Article(id=1261336283524248049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040072, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778655604487, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778655604487, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778655604487, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778655604487, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=123, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261336288230257167, articleId=1261336283524248049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Drying Process on Physical Properties, Active Ingredients and Antioxidant Capacity of Pumpkin Powder, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the effects of different drying processes on the physical properties, active ingredients and antioxidant capacity of pumpkin powder, the vacuum freeze drying (VFD), hot air drying (HAD), and heat pump drying (HPD) were used for drying pumpkin and characterized by SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The results showed that the pumpkin powder of VFD had the smallest particle size (the D50 was 54.63±0.90 μm), great intact color, the best adsorption and solubility, but the flow and filling properties were poor. The pumpkin powder of VFD had the highest content of active ingredients such as total phenolics (3.56±0.02 mg/g), and the strongest antioxidant capacity, and in HAD and HPD, the total phenol, total flavonoid and the antioxidant capacity of pumpkin powder were higher at 50~60 ℃, while the content of vitamin C, β-carotene were higher at 40~45 ℃. The pumpkin powder of VFD had smooth surface and internal pores, lower relative crystallinity compared to HAD and HPD, but there was no difference in the types of functional group. The results can provide experimental basis for choosing suitable pumpkin process.

, correspAuthors=Xianliang SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yunfeng MO, Zixuan CHEN, Junying PENG, Shengjie LU, Xianliang SONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261336309453435615, articleId=1261336283524248049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=干燥工艺对南瓜粉的物理特性、活性成分及抗氧化能力的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同干燥工艺对南瓜粉的物理特性、活性成分及抗氧化能力的影响,采用真空冷冻干燥(VFD)、热风干燥(HAD)、热泵干燥(HPD)对南瓜进行干燥处理,并进行扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)表征。结果表明,VFD南瓜粉的粒径最小(D50为54.63±0.90 μm),颜色接近鲜样原色,吸附性和溶解性最好,但流动性和填充性不及HAD和HPD南瓜粉。VFD南瓜粉的总酚(3.56±0.02 mg/g)等活性成分含量均最高,抗氧化能力整体最强,在HAD和HPD中,50~60 ℃下南瓜粉的总酚、总黄酮含量较高,且抗氧化能力较强,而40~45 ℃下南瓜粉的维生素C、β-胡萝卜素等含量较高。与HAD和HPD南瓜粉相比,VFD南瓜粉表面光滑且内部有孔洞,相对结晶度较低,但它们的官能团类型没有差异。研究结果可为选择合适的南瓜加工工艺提供一定的理论依据。

, correspAuthors=宋贤良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宋贤良(1969−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工新技术,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=i8y+aFYuXzO3jWkmQsM5WA==, magXml=Lp4Cuwp+1H56tqW1CkXPQA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DCcTY1vpyNLkzEkbjVJNpA==, pdfFileSize=8728810, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=+FTnFwPveIHc74TrZ9ZKZA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YAeySiAP3uON0LLW0KJ+9A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

莫云锋(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

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莫云锋(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

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莫云锋(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

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journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=活性成分), Keyword(id=1261336344652034983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=抗氧化能力)], refs=[Reference(id=1261336359181103120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈良鑫. 不同品种南瓜品质差异分析及南瓜糕产品研发[D]. 南昌: 南昌大学, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261336359420178453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, 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Industrial Crops and Products, 2019, 130: 273−284., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261336314037809914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336314390131451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, companyId=1261336314037809914, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336314591458048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, companyId=1261336314037809914, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510642)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261336346241676208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different drying processes on water holding capacity (A), oil holding capacity (B), solubility (C), angle of repose (D), angle of slip (E), and packing density (F) of pumpkin powder, figureFileSmall=6URu2RWLUtxkVprgGG0TIw==, figureFileBig=+FTnFwPveIHc74TrZ9ZKZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336346841461687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同干燥工艺对南瓜粉的持水力(A)、持油力(B)、溶解性(C)、休止角(D)、滑角(E)、堆积密度(F)的影响

注:图中不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2图3同。

, figureFileSmall=6URu2RWLUtxkVprgGG0TIw==, figureFileBig=+FTnFwPveIHc74TrZ9ZKZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336349240603587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different drying processes on total flavonoid (A), total phenol (B), vitamin C (C), β-carotene (D), reducing sugar (E), and total sugar (F) of pumpkin powder, figureFileSmall=WYZx6VTwqI+GNpSZUMfuRQ==, figureFileBig=eM48uWVGKvSdh0ldG7lQjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336349798446026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同干燥工艺对南瓜粉的总黄酮(A)、总酚(B)、维生素C(C)、β-胡萝卜素(D)、还原糖(E)、总糖(F)含量的影响, figureFileSmall=WYZx6VTwqI+GNpSZUMfuRQ==, figureFileBig=eM48uWVGKvSdh0ldG7lQjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336350305956813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different drying processes on DPPH radical scavenging (A), ABTS radical scavenging (B), and total reducing capacity (C) of pumpkin powder, figureFileSmall=1pTZq/pJ7MsDLvAKRqlA0Q==, figureFileBig=4YD0q5kNGmMCitlDe12/+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336350649889745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同干燥工艺对南瓜粉DPPH自由基清除率(A)、ABTS自由基清除率(B)、总还原能力(C)的影响, figureFileSmall=1pTZq/pJ7MsDLvAKRqlA0Q==, figureFileBig=4YD0q5kNGmMCitlDe12/+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336351316784087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=SEM of pumpkin powder (3000×), figureFileSmall=Vo7e53JS8S0+tzaVcpMX6w==, figureFileBig=vFpLJzGT/Fd9+4vWsnUIGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336353363604445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=CN, label=图4, caption=南瓜粉的SEM图(3000×)

