Article(id=1261336280449859721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778655603753, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778655603753, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778655603753, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778655603753, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=104, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261336284790964382, articleId=1261336280449859721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Hydrolysis Characteristics of Walnut Protein Hydrolysates by Alkaline Protease, Screening of Low-bitterness Antioxidant Peptides and Molecular Docking, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the hydrolysis characteristics of walnut protein hydrolysates and identify low-bitterness antioxidant peptides derived from them. Four proteases—papain, chymotrypsin, alkaline protease, and acid protease—were used to hydrolyze walnut proteins, and the degree of hydrolysis of the resulting hydrolysates was evaluated. The study focused on alkaline protease treatment at varying hydrolysis durations (2, 4, and 6 h), examining the degree of hydrolysis, yield, molecular weight distribution, bitterness response value, and amino acid composition of the hydrolysates. Low-bitterness antioxidant peptides were subsequently identified from the hydrolysates with reduced bitterness. Results showed that alkaline protease effectively hydrolyzed walnut proteins, achieving the highest degree of hydrolysis (55.60%±0.46%) and yield (48.86%±0.99%) after 6 h. As hydrolysis time increased, the proportion of high molecular weight components decreased, while that of low molecular weight components increased. The hydrolysate obtained after 4 h of hydrolysis exhibited the lowest bitterness response value, characterized by minimal proportions of hydrophobic and bitter amino acids in its composition, and displayed significant antioxidant activity. Two non-bitter peptide sequences, YWL and FFL, were identified from the 4 h hydrolysate. Molecular docking analysis indicated that these peptides could effectively bind to the Keap1 protein through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, thereby exerting antioxidant effects. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the development of high-quality, low-bitterness walnut-derived antioxidant peptides, offering valuable insights for their potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals.

, correspAuthors=Li ZHANG, Yang TIAN, Jing XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wanting ZHANG, Li ZHANG, Wanying GONG, Weitao ZHANG, Yang TIAN, Jing XIE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261336300666405185, articleId=1261336280449859721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=核桃碱性蛋白酶酶解物水解特性及其低苦味抗氧化肽的筛选与分子对接解析, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在明确核桃蛋白酶解物水解特性,并从中筛选出低苦味抗氧化肽。采用四种蛋白酶(木瓜蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶)酶解核桃蛋白,分析酶解物水解程度;研究了碱性蛋白酶在不同酶解时间(2、4、6 h)下酶解产物的水解度和酶解物得率,并检测了酶解物分子量分布、苦味响应值及氨基酸组成;从低苦味酶解物中筛选鉴定出低苦味抗氧化肽。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶能有效地水解核桃蛋白,其中酶解6 h的酶解产物水解度最高(55.60%±0.46%),且酶解物得率也最高(48.86%±0.99%);随着酶解时间延长,大分子量组分占比逐渐减小,小分子量组分占比逐渐增大;此外,酶解4 h的酶解物具有最低的苦味响应值,其氨基酸组成中疏水性氨基酸占比和苦味氨基酸占比最低,且显示出较好的抗氧化活性;从4 h酶解产物中鉴定出非苦味肽序列YWL和FFL,进一步分子对接分析显示,这两条肽能通过氢键和疏水作用方式与Keap1蛋白紧密结合,从而发挥抗氧化作用。研究可为开发高价值、低苦味的核桃源抗氧化肽提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=张丽, 田洋, 解静, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张丽(1987−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:
解静(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能食品,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=mjHDnIPvvy+Q82i6liZU8w==, magXml=AT8Z3btg31l0dIwZcbbvHA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DNs/7vdTqi3A660n5DmLbw==, pdfFileSize=7312796, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=bijyUTz+fm9sJoi6ojekXA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jUi706iGdY35zoZ//Pgz3g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张婉婷(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:药食资源产品的研究与开发,E-mail:

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2.Engineering Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Food and Medicine Homologous Resources, Kunming 650201, China
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2.食药同源资源开发与利用教育部工程研究中心,云南昆明 650201
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张婉婷(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:药食资源产品的研究与开发,E-mail:

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张婉婷(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:药食资源产品的研究与开发,E-mail:

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注:不同字母表示组间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=AUy765zxGw8fy07xzS4dew==, figureFileBig=bijyUTz+fm9sJoi6ojekXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336345574818519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Hydrolysis of walnut protein at different enzymatic times, figureFileSmall=xXeBJr/7DTs5jn5xRjxT4g==, figureFileBig=BnKR0Nn9P6VOdsGqLnZf+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336346694697698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=CN, label=图2, caption=核桃蛋白不同酶解时间下的水解情况

注:同一检测指标不同字母表示有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=xXeBJr/7DTs5jn5xRjxT4g==, figureFileBig=BnKR0Nn9P6VOdsGqLnZf+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336348598911720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysates at different enzymatic times, figureFileSmall=hpIz8MFhEwE4f2s9OCO2Kg==, figureFileBig=elkqJRk1Eyc/rzwv0cafhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336348837987054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同酶解时间下酶解产物的分子量分布

注:同一分子量段不同字母表示有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=hpIz8MFhEwE4f2s9OCO2Kg==, figureFileBig=elkqJRk1Eyc/rzwv0cafhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336349362275063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Electronic tongue results of the hydrolysates at different enzymatic times, figureFileSmall=BV56q3sNEtYPy5SL/RjQZA==, figureFileBig=GmonL09fAJTNgTG/WJauPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336350113055484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同酶解时间下酶解产物的电子舌结果, figureFileSmall=BV56q3sNEtYPy5SL/RjQZA==, figureFileBig=GmonL09fAJTNgTG/WJauPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336351002247945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Antioxidant activity of walnut proteins and enzymatic hydrolysis products, figureFileSmall=Q8rjdsXD5cTd52x+eRWvuQ==, figureFileBig=DKF6gnnk8zKfuQAo1fyNkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336353300726542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=CN, label=图5, caption=核桃蛋白和酶解产物的抗氧化活性

