Article(id=1261336279678071261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030312, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778655603570, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778655603570, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778655603570, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778655603570, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=63, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261336283549413875, articleId=1261336279678071261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Factors Influencing Turbidity Reversion in Sichuan Bran Vinegar and Process Optimization for Clarification Using Acidic Protease, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study examined the effects of oxygen, light, temperature, non-covalent bonds, and metal ions on the precipitation amount, as well as the protein, starch, pectin, and tannin content in the supernatant of Sichuan bran vinegar, to determine the key factors influencing turbidity reversion. Using transmittance as the response value, the clarification conditions were optimized via single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology (RSM). The results indicated that oxygen and temperature were critical factors promoting turbidity reversion, with significantly shorter turbidity reversion time under aerobic conditions compared to anaerobic conditions, and higher temperature further accelerating the process. Investigations into non-covalent interactions revealed that the addition of NaCl and guanidine hydrochloride disrupted electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonds, significantly reducing precipitation while increasing the protein, starch, pectin, and tannin content in the supernatant. This suggested that electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds facilitated macromolecular complexation and subsequent precipitation. Metal ions (Fe3+, Ca2+) had no significant effect on turbidity reversion. The optimal clarification conditions determined by single-factor and RSM optimization were: acidic protease dosage of 2.10 g/L, treatment time of 2.20 h, treatment temperature of 30 °C, and standing time of 2 h, achieving a transmittance of 85.75%±0.24%. This study provides a data foundation for understanding the mechanism of turbidity reversion and offers practical solutions for industrial production of Sichuan bran vinegar.

, correspAuthors=Jianlong LI, Shuliang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jianlong LI, Kui ZHAO, Li ZHOU, Chuan SONG, Zhongqi ZHAO, Zonghua AO, Zhongrong TONG, Kaidi HU, Aiping LIU, Ning ZHAO, Qin LI, Shuliang LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261336296857940581, articleId=1261336279678071261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=四川麸醋返浑的影响因素及酸性蛋白酶对其澄清工艺优化, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文旨在探究影响四川麸醋返浑的内外因素以及利用酸性蛋白酶对其进行澄清优化。测定了氧气、光照、温度和非共价键、金属离子对四川麸醋沉淀量、上清液的蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、单宁含量的影响,判断影响四川麸醋返浑的内外因素。以透光率为响应值,采用单因素结合响应面法对酸性蛋白酶澄清四川麸醋条件进行了优化。结果表明,氧气和温度是促进返浑的关键因素,在有氧时其返浑时间明显短于无氧时,同时温度越高返浑时间越短;对非共价键的影响进行研究,结果表明,通过添加NaCl和盐酸胍破坏静电作用力和氢键作用,能够明显降低四川麸醋的沉淀量,同时上清液中蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、单宁含量显著增加,表明静电作用力、氢键促进大分子直接相互络合从而生成沉淀。食醋中的金属离子(Fe3+、Ca2+)对食醋返浑的影响不显著。单因素结合响应面法优化四川麸醋澄清最优条件为:酸性蛋白酶添加量2.10 g/L、处理时间2.20 h、处理温度30 ℃,静置2 h,最优条件下食醋透光率为85.75%±0.24%。本研究为食醋返浑的机理研究和企业生产中解决麸醋返浑问题提供数据基础。

, correspAuthors=李建龙, 刘书亮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李建龙(1987−),男,博士,特聘副教授,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵,E-mail:
刘书亮(1968−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵、食品质量安全检测控制,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=dEvXMxhLEr/DVZVwdqs3jQ==, magXml=ulJ/PQNMgHibaTFaij2evQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+pj23Jd5m+TnyBZVeFDqCw==, pdfFileSize=2554774, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ZGluBo2lWctA3F/+nWMb7g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Vaeo7IKc1deYZyOuSZTPiA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李建龙(1987−),男,博士,特聘副教授,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵,E-mail:

