Article(id=1261336282614120596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741104000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778655604269, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778655604269, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778655604269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778655604269, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261336284409282716, articleId=1261336282614120596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Conformational Regulatory Mechanism of Types and Concentrations of Basic Amino Acids on Oxidation and Gel Properties of Yak Meat Myofibrillar Proteins, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which basic amino acids (L-arginine/L-Arg, L-lysine/L-Lys, L-histidine/L-His) regulated oxidation resistance and gel network formation in yak meat myofibrillar protein (MP). Different concentrations (0.08%, 0.15%, 0.30%, 0.60%, w/v) of each amino acid were added to the MP system. Changes in structural properties (solubility, turbidity, surface hydrophobicity, secondary and tertiary structures) and oxidation indicators (carbonyl content, total and active sulfhydryl content) of MP, as well as gel properties (water-holding capacity, cooking loss, whiteness, strength, rheological behavior), were systematically analyzed. Results demonstrated that basic amino acids synergistically improved gel performance by neutralizing charges to reduce intermolecular repulsion, inducing conformational unfolding to expose hydrophobic groups and active sulfhydryls, and regulating secondary structures (L-Lys/L-Arg promoted α-helix to β-sheet conversion, while L-His maintained concurrent increases in both), but their effects exhibited concentration and type dependencies. In beneficial aspects, L-Lys and L-Arg significantly enhanced solubility (86.38% for 0.60% L-Arg,~25% higher than control) and reduced turbidity (suppressing aggregation). These structural optimizations combined with disulfide crosslinking from exposed active sulfhydryls formed uniform gel networks, specifically increasing water-holding capacity by~25% (L-Lys/L-Arg groups at 0.30%) and reducing cooking loss (58% reduction for 0.30% L-Lys), while significantly enhancing storage modulus G' at high temperatures (≥70 ℃, L-Lys≥0.30%, L-Arg 0.60%). L-His acted mildly, mainly increasing gel strength by 4.2% at 0.60% concentration via stabilizing α-helix/β-sheet coexistence. L-Lys and L-Arg reduced gel whiteness with increasing concentration. High concentrations (especially 0.60% L-Arg) intensified protein oxidation damage (peak carbonyl content: 5.54 nmol/mg) due to excessive unfolding and self-oxidation. In summary, L-Arg and L-Lys showed advantages in optimizing solubility, inhibiting aggregation, and promoting crosslinking through charge interactions and structural transformation, serving as effective strategies for improving gels of high-myoglobin, low-fat yak meat MP, yet requiring concentration control to balance oxidation risks. L-His provides a milder alternative. Practical applications can select amino acid types based on product requirements, offering a theoretical basis for developing low-sodium, low-phosphorus yak meat products.

, correspAuthors=Linlin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kunweng PUGUAN, Rui ZHANG, Qi WANG, Yun MAO, Jiajia MO, Kun WANG, Lina WANG, Linlin WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261336309050818991, articleId=1261336282614120596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=碱性氨基酸种类及浓度对牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白氧化与凝胶特性的构象调控机制, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在揭示不同浓度的碱性氨基酸(L-精氨酸/L-Arg、L-赖氨酸/L-Lys、L-组氨酸/L-His)对牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白(Myofibrillar protein,MP)氧化调控及凝胶网络构建的分子作用机制。通过向牦牛肉MP体系添加不同浓度(0.08%,0.15%,0.30%,0.60%,w/v)的碱性氨基酸,系统测定并分析了牦牛肉MP的结构(溶解度、浊度、表面疏水性、二级结构、三级结构)与氧化特性(羰基含量、总巯基含量、活性巯基含量)指标,以及凝胶特性(保水性、蒸煮损失、白度、强度、流变特性)的变化。结果表明,碱性氨基酸通过中和电荷降低分子间排斥、诱导MP构象展开暴露疏水基团与活性巯基、并调控二级结构(L-Lys/L-Arg促α-螺旋向β-折叠转化,L-His维持二者同步增加),显著改善了牦牛肉MP的凝胶性能(所有氨基酸均提升保水性、降低蒸煮损失),但其效果及潜在影响具有浓度和类型依赖性。在有益效应方面:L-Lys和L-Arg表现突出,能更有效提升MP溶解度(0.60% L-Arg组达86.38%,较空白组提高约25%)、降低浊度(抑制不良聚集),这些结构优化与活性巯基暴露促进的二硫键交联协同作用,形成了更均匀致密的凝胶网络,具体表现为0.30%浓度下保水性显著提升约25%(L-Lys/L-Arg组)及蒸煮损失大幅降低(0.30% L-Lys组降低58%),并在高温(≥70 ℃)显著增强储能模量G'(L-Lys≥0.30%,L-Arg 0.60%);L-His的改善作用相对温和,主要通过维持α-螺旋与β-折叠同步增加,在0.60%浓度下提升凝胶强度4.2%。L-Lys和L-Arg会导致凝胶白度随浓度增加而降低;高浓度氨基酸(尤其0.60% L-Arg)诱导的MP过度展开及自身氧化加剧了蛋白质氧化损伤(羰基含量最高达5.54 nmol/mg)。综上所述,L-Arg和L-Lys在通过电荷作用与结构转化优化溶解性、抑制聚集及促进交联方面更具优势,是改善高肌红蛋白、低脂牦牛肉MP凝胶的有效策略,但需注意浓度控制以平衡氧化风险;L-His则提供了一种作用较温和的选择。实际应用中可根据产品需求选择适配氨基酸类型,为开发低钠低磷牦牛肉制品提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=王琳琳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王琳琳(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=KV0JlzLsGkx4uPRtZ91pgg==, magXml=mZ5fzjEwgm5tis33vTvuxg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=xjfagcplfCiWfFtBnuG8wQ==, pdfFileSize=7618888, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=suzTkSGzuW4J77JvYXpfiQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Ncuxbl09OoT9FvHdGgY+hg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

普关坤翁(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工与安全,E-mail:

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普关坤翁(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工与安全,E-mail:

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普关坤翁(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工与安全,E-mail:

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Hefei: Hefei University of Technology, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261336386519613619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭璐瑶. 畜禽混合肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性及膳食纤维复合牛肉香肠的开发研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261336386788049078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO Luyao. Characterization of myofibrillar protein gel of livestock and poultry mixed meat and development of dietary fiber composite beef sausage[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261336312385290718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336312427233759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, companyId=1261336312385290718, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Pharmacy and Food, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336312448205280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, companyId=1261336312385290718, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261336313622610407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336313702302185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, companyId=1261336313622610407, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336313727468011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, companyId=1261336313622610407, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.肉类加工四川省重点实验室,四川成都 610081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261336355217523497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His on solubility and turbidity of MP, figureFileSmall=ZLPdgNv84rJi8z2oQV8WCQ==, figureFileBig=suzTkSGzuW4J77JvYXpfiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336355695674159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=CN, label=图1, caption=L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP溶解度和浊度的影响

注:(a)为L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP溶解度的影响,(b)为L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP浊度的影响。不同小写字母表示同一种氨基酸不同浓度差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示同一浓度不同氨基酸差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图4图9~图10同。