注:同一检测指标不同字母表示有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Q8rjdsXD5cTd52x+eRWvuQ==, figureFileBig=DKF6gnnk8zKfuQAo1fyNkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336353917289237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Interaction between YWL, FFL and Keap1 protein, figureFileSmall=qCcw4eOzABosJlRKyooGjA==, figureFileBig=uZsG83Ef5tDUSa0IhIlpKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336354328331037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=CN, label=图6, caption=YWL、FFL与Keap1蛋白的相互作用, figureFileSmall=qCcw4eOzABosJlRKyooGjA==, figureFileBig=uZsG83Ef5tDUSa0IhIlpKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336354810676002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Amino acid composition of protease hydrolysates of walnut protein (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸2 h4 h6 h
注:氨基酸的百分含量为各氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的百分数。疏水性氨基酸包括:丙氨酸、缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸;苦味氨基酸包括:缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸。
天冬氨酸(Asp-D)8.549.819.93
苏氨酸(Thr-T)4.815.045.02
丝氨酸(Ser-S)5.846.136.09
谷氨酸(Glu-E)12.8014.3414.34
甘氨酸(Gly-G)5.235.155.07
丙氨酸(Ala-A)5.755.355.33
胱氨酸(Cys2-C)1.990.590.49
缬氨酸(Val-V)4.443.843.84
甲硫氨酸(Met-M)3.882.752.71
异亮氨酸(Ile-I)4.454.364.39
亮氨酸(Leu-L)6.937.837.83
酪氨酸(Tyr-Y)5.626.606.67
苯丙氨酸(Phe-F)5.546.016.14
组氨酸(His-H)3.873.253.14
赖氨酸(Lys-K)4.885.065.10
精氨酸(Arg-R)7.688.968.67
脯氨酸(Pro-P)7.764.945.24
∑疏水性氨基酸比例38.7435.0835.48
∑苦味氨基酸比例55.0553.6053.73
), ArticleFig(id=1261336355100082979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

核桃蛋白酶解产物的氨基酸组成(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸2 h4 h6 h
注:氨基酸的百分含量为各氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的百分数。疏水性氨基酸包括:丙氨酸、缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸;苦味氨基酸包括:缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸。
天冬氨酸(Asp-D)8.549.819.93
苏氨酸(Thr-T)4.815.045.02
丝氨酸(Ser-S)5.846.136.09
谷氨酸(Glu-E)12.8014.3414.34
甘氨酸(Gly-G)5.235.155.07
丙氨酸(Ala-A)5.755.355.33
胱氨酸(Cys2-C)1.990.590.49
缬氨酸(Val-V)4.443.843.84
甲硫氨酸(Met-M)3.882.752.71
异亮氨酸(Ile-I)4.454.364.39
亮氨酸(Leu-L)6.937.837.83
酪氨酸(Tyr-Y)5.626.606.67
苯丙氨酸(Phe-F)5.546.016.14
组氨酸(His-H)3.873.253.14
赖氨酸(Lys-K)4.885.065.10
精氨酸(Arg-R)7.688.968.67
脯氨酸(Pro-P)7.764.945.24
∑疏水性氨基酸比例38.7435.0835.48
∑苦味氨基酸比例55.0553.6053.73
), ArticleFig(id=1261336355615982381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Bioinformatics prediction results of identified peptide sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽序列氨基酸数分子量(Da)是否属于苦味肽活性评分PFRS评分PMC评分
FDLL4506.2740.8380.3610.273
EFLL4520.2900.6050.3820.279
LSF3365.195非苦0.8290.3560.273
FLL3391.2470.9540.3790.280
VQF3392.206非苦0.4730.3840.245
LAF3349.200非苦0.8700.3830.272
YWL3480.237非苦0.9520.5680.219
FFDV4526.2430.8460.3610.243
LNVL4457.290非苦0.1580.3440.255
FFL3425.231非苦0.9960.3940.276
), ArticleFig(id=1261336357465670451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

鉴定的肽序列的生物信息学预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽序列氨基酸数分子量(Da)是否属于苦味肽活性评分PFRS评分PMC评分
FDLL4506.2740.8380.3610.273
EFLL4520.2900.6050.3820.279
LSF3365.195非苦0.8290.3560.273
FLL3391.2470.9540.3790.280
VQF3392.206非苦0.4730.3840.245
LAF3349.200非苦0.8700.3830.272
YWL3480.237非苦0.9520.5680.219
FFDV4526.2430.8460.3610.243
LNVL4457.290非苦0.1580.3440.255
FFL3425.231非苦0.9960.3940.276
), ArticleFig(id=1261336358002541370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Molecular docking results of FWL, FFL and Keap1 protein

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽序列作用方式Keap1 受体蛋白的氢键残基、疏水残基相互作用能(kcal·mol−1
YWL氢键Ser363 (B)、Asn414 (B)、Arg415 (B)−9.4
疏水作用Tyr334 (B)、Asn382 (B)、Ser383 (B)、Gly386 (B)、Phe577 (B)、Pro384 (B)、Tyr572 (B)、Gly462 (B)、Ser508 (B)、Gly509 (B)、Ala556 (B)、Gly603 (B)、Gly364 (B)
FFL氢键Arg415 (B)、Ser602 (B)−9.2
疏水作用Asn382 (B)、Ala556 (B)、Ser508 (B)、Ser363 (B)、Arg483 (B)、Tyr525 (B)、Phe577 (B)、Tyr572 (B)、Ser555 (B)、Tyr334 (B)
), ArticleFig(id=1261336358342280002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336280449859721, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