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 306: 141281., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261336382681788685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XUE Hengyue, LI Jingru, LIU Yangeng, et al. Optimization of the ultrafiltration-assisted extraction of Chinese yam polysaccharide using response surface methodology and its biological activity[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 121: 1186−1193., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261336384460173584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王瑞璇, 张莉, 周霞, 等. 响应面法优化芋头莲藕复合醋酿造工艺的研究[J]. 中国调味品, 2021, 46(5): 93−97,106., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261336384606974226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Ruixuan, ZHANG Li, ZHOU Xia, et al. Optimization of brewing technology of taro and Lotus root compound vinegar by response surface method[J]. China Condiment, 2021, 46(5): 93−97,106., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261336298183340665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336298481136251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, companyId=1261336298183340665, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336298518884988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, companyId=1261336298183340665, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川农业大学食品学院,四川雅安 625014)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261336299705873027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336299861062277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, companyId=1261336299705873027, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou 264601, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336300049805959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, companyId=1261336299705873027, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.泸州老窖股份有限公司,四川泸州 264601)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261336354865165295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Brewing process flow chart of Sichuan bran vinegar, figureFileSmall=kuQU8yvmlGQTVvT7G0/RSQ==, figureFileBig=ZGluBo2lWctA3F/+nWMb7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336355074880498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=CN, label=图1, caption=四川麸醋的酿造工艺流程图, figureFileSmall=kuQU8yvmlGQTVvT7G0/RSQ==, figureFileBig=ZGluBo2lWctA3F/+nWMb7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336355804689403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of oxygen, light, and temperature on the components of Sichuan bran vinegar after turbidity reversion, figureFileSmall=+LTaXhwzU7hZiPkFgx7Hrw==, figureFileBig=lcrNXIoTwYKz24FWi3vNYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336357847315456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=CN, label=图2, caption=氧气、光照、温度对四川麸醋返浑后醋液组分的影响

注:A为氧气的影响;B为光照的影响;C为温度的影响;不同小写字母表示同组间具有显著差异,P<0.05,图3~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=+LTaXhwzU7hZiPkFgx7Hrw==, figureFileBig=lcrNXIoTwYKz24FWi3vNYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336358094778370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of non-covalent interactions on the components of Sichuan bran vinegar after turbidity reversion, figureFileSmall=p7WvoUt8v+GcL81qGSgYMw==, figureFileBig=4BeYfiCPx1/AAP82vO0bIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336358489042951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=CN, label=图3, caption=非共价作用对四川麸醋返浑后醋液组分的影响

注:A为NaCl添加量(静电力)的影响;B为盐酸胍添加量(氢键)的影响。

, figureFileSmall=p7WvoUt8v+GcL81qGSgYMw==, figureFileBig=4BeYfiCPx1/AAP82vO0bIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336358887501836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of metal ions on the components of Sichuan bran vinegar after turbidity reversion, figureFileSmall=qHjHEFSxpUctPh4X49a49A==, figureFileBig=UAzgbEcHzRAKpkg8LqV+yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336359285960722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=CN, label=图4, caption=金属离子对四川麸醋返浑后醋液组分的影响

注:A为Fe3+的影响;B为Ca2+的影响。

, figureFileSmall=qHjHEFSxpUctPh4X49a49A==, figureFileBig=UAzgbEcHzRAKpkg8LqV+yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336359462121495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Single-factor optimization of clarification conditions for Sichuan bran vinegar using acidic protease, figureFileSmall=lr8kItxDM0YPh5lZKS0ZNQ==, figureFileBig=jxxBQ3pITViBzm5z6hEpsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336359919300635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=CN, label=图5, caption=酸性蛋白酶对四川麸醋澄清条件的单因素优化

注:A为酸性蛋白酶处理后静置时间的影响;B为酸性蛋白酶添加量的影响;C为酸性蛋白酶处理时间的影响;D为酸性蛋白酶处理温度的影响。

, figureFileSmall=lr8kItxDM0YPh5lZKS0ZNQ==, figureFileBig=jxxBQ3pITViBzm5z6hEpsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336362096144419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Response surface and contour plots of the interaction of various factors affecting transmittance, figureFileSmall=Z17YwYZAk/MDye122Uq1uA==, figureFileBig=1YW4fwPYerRFuTvvmrCC+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336362276499495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各因素交互作用影响透光率的响应面图和等高线图, figureFileSmall=Z17YwYZAk/MDye122Uq1uA==, figureFileBig=1YW4fwPYerRFuTvvmrCC+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336362674958383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Level design of response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
添加量(g/L)处理时间(h)处理温度(℃)
−11120
02230
13340
), ArticleFig(id=1261336363065028658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
添加量(g/L)处理时间(h)处理温度(℃)
−11120
02230
13340
), ArticleFig(id=1261336363199246390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of oxygen, light, and temperature on the turbidity reversion time and sediment amount of Sichuan bran vinegar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组存放方式沉淀量(%)返浑时间(d)
注:同列不同小写字母表示差异显著,P<0.05,表3~表4同。
氧气处理组有氧0.29±0.04a22
无氧0.26±0.02b34
光照处理组自然光0.35±0.04a20
避光0.34±0.01a22
温度处理组(℃)150.18±0.01d24
250.20±0.01cd18
350.23±0.02c14
450.27±0.01b9
550.35±0.02a7
), ArticleFig(id=1261336363396378682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