注:VFD(A),HAD-40 ℃(B)、50 ℃(C)、60 ℃(D),HPD-40 ℃(E)、50 ℃(F)、60 ℃(G)。

, figureFileSmall=Vo7e53JS8S0+tzaVcpMX6w==, figureFileBig=vFpLJzGT/Fd9+4vWsnUIGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336353862726624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=XRD of pumpkin powder under different drying processes, figureFileSmall=86yibMTNxwnXO7Otcx51Rg==, figureFileBig=RmsSV3/iLHeysLAtgbu4hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336354286351335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同干燥工艺下南瓜粉的XRD, figureFileSmall=86yibMTNxwnXO7Otcx51Rg==, figureFileBig=RmsSV3/iLHeysLAtgbu4hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336354672227308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=FTIR of pumpkin powder under different drying processes, figureFileSmall=S1DWI8P4ddrxZvWoiCtDsQ==, figureFileBig=/9ohv93q1w/G7D1WawRl3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336355058103281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同干燥工艺下南瓜粉的FTIR, figureFileSmall=S1DWI8P4ddrxZvWoiCtDsQ==, figureFileBig=/9ohv93q1w/G7D1WawRl3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336355431396342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Particle size, specific surface area, Span value, cell fragmentation rate of pumpkin powder under different drying processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品D10(μm)D50(μm)D90(μm)比表面积(m2/g)跨度(Span)细胞破碎率(φ
注:同列中不同小写字母表示各组间差异显著(P<0.05),表2同。
VFD9.02±0.04h54.63±0.90h300.00±9.17c663.00±3.69a5.33±0.12c0.45±0.01a
HAD-60 ℃14.67±0.12b142.00±2.00a635.67±6.81a400.07±2.880h4.37±0.10de0.20±0.00g
HAD-55 ℃13.90±0.40c93.77±8.92c511.00±36.29b446.57±0.31f5.31±0.20c0.29±0.02e
HAD-50 ℃10.03±0.06g62.17±2.05fgh424.67±28.92b613.83±4.91b6.66±0.26b0.41±0.01b
HAD-45 ℃11.47±0.21e61.47±3.46fgh423.00±72.79b619.63±0.42b6.67±0.82b0.41±0.02b
HAD-40 ℃10.05±0.05g63.35±0.02efg440.00±7.00b614.02±3.72b6.79±0.12b0.40±0.00b
HPD-60 ℃15.73±0.32a122.67±3.79b510.33±21.73b388.60±7.98h4.03±0.05e0.23±0.01f
HPD-55 ℃14.60±0.10b92.50±1.95c488.00±15.72b428.77±3.65g5.12±0.09cd0.29±0.01e
HPD-50 ℃10.80±0.26f78.20±8.60d513.33±70.06b553.30±24.90c6.41±0.20b0.34±0.03d
HPD-45 ℃11.57±0.25e72.50±3.42d473.33±40.27b528.60±13.41d6.36±0.26b0.36±0.01cd
HPD-40 ℃12.03±0.21d69.67±3.29e613.00±113.58a507.63±11.93e8.59±1.26a0.37±0.02c
), ArticleFig(id=1261336355800495098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同干燥工艺下南瓜粉的粒径、比表面积、跨度值、细胞破碎率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品D10(μm)D50(μm)D90(μm)比表面积(m2/g)跨度(Span)细胞破碎率(φ
注:同列中不同小写字母表示各组间差异显著(P<0.05),表2同。
VFD9.02±0.04h54.63±0.90h300.00±9.17c663.00±3.69a5.33±0.12c0.45±0.01a
HAD-60 ℃14.67±0.12b142.00±2.00a635.67±6.81a400.07±2.880h4.37±0.10de0.20±0.00g
HAD-55 ℃13.90±0.40c93.77±8.92c511.00±36.29b446.57±0.31f5.31±0.20c0.29±0.02e
HAD-50 ℃10.03±0.06g62.17±2.05fgh424.67±28.92b613.83±4.91b6.66±0.26b0.41±0.01b
HAD-45 ℃11.47±0.21e61.47±3.46fgh423.00±72.79b619.63±0.42b6.67±0.82b0.41±0.02b
HAD-40 ℃10.05±0.05g63.35±0.02efg440.00±7.00b614.02±3.72b6.79±0.12b0.40±0.00b
HPD-60 ℃15.73±0.32a122.67±3.79b510.33±21.73b388.60±7.98h4.03±0.05e0.23±0.01f
HPD-55 ℃14.60±0.10b92.50±1.95c488.00±15.72b428.77±3.65g5.12±0.09cd0.29±0.01e
HPD-50 ℃10.80±0.26f78.20±8.60d513.33±70.06b553.30±24.90c6.41±0.20b0.34±0.03d
HPD-45 ℃11.57±0.25e72.50±3.42d473.33±40.27b528.60±13.41d6.36±0.26b0.36±0.01cd
HPD-40 ℃12.03±0.21d69.67±3.29e613.00±113.58a507.63±11.93e8.59±1.26a0.37±0.02c
), ArticleFig(id=1261336357776012286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Color of pumpkin powder under different drying processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*
鲜样58.70±2.96h12.85±0.94e24.22±3.43f
VFD85.86±0.51a12.02±0.45f39.34±0.18e
HAD-60 ℃80.58±0.55b16.55±0.26d45.67±0.18b
HAD-55 ℃75.35±1.10de18.40±0.31c45.35±0.09bc
HAD-50 ℃75.60±1.32de16.91±0.41d44.07±0.04bcd
HAD-45 ℃74.98±2.47de19.51±0.15ab44.27±2.92bcd
HAD-40 ℃71.81±0.62fg19.76±0.11ab41.92±0.61d
HPD-60 ℃79.68±0.45bc17.11±0.24d48.49±0.10a
HPD-55 ℃73.50±2.15ef19.14±0.56bc46.61±0.35ab
HPD-50 ℃77.31±0.63cd16.98±0.16d46.60±0.58ab
HPD-45 ℃80.16±0.77b16.53±0.21d45.22±0.19bc
HPD-40 ℃70.02±1.69g20.09±0.88a42.76±2.25cd
), ArticleFig(id=1261336358082195457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同干燥工艺下南瓜粉的色差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*
鲜样58.70±2.96h12.85±0.94e24.22±3.43f
VFD85.86±0.51a12.02±0.45f39.34±0.18e
HAD-60 ℃80.58±0.55b16.55±0.26d45.67±0.18b
HAD-55 ℃75.35±1.10de18.40±0.31c45.35±0.09bc
HAD-50 ℃75.60±1.32de16.91±0.41d44.07±0.04bcd
HAD-45 ℃74.98±2.47de19.51±0.15ab44.27±2.92bcd
HAD-40 ℃71.81±0.62fg19.76±0.11ab41.92±0.61d
HPD-60 ℃79.68±0.45bc17.11±0.24d48.49±0.10a
HPD-55 ℃73.50±2.15ef19.14±0.56bc46.61±0.35ab
HPD-50 ℃77.31±0.63cd16.98±0.16d46.60±0.58ab
HPD-45 ℃80.16±0.77b16.53±0.21d45.22±0.19bc
HPD-40 ℃70.02±1.69g20.09±0.88a42.76±2.25cd
), ArticleFig(id=1261336358489042954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Relative crystallinity of pumpkin powder under different drying processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品相对结晶度(%)
VFD15.20
HAD-40 ℃11.87
HAD-50 ℃32.26
HAD-60 ℃27.39
HPD-40 ℃13.66
HPD-50 ℃23.15
HPD-60 ℃27.33
), ArticleFig(id=1261336358891696141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336283524248049, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同干燥工艺下南瓜粉的相对结晶度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品相对结晶度(%)
VFD15.20
HAD-40 ℃11.87
HAD-50 ℃32.26
HAD-60 ℃27.39
HPD-40 ℃13.66
HPD-50 ℃23.15
HPD-60 ℃27.33
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干燥工艺对南瓜粉的物理特性、活性成分及抗氧化能力的影响
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莫云锋 , 陈锱炫 , 彭俊莹 , 卢圣杰 , 宋贤良 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(9): 123-132
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食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026, 47(9): 123-132
干燥工艺对南瓜粉的物理特性、活性成分及抗氧化能力的影响
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莫云锋 , 陈锱炫, 彭俊莹, 卢圣杰, 宋贤良*
作者信息
  • 华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510642
  • 莫云锋(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