YWL、FFL与Keap1蛋白的分子对接结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽序列作用方式Keap1 受体蛋白的氢键残基、疏水残基相互作用能(kcal·mol−1
YWL氢键Ser363 (B)、Asn414 (B)、Arg415 (B)−9.4
疏水作用Tyr334 (B)、Asn382 (B)、Ser383 (B)、Gly386 (B)、Phe577 (B)、Pro384 (B)、Tyr572 (B)、Gly462 (B)、Ser508 (B)、Gly509 (B)、Ala556 (B)、Gly603 (B)、Gly364 (B)
FFL氢键Arg415 (B)、Ser602 (B)−9.2
疏水作用Asn382 (B)、Ala556 (B)、Ser508 (B)、Ser363 (B)、Arg483 (B)、Tyr525 (B)、Phe577 (B)、Tyr572 (B)、Ser555 (B)、Tyr334 (B)
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核桃碱性蛋白酶酶解物水解特性及其低苦味抗氧化肽的筛选与分子对接解析
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张婉婷 1, 2, 3 , 张丽 *, 1, 2 , 龚婉莹 1, 2 , 张惟韬 1, 3 , 田洋 *, 1, 2, 3 , 解静 *, 1, 2, 3
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(9): 104-112
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食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026, 47(9): 104-112
核桃碱性蛋白酶酶解物水解特性及其低苦味抗氧化肽的筛选与分子对接解析
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张婉婷1, 2, 3 , 张丽*, 1, 2 , 龚婉莹1, 2, 张惟韬1, 3, 田洋*, 1, 2, 3 , 解静*, 1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650201
  • 2.食药同源资源开发与利用教育部工程研究中心,云南昆明 650201
  • 3.云南省精准营养与个性化食品制造重点实验室,云南昆明 650201
  • 张婉婷(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:药食资源产品的研究与开发,E-mail:

通讯作者:

张丽(1987−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:
解静(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能食品,E-mail:
Hydrolysis Characteristics of Walnut Protein Hydrolysates by Alkaline Protease, Screening of Low-bitterness Antioxidant Peptides and Molecular Docking
Wanting ZHANG1, 2, 3 , Li ZHANG*, 1, 2 , Wanying GONG1, 2, Weitao ZHANG1, 3, Yang TIAN*, 1, 2, 3 , Jing XIE*, 1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
  • 2.Engineering Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Food and Medicine Homologous Resources, Kunming 650201, China
  • 3.Yunnan Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Kunming 650201, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040052
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本研究旨在明确核桃蛋白酶解物水解特性,并从中筛选出低苦味抗氧化肽。采用四种蛋白酶(木瓜蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶)酶解核桃蛋白,分析酶解物水解程度;研究了碱性蛋白酶在不同酶解时间(2、4、6 h)下酶解产物的水解度和酶解物得率,并检测了酶解物分子量分布、苦味响应值及氨基酸组成;从低苦味酶解物中筛选鉴定出低苦味抗氧化肽。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶能有效地水解核桃蛋白,其中酶解6 h的酶解产物水解度最高(55.60%±0.46%),且酶解物得率也最高(48.86%±0.99%);随着酶解时间延长,大分子量组分占比逐渐减小,小分子量组分占比逐渐增大;此外,酶解4 h的酶解物具有最低的苦味响应值,其氨基酸组成中疏水性氨基酸占比和苦味氨基酸占比最低,且显示出较好的抗氧化活性;从4 h酶解产物中鉴定出非苦味肽序列YWL和FFL,进一步分子对接分析显示,这两条肽能通过氢键和疏水作用方式与Keap1蛋白紧密结合,从而发挥抗氧化作用。研究可为开发高价值、低苦味的核桃源抗氧化肽提供理论依据。

核桃蛋白  /  碱性蛋白酶  /  苦味  /  抗氧化活性  /  分子对接

This study aimed to investigate the hydrolysis characteristics of walnut protein hydrolysates and identify low-bitterness antioxidant peptides derived from them. Four proteases—papain, chymotrypsin, alkaline protease, and acid protease—were used to hydrolyze walnut proteins, and the degree of hydrolysis of the resulting hydrolysates was evaluated. The study focused on alkaline protease treatment at varying hydrolysis durations (2, 4, and 6 h), examining the degree of hydrolysis, yield, molecular weight distribution, bitterness response value, and amino acid composition of the hydrolysates. Low-bitterness antioxidant peptides were subsequently identified from the hydrolysates with reduced bitterness. Results showed that alkaline protease effectively hydrolyzed walnut proteins, achieving the highest degree of hydrolysis (55.60%±0.46%) and yield (48.86%±0.99%) after 6 h. As hydrolysis time increased, the proportion of high molecular weight components decreased, while that of low molecular weight components increased. The hydrolysate obtained after 4 h of hydrolysis exhibited the lowest bitterness response value, characterized by minimal proportions of hydrophobic and bitter amino acids in its composition, and displayed significant antioxidant activity. Two non-bitter peptide sequences, YWL and FFL, were identified from the 4 h hydrolysate. Molecular docking analysis indicated that these peptides could effectively bind to the Keap1 protein through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, thereby exerting antioxidant effects. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the development of high-quality, low-bitterness walnut-derived antioxidant peptides, offering valuable insights for their potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals.

