Article(id=1261343842465362238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040260, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745078400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778657406678, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778657406678, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778657406677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657406677, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=222, endPage=229, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261343843270668611, articleId=1261343842465362238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Influence of Heat Treatment Methods and Time on the Quality of Antarctic Krill, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different heat treatment methods (atmospheric pressure cooking, high-pressure cooking, atmospheric pressure steaming, high-pressure steaming, and microwave heating) and time (2 to 10 minutes) on the quality of Antarctic krill. The results showed that under the same heating time, the heat treatment loss rate of atmospheric pressure steaming was the lowest, and it was significantly lower than the other four methods within 6 minutes (P<0.05). Microwave heating performed best in terms of crude protein, crude fat, astaxanthin content, L*, b* values, and sensory scores, while atmospheric pressure cooking had the highest a* value. As the heating time increased, the heat treatment loss rate of all five methods rose, and the differences were significant within 6 minutes (P<0.05), the contents of crude protein and crude fat decreased, and there was no significant difference within 6 minutes and 8 minutes or more (P>0.05), but the difference between 6 and 8 minutes was significant (P<0.05), the astaxanthin content and sensory scores first increased and then decreased, reaching the highest at 6 minutes, and then significantly decreased after 6 minutes (P<0.05), L* and b* values increased, while a* value decreased, and the color differences were significant between 6 and 8 minutes (P<0.05). Through a comprehensive analysis of the overall impact of heat treatment methods and time on various quality indicators of krill, it was concluded that microwave heating was preferred within 2 to 6 minutes, followed by high-pressure steaming; both microwave heating and high-pressure steaming were optimal within 6 to 8 minutes; and microwave heating and atmospheric pressure steaming performed better at 8 minutes or more. This study provides a theoretical basis for the processing of Antarctic krill, which is helpful for optimizing the processing flow, improving product quality, and promoting industrial development.

, correspAuthors=Jian SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tiantian MA, Zhefei XIAO, Jie OUYANG, Yuanhao LIU, Xiaohui WANG, Lu DAI, Jian SHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261343859531985303, articleId=1261343842465362238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=热处理方式和时间对南极磷虾品质的影响, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探究不同热处理方式(常压煮制、高压煮制、常压蒸制、高压蒸制、微波加热)及时间(2~10 min)对南极磷虾品质的影响。结果表明:在相同加热时间下,常压蒸制的热处理损失率最低,6 min内显著低于其他四种方式(P<0.05)。微波加热在粗蛋白、粗脂肪、虾青素含量、L*b*值及感官评分方面表现最佳,而常压煮制的a*值最高。随着加热时间延长,五种方式的热处理损失率均上升,6 min内差异显著(P<0.05);粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均下降,6 min内与8 min以上无显著差异(P>0.05),6~8 min差异显著(P<0.05);虾青素含量和感官评分均先升后降,6 min时达到最高,6 min后显著下降(P<0.05);L*b*值上升,a*值下降,6~8 min色泽差异显著(P<0.05)。通过综合分析热处理方式和时间对磷虾各项品质指标的总体影响得出2~6 min优选微波加热,其次为高压蒸制;6~8 min微波加热和高压蒸制均较优;8 min及以上微波加热和常压蒸制表现更好。该研究为南极磷虾加工提供了理论依据,有助于优化加工流程、提升产品品质并推动产业发展。

, correspAuthors=沈建, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
沈建(1971−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工技术与装备,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=EgZ5w8O3TCP8zIx4V/d2ug==, magXml=4e6BCqCbqXDB/4NI/KhRow==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=6zcFdUhSlDf1sGLC5xoMHQ==, pdfFileSize=1112788, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=b+YNYFy0gmV0gXBhagvCfw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=NG5wtxBM77b+Xn+6PGUcFQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

马田田(1992−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:水产品加工技术,E-mail:

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马田田(1992−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:水产品加工技术,E-mail:

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马田田(1992−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:水产品加工技术,E-mail:

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注:大写字母不同表示:在同一热处理方式下,不同加热时间之间热处理损失率差异显著(P<0.05);小写字母不同表示:在同一加热时间下,不同热处理方式之间热处理损失率差异显著(P<0.05);图2~图6同。