通讯作者:

宋贤良(1969−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工新技术,E-mail:
Effects of Drying Process on Physical Properties, Active Ingredients and Antioxidant Capacity of Pumpkin Powder
Yunfeng MO , Zixuan CHEN, Junying PENG, Shengjie LU, Xianliang SONG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040072
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为探究不同干燥工艺对南瓜粉的物理特性、活性成分及抗氧化能力的影响,采用真空冷冻干燥(VFD)、热风干燥(HAD)、热泵干燥(HPD)对南瓜进行干燥处理,并进行扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)表征。结果表明,VFD南瓜粉的粒径最小(D50为54.63±0.90 μm),颜色接近鲜样原色,吸附性和溶解性最好,但流动性和填充性不及HAD和HPD南瓜粉。VFD南瓜粉的总酚(3.56±0.02 mg/g)等活性成分含量均最高,抗氧化能力整体最强,在HAD和HPD中,50~60 ℃下南瓜粉的总酚、总黄酮含量较高,且抗氧化能力较强,而40~45 ℃下南瓜粉的维生素C、β-胡萝卜素等含量较高。与HAD和HPD南瓜粉相比,VFD南瓜粉表面光滑且内部有孔洞,相对结晶度较低,但它们的官能团类型没有差异。研究结果可为选择合适的南瓜加工工艺提供一定的理论依据。

南瓜粉  /  干燥工艺  /  物理特性  /  活性成分  /  抗氧化能力

In order to explore the effects of different drying processes on the physical properties, active ingredients and antioxidant capacity of pumpkin powder, the vacuum freeze drying (VFD), hot air drying (HAD), and heat pump drying (HPD) were used for drying pumpkin and characterized by SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The results showed that the pumpkin powder of VFD had the smallest particle size (the D50 was 54.63±0.90 μm), great intact color, the best adsorption and solubility, but the flow and filling properties were poor. The pumpkin powder of VFD had the highest content of active ingredients such as total phenolics (3.56±0.02 mg/g), and the strongest antioxidant capacity, and in HAD and HPD, the total phenol, total flavonoid and the antioxidant capacity of pumpkin powder were higher at 50~60 ℃, while the content of vitamin C, β-carotene were higher at 40~45 ℃. The pumpkin powder of VFD had smooth surface and internal pores, lower relative crystallinity compared to HAD and HPD, but there was no difference in the types of functional group. The results can provide experimental basis for choosing suitable pumpkin process.