, figureFileSmall=ZLPdgNv84rJi8z2oQV8WCQ==, figureFileBig=suzTkSGzuW4J77JvYXpfiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336358090621758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His on hydrophobicity of MP surface, figureFileSmall=dskiujMkkHgl0LkDO2DYCg==, figureFileBig=2m01KLaGBH0b8qea1CEZlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336358363251524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=CN, label=图2, caption=L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP表面疏水性的影响, figureFileSmall=dskiujMkkHgl0LkDO2DYCg==, figureFileBig=2m01KLaGBH0b8qea1CEZlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336358732350282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His on carbonyl content of MP, figureFileSmall=+13SakSC/HOvu9Rgn72zIA==, figureFileBig=SMz1vR6/yDotLFhkIwz6JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336359017562961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=CN, label=图3, caption=L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP羰基含量影响, figureFileSmall=+13SakSC/HOvu9Rgn72zIA==, figureFileBig=SMz1vR6/yDotLFhkIwz6JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336359290192728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His on MP total thiols and active thiols, figureFileSmall=U6nYzxRRS2x0xnXB9cV28g==, figureFileBig=cExSIv5oQ8MEn8RI+d4W8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336359445381984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=CN, label=图4, caption=L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP总巯基和活性巯基的影响

注:(a)为L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP总巯基的影响,(b)为L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP活性巯基的影响。

, figureFileSmall=U6nYzxRRS2x0xnXB9cV28g==, figureFileBig=cExSIv5oQ8MEn8RI+d4W8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336359902561124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His on Fourier transform infrared spectra of MP, figureFileSmall=qaafknG0OxsNdXK2SFYIjQ==, figureFileBig=VSc51sxXVnNo3d7tmcRFQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336362012296044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=CN, label=图5, caption=L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP傅里叶红外图谱的影响

注:(a)为L-Lys对MP傅里叶红外图谱的影响,(b)为L-Arg对MP傅里叶红外图谱的影响,(c)为L-His对MP傅里叶红外图谱的影响。

, figureFileSmall=qaafknG0OxsNdXK2SFYIjQ==, figureFileBig=VSc51sxXVnNo3d7tmcRFQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336362255565681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His on the secondary structure of MP, figureFileSmall=muJzGOauAY+VQWQrpCtsXA==, figureFileBig=ZYlg2O19S0cI+i4oMX2tCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336362536584057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=CN, label=图6, caption=L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP二级结构的影响

注:图中C、L1、L2、L3、L4、A1、A2、A3、A4、H1、H2、H3、H4分别对应空白组、0.08% L-Lys组、0.15% L-Lys组、0.30% L-Lys组、0.60% L-Lys组、0.08% L-Arg、0.15% L-Arg、0.30% L-Arg、0.60% L-Arg、0.08% L-His、0.15% L-His、0.30% L-His、0.60% L-His,图8同。

, figureFileSmall=muJzGOauAY+VQWQrpCtsXA==, figureFileBig=ZYlg2O19S0cI+i4oMX2tCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336362767270783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His on MP tertiary structure, figureFileSmall=lDAWOblSVyMp9WbJ1DNBdw==, figureFileBig=udjZeSCVBLK7wIsDo1wuZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336363048289156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=CN, label=图7, caption=L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP三级结构的影响

注:(a)为L-Lys对MP三级结构的影响,(b)为L-Arg对MP三级结构的影响,(c)为L-His对MP三级结构的影响。

, figureFileSmall=lDAWOblSVyMp9WbJ1DNBdw==, figureFileBig=udjZeSCVBLK7wIsDo1wuZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336363203478411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His on MP SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, figureFileSmall=uvnl2DbiwbI1TMoEhHEj2Q==, figureFileBig=+TisLEfd1rOuuEPJqr1n1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336363371250573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=CN, label=图8, caption=L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP SDS-PAGE电泳图谱的影响, figureFileSmall=uvnl2DbiwbI1TMoEhHEj2Q==, figureFileBig=+TisLEfd1rOuuEPJqr1n1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336363669046165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His on water retention and cooking loss of MP gel, figureFileSmall=rk0fmgE6GRpqtg02mt5A6g==, figureFileBig=MIDk6xMwLktRNhsufPb9nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336363958453148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=CN, label=图9, caption=L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP凝胶保水性和凝胶蒸煮损失的影响

注:(a)为L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP凝胶保水性的影响,(b)为L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对凝胶蒸煮损失的影响。

, figureFileSmall=rk0fmgE6GRpqtg02mt5A6g==, figureFileBig=MIDk6xMwLktRNhsufPb9nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336364386272161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effect of L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His on whiteness and strength of MP gel, figureFileSmall=skhyOXMDWkg0qS2eGcrKWA==, figureFileBig=e8/VoZwW9E1K4pBtED25Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336366353400745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=CN, label=图10, caption=L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP凝胶白度和凝胶强度的影响

注:(a)为L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP凝胶白度值的影响;(b)为L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对凝胶强度的影响。

, figureFileSmall=skhyOXMDWkg0qS2eGcrKWA==, figureFileBig=e8/VoZwW9E1K4pBtED25Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336366860911537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Effect of L-Lys, L-Arg, L-His on rheological properties of MP gels, figureFileSmall=CgCixuBATV2G+GqXLKM5Sg==, figureFileBig=zXO77GH+aXwO2jvABXcemA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336367087403955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336282614120596, language=CN, label=图11, caption=L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP凝胶流变性的影响

注:(a)为L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP凝胶G'的影响(升温过程),(b)为L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP凝胶G'的影响(降温过程),(c)为L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对MP凝胶G"的影响。

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碱性氨基酸种类及浓度对牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白氧化与凝胶特性的构象调控机制
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普关坤翁 1 , 张锐 2 , 王琪 1 , 毛云 1 , 磨佳佳 1 , 王琨 1 , 王立娜 1 , 王琳琳 *, 1
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(9): 51-62
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食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026, 47(9): 51-62
碱性氨基酸种类及浓度对牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白氧化与凝胶特性的构象调控机制
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普关坤翁1 , 张锐2, 王琪1, 毛云1, 磨佳佳1, 王琨1, 王立娜1, 王琳琳*, 1
作者信息
  • 1.西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610041
  • 2.肉类加工四川省重点实验室,四川成都 610081
  • 普关坤翁(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工与安全,E-mail:

通讯作者:

王琳琳(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:
Conformational Regulatory Mechanism of Types and Concentrations of Basic Amino Acids on Oxidation and Gel Properties of Yak Meat Myofibrillar Proteins
Kunweng PUGUAN1 , Rui ZHANG2, Qi WANG1, Yun MAO1, Jiajia MO1, Kun WANG1, Lina WANG1, Linlin WANG*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Pharmacy and Food, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 2.Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610081, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030008
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本研究旨在揭示不同浓度的碱性氨基酸(L-精氨酸/L-Arg、L-赖氨酸/L-Lys、L-组氨酸/L-His)对牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白(Myofibrillar protein,MP)氧化调控及凝胶网络构建的分子作用机制。通过向牦牛肉MP体系添加不同浓度(0.08%,0.15%,0.30%,0.60%,w/v)的碱性氨基酸,系统测定并分析了牦牛肉MP的结构(溶解度、浊度、表面疏水性、二级结构、三级结构)与氧化特性(羰基含量、总巯基含量、活性巯基含量)指标,以及凝胶特性(保水性、蒸煮损失、白度、强度、流变特性)的变化。结果表明,碱性氨基酸通过中和电荷降低分子间排斥、诱导MP构象展开暴露疏水基团与活性巯基、并调控二级结构(L-Lys/L-Arg促α-螺旋向β-折叠转化,L-His维持二者同步增加),显著改善了牦牛肉MP的凝胶性能(所有氨基酸均提升保水性、降低蒸煮损失),但其效果及潜在影响具有浓度和类型依赖性。在有益效应方面:L-Lys和L-Arg表现突出,能更有效提升MP溶解度(0.60% L-Arg组达86.38%,较空白组提高约25%)、降低浊度(抑制不良聚集),这些结构优化与活性巯基暴露促进的二硫键交联协同作用,形成了更均匀致密的凝胶网络,具体表现为0.30%浓度下保水性显著提升约25%(L-Lys/L-Arg组)及蒸煮损失大幅降低(0.30% L-Lys组降低58%),并在高温(≥70 ℃)显著增强储能模量G'(L-Lys≥0.30%,L-Arg 0.60%);L-His的改善作用相对温和,主要通过维持α-螺旋与β-折叠同步增加,在0.60%浓度下提升凝胶强度4.2%。L-Lys和L-Arg会导致凝胶白度随浓度增加而降低;高浓度氨基酸(尤其0.60% L-Arg)诱导的MP过度展开及自身氧化加剧了蛋白质氧化损伤(羰基含量最高达5.54 nmol/mg)。综上所述,L-Arg和L-Lys在通过电荷作用与结构转化优化溶解性、抑制聚集及促进交联方面更具优势,是改善高肌红蛋白、低脂牦牛肉MP凝胶的有效策略,但需注意浓度控制以平衡氧化风险;L-His则提供了一种作用较温和的选择。实际应用中可根据产品需求选择适配氨基酸类型,为开发低钠低磷牦牛肉制品提供理论依据。

牦牛肉  /  碱性氨基酸  /  食盐替代物  /  构象调控  /  品质特性

This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which basic amino acids (L-arginine/L-Arg, L-lysine/L-Lys, L-histidine/L-His) regulated oxidation resistance and gel network formation in yak meat myofibrillar protein (MP). Different concentrations (0.08%, 0.15%, 0.30%, 0.60%, w/v) of each amino acid were added to the MP system. Changes in structural properties (solubility, turbidity, surface hydrophobicity, secondary and tertiary structures) and oxidation indicators (carbonyl content, total and active sulfhydryl content) of MP, as well as gel properties (water-holding capacity, cooking loss, whiteness, strength, rheological behavior), were systematically analyzed. Results demonstrated that basic amino acids synergistically improved gel performance by neutralizing charges to reduce intermolecular repulsion, inducing conformational unfolding to expose hydrophobic groups and active sulfhydryls, and regulating secondary structures (L-Lys/L-Arg promoted α-helix to β-sheet conversion, while L-His maintained concurrent increases in both), but their effects exhibited concentration and type dependencies. In beneficial aspects, L-Lys and L-Arg significantly enhanced solubility (86.38% for 0.60% L-Arg,~25% higher than control) and reduced turbidity (suppressing aggregation). These structural optimizations combined with disulfide crosslinking from exposed active sulfhydryls formed uniform gel networks, specifically increasing water-holding capacity by~25% (L-Lys/L-Arg groups at 0.30%) and reducing cooking loss (58% reduction for 0.30% L-Lys), while significantly enhancing storage modulus G' at high temperatures (≥70 ℃, L-Lys≥0.30%, L-Arg 0.60%). L-His acted mildly, mainly increasing gel strength by 4.2% at 0.60% concentration via stabilizing α-helix/β-sheet coexistence. L-Lys and L-Arg reduced gel whiteness with increasing concentration. High concentrations (especially 0.60% L-Arg) intensified protein oxidation damage (peak carbonyl content: 5.54 nmol/mg) due to excessive unfolding and self-oxidation. In summary, L-Arg and L-Lys showed advantages in optimizing solubility, inhibiting aggregation, and promoting crosslinking through charge interactions and structural transformation, serving as effective strategies for improving gels of high-myoglobin, low-fat yak meat MP, yet requiring concentration control to balance oxidation risks. L-His provides a milder alternative. Practical applications can select amino acid types based on product requirements, offering a theoretical basis for developing low-sodium, low-phosphorus yak meat products.