氧气、光照、温度对四川麸醋返浑时间和沉淀量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组存放方式沉淀量(%)返浑时间(d)
注:同列不同小写字母表示差异显著,P<0.05,表3~表4同。
氧气处理组有氧0.29±0.04a22
无氧0.26±0.02b34
光照处理组自然光0.35±0.04a20
避光0.34±0.01a22
温度处理组(℃)150.18±0.01d24
250.20±0.01cd18
350.23±0.02c14
450.27±0.01b9
550.35±0.02a7
), ArticleFig(id=1261336363564150845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of non-covalent interactions on the transmittance and sediment amount of Sichuan bran vinegar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组添加量(%)透光率(%)沉淀量(%)
NaCl063.17±0.96a0.17±0.00a
161.60±0.26b0.17±0.00a
260.73±0.40b0.17±0.00ab
359.23±0.49c0.17±0.00ab
557.77±0.25d0.17±0.00ab
752.80±0.75e0.16±0.00b
盐酸胍063.17±0.96a0.17±0.00a
161.77±0.47b0.17±0.00ab
261.77±0.15b0.17±0.00ab
461.17±0.38bc0.17±0.00ab
660.77±0.50c0.17±0.00ab
859.80±0.20d0.16±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1261336363698368576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

非共价作用对四川麸醋透光率和沉淀量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组添加量(%)透光率(%)沉淀量(%)
NaCl063.17±0.96a0.17±0.00a
161.60±0.26b0.17±0.00a
260.73±0.40b0.17±0.00ab
359.23±0.49c0.17±0.00ab
557.77±0.25d0.17±0.00ab
752.80±0.75e0.16±0.00b
盐酸胍063.17±0.96a0.17±0.00a
161.77±0.47b0.17±0.00ab
261.77±0.15b0.17±0.00ab
461.17±0.38bc0.17±0.00ab
660.77±0.50c0.17±0.00ab
859.80±0.20d0.16±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1261336363874529351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of metal ions on the transmittance and sediment amount of Sichuan bran vinegar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属离子添加量(mg/mL)透光率(%)沉淀量(%)
FeCl3071.43±0.47a0.14±0.00a
0.1071.13±0.71a0.14±0.01a
0.2071.07±0.21a0.14±0.01a
0.4071.03±0.38a0.14±0.00a
0.6071.00±0.36a0.14±0.00a
CaCl2071.43±0.47a0.14±0.00a
0.1071.30±0.10a0.14±0.00a
0.2071.03±0.15a0.13±0.01a
0.4070.93±0.25a0.14±0.00a
0.6070.90±0.10a0.14±0.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1261336364134576203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

金属离子对四川麸醋透光率和沉淀量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属离子添加量(mg/mL)透光率(%)沉淀量(%)
FeCl3071.43±0.47a0.14±0.00a
0.1071.13±0.71a0.14±0.01a
0.2071.07±0.21a0.14±0.01a
0.4071.03±0.38a0.14±0.00a
0.6071.00±0.36a0.14±0.00a
CaCl2071.43±0.47a0.14±0.00a
0.1071.30±0.10a0.14±0.00a
0.2071.03±0.15a0.13±0.01a
0.4070.93±0.25a0.14±0.00a
0.6070.90±0.10a0.14±0.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1261336364428177486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Box-Behnken design and result of acidic protease