pumpkin powder  /  drying process  /  physical properties  /  active ingredients  /  antioxidant capacity
莫云锋, 陈锱炫, 彭俊莹, 卢圣杰, 宋贤良. 干燥工艺对南瓜粉的物理特性、活性成分及抗氧化能力的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 123 -132 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040072
Yunfeng MO, Zixuan CHEN, Junying PENG, Shengjie LU, Xianliang SONG. Effects of Drying Process on Physical Properties, Active Ingredients and Antioxidant Capacity of Pumpkin Powder[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 123 -132 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040072
中国是南瓜的种植大国,产量位居世界第一[1],南瓜富含胡萝卜素、多酚化合物、维生素C等活性物质[2],具有一定的降糖、降脂等保健作用,但南瓜水分含量极高,微生物容易繁殖导致腐烂变质,不适合长时间运输和保存,将南瓜干燥制粉能很好地解决上述问题。
目前常见的干燥工艺有热风干燥(HAD)、热泵干燥(HPD)、真空冷冻干燥(VFD)等,不同的干燥工艺及不同的干燥温度都可能对物料产生不一样的影响,从而影响其品质[3]。热风和热泵干燥[45]能对物料进行大批量干燥,具有操作方便、简单等优点;真空冷冻干燥[6]具有减缓氧化过程,较好地保留物料形态、品质等优点,但其单批次处理量较低。刘战霞等[7]对籽用南瓜的热风干燥工艺进行优化,对比自然干燥,发现当热风温度为65 ℃时,南瓜片的感官品质好,营养成分保留率高,但其并未与其它干燥方式进行对比。王贾悦等[8]探究热风干燥、微波干燥和真空干燥对南瓜粉品质的影响,发现在热风70 ℃的条件下,南瓜粉的总酚含量最高,但β-胡萝卜素含量却较低,表明过高的热风干燥温度不利于南瓜粉整体活性的保留。葛邦国等[9]研究表明,与热风干燥等相比,真空冷冻干燥下南瓜粉的总糖和还原糖含量最高,但没有测定其它的活性成分(总酚、总黄酮等)。综上,尽管已经有很多关于不同干燥工艺对南瓜粉理化特性影响的报道,但它们的干燥温度较高且单一,对南瓜粉整体的活性成分破坏较大,而较低温度下的不同干燥工艺对南瓜粉理化特性的影响却鲜有报道。
因此,本文探究热风和热泵干燥(40、45、50、55、60 ℃)、真空冷冻干燥对南瓜粉的物理特性(粒径、持水力、持油力等)、活性成分(总酚、总黄酮、β-胡萝卜素等)和抗氧化能力(DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率、总还原能力)的影响,并进行扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)表征,以期为选择合适的南瓜干燥加工工艺提供一定的理论基础。
密本南瓜 市售;β-胡萝卜素、芦丁、没食子酸对照品(>99%) 上海如吉生物科技有限公司;2,4,6-三吡啶基三嗪(TPTZ)、DNS试剂(NY/T法) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;2,2-二苯基-1-苦基腙(DPPH)、2,2’-氮氮基-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)盐二胺(ABTS) 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;其它试剂 均为分析纯。
XL-30C超微粉碎机 广州旭朗机械设备有限公司;FUD-1200真空冷冻干燥机 上海爱郎仪器有限公司;DGG-9140B电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海森信实验仪器有限公司;WRH-100TB1闭环除湿热泵干燥机 广东威而信实业有限公司;Mastersizer 3000激光粒度分析仪 Malvern公司;NR20XE三恩驰色差计 深圳三恩驰科技有限公司;Vertex 70傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 布鲁克公司;XD-2X/M4600X射线粉末衍射仪 北京普析通用仪器公司;SP-756P紫外可见光光度计 上海光谱仪器有限公司;KQ-500DE数控超声波清洗器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司。
将新鲜的密本南瓜清洗,去皮、去籽,切成5~6 mm南瓜片。随后将南瓜片置于95 ℃热水中漂烫10 s,再在护色液中浸泡10 min[10],捞出沥干备用。
真空冷冻干燥(VFD):将预处理好的南瓜片,置于−80 ℃的冰箱中,预冻24 h,将预冻好的南瓜片置于真空冷冻干燥机中进行干燥,设置真空冷冻干燥机冷阱温度为−50 ℃,真空度维持在17 Pa左右,干燥17 h左右。
热风干燥(HAD)和热泵干燥(HPD):将预处理好的南瓜片均匀铺在托盘上,注意南瓜片之间不能堆叠,设定不同的干燥温度(40、45、50、55、60 ℃)对南瓜片进行干燥,干燥时间随着温度改变会有所不同。
上述干燥中,待样品最终含水量在5%~6%之间时即完成干燥,将干燥好的南瓜片用超微粉碎机进行粉碎,南瓜粉收集好后置于4 ℃冰箱中保存待测。