walnut protein  /  alkaline  /  bitter taste  /  antioxidant activity  /  molecular docking
张婉婷, 张丽, 龚婉莹, 张惟韬, 田洋, 解静. 核桃碱性蛋白酶酶解物水解特性及其低苦味抗氧化肽的筛选与分子对接解析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 104 -112 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040052
Wanting ZHANG, Li ZHANG, Wanying GONG, Weitao ZHANG, Yang TIAN, Jing XIE. Hydrolysis Characteristics of Walnut Protein Hydrolysates by Alkaline Protease, Screening of Low-bitterness Antioxidant Peptides and Molecular Docking[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 104 -112 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040052
核桃蛋白是一种优质植物蛋白,核桃蛋白的消化率和净蛋白比值比其他普通植物蛋白更高,效价与动物蛋白相近,其中8种人体必需氨基酸含量占比高,接近联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织规定的标准[1]。由于核桃蛋白主要以疏水性氨基酸和酸性氨基酸为主,核桃蛋白的溶解性低,在一定程度影响了核桃蛋白的其他功能特性,并限制了其在食品加工与配料领域中的进一步应用。酶法改性是改善核桃蛋白功能性的有效方法之一[2]。酶水解会使蛋白质降解为肽类甚至是氨基酸,其方法简单有效、可控制、安全性高[3],酶解技术可以显著改善蛋白的理化特性,也可以促进蛋白质的消化吸收,还能产生许多生物活性组分,但是在酶水解过程中,不可避免地形成许多不良风味,特别是苦味[4],很大程度上影响了其在食品中的应用。
在天然食物的蛋白质中,大多数疏水性的氨基酸残基通常被包裹在蛋白质分子的内部结构中,不与味蕾接触,因此通常不会使人感受到苦味。然而,当蛋白质发生水解时,肽链中的疏水性氨基酸残基逐渐被释放,开始接触到味蕾,从而引发苦味的感知。随着水解过程的深入,更多的疏水性氨基酸残基被暴露,苦味的强度也随之增加。但是,当这些苦味肽进一步被分解成小分子肽或游离氨基酸后,由于它们的结构不再满足苦味肽的形成条件,苦味会逐渐降低[5]。影响酶解物苦味的因素包括:底物性质(疏水性氨基酸含量、排列及空间结构)、水解酶种类(蛋白酶专一性导致产物差异)和水解程度(与苦味呈钟形曲线关系)[6]。因此,通过优化这些工艺参数可以开发出降低苦味的酶解工艺。
蛋白酶解技术能够从多种蛋白质来源中提取具有抗氧化[7]、抗菌[8]、降尿酸[9]、降血压[10]、降血糖[11]、降脂[12]和改善记忆[13]等多种生理活性的生物活性肽。其中,抗氧化肽因其在控制氧化应激、延缓疾病发展和预防并发症方面的显著效果而备受关注。核桃抗氧化肽作为近年来的研究热点,因其高效的抗氧化能力而被认为具有巨大的开发潜力。Chen等[14]从核桃蛋白水解物中鉴定出一种四肽(Ala-Asp-Ala-Phe),其对脂质过氧化的抑制作用与谷胱甘肽(GSH)相当。此外,Hu等[15]从山核桃分离蛋白的碱性蛋白酶酶解物中筛选出一种抗氧化肽(LAYLQYTDFETR),该肽在体外表现出良好的ABTS+自由基清除能力。Ouyang等[16]从核桃蛋白中筛选出5种抗氧化肽(YQ-10、RF-6、YL-4、PE-5、NQ-9),这些肽在ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除能力方面表现出色。然而,酶解核桃蛋白使多肽末端疏水氨基酸暴露,导致核桃多肽常有苦味,极大限制了其在食品工业中的应用。因此,从低苦味酶解物中筛选非苦味抗氧化肽是拓宽其应用范围的关键所在。
本研究采用木瓜蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶对核桃蛋白进行酶解,以评估酶解效率。为深入探究酶解特性并筛选低苦味酶解物,本文重点考察了碱性蛋白酶在2、4、6 h不同酶解时间下的表现,对比分析了水解度、酶解物得率、分子量分布、苦味值及氨基酸组成。随后,从低苦味酶解物中筛选并鉴定出抗氧化肽,并通过分子对接技术解析其作用机制。本研究不仅为核桃蛋白的高效利用提供了科学依据,还为开发低苦味的、具有抗氧化功能的核桃源肽产品奠定了基础。
核桃蛋白 西安煦隆生物科技有限公司;木瓜蛋白酶(1×105 U/g)、碱性蛋白酶(2×105 U/g)、酸性蛋白酶(8×105 U/g) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;糜蛋白酶(2.5×105 U/g) 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS) 上海晶纯生化科技股份有限公司;甲醇、乙腈 均为色谱纯,默克化工技术(上海)有限公司;氢氧化钠、盐酸、氯化钠 均为国产分析纯试剂。
梅特勒PE28 pH计 上海右一仪器有限公司;BSA124S-CW电子分析天平 德国Sartorius公司;78-2型双向磁力加热搅拌器 江苏金坛区中大仪器厂;FD-1A-50型冷冻干燥机 上海比朗仪器制造有限公司;HH-4型数显恒温水浴锅 国华电器有限公司;TDL-5-A型离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;Bio-Tek Synergy H4全功能酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器;L-8900 氨基酸自动分析仪 日本日立高科技有限公司;TS-5000Z型电子舌(味觉分析系统) 日本Insent公司;Agilent 1220高效液相色谱分析仪 美国Agilent公司;LC-MS/MS液相色谱串联质谱仪、Q Exactive HF-X四极杆-轨道阱高分辨质谱仪 Thermo Fisher公司。