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Sensory evaluation criteria for Antarctic krill

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标标准评分(分)
形态虾体不完整0
虾体较完整1
虾体完整2
体表黑变严重0
少量黑变1
无黑变2
组织组织松弛,弹性差0
组织稍松,弹性较好1
组织坚实,弹性好2
色泽淡红色,无光泽0
橘红色,光泽稍暗1
橘红色,光泽度高2
气味有异味0
固有香气较弱,无异味1
固有香气浓郁2
), ArticleFig(id=1261343928796722160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261343842465362238, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

南极磷虾感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标标准评分(分)
形态虾体不完整0
虾体较完整1
虾体完整2
体表黑变严重0
少量黑变1
无黑变2
组织组织松弛,弹性差0
组织稍松,弹性较好1
组织坚实,弹性好2
色泽淡红色,无光泽0
橘红色,光泽稍暗1
橘红色,光泽度高2
气味有异味0
固有香气较弱,无异味1
固有香气浓郁2
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热处理方式和时间对南极磷虾品质的影响
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马田田 1 , 肖哲非 1 , 欧阳杰 1, 2 , 刘远昊 1 , 王晓辉 1 , 戴璐 1 , 沈建 *, 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(9): 222-229
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食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026, 47(9): 222-229
热处理方式和时间对南极磷虾品质的影响
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马田田1 , 肖哲非1, 欧阳杰1, 2, 刘远昊1, 王晓辉1, 戴璐1, 沈建*, 1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国水产科学研究院渔业机械仪器研究所,上海 200092
  • 2.国家水产品加工装备研发分中心,上海 200092
  • 马田田(1992−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:水产品加工技术,E-mail:

通讯作者:

沈建(1971−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工技术与装备,E-mail:
Influence of Heat Treatment Methods and Time on the Quality of Antarctic Krill
Tiantian MA1 , Zhefei XIAO1, Jie OUYANG1, 2, Yuanhao LIU1, Xiaohui WANG1, Lu DAI1, Jian SHEN*, 1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2.National R & D Branch Center for Aquatic Product Processing Equipment, Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040260
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本研究旨在探究不同热处理方式(常压煮制、高压煮制、常压蒸制、高压蒸制、微波加热)及时间(2~10 min)对南极磷虾品质的影响。结果表明:在相同加热时间下,常压蒸制的热处理损失率最低,6 min内显著低于其他四种方式(P<0.05)。微波加热在粗蛋白、粗脂肪、虾青素含量、L*b*值及感官评分方面表现最佳,而常压煮制的a*值最高。随着加热时间延长,五种方式的热处理损失率均上升,6 min内差异显著(P<0.05);粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均下降,6 min内与8 min以上无显著差异(P>0.05),6~8 min差异显著(P<0.05);虾青素含量和感官评分均先升后降,6 min时达到最高,6 min后显著下降(P<0.05);L*b*值上升,a*值下降,6~8 min色泽差异显著(P<0.05)。通过综合分析热处理方式和时间对磷虾各项品质指标的总体影响得出2~6 min优选微波加热,其次为高压蒸制;6~8 min微波加热和高压蒸制均较优;8 min及以上微波加热和常压蒸制表现更好。该研究为南极磷虾加工提供了理论依据,有助于优化加工流程、提升产品品质并推动产业发展。

