类(681.72±64.19 μg/mL)、酯类(121.24±9.69 μg/mL)和酮类(122.89±23.25 μg/mL)物质含量较高。经对比,微生物发酵对天麻挥发性物质的调控作用最为显著;与CK组相比,FJ组中醇类、酸类和酯类物质分别增长3.72倍、40.82倍和11.46倍,酯类物质含量的增加尤为突出,其中包含乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯等关键酯类物质的大量产生,这与复合微生物发酵过程中酯化反应的激活密切相关(醋酸菌代谢乙酸与酵母菌产乙醇的酯化反应),相关研究表明,酯类物质作为食品风味的重要载体,可通过与醇类、酸类的协同作用形成复合香气[31];MJ组则主要表现为醇类和酸类物质含量的提升,可能与外源酶系对前体物质的分解作用有关[32]
图7A,通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA),三组样品在得分图中呈现明显分离(Rx2=0.705,Ry2=0.257,Q2=0.628),表明酶解与发酵处理使天麻挥发性物质的组成发生明显差异。图7B置换检验(200次)结果显示Q2回归线与纵轴交点在负区间(P<0.001),证实模型具有良好预测能力且未出现过拟合。进一步筛选获得37种VIP值≥1且具有统计学显著性(P<0.05)的差异代谢物(图7C,图中仅展示前30种主要物质),包括冰醋酸(乙酸)(VIP=6.44)、乙醇(VIP=4.11)、2-庚酮(VIP=3.04)、3-戊烯-2-酮(VIP=2.98)、异戊醇(VIP=2.72)等关键化合物。其中,2-庚酮、2-壬酮等酮类物质在CK组中占主导,而FJ组中异戊醇、乙酸乙酯等酯类物质的显著富集,可能赋予产品独特的花果香气。基于气味活性值(OAV)的深入分析显示(表5),共计25个差异香气物质可计算OAV,13种物质OAV≥1的关键香气成分对整体风味具有实质贡献。FJ组中3-戊烯-2-酮(青草香)[33]、苯乙醇(玫瑰香)[34]及乙酸乙酯(果香)[35]等物质的协同作用,形成了层次丰富的香气特征。与CK组相比,MJ组与FJ组均呈现酸类物质增加,但FJ组中异戊酸(奶酪香)的OAV显著提升,暗示微生物转化可能优化了酸类物质的感官特性,这一发现与文献[36]提出的“关键香气成分阈值效应”理论相吻合,表明可通过定向调控特定代谢通路来有效改良天麻产品的感官品质。
通过定量描述分析对各组进行感官评价,其样品图以及色泽、体态、气味、滋味、口感打分结果如图8图9所示。通过微生物发酵,除了天麻活性成分和功能活性发生改变外,FJ组天麻发酵液在色泽、体态、气味、滋味等方面均得到明显改善,FJ组气味呈现明显的醇香和甜香味,几乎不存在天麻的不愉快气味,色泽偏红棕色,体态较为清澈,酸甜适中;而MJ组天麻液色泽暗淡,仍存在明显天麻的不愉快气味;相比之下,CK组在色泽、气味、滋味等方面更难以接受。整体而言,利用微生物发酵,天麻产品感官特性得到显著改善。
本研究证实复合微生物(乳酸菌-醋酸菌-酵母菌)协同发酵可显著提升天麻液品质。相较于传统酶解工艺,微生物复合发酵促进了巴利森苷A水解为天麻素(含量提高8.41%)及对羟基苯甲醇(提高7.87%),较CK组则分别提高80.14%和35.65%;此外,较CK组,天麻提取液总多酚和总黄酮含量分别提升29.45%和44.08%,驱动抗氧化(DPPH自由基清除率 IC50下降57.75%、ABTS+自由基清除率IC50下降26.27%)与降糖活性(α-葡萄糖苷酶IC50降低77.15%)协同增强;基于酸醇酯化反应富集关键香气物质(如乙酸乙酯OAV=10.56、苯乙醇OAV=2864.41),赋予天麻发酵液花果香与青草香复合气息。本研究揭示了复合微生物转化天麻活性成分及品质的理论机制,弥补单一酶解技术缺陷(如异味残留),为开发高附加值功能性食品(如降血糖制剂)提供技术支撑。在未来的研究中,需通过动物实验验证体内降糖功效,结合宏基因组学解析菌种互作机制,并继续优化工业化发酵参数。
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040279
  • 接收时间:2025-04-22
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-22
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    1.四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(四川省农业科学院食品与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066
    2.达州市农业科学研究院,四川达州 635000
    3.四川师范大学,四川成都 610066
    4.西藏自治区农牧科学院农产品开发与食品科学研究所,西藏拉萨 850000

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余鳗游(1988−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:功能食品,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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