采用木瓜蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶对核桃蛋白进行水解。参考Yu等[17]的方法并稍作修改。将核桃蛋白用去离子水配制成6%(w/v)的悬浮液,磁力搅拌器搅拌30 min,在加入酶之前将悬浮液置于水浴锅中;将样品的温度和pH调整到蛋白酶的最适条件(木瓜蛋白酶pH6.5,温度50 ℃;糜蛋白酶pH8.0,温度50 ℃;碱性蛋白酶pH10.0,温度50 ℃;酸性蛋白酶pH3.0,温度50 ℃)。当温度和pH达到稳定时,将四种蛋白酶分别加入到溶液中进行酶解,酶-底物比均为5000 U/g,酶解4 h结束后,将酶解液放入沸水15 min灭酶活终止水解,然后样品快速冷却至室温,调节pH至中性,将酶解产物在4 ℃,4000 r/min转速下离心20 min,收集上清液,即得核桃蛋白酶解物。
在后续实验中,采用碱性蛋白酶水解核桃蛋白,设置3组平行酶解体系,具体操作步骤与前文相同,调整之处为:分别于反应开始后2、4、6 h取出整组体系,立即灭酶,然后快速冷却至室温,调整体系pH至中性,离心,收集对应上清液,获得2、4、6 h三个独立样品。
核桃蛋白水解产物的水解度测定参考Fu等[18]的邻苯二甲醛(OPA)法稍作修改。基于OPA与氨基在硫醇存在下的特异性反应。以亮氨酸溶液作为标准品,取2 mL OPA试剂与10 μL样品混合。孵育2 min后,于340 nm下测定吸光度,不同浓度0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/mL的标品用来绘制标准曲线(Y=1.2465X−0.0019,R2=0.9997)。以亮氨酸为标准计算游离氨基酸当量来确定水解度。用凯氏定氮法来测定底物样品中氨基的总量。水解度的计算见公式(1):
$\rm DH(\text{%})=\frac{{A}_{N2}-{A}_{N1}}{{N}_{PB}}\times 100 $
式中:AN1为蛋白水解前氨基氮含量(mmol/g蛋白);AN2为蛋白水解后氨基氮含量(mmol/g蛋白);NPB为蛋白底物中肽键氮含量(为7.6 mmol/g蛋白[19])。
用冷冻干燥机将水解物冻干得到水解物的干物质。酶解物得率表示为上清液干物质质量与用于酶解的蛋白的质量的百分比,计算见公式(2):
$\rm 得率({\text{%}})=\frac{m_1}{m}\times100 $
式中:m1为酶解产物冻干后的干物质质量(g);m为核桃蛋白的质量(g)。
样品的分子量分布测定参考Li等[20]的尺寸排阻高效液相色谱方法稍作修改。采用Agilent 1220高效液相色谱仪进行测定,色谱柱为BioCore SEC150高效体积排阻色谱柱(300 mm×7.8 nm)。取前述制备的核桃蛋白酶解液2 mL过0.22 μm滤膜转移至进样瓶中,用25%乙腈、75%的水(包含0.1%三氟乙酸)做流动相等度洗脱,上样体积20 μL,柱温为30 ℃,流速选择0.5 mL/min,在220 nm下检测。分子量校正曲线所用标准品为:色氨酸(204 Da),LTYP(493 Da),杆菌肽(1422 Da),胰岛素(5808 Da),细胞色素C(12500 Da),蛋白酶K(28900 Da)。以各标准物质分子量的对数对保留时间作线性回归得到分子质量校准曲线及其方程。分子量计算式如下:lgMw=−0.1245t+7.4114。
参照GB 5009.124-2016的方法测定全水解氨基酸含量。取一定体积的酶解液样品,置于玻璃水解管中,加入6 mol/L盐酸,抽真空封管。使用水解器在110 ℃水解24 h。水解完成后取出冷却至室温,将水解液转移定容后过滤。取一定体积滤液在真空干燥器中干燥成固体,用2.0 mL pH2.2柠檬酸钠缓冲溶液溶解样品,振荡混匀后,吸取液体过0.22 μm滤膜,转移至仪器进样瓶中,使用氨基酸分析仪分析核桃蛋白酶解物的氨基酸组成和含量。
按照1.2.1中的方法将蛋白溶液调整为相应的pH和温度,加入对应的蛋白酶,之后迅速进行了灭酶处理操作的溶液(0 h的样品),作为基准液,其味觉值定义为0,取90 mL不同水解时间的核桃蛋白水解液倒入电子舌配备的小塑料杯中,每个约30 mL作为平行,放入仪器中进行测试,利用相应的传感器获得味觉数据结果。
参考Parejo等[21]的方法稍作修改,测定DPPH自由基清除能力,将1 mL样品溶液加入到1 mL DPPH(1.45×10−4 mol/L)甲醇溶液中。混匀后避光反应30 min,517 nm测定其吸光值。对照组用等量的去离子水代替样品。清除率按公式(3)计算:
$\rm DPPH自由基 清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{A}_{\text{1}}}{{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品组吸光值;A0为对照组吸光值。
参考Liu等[22]的方法稍作修改,测定ABTS+自由基清除能力,ABTS用蒸馏水溶解至浓度为7.4 mmol/L。加入2.6 mmol/L过硫酸钾产生ABTS+。将ABTS+溶液在室温下避光反应12~16 h。然后用蒸馏水稀释ABTS+溶液,直到在734 nm处的吸光度达到0.70(±0.02)。然后将100 μL样品溶液加入到1 mL ABTS+溶液中,混匀后避光反应10 min,在734 nm下读取吸光度。蒸馏水作为空白。清除率按公式(4)计算:
$\rm ABT{S}^+自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{A}_{\text{1}}}{{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品组吸光值;A0为对照组吸光值。