南极磷虾  /  热处理方式  /  热处理时间  /  热处理损失率  /  营养物质  /  色泽  /  感官

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different heat treatment methods (atmospheric pressure cooking, high-pressure cooking, atmospheric pressure steaming, high-pressure steaming, and microwave heating) and time (2 to 10 minutes) on the quality of Antarctic krill. The results showed that under the same heating time, the heat treatment loss rate of atmospheric pressure steaming was the lowest, and it was significantly lower than the other four methods within 6 minutes (P<0.05). Microwave heating performed best in terms of crude protein, crude fat, astaxanthin content, L*, b* values, and sensory scores, while atmospheric pressure cooking had the highest a* value. As the heating time increased, the heat treatment loss rate of all five methods rose, and the differences were significant within 6 minutes (P<0.05), the contents of crude protein and crude fat decreased, and there was no significant difference within 6 minutes and 8 minutes or more (P>0.05), but the difference between 6 and 8 minutes was significant (P<0.05), the astaxanthin content and sensory scores first increased and then decreased, reaching the highest at 6 minutes, and then significantly decreased after 6 minutes (P<0.05), L* and b* values increased, while a* value decreased, and the color differences were significant between 6 and 8 minutes (P<0.05). Through a comprehensive analysis of the overall impact of heat treatment methods and time on various quality indicators of krill, it was concluded that microwave heating was preferred within 2 to 6 minutes, followed by high-pressure steaming; both microwave heating and high-pressure steaming were optimal within 6 to 8 minutes; and microwave heating and atmospheric pressure steaming performed better at 8 minutes or more. This study provides a theoretical basis for the processing of Antarctic krill, which is helpful for optimizing the processing flow, improving product quality, and promoting industrial development.