yak meat  /  basic amino acids  /  salt substitutes  /  conformational regulation  /  quality characteristics
普关坤翁, 张锐, 王琪, 毛云, 磨佳佳, 王琨, 王立娜, 王琳琳. 碱性氨基酸种类及浓度对牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白氧化与凝胶特性的构象调控机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 51 -62 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030008
Kunweng PUGUAN, Rui ZHANG, Qi WANG, Yun MAO, Jiajia MO, Kun WANG, Lina WANG, Linlin WANG. Conformational Regulatory Mechanism of Types and Concentrations of Basic Amino Acids on Oxidation and Gel Properties of Yak Meat Myofibrillar Proteins[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 51 -62 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030008
牦牛起源于中国,主要生活在青海、西藏、四川、甘肃、云南等青藏高原严寒地区。在青藏高原极端生境与生物地理隔离机制的共同作用下,牦牛演化出了不同于普通牛肉的肉质性状。从生物进化角度分析,高原低压缺氧环境诱导的冷适应代谢特征,促使牦牛肉肌红蛋白复合体构象发生适应性改变,这种适应性改变不仅形成了牦牛肉地域标志性的风味前体物质,更赋予其独特的质构特性。其同时还具有丰富的蛋白质,脂肪含量低,胡萝卜素以及铁、锌、钙等矿物元素含量较高的优势[1]。在牦牛肉制品加工中,为了充分发挥其品质优势并满足贮藏与风味需求,适量的钠盐与磷酸盐常作为关键添加剂被协同使用:钠盐可减少微生物滋生[2],延长贮藏时间并提升风味口感。磷酸盐则能通过调节离子强度改善MP的保水性和凝胶特性,优化制品质构,降低肉制品的酸败速度[3]。然而,过量使用面临双重挑战:钠盐摄入超标(>3%)会增加高血压、心血管疾病等健康风险[4];磷酸盐过量(>0.5%)不仅导致金属味、橡胶质地等不良感官特性[5],还可能与膳食中钙、铁等矿物质结合,影响营养素吸收[6]。因此,需要寻找安全有效的物质,以完全或部分替代钠盐和磷酸盐在肉制品中所起的作用。
近年来,国内外学者在低钠低磷肉制品研究方面取得了一定进展。在钠盐替代物研究中,钾盐是常见方向,其在一定程度上能够调节钠钾平衡,但添加量过多会影响肉品品质[7];从天然物质中提取咸味物质的研究也有所开展,如乌贼骨、牡蛎壳提取物虽有咸味替代效果[8],但在工艺成本和全面替代钠盐功能方面仍存在不足。在磷酸盐替代物研究中,淀粉、植物蛋白和亲水胶体等越来越受到关注。淀粉可提高保水性和粘结性,但添加过多会影响口感[9];大豆蛋白能形成保水保油凝胶,但易引发过敏反应[10];亲水胶体虽可改变凝胶特性,但在高盐环境下保水能力受限[11]。因此,找到适合肉制品的钠盐和磷酸盐替代物具有较好的研究价值,值得进行更加深入和系统的研究。Guo等[12]研究发现L-Lys和L-His通过提高肌球蛋白活性巯基含量,促进分子内二硫键重构与静电斥力增强,从而显著提升肌球蛋白溶解度。Lei等[13]对L-Arg加入到肌动球蛋白所产生的影响进行研究,发现0.1%~0.3%添加量的L-Arg可以提高肌动球蛋白的凝胶强度和凝胶保水性,而且可以促使凝胶三维网状结构构建。Guo等[14]分别向猪肉MP中加入0.1%的L-Lys和L-His,研究发现这两种添加物均能使MP在油水界面展开,使界面张力降低,从而促进低离子条件下的MP乳液的稳定性。以上研究结果表明碱性氨基酸可通过多重机制,同时替代钠盐的离子调节功能和磷酸盐的保水、凝胶强化作用,为低钠低磷牦牛肉制品加工提供科学依据。尽管碱性氨基酸在猪、禽等肉类中的应用已取得进展,但牦牛肉MP因高肌红蛋白含量比普通牛肉高30%~50%、低脂特性脂肪含量低于5%,其氧化与凝胶机制具有独特性,目前针对氨基酸种类及浓度对牦牛肉MP的系统性研究仍相对匮乏。
本研究以牦牛肉MP为研究对象,选取L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His三种碱性氨基酸,分别设置0.08%、0.15%、0.30%、0.60%(w/v)不同添加量,深入研究其对牦牛肉MP品质特性的影响。通过提取牦牛肉MP,制备氨基酸-MP混合体系和凝胶体系,测定分析添加不同种类氨基酸对MP氧化特性及凝胶特性的影响,明确氨基酸种类和含量在降低MP氧化及改善凝胶特性方面的潜在机制,以期为牦牛肉加工过程中合理使用碱性氨基酸改善肉品品质提供参考数据,助力牦牛肉制品加工企业优化生产工艺,提升产品质量。
牦牛肉 购自成都市武侯区开文牛羊肉商店;L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His(99%,食品级) 河南万邦化工科技有限公司;马铃薯淀粉(食品级) 东莞东美食品有限公司;鸡精(食品级) 中盐长江盐化有限公司。
V-1000紫外分光光度计 翱艺仪器上海有限公司;T-25-D匀浆机 德国伊卡股份有限公司;5810R冷冻离心机 德国艾蓬多夫股份有限公司;F-4700荧光分光光度计 日本株式会社日立高新技术科学那珂事业所;Centrifuge 5804 R高速冷冻离心机 德国Eppendorf公司;ASD Field Spec Pro FR傅里叶红外光谱仪 美国Boulder公司;TA.XT.Plus型质构分析仪 英国Stable Micro System公司;DISCOVERY HR-1旋转流变仪 美国TA仪器。
MP提取:参照栗俊广等[15]的方法,并略作修改。取新鲜牦牛肉去脂剔筋后绞碎,按1:4(w/v)加入预冷溶液A(0.1 mol/L NaCl,10 mmol/L Na2HPO4,2 mmol/L MgCl2,0.1 mol/L EGTA,pH7.0),匀浆均质后3000×g离心15 min,取沉淀重复一次;第二次获得的沉淀以1:4(w/v)加入溶液B(0.1 mol/L NaCl,pH7.0),同条件离心两次,最终获得MP沉淀。
MP浓度的测定:将MP溶解于0.6 mol/L NaCl、50 mmol/L,pH7.0磷酸盐缓冲液(Phosphate-Buffered Saline,PBS)中。以牛血清蛋白(BSA,10 mg/mL,溶解于相同缓冲液)为标品,配制梯度浓度。加入双缩脲试剂后室温静置30 min,于540 nm处测定吸光度值。用BSA制作标准曲线,以BSA浓度(mg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,根据牛血清蛋白线性回归方程y(吸光度)=0.0426x(BSA浓度, mg/mL)+0.0028,R2=0.999计算MP溶液浓度。
将提取并测定浓度后的MP溶液,用50 mmol/L PBS稀释至浓度20 mg/mL,作为标准化MP溶液。分别考察三种碱性氨基酸L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His在添加浓度0.08%、0.15%、0.30%及0.60% (w/v)下对MP的影响。具体制备过程:独立地向标准化MP溶液中加入单一的氨基酸至上述特定浓度(即每种氨基酸的每个浓度点均为独立操作和独立样品),最终形成L-Lys组、L-Arg组、L-His组共12个氨基酸处理体系(每种氨基酸包含4个浓度:0.08%、0.15%、0.30%、0.60% w/v);同时设置仅含标准化MP溶液的空白对照组。所有样品(空白对照及各氨基酸处理组)经充分搅拌溶解后,于4 ℃保存备用,作为基准母液,保存时间不超过3 d。后续实验中所需的测试样品,均由其对应的基准母液在测试前稀释获得。