采用激光粒度分析仪进行测定,确定样品的粒径及其分布,其中跨度值(Span)和细胞破碎率[11]$\varphi $)的计算公式如式(1)和式(2)所示,比表面积直接由仪器中得出。
$ \mathrm{Span}=\frac{\text{D}_{\text{90}}-\text{D}_{\text{10}}}{\text{D}_{\text{50}}} $
$\rm \varphi =\mathrm{1}-{\left(\text{1}-\frac{\text{10}}{{\text{D}}_{\text{50}}}\right)}^{\text{3}}$
式中:D10、D50、D90分别为粒度达到10%、50%、90%的粒径值。
采用三恩驰色差计测定样品的色差值,并记录样品的L*a*b*值。
参考文献[12]方法,并稍作修改。准确称取一定质量的南瓜粉于空离心管中,加入15 mL的蒸馏水/花生油,振荡均匀后,于45 ℃中水浴15 min,随后10000 r/min,离心15 min。将水和花生油倒出,倒扣静置30 min,再称离心管的总质量。持水力和持油力的计算公式如式(3)所示。
$ \mathrm{持水}、\mathrm{持油力}(\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\text{m}_{\text{2}}-\text{m}_{\text{0}}-\text{m}_{\text{1}}}{\text{m}_{\text{1}}} $
式中:m2为倒扣静置后离心管的总质量,g;m1为南瓜粉的质量,g;m0为空离心管的质量,g。
准确称取一定质量的南瓜粉,加入15 mL蒸馏水于离心管中,振荡均匀后,置于45 ℃中水浴15 min,随后10000 r/min,离心15 min。将上清液倒进空称量瓶中,并将其置于105 ℃的烘箱中,烘干至恒重,再次称其质量。溶解性的计算公式如式(4)所示。
$ \mathrm{溶解性}(\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}$
式中:m2为烘干至恒重的称量瓶总质量,g;m1为南瓜粉的质量,g;m0为空称量瓶的质量,g。
参考文献[1315]的方法,并稍作修改。将量筒置于105 ℃的烘箱中干燥至恒重,随后向空量筒中倒满南瓜粉,轻轻刮去多余的南瓜粉使之与量筒口平齐,随后称重,并记录量筒的体积。南瓜粉的堆积密度的计算公式如式(5)所示。
$ \mathrm{堆积密度}(\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{mL})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{\text{V}} $
式中:m1为空量筒的质量,g;m2为装有南瓜粉量筒的质量,g;V为量筒的体积,mL。
将玻璃漏斗固定在一定高度,漏斗尾端距离水平面距离为2.00 cm。将南瓜粉缓慢地倒入漏斗中,垂直落入平面,形成圆锥体。当圆锥体最高点与漏斗最下端接触后,记录此刻圆锥体的高度h,直径2r。用反正切函数计算圆锥体表面和水平面的夹角即为休止角。计算公式如(6)所示。
$ 休止角\mathit{\alpha}(^{\circ})=\mathrm{arctan}\frac{\text{h}}{\text{r}} $
式中:h为圆锥体的高度,cm;r为圆锥体的半径,cm。
取干净的玻璃板于105 ℃烘箱中干燥至恒重,随后称取0.5 g样品于玻璃板上,轻微振动均匀后,缓慢调节玻璃板的倾斜角度。当样品开始移动时,记录此刻玻璃板距水平面的高度H,玻璃板的长度L。用反正弦函数计算滑角,计算公式如 式(7)所示。
$ \mathrm{滑角\mathit{\beta}}(^{\circ})=\mathrm{arcsin}\frac{\text{H}}{\text{L}} $
式中:H为玻璃板距水平面的垂直高度,cm;L为玻璃板的长度,cm。
采用Folin-Ciocalteu法[16]测定样品中总酚的含量。称取1.0 g南瓜粉于离心管中,加入20 mL75%的乙醇溶液,在500 W条件下,超声30 min提取总酚,随后在10000 r/min条件下,离心10 min,取上清液,用蒸馏水定容到100 mL的容量瓶中。吸取1 mL样液,1 mL福林酚溶液,3 mL 7.5%碳酸钠溶液和5 mL的蒸馏水于离心管中摇匀,室温避光反应2 h,随后在765 nm处测定吸光度值,对照标准曲线换算总酚的含量(mg/g DW)。没食子酸标准曲线为y1=119.67x1+0.0063,R2=0.9992。
采用NaNO2-Al(NO33-NaOH比色法[17]测定样品中总黄酮含量。称取1.0 g南瓜粉于离心管中,加入20 mL 75%的乙醇,在500 W条件下,超声30 min提取总黄酮。随后在10000 r/min条件下,离心10 min,取上清液1 mL,加入5%的NaNO2 0.75 mL,摇匀后静置6 min,加入10%的Al(NO33 0.75 mL,摇匀后静置6 min,加入4%的NaOH 5 mL,摇匀后静置15 min,在510 nm下测定吸光度值,并对照标准曲线换算总黄酮的含量(mg/g DW)。芦丁标准曲线为y2=11.306x2−0.0071,R2=0.999。
参考文献的方法[18]测定样品中的β-胡萝卜素含量。称取0.2 g南瓜粉,加入20 mL石油醚于离心管中,在300 W条件下,超声10 min提取β-胡萝卜素,随后在10000 r/min条件下,离心10 min,取上清液,用石油醚定容于100 mL棕色容量瓶中,随后在450 nm下测定吸光度值,并对照标准曲线换算β-胡萝卜素的含量(mg/g DW)。β-胡萝卜素标准曲线为y3=0.1841x3−0.0129,R2=0.9991。