Antarctic krill  /  heat treatment method  /  heat treatment time  /  heat treatment loss rate  /  nutrients  /  color  /  sensory perception
马田田, 肖哲非, 欧阳杰, 刘远昊, 王晓辉, 戴璐, 沈建. 热处理方式和时间对南极磷虾品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 222 -229 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040260
Tiantian MA, Zhefei XIAO, Jie OUYANG, Yuanhao LIU, Xiaohui WANG, Lu DAI, Jian SHEN. Influence of Heat Treatment Methods and Time on the Quality of Antarctic Krill[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 222 -229 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040260
南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)是一种以群集方式生活在南极洲水域的似虾无脊椎动物,是全球单一物种蕴藏量最大的生物资源之一,预计生物量在6.5~10亿吨[12]。南极磷虾富含蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸、虾青素及钙、镁、钾等多种矿物质,且体内含有复杂的酶系统,易自溶,被捕后需在1~3 h内完成船载初加工[34]。南极磷虾船载加工主要包括蒸煮、分离、干燥、冷却、粉碎、过筛和包装等工序,在上述加工工序中涉及热处理的环节主要有蒸煮和干燥[57]。目前,我国南极磷虾热处理研究主要集中在干燥,如干燥方式及条件对南极磷虾品质影响[8],而关于蒸煮环节研究较少。
在南极磷虾热处理中,蒸煮起到使内源酶失活[9]、杀死不耐热微生物[10]和使蛋白变性凝结[11]等作用。目前,南极磷虾蒸煮研究主要集中在营养成分与酶活性的变化,如明确了蒸汽蒸煮对其主要营养物质变化及流向的影响[12],研究了隔水蒸煮下虾青素的稳定性及蒸煮条件与酶活性的对应关系[1314]。但现有研究对南极磷虾不同蒸煮方式和时间组合的品质影响缺乏系统对比分析,且对多种营养成分在复杂蒸煮条件下的交互作用研究较少[15]。在水产品加工中,常压煮制、高压煮制、常压蒸制、高压蒸制和微波加热是五种常见的热处理方式,因其传热介质和加热效率的差异,对产品品质的影响存在显著区别[1617]。因此,本文以上述五种热处理方式作为研究对象,旨在通过系统对比分析,明确这些热处理方式对南极磷虾营养成分和感官品质的综合影响。
本研究以冷冻南极磷虾为原料,采用五种方式(常压煮制、高压煮制、常压蒸制、高压蒸制、微波加热)对解冻后的南极磷虾进行热处理,热处理时间为2、4、6、8、10 min,分析不同热处理方式和时间下南极磷虾的热处理损失率、营养物质含量、色泽、感官品质等变化,旨在为南极磷虾加工技术开发提供理论支持。
南极磷虾冻品 体长40~70 mm,产于南极FAO 048海区,2022年4月中国水产有限公司捕捞,2024年8月购买,全程冷链运输于−38 ℃冰柜存储;牛白蛋白、虾青素标准品、硫酸铜、硫酸钾、硫酸、氢氧化钠、硼酸、甲基红、亚甲基蓝、石油醚、乙醇 分析纯,阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司。
ET20HBN02蒸煮锅、MB-FB21CX微波炉 苏泊尔集团有限公司;SW-DTL01电磁炉、MY-YL50Q3-451电压力锅 美的集团股份有限公司;HCP-A7破碎机 海蒂诗五金配件(上海)有限公司;FA324TC电子分析天平、LC-DHS-10A快速水分测定仪 上海力辰仪器有限公司;NR10QC色差仪 深圳市三恩时科技有限公司;GTR16-2高速台式冷冻离心机 北京时代北利离心机有限公司;SN-ZNHW数显式电热套 上海尚仪仪器设备有限公司;KDN-1型凯氏定氮仪 上海雷磁仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;721分光光度计 上海菁华科技仪器有限公司。