氨基酸-MP凝胶制备:参照付渊[3]的方法并适当修改,将MP-氨基酸混合液浓度调至15 mg/mL,未添加氨基酸组作空白对照。将溶液分装于50 mL圆底离心管中,置于恒温水浴中以2 ℃/min 的升温速率从20 ℃ 程序升温至80 ℃,并在80 ℃下维持恒温30 min。随后取出离心管,立即置于冰水浴中冷却20 min,冰浴20 min后4 ℃静置12 h。
溶解度参照梅甜恬等[6]的方法进行测定。首先,将MP-氨基酸混合液用50 mmol/L PBS稀释至2.5 mg/mL蛋白浓度,涡旋混匀后室温静置30 min。将此预处理样品以8000×g离心15 min(4 ℃),分离后取离心上清液(可溶性蛋白部分)用于后续检测。采用双缩脲法测定该上清液中的可溶性蛋白浓度(测定条件同1.2.1中MP浓度的测定)。同时,同批次预处理样品(未离心)按相同双缩脲法测定其理论总蛋白浓度(代表体系中全部蛋白含量)。蛋白溶解度按下式计算:
$ 溶解度(\text{%})=\frac{\text{离心上清液可溶性蛋白浓度}}{\text{样品理论总蛋白浓度}}\text{×100} $
浊度参考郭秀云[16]的方法,将MP-氨基酸混合液用PBS稀释至2.0 mg/mL蛋白浓度,以同批次制备的未添加氨基酸的MP溶液(空白对照组)作为基准对照。涡旋振荡混匀10 s,于25 ℃避光静置30 min。随后于340 nm波长下测定其吸光度A340,以该吸光度值表征体系浊度。其原理是:MP溶液中蛋白质的聚集或沉淀会导致溶液浑浊度升高,340 nm处的吸光度与浑浊程度呈正相关。
参照Chin等[17]的方法,并作适当修改。MP调至4.0 mg/mL,取1.5 mL加0.3 mL溴酚蓝(1 mg/mL),涡旋10 min后8000×g离心12 min,上清液稀释10倍测595 nm吸光值。以添加1.5 mL的磷酸盐缓冲溶液和0.3 mL的溴酚蓝溶液,经上述离心、稀释,作为空白组。
$\rm 溴酚蓝(\text{μg})=200\times \frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{空白}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{样品}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{空白}}} $
式中:A样品表示样品组在595 nm处测定样液的吸光值;A空白表示空白组在595 nm处测定的吸光值。
参照Oliver等[18]的试验方法并略作修改。用PBS将MP调至6.0 mg/mL,取4 mL样液加4 mL 2 mol/L HCl(含10 mmol/L DNPH),暗处反应60 min。取与样品组相同的MP溶液,加入等体积 2 mol/L HCl(不含DNPH),其余操作均与样品组一致,以该空白组的吸光度值作为背景值,从样品组的吸光度中扣除。加4 mL 20%三氯乙酸,10000 r/min离心15 min,弃上清,沉淀用乙酸乙酯-乙醇混合液洗3次,盐酸胍溶解后测370 nm吸光值。计算公式为:
$ 羰基含量\text{(nmol/mg)}=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{样品}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{空白}}}{\text{22000×蛋白溶液浓度}}\times {10}^{\text{6}} $
式中:A样品表示DNPH处理样品吸光度;A空白表示未加DNPH样品吸光度。
总巯基含量的测定参照Ellman法[19]测定,将MP浓度调整至1 mg/mL,取1.0 mL的样品,依次加入9 mL溶液A(0.01 mol/L EGTA,8 mol/L尿素和0.1 mol/L K2HPO4,pH6.0)、100 μL Ellman试剂(10 mmol/L DTNB和0.01 mol/L KH2PO4,pH6.0),使用涡旋仪漩涡振荡60 s,使溶液混匀,在室温、避光的条件下静置0.5 h,于412 nm下测定吸光值。
活性巯基含量的测定采用不含尿素的溶液A,其余与总巯基测定的方法相同。
$ {\rm 总巯基含量(nmol/mg)=\dfrac{{A_{412}}}{\text{13600×蛋白浓度}}\times\rm\text{稀释倍数×}{\text{10}}^{\text{6}}} $
二级结构(基于傅里叶红外光谱)的测定参照Guo等[20]的方法并稍作修改。将MP的浓度调至10 mg/mL,冷冻干燥24 h后研磨成粉。用傅里叶红外光谱仪在500~4000 cm−1扫描,分辨率4 cm−1,扫描32次。
蛋白质二级结构的表征通过傅里叶红外光谱酰胺Ⅰ带(1600~1700 cm−1)的解析实现。原始光谱经基线校正后,采用二阶导数分析识别子峰位置,并辅以高斯-洛伦兹混合函数对酰胺Ⅰ带进行去卷积及非线性最小二乘拟合。通过子峰面积积分计算α-螺旋(1650~1660 cm−1)、β-折叠(1620~1640 cm−1,1670~1690 cm−1)、β-转角(1660~1680 cm−1)及无规卷曲(1640~1650 cm−1)的相对含量,以半峰宽校正峰重叠效应。
三级结构(基于荧光光谱),参照Jiang等[21]的试验方法并稍作修改。将MP样品用PBS缓冲液稀释到0.5 mg/mL。参数设置:激发波长为295 nm,光谱范围为300~400 nm,扫描速度为1500 nm/min,发射和激发狭缝均为2.5 nm。通过荧光强度峰值和峰位偏移表征色氨酸微环境变化,反映蛋白质解折叠程度。
参照刘旺等[22]方法,并适当修改。对混合MP溶液体系进行SDS-PAGE电泳,分离胶、浓缩胶的浓度为10%、4%。MP的浓度调成2 mg/mL,上样量为10 μL。浓缩胶的电压为90 V,到分离胶后,采用120 V。然后将胶取出,放在摇床染色40 min后,将染色液更换为脱色液,再脱色12 h。
保水性的测定:采用Ma等[23]的方法并适当修改,称量离心管的质量M0,向离心管中加入适量凝胶称量总质量M1,然后在4 ℃的条件下以9000 r/min的转速离心12 min,离心完吸除多余的水分,称量总质量M2。计算公式:
$ 保水性(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{M}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{M}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{M}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{M}}_{\text{0}}}\times 100 $
蒸煮损失的测定:称量小烧杯的质量M3,煮前MP凝胶样品加烧杯的质量M4,煮后吸完多余水分,称量MP凝胶样品加烧杯的总质量M5。计算公式:
$ 蒸煮损失(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{M}}_{\text{4}}-{\text{M}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{M}}_{\text{4}}-{\text{M}}_{\text{3}}}\times 100 $
用色差仪测定样品的L*a*b*,根据公式计算。
$ {\rm W}=100-\sqrt{{(\text{100}-{{L}}^{\text{*}})}^{\text{2}}+{({{a}}^{\text{*}})}^{\text{2}}+{({{b}}^{\text{*}})}^{\text{2}}} $