参考文献方法[19],采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法(DNS)测定。
还原糖与总糖的提取液制备:称取0.5 g南瓜粉于烧杯中,加入250 mL蒸馏水,在500 W条件下,超声提取10 min,利用纱布过滤掉南瓜粉渣,得提取液。
还原糖的测定:取1 mL提取液于试管中,加蒸馏水补充体积至2 mL,加入4 mL DNS,沸水浴5 min,随后取出试管用自来水冷却至室温,再加入4 mL蒸馏水,摇匀。在540 nm处测定吸光度值,并对照标准曲线换算还原糖的含量(mg/g DW)。
总糖的测定:取1 mL提取液于试管中,加入6 mol/L的HCl溶液1 mL,沸水浴10 min,随后取出试管用自来水冷却至室温,再加入6 mol/L的NaOH溶液1 mL中和,随后摇匀,静置1 min。再从中吸取1 mL溶液于试管中,加蒸馏水补充体积至2 mL,加入4 mL DNS,沸水浴5 min,随后取出试管用自来水冷却至室温,再加入4 mL蒸馏水,摇匀。在540 nm处测定吸光度值,并对照标准曲线换算还原糖的含量(mg/g DW),总糖含量以还原糖含量计。无水葡萄糖标准曲线为y4=15.245x4−0.022,R2=0.9978。
采用GB 5009.86-2025《食品中抗坏血酸的测定》中的2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法测定样品中的VC含量。
参考文献的方法[20],称取一定样品,加入100 mL无水乙醇于烧杯中,随后500 W,超声15 min,随后利用纱布过滤掉南瓜粉渣,得滤液待测。
参考文献的方法[21],并稍作修改。取上述样液2 mL与0.2 mmol/L的DPPH乙醇溶液2 mL混合均匀后,室温下避光反应30 min。反应完毕后,于517 nm下测定吸光度值。DPPH自由基清除率(%)的计算公式如式(8)所示。
$ \mathrm{DPPH自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left( \text{1}-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{i}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{j}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{c}}}\right) \times \mathrm{100}$
式中:Ai为2 mL样液+2 mL DPPH乙醇溶液的吸光度值;Aj为2 mL的样液+2 mL无水乙醇的吸光度值;Ac为2 mL无水乙醇+2 mL DPPH乙醇溶液的吸光度值。
参考文献[22]方法,并稍作修改。取上述样液0.5 mL和2.5 mL的ABTS工作液混合均匀后,室温下避光反应6 min,随后在734 nm处测定吸光度值。ABTS自由基清除率(%)的计算公式如(9)所示。
$ \mathrm{ABTS^+自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(\text{1}-\frac{\text{B}_{\text{i}}-\text{B}_{\text{j}}}{\text{B}_{\text{c}}}\right)\times\mathrm{100} $
式中:Bi为0.5 mL的样液+2.5 mL ABTS工作液的吸光度值,Bj为0.5 mL样液+2.5 mL无水乙醇的吸光度值;Bc为0.5 mL无水乙醇+2.5 mL ABTS工作液的吸光度值。
参考文献[23]的方法,并稍作修改。取上述样液1 mL,加入3 mL的FRAP溶液(醋酸盐缓冲液:10 mmol/L TPTZ溶液:20 mmol/L FeCl3溶液=10:1:1)摇匀,室温下避光,静置10 min,在593 nm测定其吸光度,以FeSO4·7H2O建立标准曲线,对照标准曲线换算浓度,总还原能力最终以μmol/L表示。FeSO4·7H2O标准曲线为y5=18.706x5+0.0155,R2=0.9901。
扫描电镜(SEM):对南瓜粉进行形态样貌表征,其中扫描电压为10 kV,所有样品在成像前都预先进行喷金镀膜处理。X射线衍射(XRD):采用X射线粉末衍射仪对样品进行测定,其中扫描范围为4°~50°,扫描速度为10°/min。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR):采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对样品进行测定,称取1.5 mg样品粉末与100 mg KBr混合,充分研磨后压片,扫描范围为4000~400 cm−1,扫描64 次,光谱分辨率为0.01 cm−1
每组实验重复3次,结果均以平均值±标准差表示;采用Origin2024b进行绘图,SPSS Statistics 20进行显著性差异分析,P<0.05表示差异显著。
D50表示粉体的平均粒度。跨度(Span)越小,表明颗粒分布越窄。比表面积指单位质量物料具有的总面积。细胞破碎率($\varphi $)表示细胞的破碎程度。由表1可得,VFD南瓜粉的D50(54.63±0.90 μm)最小,比表面积(663.00±3.69 m2/g)和细胞破碎率(0.45±0.01)均为最大且Span(5.33±0.12)较小,在HAD和HPD中,随干燥温度升高,二者南瓜粉的D50逐渐增大,而比表面积和细胞破碎率,以及Span均逐渐减小。原因可能是,在HAD和HPD中,南瓜粉表面因加热而失水皱缩,同时果胶降解导致组织结构变得紧密[24],当温度越高,物料紧密程度就越高,粉碎效果就越差,导致南瓜粉的粒径增大,粉碎不够充分,粉体整体以大颗粒为主,颗粒分布较窄,因此Span变小,反之亦然。在VFD中,由于冰晶直接升华,使得粉体内部出现孔洞结构,且粉体的细胞壁和纤维在干燥过程中会变得更脆[25],因此在同一粉碎条件下,粉体粉碎得更充分,其粒径最小,表面积和细胞破碎率最大,且粒度分布相对均匀。