参考刁华玉等[18]研究将南极磷虾冻品置于静水中解冻,当南极磷虾冻品解冻至用手能轻松掰断,且断面处虾体完整视为解冻完全[19],选取解冻后个体完整无损伤南极磷虾整虾静置沥水10 min用于热处理实验。不同方式对解冻后的南极磷虾进行热处理时熟透的时间差异显著,其中常压蒸制、煮制需10~30 min,高压蒸制、煮制需5~10 min,微波加热需2~5 min,基于此本文选择的热处理时间范围为2~10 min。
对照组:解冻沥水后的南极磷虾整虾,直接进行理化指标、色泽测定和感官评价。
常压煮制组:将内径20 cm的蒸煮锅置于电磁炉上加热,电磁炉加热功率设定为1000 W,待蒸煮锅内水沸后,将适量南极磷虾整虾放入锅内,开始计时煮制,加热时间分别为2、4、6、8、10 min,待煮制完毕后,捞出南极磷虾整虾,沥干表面水分,冷却至室温后待测。
高压煮制组:电压力锅功率为1000 W,压力70 kPa,待电压力锅内水沸后,将适量南极磷虾整虾放入锅内,开始计时煮制,加热时间分别为2、4、6、8、10 min,待煮制完毕后,捞出南极磷虾整虾,沥干表面水分,冷却至室温后待测。
常压蒸制组:将内径20 cm的蒸煮锅置于电磁炉上加热,电磁炉加热功率设定为1000 W,待蒸煮锅内有稳定蒸汽时,将平铺于直径20 cm蒸盘上的适量南极磷虾整虾放入锅内,开始计时蒸制,加热时间分别为2、4、6、8、10 min,待蒸制完毕后,取出蒸盘,沥干南极磷虾整虾表面水分,冷却至室温后待测。
高压蒸制组:电压力锅功率为1000 W,压力70 kPa,待电压力锅内有稳定蒸汽时,将平铺于直径20 cm蒸盘上的适量南极磷虾整虾放入锅内,开始计时蒸制,加热时间分别为2、4、6、8、10 min,待蒸制完毕后,取出蒸盘,沥干南极磷虾整虾表面水分,冷却至室温后待测。
微波加热组:取相应量的南极磷虾整虾置于直径20 cm平底玻璃容器中,微波功率设定为1000 W,加热时间分别为2、4、6、8、10 min,待微波完毕后,取出玻璃容器,沥干南极磷虾整虾表面水分,冷却至室温后待测。
热处理损失率测定:参照姜晓东等[20]方法,南极磷虾整虾加热前后分别用滤纸去除表面水分后称重,热处理损失率计算公式如下:
$\rm \text{S}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{0}-\text{m}{}_{1}}{{\text{m}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:S为热处理损失率,%;m0为热处理前南极磷虾整虾质量,g;m1为热处理后南极磷虾整虾质量,g。
粗蛋白含量测定:参考国标采用凯氏定氮法测定南极磷虾整虾粗蛋白含量[21]。将南极磷虾整虾破碎至糜状后称取5.0 g于消化管中,再加入0.4 g硫酸铜、6.0 g硫酸钾、20.0 mL硫酸于消化炉进行消化。当消化炉温度达到420 ℃之后,继续消化1 h,此时消化管中的液体呈绿色透明状,取出冷却后加入50 mL水,于凯氏定氮仪上进行自动加液、蒸馏、滴定,当液体颜色呈终灰蓝色,停止滴定,记录滴定液体积。粗蛋白含量计算公式如下:
$ \rm X(\text{%})=\frac{({\text{V}}_{1}-{\text{V}}_{2})\times \text{c}\times 0.014}{\text{m}\times \text{V}{}_{3}/100}\times \text{F}\times 100 $
式中:X为南极磷虾整虾样品中粗蛋白含量,%;V1为试剂消耗硫酸标准滴定液体积,mL;V2为试剂空白消耗硫酸标准滴定液体积,mL;c为硫酸标准滴定液浓度,mol/L;0.014为1.0 mL硫酸[c(0.5H2SO4)=1.0 mol/L]标准滴定液相当的氮的质量;m为南极磷虾整虾样品质量,g;V3为吸取消化液体积,mL;F为氮换算为蛋白质的系数。
粗脂肪含量:参考国标采用索氏抽提法测定南极磷虾整虾粗脂肪含量[22]。将南极磷虾破碎至糜状后称取5.0 g,沸水浴蒸干后于105 ℃干燥30 min,取出研细,全部移入滤纸筒内。将滤纸筒放入索氏抽提装置内,恒重的接收瓶中加入三分之二容积的石油醚,加热抽提6 h。提取结束时,用磨砂玻璃棒接取1滴提取液,磨砂玻璃棒上无油斑表明提取完毕。取下接收瓶,回收石油醚,水浴蒸干后于105 ℃干燥至恒重,放干燥器内冷却0.5 h后称量。粗脂肪含量计算公式如下:
$ \text{Z}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{2}-{\text{m}}_{3}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{4}}}\times 100 $