凝胶强度的测定参照Chen等[24]的方法并适当修改。质构仪设置参数条件∶选用GMIA模式,探头为P/0.5,测前、测中、测后速率分别为1.5、1.0、1.0 mm/s,间隔时间5 s,触发力5 g,触发类型Strain,样品压缩比40%,凝胶强度单位为g。
参考李可等[25]的方法并适当修改,采用温度扫描模式。参数设置为:频率0.1 Hz,起始温度为25 ℃,终止温度为85 ℃,升温速率为2 ℃/min,应变0.5%,夹缝间距0.2 mm。测定G'和损耗模量(G")。
实验数据经三次生物学重复测定,以均值±SD形式呈现。统计分析采用SPSS 20.0完成单因素方差分析,通过Duncan's多重范围检验进行事后比较,显著性水平P<0.05。作图采用Origin 2018软件。
一般来说,MP溶解度越高,肉制品的品质特性越好。L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉MP溶解度的影响如图1(a)所示,三种氨基酸的添加均能提高MP的溶解度,可能的原因是三种氨基酸均为碱性氨基酸,使体系中的pH高于肌球蛋白等电点的环境,使得其获得净负电荷,促使肌球蛋白和水的相互作用,从而增加了溶解度[26]。总体上看,L-Arg组随着添加量的增多溶解性呈现出递增的趋势,L-Lys组和L-His组随着添加量的增多溶解性呈现出先增后减的趋势(L-Lys组在0.15%后略有下降,P>0.05)。可能的原因是,L-His组高浓度时α-螺旋与β-折叠同步增加,区别于另两种氨基酸的αβ转化。低浓度时α-螺旋适度增加促使亲水基团暴露、溶解度提升;高浓度时α-螺旋过度保留或疏水区域聚集,引发蛋白分子间疏水相互作用增强并形成聚集体,导致溶解度下降[27]。所有试验组中,0.60% L-Arg组的溶解度最大为86.38%,远高于空白组的溶解度69.08%。综上可知,L-Arg组提升MP溶解度的效果最佳,L-His组在低浓度(<0.15%)下效果优于L-Lys组,而在高浓度(>0.30%)下L-Lys组效果更优。其中以0.60%的L-Arg组溶解度最高。
浊度的高低可以反映物质颗粒的大小,可以反映蛋白质分子的聚集程度。L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉MP浊度的影响如图1(b)所示。总体上看,L-His组所有试验组与空白组均无显著差异(P>0.05);L-Lys组各试验组均显著低于空白组(P<0.05);L-Arg组在0.08%时与空白组无显著差异(P>0.05),添加量≥0.15%时显著低于空白组(P<0.05),此结果与朱潘虹[28]结果相似,产生的原因可能是L-Lys正电荷直接中和MP负电荷,降低了MP之间的聚集。L-Arg组中,空白组和0.08% L-Arg组的浊度无显著差异(P>0.05),这可能是由于低浓度L-Arg对体系pH和电荷环境的改变较弱,在0.60 mol/L NaCl条件下不足以显著破坏肌球蛋白的单体稳定状态[8]。随着L-Arg添加量增加(≥0.15%),浊度显著降低(P<0.05),这归因于高浓度L-Arg提升了体系碱性(通过胍基作用),增强了蛋白分子间的静电斥力,从而有效抑制了蛋白聚集。当添加量为0.15%、0.30%、0.60%时,L-Lys组显著高于L-Arg组(P<0.05),显著低于L-His组(P<0.05)。综上可知,L-Lys组和L-Arg组均能降低MP的浊度,其中以0.60%的L-Arg的浊度最低。L-His组不会对MP浊度产生明显影响。
表面疏水性增强反映肌球蛋白构象展开程度升高,其本质是内部疏水基团暴露。本实验中,碱性氨基酸通过改变电荷相互作用(如L-Arg胍基中和负电荷)或氢键网络(如L-His咪唑基形成新氢键),促使肌球蛋白结构展开。暴露的疏水基团在后续热诱导凝胶过程中,可通过疏水相互作用驱动蛋白分子交联,进而影响凝胶持水能力与网络稳定性[28]。表面疏水性的升高表明更多疏水基团参与凝胶网络的形成,进而对MP的凝胶性和保水性产生影响,适度的疏水相互作用可增强凝胶网络稳定性,提升保水能力;但过度暴露可能导致蛋白聚集过度,反而破坏凝胶结构[29]。L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉中MP表面疏水性的影响如图2所示,L-Lys和L-Arg组中,添加量为0.08%、0.15%、0.30%的试验组的MP表面疏水性均显著高于空白组(P<0.05),L-His组中,所有试验组均显著高于空白组(P<0.05)。这三种氨基酸加入到MP中,它们会和MP中的氨基酸残基发生相互作用,促使MP结构展开,暴露出疏水基团[3]。综上可知,三种氨基酸均可以增加MP表面疏水性,其中0.15% L-Arg组表面疏水性表现出最高值趋势,但各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
羰基是评定蛋白质氧化的重要指标。L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉中MP羰基含量的影响如图3所示,L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His的添加均使牦牛肉MP羰基含量总体升高。这一现象主要源于双重机制协同作用:首先,三种氨基酸的游离侧链(胍基、咪唑基、L-Lys的ε-氨基)作为氧化底物生成活性羰基化合物[30],共价修饰MP的赖氨酸/精氨酸残基[31];其次,氨基酸改变体系pH及电荷分布,诱导MP构象展开,促使内部氧化敏感位点暴露(图2表面疏水性上升)。牦牛肉MP富含的内源肌红蛋白铁离子进一步放大氧化应激,构成体系特殊性[32]。值得注意的是,0.15% L-Arg组因胍基螯合铁离子抑制氧化[33]、pH提升稳定巯基活性,以及诱导适度构象展开(避免敏感位点过度暴露),羰基含量与空白组无显著差异(P>0.05);而添加量≥0.30%时,L-Arg自身氧化加剧、MP过度展开及铁离子协同作用导致羰基显著上升(0.60%组达峰值5.54 nmol/mg)。L-Lys组则呈现浓度依赖波动性:0.08%组通过ε-氨基螯合Fe2+抑制氧化;0.15%~0.30%组因α-螺旋向β-折叠构象转变加速巯基氧化和分子交联[33];0.60%组因电荷中和与空间位阻饱和阻断自由基链式反应,羰基含量回落[34]。研究表明,牦牛肉制品开发需同步调控外源氨基酸的浓度阈值(如L-Arg的0.15%临界点)与内源肌红蛋白铁的促氧化作用,为低钠低磷加工提供理论依据。
巯基是蛋白质的一个重要基团,活性巯基和总巯基的含量可以反映蛋白质中二硫键的含量和蛋白构象的变化[35]。L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉中MP总巯基的影响如图4(a)所示。总体来看,所有试验组的MP总巯基含量和空白组均无显著差别(P>0.05),此结果与李诗义[35]结果相似,这三种氨基酸以及pH均不会对MP的总巯基含量造成影响,即不会对二硫键的形成或断裂造成影响。且各组内及组间均没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。
L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉中MP活性巯基的影响如图4(b)所示。所有试验组的活性巯基含量均高于空白组,其中L-Lys组和L-Arg组显著更高(P<0.05),这源于碱性氨基酸正电荷基团对MP表面负电荷的中和作用,通过削弱静电排斥诱导可控性构象展开(图2)。L-Lys的ε-氨基与L-Arg的胍基凭借高电荷密度显著弛豫三级结构,使疏水核心包埋的巯基暴露于极性环境。在牦牛肉MP高肌红蛋白特性背景下,该暴露兼具双重功能,既表征构象变化程度,更为后续氧化交联提供关键位点。而L-His因咪唑基的缓冲特性[36],仅在≥0.30%时微弱提升巯基活性。值得注意的是,L-His组仅0.30%添加量时活性巯基显著高于空白组(P<0.05),但组内变异相对较大,可能与牦牛肉肌红蛋白含量个体差异及L-His的临界缓冲特性相关。且0.15%浓度下L-Lys/L-Arg组的巯基含量显著高于L-His组(P<0.05)。若追求高效巯基暴露及凝胶增强,建议优先选择0.15% L-Lys或L-Arg;若需温和调控以避免牦牛肉体系的过度氧化,可将L-His浓度提升至0.30%以上,其诱导的α-螺旋与β-折叠同步增加(图6)可能通过构象保护机制减弱巯基转化效率,或与肌红蛋白铁相互作用差异相关。