使用LC-MS/MS对多肽序列进行鉴定。取200 μL样品加入500 μL 0.1%三氟乙酸溶解,振荡混匀,12000×g离心约5 min,吸取上清至超滤管(10 kDa),12000×g离心15 min,去除滤膜收集滤液冻干,加入30 μL的0.1%三氟乙酸复溶,C18柱脱盐后进行质谱检测。液相所用的A液为0.1%甲酸水溶液,B液为0.1%甲酸乙腈水溶液(乙腈为84%)。液相色谱柱(0.15 mm×150 mm,RP-C18,Column Technology Inc.)以95%的A液进行平衡,样品由自动进样器上样到Zorbax 300SB-C18 peptide traps(Agilent Technologies,Wilmington,DE),再经色谱柱分离,相关液相梯度设置如下:0~50 min,B液线性梯度从4%到50%;50~54 min,B液线性梯度从50%到100%;54~60 min,B液维持在100%。酶解产物经毛细管高效液相色谱分离后用Q Exactive HF-X四极杆-轨道阱高分辨质谱仪进行质谱分析,检测方式:正离子,质谱测试原始文件用软件MaxQuant 1.5.5.1处理,基于uniprot-Juglans-regia-38355-20230406数据库进行检索,诱饵数据库采用Reverse模式;酶切规则设置为非特异性(Enzyme=None),允许最大漏切位点数为2,未设置固定修饰与可变修饰;母离子质量容差为20 ppm,子离子质量容差为0.1 Da;以FDR≤0.01为阈值筛选可信肽段,完成肽序列解析。
参考谢晋祥[23]的方法,通过在线软件 Peptide Ranker(http://distilldeep.ucd.ie/PeptideRanker/)预测核桃多肽生物活性,通过在线软件 Bitterpredict(http://pmlab.pythonanywhere.com/bitterbertpredict)预测多肽苦味,采用 AnOxPePred 在线软件(https://services.bioinformatics.dtu.dk/services/AnOxPePred-1.0/)预测多肽抗氧化活性,其可以预测多肽的自由基清除能力和金属离子螯合能力。
参考王艳茹[24 ]等的方法,利用AutoDock Tools 1.5.7进行分子对接,分析蛋白质与肽的相互作用。选取的蛋白质为Keap1,其结构数据(PDB ID:4L7B)源自RCSB PD(https://www.rcsb.org/)。使用PyMOL 2.5.4软件去除原始配体和所有水分子,并添加氢原子,预处理后的蛋白质被定义为目标受体。使用Chem3D 20.0软件构建多肽结构进行能量最小化处理,以优化其结构稳定性,处理后的多肽被归类为配体,用于后续的分子对接实验。对接参数设置如下:X=−2.636;Y=3.267;Z=−27.443;对接区域的X、Y、Z方向大小分别为58、40、40。完成对接实验后,共获得10组模型。为了筛选出最稳定的蛋白质-肽复合物构象,从中选取对接能最低的模型,因为较低的对接能通常意味着更稳定的结合状态。最后,利用PyMOL软件直观查看对接结果并作图,借助LigPlus软件深入分析Keap1蛋白与多肽之间的相互作用细节。
每组进行 3 次平行实验,结果以平均值±标准差表示。使用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2 软件进行绘图,其中雷达图用Origin 2021绘制,SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),采用邓肯检验和t检验统计学处理。P<0.05表示具有统计学差异。
蛋白酶是水解蛋白质的关键因素,不同的蛋白酶因其独特的酶切特性,在水解蛋白质时展现出不同的效率和特异性。如图1所示,在对核桃蛋白进行酶解的实验中,木瓜蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶的水解度分别为2.99%±0.43%、23.34%±0.59%、48.35%±1.54%和39.83%±1.10%。其中,碱性蛋白酶的水解度最高。这一结果表明,在所选用的蛋白酶中,碱性蛋白酶对核桃蛋白的水解效率最为突出。碱性蛋白酶之所以具有较高的水解度,主要是其独特的酶学特性和对底物的高效作用机制。碱性蛋白酶在碱性条件下(通常pH在8.0~11.0之间)表现出最高的活性。在这样的碱性环境中,该酶能够保持其活性中心的结构稳定性,并且能够更有效地与底物结合。此外,碱性环境有助于底物肽键的去质子化,从而降低水解反应的活化能,使得水解反应能够更顺利地进行[25]。谢晋祥等[26]的研究进一步支持了这一结论。他们利用三种蛋白酶(包括碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶)对三个品种的核桃蛋白进行酶解实验,结果显示,碱性蛋白酶水解三种核桃蛋白的水解物水解度普遍较高,而木瓜蛋白酶水解物的水解度则普遍较低。这一结果与本文的实验结果高度一致,进一步证实了碱性蛋白酶在核桃蛋白水解中的高效性,因此后续实验选择碱性蛋白酶进行酶解时间的筛选。
水解度是衡量蛋白质分子中肽键断裂程度的一个重要指标,它表示断裂的肽键占蛋白质中总肽键的比例。蛋白水解度的增加反映了肽链长度的不断减小,这是蛋白质水解过程中的关键变化[27]。如图2所示,碱性蛋白酶对核桃蛋白的水解作用随着水解时间的延长而逐渐增强。在水解初期,即2 h时,水解度已经达到了31.33%±0.70%,显示出碱性蛋白酶对核桃蛋白具有较高的水解活性。随着水解时间进一步延长至4 h,水解度显著增加至46.64%±0.53%(P<0.05),这一阶段水解度提高了约15%,表明在水解的前2 h内,碱性蛋白酶对核桃蛋白的水解作用尤为迅速。继续延长水解时间至6 h,水解度进一步提升,达到了55.60%±0.46%(相比前一阶段提高了9%)。这表明在4 h至6 h的时间段内,尽管水解速率有所减缓,但碱性蛋白酶仍然能够持续地对核桃蛋白进行水解。这种逐渐减缓的水解速率可能是由于底物浓度的降低以及部分蛋白酶活性位点的饱和。