式中:Z为南极磷虾整虾样品中粗脂肪含量,%;m2为恒重后接收瓶和脂肪的质量,g;m3为接收瓶的质量,g;m4为南极磷虾整虾样品质量,g。
虾青素含量:参考李念等[23]研究,选取无水乙醇作为有机溶剂提取虾青素,将南极磷虾整虾破碎至糜状后用于虾青素提取。提取条件为:料液比1:5(g/mL),提取时间4 h,提取温度50 ℃,浸提完成后,过滤,收集滤液,用于虾青素含量测定。虾青素标准曲线绘制:参考Kulikov等[24]研究,采用分光光度法测定虾青素含量,使用无水乙醇配制不同浓度的虾青素标准品溶液,在472 nm处测定标准品溶液的吸光值,绘制标准曲线,标准曲线方程为:y=0.1287x+0.017,R2=0.997(式中y为吸光值,x为虾青素浓度,mg/L)。虾青素含量计算:将样品测定得到的吸光值代入虾青素标准曲线方程计算样品中虾青素含量。
色差测定:使用手持式色差计测定南极磷虾整虾色泽,为减少测定误差,南极磷虾整虾需破碎至糜状,以糜状形式进行色差测定。测定的色泽指标包括亮度(L*)、红绿色度(a*)和黄蓝色度(b*),这些指标用于全面评估南极磷虾的色泽变化。
选取10名从事水产加工研究方向的人员组成感官评定小组,其中男性5名,女性5名,年龄范围为25~45岁,平均年龄35岁。参考邵晨[25]研究,采用十分制,从形态、体表、组织、色泽、气味五方面评价南极磷虾整虾,满分10分,各指标最高分为2分,最低分为0分,感官总分的计算是各指标权重各占20%,具体评价细则详见表1
至少重复实验3次,使用Microsoft Excel 2016 对原始数据进行处理与作图,使用SPSS 26.0进行差异显著性分析,P<0.05表示有显著差异;实验结果用平均值±标准差表示。
热处理损失率是衡量热处理过程中物料营养物质流失程度的重要指标。南极磷虾是一种高水分含量的物料,其整虾含水量在75%以上[26],受热后出现失水现象[27]。由图1可知,相同加热时间下,五种方式的热处理损失率由高到低依次为微波加热、高压煮制、高压蒸制、常压煮制、常压蒸制,常压蒸制后南极磷虾的热处理损失率基本均显著低于(P<0.05)其他四种方式,常压煮制后南极磷虾的热处理损失率均显著低于(P<0.05)微波加热、高压煮制、高压蒸制。在6 min内时,常压蒸制均显著低于(P<0.05)常压煮制,在6 min及以上,常压蒸制或煮制无显著差异(P>0.05)。这种差异主要源于不同的加热介质和热传导方式,微波加热直接将热量传递到物料内部,内外同时加热,而蒸、煮制则通过蒸汽或水等介质加热物料表面[1213],加热环境中部分水可能通过肌肉间隙回到南极磷虾,导致其热损失低于微波,此外,高压处理可能导致水分渗透加速,破坏组织结构,从而增加水溶性物质流失[28]。随加热时间延长,五种方式的热处理损失率均呈上升趋势,在6 min及以内时,五种方式的热处理损失率差异显著(P<0.05),当大于6 min时,五种方式的热处理损失率无显著差异(P>0.05)。可能是由于加热过程南极磷虾水分、水溶性物质等流失,加热初期流失较快,当加热到一定时间后,流失速度减慢[29]。综上,为减少南极磷虾热处理损失,当加热时间在6 min及以内时,优选常压蒸制,当加热时间在6 min以上,常压蒸制或煮制均可。
南极磷虾具有高蛋白的特点,蛋白质含量的变化将直接影响其经济效益和营养价值。在南极磷虾产品生产中,其蛋白质含量变化与加工方式、条件等相关,因此,研究热处理方式和时间对磷虾蛋白质的保留效果具有重要意义。未经热处理的南极磷虾中粗蛋白总量为14.67%。由图2可知,相同加热时间下,五种方式热处理后磷虾粗蛋白含量由高到低依次为微波加热、高压蒸制、常压蒸制、高压煮制、常压煮制。可能是由于加热介质和热传导方式不同导致;微波加热速度快,可快速使蛋白变性,减少其降解,能有效保留磷虾粗蛋白含量;相比常压,高压处理磷虾较快被熟化,可减少蛋白质过度变性和降解;相比煮制,蒸制处理磷虾中水溶性蛋白流失较少[30]。微波加热和高压蒸制后磷虾粗蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05),均显著高于(P<0.05)常压蒸制、高压煮制、常压煮制。在6 min以上,常压蒸制、高压煮制、常压煮制后磷虾粗蛋白含量差异显著(P<0.05)。随加热时间延长,五种热处理方式下磷虾粗蛋白含量均呈下降趋势,主要原因是蛋白质的变性、部分分解以及水溶性蛋白的流失[31];相比其他四种热处理方式,微波加热后南极磷虾的粗蛋白含量减少最小,可能是由于微波加热在较短时间内可使南极磷虾体内的蛋白酶等酶类失去活性,减少了酶对蛋白质的分解作用[32]。另外,在6 min及以内和8 min以上,五种方式的粗蛋白含量变化无显著差异(P>0.05),在6~8 min,五种方式的粗蛋白含量变化差异显著(P<0.05)。综上,从有效保留粗蛋白含量角度考虑,南极磷虾的加热时间较适宜控制在6 min及以内,热处理方式首选为微波加热,其次为高压蒸制。