综上可知,三种氨基酸不会引起MP总巯基含量的变化,但是会使活性巯基含量上升。
不同蛋白质的二级结构也不同,在测定的傅里叶红外光谱图中峰的位置不同,吸收的强弱不同,因此可以根据傅里叶红外光谱图对MP的二级结构进行分析[37]图5为傅里叶红外光谱的分析结果,图6为基于图5的光谱数据绘制而成的L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉中MP二级结构分析结果。L-Lys组α-螺旋含量随添加量增加呈稳定递减趋势,L3、L4组显著低于空白组(P<0.05),但L1、L2组无显著差异(推测L-Lys浓度未达到阈值),其ε-氨基通过强碱性提升体系pH、中和MP负电荷,削弱α-螺旋分子内斥力并促进向β-折叠转化;L-Arg组(除最低浓度A1组)α-螺旋含量亦随浓度升高降低(P<0.05),高浓度胍基作用机制与L-Lys相似,而低浓度A1组因胍基共振稳定性及金属螯合作用,对局部结构有暂时稳定效应;L-His 组(除0.08%浓度)α-螺旋含量高于空白组,H3组α-螺旋含量显著高于空白组(P<0.05),0.60%组和0.15%组与空白组无显著差异,H1组因浓度不足未产生显著影响。随着浓度升高,咪唑基引发的静电排斥增强分子内氢键,稳定了α-螺旋结构[38],在高浓度下(H4组),过量His使体系pH趋近其等电点,导致部分咪唑基去质子化,正电荷量减少,显著削弱静电排斥对α-螺旋的稳定作用[36]
三种氨基酸均提高β-折叠含量,其中L-Lys(除最低浓度L1组)和L-Arg组呈浓度依赖性递增(P<0.05),这与静电排斥诱导α-螺旋向β-折叠转化相关[26],L1组因浓度不足未产生显著影响。L-His组因咪唑基的pH缓冲作用,高浓度时α-螺旋与β-折叠同步增加,表现出独特的构象调控模式[38]。在β-转角和无规则卷曲层面,除0.30% L-Arg组、0.30% L-His组外,其余试验组β-转角率略高于空白组,可能通过提升蛋白链柔性促进分子间交联;L-Lys组和L-His组的无规则卷曲均小于空白组,表明其诱导蛋白构象向有序结构β-折叠、α-螺旋转化,而L-Arg组仅在0.30% 时因过度展开出现局部无序聚集。
综上,L-Lys和L-Arg通过α-螺旋向β-折叠单向转化优化凝胶网络,L-His通过双向调控提供差异化稳定机制,其中0.30% L-Arg组凭借最高β-折叠含量实现品质协同优化。牦牛肉脂肪含量<5%的特性使其凝胶构建高度依赖蛋白间相互作用,β-折叠的分子间氢键网络可弥补缺乏脂肪支撑的结构脆弱性[32],显著增强保水能力[39],为低脂牦牛肉制品开发提供了结构依据。
MP荧光光谱的变化可以反映MP构象的变化。L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉中MP三级结构的影响如图7所示。三种氨基酸的添加均能使MP的荧光强度降低,而且随着添加量的增加呈现递减的趋势,并且荧光强度的峰值点均发生了红移,此结果与李诗义[35]的结果相似。推测原因可能是这三种氨基酸可以使色氨酸残基暴露在更加极性的微环境中[40]。L-Arg组MP的荧光强度下降幅度大于L-His组,小于L-Lys组。表明L-Lys三级结构展开程度更大,L-Arg次之,L-His最小。其中0.60% L-Lys组MP三级结构展开的程度最大。
SDS-PAGE 可直观反映肌纤维蛋白的分子质量分布及相互作用变化。如图8所示,所有试验组与空白组均呈现肌球蛋白重链、肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白轻链和肌钙蛋白的特征条带,未出现新条带或条带缺失,表明三种碱性氨基酸未导致MP发生显著降解或亚基解离,与刘旺等[22]的研究结果一致,验证了MP提取的完整性及实验体系的可靠性。
进一步对比条带强度发现,试验组的肌球蛋白重链、肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白轻链及肌钙蛋白条带均显著深于空白组,且呈现一定的浓度依赖性差异。L-Lys和L-Arg组条带深度随浓度升高逐渐加深,其中0.60%L-Arg组(溶解度最优)和0.30%L-Lys组(活性巯基最高)信号最强,推测高浓度碱性氨基酸通过提升蛋白水溶性、暴露活性基团(如ε-氨基、胍基),增强了蛋白与SDS的结合效率,与二者在溶解度(图1a)和巯基活性(图4)的优势一致。L-His组条带强度整体高于空白组但无浓度依赖性,可能与其诱导α-螺旋与β-折叠同步增加的构象特性相关,适度的结构展开促进了分子间弱相互作用,但未破坏蛋白完整性[38]
条带强度变化与功能特性存在机制关联:表面疏水性升高(图2)表明蛋白构象展开、疏水基团暴露,与肌球蛋白重链条带加深一致,反映碱性氨基酸通过破坏三级结构(图7)增加SDS结合位点。
综上,SDS-PAGE 通过条带强度差异,揭示碱性氨基酸通过非降解性构象调控改善MP溶解与交联能力,为其作为盐替代物提供了分子层面的证据。
保水性是反映MP凝胶性能的重要指标。L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉中MP凝胶保水性的影响如图9(a)所示。总体来看,所有试验组的保水性均显著高于空白组(P<0.05),加入L-Lys和L-Arg的凝胶保水性增加的原因可能是其可以改变肌球蛋白的粒径和结构,改善了蛋白凝胶的微观结构[40],二者通过静电中和作用降低MP分子间聚集(图1b),促使蛋白构象展开并暴露疏水基团(图2),同时诱导α-螺旋向β-折叠转化(图6)以形成更均匀的凝胶网络,且高浓度时(如0.30%),L-Lys的ε-氨基和L-Arg的胍基还可通过增强活性巯基暴露(图4)促进分子间交联来进一步优化持水能力,从而提高了MP凝胶的保水性;而L-His组的保水性提升与其咪唑基的pH缓冲功能相关,低浓度时通过提高MP溶解度(图1a)增加可溶性蛋白含量,在热诱导下形成细小聚集物并构建蜂窝状三维结构[38],高浓度时(0.60%)其诱导α-螺旋与β-折叠同步增加的构象特性(图6)则可能通过保留部分有序结构增强凝胶稳定性以提升保水效果,且L-His组中,添加量为0.08%的试验组显著高于空白组(P<0.05),显著低于0.60%的试验组(P<0.05),揭示L-His对MP凝胶保水性的浓度依赖性效应。综上可知,三种氨基酸均能增加凝胶保水性,表明三种氨基酸能够提升MP的凝胶性能。其中0.30%的L-Lys组和L-Arg组的凝胶保水性最佳。
L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉中MP凝胶蒸煮损失的影响如图9(b)所示。总体来看,所有试验组的MP凝胶蒸煮损失均低于空白组,与Wang等[41]结果相似,他们通过向乳清蛋白中加入L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His,发现这三种氨基酸均能使乳清蛋白形成均匀、致密的凝胶,改善凝胶的保水性,推测MP和乳清蛋白的机理可能相同。除了0.08% L-His组与空白组差异不显著(P>0.05),其余各试验组均显著低于空白组(P<0.05)。综上可知,三种氨基酸均能降低MP凝胶的蒸煮损失,表明三种氨基酸能够提升MP的凝胶性能。其中0.30% L-Lys组的凝胶蒸煮损失最低。