颜色是感官评价中最重要的指标之一,其中L*代表亮度值,a*代表红度值,b*代表黄度值。由表2可得,与鲜样对比,不同干燥工艺下南瓜粉的L*b*值均得到显著提升(P<0.05),其中L*值的增加可能与光线的折射有关[26],当水分降低后,物料表面能减少对光线的散射而增强其折射,从而使得南瓜粉的亮度提升,Chen等[27]在探究不同干燥方式对大枣切片颜色的影响中,也有类似的情况,而在加热干燥的过程中,会发生美拉德反应,生成红棕色物质,同时色素发生氧化,整体导致南瓜粉的颜色加深,a*b*值增大。由表2可以看出,VFD南瓜粉的L*值(85.86±0.51)最高,b*值(39.34±0.18)与鲜样(24.22±3.43)最为接近,这可能是因为物料没有暴露在高温的条件下,减少美拉德反应,而b*值增大的原因可能是在真空冷冻条件下,依然会引起色素的氧化[28],由此可看出,VFD能尽可能保留南瓜粉的色泽。在HAD和HPD中,二者南瓜粉的L*值和b*值随干燥温度增加而增大,而a*值则逐渐减小,原因可能是,温度越高,色素氧化程度越重,同时干燥时间越短,导致美拉德反应的程度减弱,红棕色产物生成量减少,最终使得b*值增大而a*值降低,同时温度越高,南瓜粉最终的水分含量越低,对于光线的折射越强,L*值增大。
图1可得,VFD南瓜粉的持水力(2.17±0.00 g/g)、持油力(1.37±0.02 g/g)、溶解性(0.74±0.01 g/g)、休止角(36.70°±0.37°)和滑角(32.56°±0.05°)均为最大,而堆积密度(0.11±0.02 g/mL)最小,HAD和HPD南瓜粉的持水力、持油力、溶解性、休止角和滑角均随着干燥温度降低而增大,而堆积密度则有减小趋势。这可能与南瓜粉的粒径有关,当粒径减小时,表明粉体内部结构被破坏,更多的极性和非极性基团暴露,能增加南瓜粉与水和油的结合位点[29],但粒径减小的同时会导致内容物溶出增多,粉体之间的黏性增强,摩擦力增大,导致休止角和滑角增大,流动性减弱。结合表1可知,VFD南瓜粉的粒径最小,因此其粉体拥有良好的吸附能力和溶解性,但流动性较差,在HAD和HPD中,随温度升高,二者南瓜粉的粒径逐渐增大,因此二者粉体的吸附能力和溶解性逐渐降低,而流动性逐渐变好。由图1F可得,VFD南瓜粉的堆积密度最小,可能是因为冰晶升华,物料呈现出疏松多孔的结构,粉碎时,粉体内部可夹带和吸附更多的空气,使得粉体之间的空隙率增大[30],粉体变得更加蓬松,体积变大,在空量筒体积一定的前提下,可填充的南瓜粉质量减少,从而导致其堆积密度最小,填充性最差。在HAD和HPD中,随温度升高,粉体粒径增大,内容物暴露较少,粉体之间黏性较弱,不容易粘结成团,因此在填充时反而能装填更多的南瓜粉,因此使得堆积密度增大。
图2可得,对比鲜样,不同干燥工艺均使得南瓜粉的总黄酮、总酚、维生素C、β-胡萝卜素、还原糖和总糖的含量显著下降(P<0.05),其中VFD南瓜粉的各项活性成分含量最高,依次为2.76±0.04、3.56±0.02、78.29±1.08、1.01±0.00、181.24±0.53、640.35±0.60 mg/g,而在HAD和HPD南瓜粉中,各项活性成分含量随温度降低而呈现不同的变化。在HAD和HPD中,南瓜粉的总黄酮含量随温度降低而整体下降,其中HAD-60 ℃(2.13±0.03 mg/g)和HPD-60 ℃(1.95±0.01 mg/g)南瓜粉的总黄酮含量最高,而总酚含量随温度降低,先上升后下降,其中HAD-55 ℃(2.80±0.01 mg/g)和HPD-50 ℃(2.71±0.01 mg/g)南瓜粉的总酚含量最高,原因可能是当干燥温度升高时,细胞结构被破坏,能起到促进总酚和总黄酮提取的作用[3132],但温度过高,会对二者造成破坏,温度过低,干燥时间延长,导致物料与氧气长时间接触,造成总酚和总黄酮的氧化损失。由图2C可得,随干燥温度升高,HAD和HPD南瓜粉的VC含量均整体下降,表明温度越高,VC会因受到氧化而被破坏[33],其中HAD-40 ℃(31.53±0.41 mg/g)和HPD-45 ℃(35.24±0.41 mg/g)南瓜粉的VC含量最高。由图2D~F可得,β-胡萝卜素、还原糖和总糖的含量均在HAD-45 ℃和HPD-45 ℃时最高,原因可能是,当干燥温度超过45 ℃时,高温会使β-胡萝卜素发生降解[34],还原糖与总糖则会因发生美拉德反应[35]而造成损失,但同时,高温也会起到一定的促进活性物质溶出的作用,同时高温意味着干燥时间相对较短,因此也能保持较高的β-胡萝卜素、还原糖和总糖含量,而当温度为40 ℃时,干燥温度最低,干燥时间最长,物料长时间与空气接触,β-胡萝卜素、还原糖和总糖被氧化而造成损失。在VFD中,由于低温和真空的原因,能降低各种氧化酶的活性,减缓各种氧化反应的速率,从而最大程度保留各种活性成分含量[36],也可能是在冻干预冷的过程中生成的冰晶对细胞结构有一定的破坏,使得各种活性物质释放,含量增加[37]
图3可得,与鲜样相比,经不同干燥工艺处理,南瓜粉的DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS+自由基清除率、总还原能力均显著下降(P<0.05),其中VFD南瓜粉的DPPH自由基清除率(87.49%±0.36%)、ABTS自由基清除率(87.58%±1.01%)和总还原能力(46.80±0.05 μmol/L)均最高,而HAD和HPD南瓜粉的抗氧化能力,随温度改变而发生不同的变化。