南极磷虾富含脂肪,尤其是多不饱和脂肪酸。在南极磷虾产品生产过程中,通常需经过热加工,但热加工可能导致脂肪氧化,进而使含量减少。因此,有必要研究热处理方式和时间对南极磷虾粗脂肪含量变化的影响,有助于优化生产工艺,减少营养成分损失。未经热处理的南极磷虾中粗脂肪含量为2.32%。由图3可知,相同加热时间下,五种方式热处理后磷虾的粗脂肪含量由大到小依次为微波加热、常压蒸制、常压煮制、高压蒸制、高压煮制。可能是由于热处理过程中物料受到的加热温度、压力不同,导致脂肪氧化分解程度不同。研究表明,高温、高压、长时间加热会加速脂肪氧化和分解[3335]。微波加热和常压蒸制后磷虾粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P>0.05),均显著高于(P<0.05)常压煮制、高压蒸制、高压煮制。在6 min及以上,常压煮制、高压蒸制、高压煮制后磷虾粗脂肪含量差异显著(P<0.05)。随加热时间延长,五种热处理方式下磷虾的粗脂肪含量均呈下降趋势,但下降速度和程度因热处理方式不同而有所差异。高压煮制和高压蒸制由于温度和压力较高,脂肪氧化速度最快,粗脂肪含量下降最显著;而微波加热和常压蒸制由于温度较低,脂肪氧化相对较慢,粗脂肪含量下降较慢。在6 min及以内和8 min以上,五种方式的粗脂肪含量变化无显著差异(P>0.05),在6~8 min,五种方式的粗脂肪含量变化差异显著(P<0.05)。综上,从有效保留粗脂肪含量角度考虑,南极磷虾的加热时间较适宜控制在6 min及以内,热处理方式首选为微波加热,其次为常压蒸制。
虾青素分子结构中的共轭双键、羟基和不饱和酮基使其稳定性差[36]。南极磷虾中富含虾青素,高温下易降解和异构化,影响其生物活性和色泽[37]。因此,在南极磷虾加工过程中需选择合适的热处理方式和条件,以便有效保留虾青素营养价值和生物活性。未经热处理的南极磷虾中虾青素含量3.05 μg/g。由图4可知,相同加热时间下,五种方式热处理后磷虾的虾青素含量由大到小依次为微波加热、高压蒸制、常压蒸制、高压煮制、常压煮制。可能是由于热处理过程中物料受到的加热温度、压力不同,导致虾青素降解和异构化程度不同[38]。微波加热和高压蒸制后磷虾虾青素含量无显著差异(P>0.05),但两者均显著高于(P<0.05)常压蒸制、高压煮制、常压煮制。在6 min以上,常压蒸制、高压煮制、常压煮制后磷虾虾青素含量差异显著(P<0.05)。随加热时间延长,五种热处理方式下磷虾的虾青素含量均呈先上升后下降趋势,与张旭飞[39]关于加热方法对凡纳滨对虾虾青素含量影响的研究结果一致,可能是加热初期促进了虾青素的释放,而长时间加热则导致虾青素的降解或流失[40]。在2~4 min和6 min及以上,五种方式的虾青素含量变化差异显著(P<0.05),在4~6 min范围内五种方式的虾青素含量变化无显著差异(P>0.05),但6 min时五种方式的虾青素含量均高于其他时间段。综上,从有效保留虾青素含量角度考虑,南极磷虾的加热时间较适宜控制在6 min以内,热处理方式首选为微波加热,其次为高压蒸制。
色泽是评价南极磷虾品质最直观的指标,其与加工方式及条件密切相关。水分减少、蛋白质变性、脂肪氧化等会引起磷虾色泽变化[41],且过度加热会破坏产品色泽,加热不均匀或时间不足则无法达到加热目标[42],因此,研究热处理方式和时间对磷虾色泽影响具有重要意义。未经热处理的磷虾L*a*b*值分别为60.12、12.67、10.11。由图5可知,相同加热时间下,五种方式热处理后磷虾的L*b*值由大到小依次为微波加热、高压蒸制、高压煮制、常压蒸制、常压煮制,a*值由大到小依次为常压煮制、常压蒸制、高压煮制、高压蒸制、微波加热。可能是微波加热速度快于其他四种,虾体温度可短时升高,色素在短时内发生剧烈降解反应,虾体颜色变浅,L*b*值上升快,a*值下降快;相比常压处理,高压作用会加速磷虾色素溶出和降解;蒸制过程中虾体与水直接接触少,色素溶出较少,而煮制过程部分色素会逐渐溶出到水中。微波加热、高压蒸制、高压煮制后磷虾的L*值无显著差异(P>0.05),常压煮制的L*值显著低于(P<0.05)上述三种方式。常压煮制和常压蒸制的a*值无显著差异(P>0.05),其他三种方式差异显著(P<0.05)。