凝胶的白度是重要的感官品质指标。L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉中MP凝胶白度值的影响如图10(a)所示。总体来看,L-Lys和L-Arg组的MP凝胶白度值均显著低于空白组(P<0.05),而且随着添加量的增加呈现递减的趋势,原因可能是L-Lys和L-Arg自身为白色晶体,二者分子结构中的ε-氨基和胍基均为强极性基团,可能通过增强界面光吸收、降低散射效率等方式改变蛋白凝胶网络对光的反射路径,导致凝胶白度随添加量增加而递减[42]。这种颜色影响与官能团的极性效应共同作用,使得高浓度组的白度降幅更为显著;L-His组中,仅有添加量为0.08%的试验组显著低于空白组(P<0.05),其余各组均无显著影响(P>0.05)。低浓度L-His(0.08%)通过咪唑基轻微电离诱导MP局部展开,致色氨酸暴露及局部聚集,显著降低白度;高浓度(≥0.15%)时,其诱导的α-螺旋与β-折叠增加促进分子均一排布,且咪唑基缓冲饱和,使白度恢复至空白水平。综上可知,L-Lys和L-Arg可以降低MP凝胶的白度值,且添加量为0.60%时下降幅度最大,L-His(除0.08%)不会对MP凝胶的白度值产生影响。
图10(b)所示,当L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His添加量为0.08%和0.15%时,三组试验的MP凝胶强度均低于空白组,其中L-Lys和L-Arg组显著降低(P<0.05)。此结果与Fu等[40]结果相似。而当添加量提升至0.30%(L-Lys、L-Arg)时,凝胶强度显著高于空白组(P<0.05);0.60% L-His组的凝胶强度较空白组有所提升,但未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。此结果与Qin等[43]结果相似,这种浓度依赖性效应的产生机制主要与氨基酸的电荷特性和诱导的构象变化有关,在低浓度(≤0.15%)条件下,L-Lys和L-Arg(可能也包括L-His)的强极性基团(如ε-氨基、胍基)显著增加MP表面负电荷,静电排斥效应占主导地位,阻碍了蛋白-蛋白相互作用及有效交联网络的形成[44],这种电荷排斥的不利影响被放大,导致凝胶强度下降。而在高浓度(≥0.30%)条件下,氨基酸诱导MP构象展开(图7),暴露出活性巯基(图4)与疏水基团(图2),这促进了二硫键交联和疏水相互作用,形成更致密的凝胶网络,同时β-折叠含量的增加(图6)也提升了网络稳定性[26]。此时,构象调控与分子间交联形成的作用克服了电荷排斥效应,使凝胶强度显著提升;不过L-His的作用相对温和,需达到0.60%的高浓度才能有效提升凝胶强度。综上所述,三种氨基酸在0.08%、0.15%时均降低MP凝胶强度,在0.60%时均提高MP凝胶强度;在0.30%时,L-Lys和L-Arg提高MP凝胶强度,而L-His组则未表现出提升。
粘弹流变性是MP凝胶的重要特征。本实验主要通过G'和G"来对MP凝胶的流变性特征进行分析。L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉中MP凝胶G'的影响如图11(a)图11(b)所示。G'又叫弹性模量,主要反映MP凝胶的弹性。总体来看,0.30% L-Lys组、0.60% L-Lys组和0.60% L-Arg组总体没有较大变化,保持平缓;除了这三组以外,其余各组均在49~54 ℃缓慢下降,在55~60 ℃迅速上升,在60 ℃附近达到顶点,在60~70 ℃迅速下降,在70~85 ℃又缓慢上升,与雷振[45]结果相似。当温度超过55 ℃,G'迅速上升,这个阶段是凝胶形成阶段,MP之间开始发生交联并形成较为疏松的网络结构;在64 ℃ G'开始迅速下降,这个阶段是凝胶的减弱阶段,肌球蛋白尾部展开,导致凝胶网络被破坏和肌动球蛋白的分解;在70 ℃以后,凝胶再次开始上升,这个阶段是凝胶的增强,MP充分展开和变性,形成了稳定且不可逆的三维网状凝胶结构[46]。在温度为55~70 ℃之间,L-Lys组和L-Arg组中,所有试验组的G'均明显低于空白组,且随着添加量的增多呈现递减的趋势。L-His组中,所有试验组的G'均低于空白组,但各组之间没有明显差异。在80~85 ℃时,0.60% L-His组、0.30%和0.60%的L-Lys组、0.08%和0.30%的L-Arg组高于空白组。在降温过程中,添加量为0.30%、0.60%的L-Lys和L-Arg组的G'均高于空白组;添加量为0.60%的L-His组的G'略低于空白组,其余试验组均低于空白组。上述G'动态变化表明,碱性氨基酸对MP凝胶弹性的调控与温度、浓度密切相关:低温阶段(≤60 ℃),低浓度氨基酸(尤其是强极性的L-Lys、L-Arg)通过增加MP表面负电荷强化分子间静电排斥,抑制凝胶网络形成,导致G'低于空白组;高温阶段(≥70 ℃),高浓度氨基酸(如L-Lys、L-Arg≥0.30%)诱导MP构象充分展开,通过巯基交联和疏水相互作用构建稳定网络,使G' 显著高于空白组,且强极性氨基酸实现有效调控的浓度阈值低于弱极性L-His,该规律与凝胶强度等静态指标的变化机制一致。
G"反映材料的黏性大小。L-Lys、L-Arg、L-His对牦牛肉中MP凝胶G"的影响如图11(c)所示。总体来看,0.30% L-Lys组、0.60% L-Lys组和0.60% L-Arg组总体的趋势是先保持平缓,在65 ℃附近开始上升;除了这三组以外,其余各组均是在50~60 ℃上升,在60 ℃附近达到顶点,在60~70 ℃迅速下降,在70~85 ℃又缓慢上升。在50~70 ℃所有试验组的G"均低于空白组;在70~75 ℃时,0.08% L-Lys组、0.08% L-Arg组、0.15% L-Arg组和0.30% L-His组的G"低于空白组;在75~80 ℃时,仅有0.08% L-Lys组低于空白组;在80~85 ℃时,所有组的G"均高于空白组。上述结果表明,MP凝胶黏性(G")的温度-浓度依赖性特征与氨基酸的电荷特性及构象调控能力密切相关:低浓度时电荷排斥主导低温阶段黏性抑制,高浓度时构象交联主导高温阶段黏性增强,揭示了碱性氨基酸通过动态调控蛋白相互作用优化凝胶网络的机制,为牦牛肉制品热加工中的温度工艺优化提供了流变学依据。
本研究证实,在0.30%~0.60%(w/v)添加量下,L-Lys、L-Arg和L-His均能改善牦牛肉MP的氧化状态、结构与凝胶性能。L-Lys(0.30%)在降低蒸煮损失(降幅达58%)和增强高温(≥70 ℃)凝胶响应性方面效果显著;L-Arg(0.60%)则在提升溶解度(最高86.38%,较空白提高约25%)、抑制浊度方面表现最优。L-His(0.60%)可提升凝胶强度(增幅4.2%),其改善作用相对温和。然而,高浓度L-Arg(0.60%)显著增加了蛋白质氧化损伤(羰基含量最高达5.54 nmol/mg),L-Lys和L-Arg还导致凝胶白度随浓度增加而降低。牦牛肉特有的高肌红蛋白含量加剧了氧化风险,而其低脂特性则使凝胶结构优化高度依赖L-Lys/L-Arg诱导的β-折叠增加(如0.30% L-Arg组达37.038%)及其促进的分子间交联。综合而言,L-Lys和L-Arg在优化牦牛肉MP凝胶性能方面更具优势,但需严格控制浓度(推荐0.30%)以平衡氧化风险;L-His则提供了一种氧化风险较低但效果相对温和的替代选择。本研究为开发基于碱性氨基酸类型(L-Lys/L-Arg优先)与浓度(0.30%~0.60%)适配的低钠低磷牦牛肉制品提供了理论依据。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030008
  • 接收时间:2025-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-05
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    1.西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610041
    2.肉类加工四川省重点实验室,四川成都 610081

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王琳琳(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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