蛋白酶解物的得率是衡量核桃蛋白原料利用率的重要指标。它反映了在水解过程中,能够从原始核桃蛋白中成功转化为可溶性肽段的比例。随着水解时间的延长,酶解产物的得率通常会逐渐增大。在本研究中,在2 h的水解时间内,酶解产物的得率为37.60%±1.46%。这一相对较低的得率主要是由于在水解初期,大部分核桃蛋白尚未被充分酶解成分子量较低的肽段,因此无法有效溶解在溶液中,导致得率较低。当水解时间延长至4 h,酶解产物的得率显著提高至46.07%±0.71%(P<0.05),这表明随着水解程度的增加,更多的核桃蛋白被转化为可溶性肽段或氨基酸。在水解6 h时,酶解产物的得率达到最高,为48.86%±0.99%。2 h和4 h水解产物的得率相差8.47%,而4 h和6 h水解产物的得率相差仅2.79%,可能的原因是,在6 h的水解过程中,更多的核桃肽段被进一步酶解成分子量更小的肽段甚至游离氨基酸。这些小分子物质虽然提高了得率,但由于分子量较小,其质量相对较低。综合水解度和酶解物得率两个指标,选择4 h酶解产物作后续抗氧化活性检测。
核桃蛋白经过碱性蛋白酶在不同时间的酶解后的分子量分布变化情况见图3。从图中可以观察到,核桃蛋白酶解产物的分子量分布范围划分为五段,包括>10 kDa、5~10 kDa、3~5 kDa、1~3 kDa和<1 kDa的组分。在酶解2 h的产物中,分子量在3 kDa以上的组分(包括3~5 kDa、5~10 kDa和>10 kDa的组分)所占的比例高于4 h和6 h酶解的产物。这表明,在较短的酶解时间内,核桃蛋白尚未被充分水解,因此保留了较多的大分子量组分。随着酶解时间的延长,可以明显看到高分子量组分(大于3 kDa)的比例逐渐减少,而低分子量组分(小于3 kDa)的比例逐渐增加。在比较4 h和6 h酶解产物时,发现4 h产物中高分子量组分的比例略高于6 h产物,而低分子量组分的比例则略低。这一变化趋势说明,在酶解过程中,核桃蛋白中的大分子量蛋白质逐渐被酶解成长肽链、短肽链或游离氨基酸。同时,已产生的长肽链也可能再次被蛋白酶切割,产生更多的小分子肽。当酶解时间从4 h延长至6 h,结果显示新的小分子肽段产生的速率有所减缓。这种现象可能是由底物的消耗、反应产物的积累,以及酶切位点的有限性所导致的。这一结果与前述的水解情况相吻合。
表1反映了在不同酶解时间下,核桃蛋白经碱性蛋白酶水解后所得产物的氨基酸组成情况。分析结果表明,不同酶解时间对氨基酸组成的影响有所差别。在所有样品中,谷氨酸的含量占比最高,其次是天冬氨酸和精氨酸,这与核桃蛋白的原始氨基酸组成紧密相关。核桃蛋白中谷蛋白的含量高达70.11%,而谷蛋白的氨基酸组成中谷氨酸含量丰富[28]。此外,核桃蛋白中精氨酸和谷氨酸的水平较高,这可能与其多种健康功效相关联[29]。随着酶解时间的延长,疏水性氨基酸的比例有所下降(2 h为38.74%,4 h为35.08%,6 h为35.48%),同时,苦味氨基酸的比例也呈现减少的趋势(2 h为55.05%,4 h为53.60%,6 h为53.73%)。这一现象对于改善酶解产物的口感具有重要意义。疏水性氨基酸和苦味氨基酸在核桃蛋白中的存在是导致酶解产物产生苦味的主要原因。肽段中这些氨基酸的种类和比例对苦味肽的苦味阈值有重要影响[30]。当其在肽段中所占比例提高时,更容易与口腔中的受体结合,使苦味肽的苦味阈值降低。通过延长酶解时间,可以有效地降低这些氨基酸的占比,从而减轻最终产品的苦味,提高其感官品质。4h酶解物的疏水性氨基酸和苦味氨基酸占比均显示最低,推测其可能具有最低的苦味。
图4清晰地展示了随着酶解时间的延长,碱性蛋白酶水解核桃蛋白所得到的酶解产物味觉响应值的变化趋势。图中数据表明,咸味、涩味、涩味回味和苦味回味的检测值均为负值,这表明这些味道的浓度低于味觉阈值,无法被检测到。因此,可以推断蛋白酶解物中苦味是主要存在的味道。酶解2 h的核桃蛋白产物苦味响应值最高,达到了10.03。而随着酶解时间进一步延长至4 h和6 h,苦味响应值显著下降,且两者之间的差异不大。这一结果与表1中氨基酸组成的分析结果相吻合,进一步证实了酶解物的苦味与疏水性氨基酸和苦味氨基酸的存在及其在肽链中的分布有着直接的联系。在酶解的早期阶段,即2 h时,碱性蛋白酶的切割作用导致天然核桃蛋白中的疏水性氨基酸暴露于肽链表面。这些疏水性氨基酸含量较高的肽链存在,是导致苦味响应值较高的主要原因。随着酶解过程的持续,这些含有疏水性氨基酸的肽链会被进一步分解成更小的肽段和游离氨基酸,这一变化导致苦味响应值逐步减少。这表明,通过延长酶解时间,可以有效降低酶解产物的苦味强度。
基于先前的研究结果,选定了经过碱性蛋白酶4 h酶解处理的核桃蛋白产物,该产物具有较低的苦味,以进行进一步的抗氧化活性分析。结果如图5所示,与未经过酶解处理的原始核桃蛋白相比,4 h酶解产物的DPPH自由基清除率显著提升(P<0.05),其清除率从25.51%±4.11%增加到了41.25%±2.19%。同样,在ABTS+自由基清除实验中,酶解产物的清除率也从61.24%±1.39%显著提高至87.28%±0.24%(P<0.05)。这些数据表明,在酶解过程中,核桃蛋白中可能释放出了具有抗氧化活性的肽段。抗氧化活性肽是一类具有显著抗氧化能力的生物活性肽,它们能够清除体内的自由基,减缓氧化应激反应,从而在预防多种慢性疾病中发挥作用。本文的研究结果进一步证实了酶解技术在提高核桃蛋白生物活性方面的潜力。