在VFD中,由于低温和真空的原因,能够尽可能地减少抗氧化物质(总酚、总黄酮等)的损失[38],因此能保留良好的抗氧化能力,VFD南瓜粉的各项抗氧化能力均为最高。在HAD和HPD中,二者南瓜粉的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率均随温度降低,整体先上升后下降,总还原能力则整体降低。其中HAD-50 ℃和HPD-50 ℃南瓜粉的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率最强(65.84%~77.87%),原因可能是,由图2可得,当温度为50 ℃时,南瓜粉仍有着相对较高的活性成分含量,因此其DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率最高。HAD-60 ℃和HPD-60 ℃南瓜粉的总还原能力最高(分别为35.13±0.18和37.96±0.20 μmol/L),原因可能是,有研究表明,高温条件下发生美拉德反应,能生成某种中间产物而提高活性[39],因此在60 ℃时表现出最高的总还原能力。
选取VFD,HAD-40、50、60 ℃和HPD-40、50、60 ℃的南瓜粉,进行SEM、XRD、FTIR表征,探究不同干燥工艺及不同干燥温度对南瓜粉微观结构的影响。
图4A可得,在VFD中,在真空的环境下,物料内部的冰晶直接升华,升华后原本的位置形成中空,因此可以看到粉体内部有孔洞,且由于低温,物料的表面避免了由于加热而造成的皱缩,因此其表面光滑无褶皱,表明经VFD处理,能最大程度保持物料的结构。如图4B~G所示,HAD和HPD的南瓜粉的表面均出现不同程度的皱缩,表现为沟壑和裂缝,这是由于物料在加热的条件下,表面失水,细胞受热发生结构形变[40],果胶物质发生降解,同时由于在干燥的过程中,水分是由内向外迁移的,到干燥后期,内部水分难以去除,会导致物料表面和内部水分分布不均匀,综合导致物料内部塌陷[41],因而发生形变而产生沟壑裂缝。
图5可得,不同干燥工艺下南瓜粉的XRD图谱呈现与淀粉相似的典型“C”型衍射峰,其中各样品均在2θ=17°时出现衍射峰,表明各粉体的晶体结构均为A型[42],且各南瓜粉的XRD图无明显差异。通过Jade6.0计算各样品的相对结晶度(Cl),结果如表3所示,可以看出,随HAD和HPD的温度升高,南瓜粉的Cl逐渐增大,其中VFD、HAD-40 ℃和HPD-40 ℃南瓜粉的Cl均较低。原因可能是,在VFD中,由于真空冻干的原因,物料呈现出疏松多孔的结构,在HAD-40 ℃和HPD-40 ℃中,物料在较低的温度下进行干燥,表面皱缩程度相对较低,因此上述条件的南瓜粉在粉碎时,对粉体的破坏程度大,使得淀粉和纤维等大分子物质破裂,晶体从有序变为无序,最终使得Cl较低,而HAD和HPD在50 ℃和60 ℃下,由于干燥温度较高,物料的紧密程度高,不利于粉碎,对结晶区的破坏程度低,因此Cl普遍较高。
图6可得,不同南瓜粉的FTIR图,均呈现出典型的多糖特征吸收峰。3400 cm−1为-OH的伸缩振动峰和N-H的伸缩振动峰,1000~1400 cm−1为吡喃糖环的特征吸收峰[43],是糖苷键上C-O-C伸缩振动峰和羟基C-O-H变角振动峰。2930 cm−1的吸收峰是-CH2的C-H伸缩振动峰,属于糖的特征峰[44]。1620 cm−1和1420 cm−1附近有弱吸收峰,表明存在糖醛酸[45]。1410 cm−1和1416 cm−1的吸收峰是C-H变角振动峰,923 cm−1和849 cm−1有微弱的吸收峰,表明存在α键和β[46]。综上可以看出,各南瓜粉的FTIR图相似,表明不同干燥工艺下南瓜粉的官能团并没有发生改变。
不同干燥工艺对南瓜粉的理化性质均有显著的影响。VFD南瓜粉的粒径最小,粉体颜色接近鲜样原色,有着最好的吸附性和溶解性,但流动性和填充性却远不如HAD和HPD南瓜粉。VFD在保留整体活性成分和抗氧化能力方面均具有显著的优势,在HAD和HPD中,50~60 ℃对总酚、总黄酮的保留效果最好,同时整体的抗氧化能力较优,而40~45 ℃对维生素C、β-胡萝卜素、还原糖和总糖等的保留效果较好。SEM、XRD和FTIR的结果表明,VFD南瓜粉的表面光滑且内部有孔洞,HAD和HPD南瓜粉表面均出现不同程度的皱缩,VFD、HAD-40 ℃和HPD-40 ℃的相对结晶度均较低,但它们的官能团类型没有差异。综上,经VFD处理,南瓜粉的综合品质最好,但它并不能连续大批量地处理物料,具有一定的局限,而HAD和HPD能大批量处理物料,一定程度上节约了成本,同时在适当温度下,也能获得较好品质的南瓜粉,因此该研究结果希望能在实际生产应用中,为选择合适的南瓜加工工艺,提供一定的理论依据。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040072
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
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    华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510642

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宋贤良(1969−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工新技术,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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