微波加热和高压蒸制之间的b*值无显著差异(P>0.05),高压煮制和常压蒸制之间的b*值无显著差异(P>0.05),常压煮制的b*值显著低于(P<0.05)其他四种方式。随加热时间延长,五种热处理方式下磷虾L*b*值上升,a*值下降,此过程中其色泽变化主要受三因素影响:一是酶作用,加热初期磷虾升温,体内酶活性被激活,催化物质氧化聚合形成有色物质,但随时间延长,高温使酶失活,酶促反应减弱,色泽变化减慢[43];二是蛋白质变性,加热初期磷虾蛋白质结构松散,虾青素等色素基团可能暴露,随时间延长,蛋白质凝结,对色素束缚增强,色泽变化趋于稳定[30];三是水分流失,随加热时间延长,磷虾水分减少,导致色差变化[44]。在6 min及以内和8 min及以上,五种方式的L*a*b*值变化无显著差异(P>0.05),在6~8 min内,五种方式的L*a*b*值变化显著差异(P<0.05)。综上,蒸煮后通常呈红色或橘红色的南极磷虾品质较好,结合在CIELAB颜色空间中红色或橘红色对应的L*a*b*值区间[45]。为使南极磷虾呈现较好的色泽品质,加热时间较适宜控制在6 min以内,此时五种方式的色泽指标无显著差异;微波加热L*b*值最高,高压煮制、蒸制次之,但三者a*均低于常压煮制或蒸制处理;常压煮制或蒸制a*无显著差异。若要求保持亮度与黄度优选微波加热,若要求保持红度则选常压煮制或蒸制。
从形态、体表、组织、色泽、气味五方面对不同热处理方式和时间处理后的南极磷虾进行感官评价。由图6可知,相同加热时间下,五种方式的感官评分由大到小依次为微波加热、常压煮制、常压蒸制、高压煮制、高压蒸制,且微波加热后南极磷虾的感官评分均显著高于(P<0.05)其他四种方式。可能是由于微波内外同时加热导致磷虾的弹性变化强度及风味物质产生量大于煮制、蒸制,常压处理的感官总分高于高压,可能是因为高压会破坏磷虾组织结构[27]。随加热时间延长,五种方式的感官评分均呈先上升后下降趋势,在6 min时感官评分均显著高于(P<0.05)其他四个时间段,且在6 min时感官评分均达到最大值,当大于6 min时,五种方式的感官评分均显著下降(P<0.05)。可能是由于加热初期磷虾水分少量流失,弹性逐渐上升,刺激性风味物质逐渐减少,当加热时间过长导致磷虾大量失水,虾体出现皱缩、破损,蛋白溶出,虾青素降解[4647]。综上,从有效保留感官品质角度考虑,南极磷虾的加热时间较适宜控制在6 min及以内,热处理方式首选为微波加热。
综合分析了不同热处理方式和时间对南极磷虾品质的影响,考察了热处理损失率、营养物质含量、色泽和感官品质等因素。综合品质方面,在2~6 min时优选微波加热,其次为高压蒸制,适合追求最佳品质和营养保留;6~8 min时较优选择为微波加热和高压蒸制;8 min及以上时较优选择为微波加热和常压蒸制,适合长时间热处理,但感官品质会相对下降。单一品质指标方面,在6 min以内,常压蒸制在热处理损失率方面表现最佳;微波加热在粗蛋白、粗脂肪和虾青素含量保留方面最优,其次为高压蒸制和常压蒸制;色泽品质方面,微波加热最优,其次为常压煮制或蒸制;感官品质上,微波加热能在短时间内保持南极磷虾的形态、体表、组织、色泽和气味等。本研究系统对比分析了不同热处理方式和时间对南极磷虾热处理损失率、营养物质含量、色泽和感官品质等品质指标影响,为南极磷虾加工提供了理论依据。然而,本研究未涉及热处理对南极磷虾生物活性物质(如不饱和脂肪酸)的影响。未来研究将深入探讨热处理对生物活性物质的影响,并探索新型热处理技术(如射频、红外线、欧姆加热等)对南极磷虾品质及酶活性的作用,以进一步优化加工工艺,提升其品质。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040260
  • 接收时间:2025-04-20
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-20
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    1.中国水产科学研究院渔业机械仪器研究所,上海 200092
    2.国家水产品加工装备研发分中心,上海 200092

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沈建(1971−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工技术与装备,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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