在本研究中,对4 h碱性蛋白酶酶解产物中鉴定的多肽序列丰度前十的多肽进行了生物信息学预测。结果见表2,这些多肽序列大多由3~4个氨基酸组成,分子量分布在350~550 Da之间。苦味预测结果显示,FDLL、EFLL、FLL和FFDV被预测为苦味肽,而其余六条肽序列(LSF、VQF、LAF、YWL、LNVL和FFL)则被预测为非苦味肽。通过Peptide Ranker打分,这些多肽的活性评分位于0~1之间,评分越接近1,表明其越可能存在生物活性。在非苦味肽序列中,FFL的预测活性评分最高,为0.996,其次是YWL,活性评分为0.952。本研究还针对多肽的抗氧化活性展开了预测。PFRS(predicted free radical scavenger)用于衡量多肽潜在的自由基清除能力,PMC(predicted metal chelator)反映多肽潜在的金属螯合能力,两者评分范围均为0~1,评分越接近1,意味着其金属离子螯合能力或自由基清除能力越强。在本研究中,多肽的PFRS评分在0.35~0.57之间,PMC评分在0.21~0.28之间。其中,YWL的PFRS评分最高,为0.568,PMC评分为0.219;FFL的PFRS评分和PMC评分分别为0.394和0.276。与本研究类似,Hu等[31]从啤酒酿造副产物中提取的23种抗氧化肽的PFRS评分范围为0.35~0.63,PMC评分范围为0.17~0.29。还有其他研究者对提取的抗氧化肽序列进行评分,结果显示PFRS得分范围为0.29~0.64,PMC得分范围为0.12~0.30,且这些肽在后续实验中展现出了良好的抗氧化活性[32]。基于此,本研究中YWL和FFL的评分结果表明,它们具备潜在的自由基清除能力和金属离子螯合能力。
分子对接作为药物设计与虚拟筛选领域的重要工具,广泛应用于从天然资源中筛选生物活性肽及其他新型活性分子。抗氧化肽可通过多种机制抑制氧化应激,其中Keap1/Nrf2信号通路在机体的氧化反应系统中发挥着关键作用,是内源性抗氧化防御机制的核心环节。鉴于此,本研究将Keap1蛋白选作分子对接的目标蛋白。
图6所示,两条多肽均能与Keap1蛋白稳定结合,结合能分别为−9.4 kcal/mol和−9.2 kcal/mol。进一步借助目标受体-配体相互作用分析方法剖析多肽与Keap1蛋白的结合机制。研究表明,配体-受体复合物的稳定性主要依赖于氢键和疏水相互作用,其中氢键对结构稳定性的影响最为显著[33]。本研究中,两条多肽均与Keap1蛋白的活性口袋形成了氢键及疏水作用力,均可以占据Keap1上与Nrf2 的结合位点。表3详细列出了受体的完整结合位点。分析结果显示,YWL多肽与Keap1蛋白的Ser363、Asn414、Arg415氨基酸残基形成了3个氢键,与Tyr334、Asn382、Ser383、Gly386、Phe577、Pro384、Tyr572、Gly462、Ser508、Gly509、Ala556、Gly603和Gly364这13个氨基酸残基形成了疏水相互作用。与之相似,FFL多肽与Keap1蛋白的Arg415、Ser602氨基酸残基形成了2个氢键,与Asn382、Ala556、Ser508、Ser363、Arg483、Tyr525、Phe577、Tyr572、Ser555和Tyr334这10个氨基酸残基形成了疏水相互作用。Lo等[34]对Keap1蛋白的Kelch结构域与Nrf2 衍生肽之间的氨基酸接触进行了对比分析,揭示了疏水性氨基酸和带电氨基酸在Keap1-Nrf2 复合物的结合过程中扮演着关键角色,尤其是Keap1蛋白中的Tyr334、Arg380、Asn382、Arg415、Arg483、Tyr525和Tyr572这些关键残基。YWL和FFL结合的这些残基均位于Keap1-Nrf2 相互作用的关键结合位点上。与本研究类似,Wang等[35]发现棉籽蛋白源抗氧化肽YSNQNGRF可以通过与Keap1蛋白中的Tyr334、Arg380、Arg415、Ser508、Ser602、Asn382、Tyr525、Gln530和Ser555等氨基酸残基相互作用,与Nrf2竞争Keap1的结合位点。基于此,可以合理推测,YWL和FFL两条多肽极有可能通过与Keap1蛋白的竞争性结合,促使Nrf2的释放,并激活Keap1/Nrf2信号通路,进而发挥抗氧化活性。
本研究通过对比木瓜蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶对核桃蛋白的水解效果,发现碱性蛋白酶表现出较好的水解能力。进一步利用碱性蛋白酶在不同酶解时间对核桃蛋白进行酶解,筛选出低苦味且具有抗氧化活性的酶解产物。结果显示,酶解4 h的产物苦味值最低,且展现出良好的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力。从4 h酶解产物中鉴定出的肽序列YWL和FFL被预测为非苦味肽。分子对接分析结果提示了这些肽能够通过氢键和疏水作用与Keap1蛋白紧密结合,从而激活Keap1/Nrf2信号通路,发挥抗氧化作用。本研究为开发低苦味的核桃源抗氧化肽提供了理论支持,也为核桃蛋白的开发利用提供了参考,具有一定的科学价值和应用潜力。然而,未来可能还需要进一步的实验来验证这些肽的具体功能和作用机制。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040052
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
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    1.云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650201
    2.食药同源资源开发与利用教育部工程研究中心,云南昆明 650201
    3.云南省精准营养与个性化食品制造重点实验室,云南昆明 650201

通讯作者:

张丽(1987−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:
解静(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能食品,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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