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号因素透光率(%)
添加量(g/L)处理时间(h)处理温度(℃)
13.001.0030.0085.10
23.003.0030.0084.73
31.001.0030.0084.17
42.001.0020.0084.33
52.001.0040.0085.17
62.002.0030.0085.87
72.002.0030.0086.03
81.003.0030.0084.63
93.002.0020.0084.73
102.002.0030.0086.07
111.002.0040.0084.47
122.003.0040.0085.03
132.002.0030.0085.87
143.002.0040.0084.70
152.003.0020.0085.67
162.002.0030.0086.07
171.002.0020.0083.87
), ArticleFig(id=1261336366407888980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

酸性蛋白酶的Box-Behnken设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号因素透光率(%)
添加量(g/L)处理时间(h)处理温度(℃)
13.001.0030.0085.10
23.003.0030.0084.73
31.001.0030.0084.17
42.001.0020.0084.33
52.001.0040.0085.17
62.002.0030.0085.87
72.002.0030.0086.03
81.003.0030.0084.63
93.002.0020.0084.73
102.002.0030.0086.07
111.002.0040.0084.47
122.003.0040.0085.03
132.002.0030.0085.87
143.002.0040.0084.70
152.003.0020.0085.67
162.002.0030.0086.07
171.002.0020.0083.87
), ArticleFig(id=1261336367020257371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Regression model analysis of variance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方FP显著性
注:**表示结果差异极显著(P<0.01);*表示结果差异显著(P<0.05)。
模型8.069.000.9029.54<0.0001**
A-添加量0.571.000.5718.770.003**
B-处理时间0.211.000.216.970.03*
C-处理温度0.071.000.072.420.16不显著
AB0.171.000.175.730.04986*
AC0.101.000.103.310.11不显著
BC0.541.000.5417.740.004**
A23.921.003.92129.36<0.0001**
B20.541.000.5417.670.004**
C21.381.001.4045.660.0003**
残差0.217.000.03
失拟项0.173.000.065.160.07不显著
纯误差0.044.000.01
总和8.2716.00
R2=0.97RAdj2=0.94
), ArticleFig(id=1261336367137697888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336279678071261, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方FP显著性
注:**表示结果差异极显著(P<0.01);*表示结果差异显著(P<0.05)。
模型8.069.000.9029.54<0.0001**
A-添加量0.571.000.5718.770.003**
B-处理时间0.211.000.216.970.03*
C-处理温度0.071.000.072.420.16不显著
AB0.171.000.175.730.04986*
AC0.101.000.103.310.11不显著
BC0.541.000.5417.740.004**
A23.921.003.92129.36<0.0001**
B20.541.000.5417.670.004**
C21.381.001.4045.660.0003**
残差0.217.000.03
失拟项0.173.000.065.160.07不显著
纯误差0.044.000.01
总和8.2716.00
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四川麸醋返浑的影响因素及酸性蛋白酶对其澄清工艺优化
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李建龙 *, 1 , 赵奎 1 , 周力 1 , 宋川 2 , 赵中琪 1 , 敖宗华 2 , 童仲荣 1 , 胡凯弟 1 , 刘爱平 1 , 赵宁 1 , 李琴 1 , 刘书亮 *, 1
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(9): 63-70
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食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026, 47(9): 63-70
四川麸醋返浑的影响因素及酸性蛋白酶对其澄清工艺优化
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李建龙*, 1 , 赵奎1, 周力1, 宋川2, 赵中琪1, 敖宗华2, 童仲荣1, 胡凯弟1, 刘爱平1, 赵宁1, 李琴1, 刘书亮*, 1
作者信息
  • 1.四川农业大学食品学院,四川雅安 625014
  • 2.泸州老窖股份有限公司,四川泸州 264601
  • 李建龙(1987−),男,博士,特聘副教授,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵,E-mail:

通讯作者:

李建龙(1987−),男,博士,特聘副教授,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵,E-mail:
刘书亮(1968−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵、食品质量安全检测控制,E-mail:
Factors Influencing Turbidity Reversion in Sichuan Bran Vinegar and Process Optimization for Clarification Using Acidic Protease
Jianlong LI*, 1 , Kui ZHAO1, Li ZHOU1, Chuan SONG2, Zhongqi ZHAO1, Zonghua AO2, Zhongrong TONG1, Kaidi HU1, Aiping LIU1, Ning ZHAO1, Qin LI1, Shuliang LIU*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
  • 2.Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou 264601, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030312
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本文旨在探究影响四川麸醋返浑的内外因素以及利用酸性蛋白酶对其进行澄清优化。测定了氧气、光照、温度和非共价键、金属离子对四川麸醋沉淀量、上清液的蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、单宁含量的影响,判断影响四川麸醋返浑的内外因素。以透光率为响应值,采用单因素结合响应面法对酸性蛋白酶澄清四川麸醋条件进行了优化。结果表明,氧气和温度是促进返浑的关键因素,在有氧时其返浑时间明显短于无氧时,同时温度越高返浑时间越短;对非共价键的影响进行研究,结果表明,通过添加NaCl和盐酸胍破坏静电作用力和氢键作用,能够明显降低四川麸醋的沉淀量,同时上清液中蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、单宁含量显著增加,表明静电作用力、氢键促进大分子直接相互络合从而生成沉淀。食醋中的金属离子(Fe3+、Ca2+)对食醋返浑的影响不显著。单因素结合响应面法优化四川麸醋澄清最优条件为:酸性蛋白酶添加量2.10 g/L、处理时间2.20 h、处理温度30 ℃,静置2 h,最优条件下食醋透光率为85.75%±0.24%。本研究为食醋返浑的机理研究和企业生产中解决麸醋返浑问题提供数据基础。

四川麸醋  /  食醋沉淀  /  返浑因素  /  酸性蛋白酶  /  响应面  /  透光率

The study examined the effects of oxygen, light, temperature, non-covalent bonds, and metal ions on the precipitation amount, as well as the protein, starch, pectin, and tannin content in the supernatant of Sichuan bran vinegar, to determine the key factors influencing turbidity reversion. Using transmittance as the response value, the clarification conditions were optimized via single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology (RSM). The results indicated that oxygen and temperature were critical factors promoting turbidity reversion, with significantly shorter turbidity reversion time under aerobic conditions compared to anaerobic conditions, and higher temperature further accelerating the process. Investigations into non-covalent interactions revealed that the addition of NaCl and guanidine hydrochloride disrupted electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonds, significantly reducing precipitation while increasing the protein, starch, pectin, and tannin content in the supernatant. This suggested that electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds facilitated macromolecular complexation and subsequent precipitation. Metal ions (Fe3+, Ca2+) had no significant effect on turbidity reversion. The optimal clarification conditions determined by single-factor and RSM optimization were: acidic protease dosage of 2.10 g/L, treatment time of 2.20 h, treatment temperature of 30 °C, and standing time of 2 h, achieving a transmittance of 85.75%±0.24%. This study provides a data foundation for understanding the mechanism of turbidity reversion and offers practical solutions for industrial production of Sichuan bran vinegar.

Sichuan bran vinegar  /  vinegar sediment  /  factors of turbidity reversion  /  acidic protease  /  response surface  /  transmittance
李建龙, 赵奎, 周力, 宋川, 赵中琪, 敖宗华, 童仲荣, 胡凯弟, 刘爱平, 赵宁, 李琴, 刘书亮. 四川麸醋返浑的影响因素及酸性蛋白酶对其澄清工艺优化. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 63 -70 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030312
Jianlong LI, Kui ZHAO, Li ZHOU, Chuan SONG, Zhongqi ZHAO, Zonghua AO, Zhongrong TONG, Kaidi HU, Aiping LIU, Ning ZHAO, Qin LI, Shuliang LIU. Factors Influencing Turbidity Reversion in Sichuan Bran Vinegar and Process Optimization for Clarification Using Acidic Protease[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 63 -70 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030312
四川麸醋是中国四大名醋之一,有“东方魔醋”之称,具有醇香回甜、酸味柔和的特点,深受消费者喜爱[1]。其生产工艺主要包括六个步骤:制备药曲、混合物料、入池发酵、淋醋、后工序处理、杀菌包装,生产工艺流程如图1所示[2]。四川麸醋最大的工艺特点是发酵时糖化、酒化、醋化同时进行的“三边发酵”,即在食醋发酵的糖化过程进行时,酵母菌会同时利用糖类生成乙醇,而后醋酸菌同时将生成的乙醇氧化成乙酸[34]。此外四川麸醋采用生料固态发酵工艺,具有生产工艺简单、能效低、有良好风味等特点,但是这会导致原料利用率低,未被利用的淀粉、蛋白质等原料通过淋醋进入食醋中,从而导致四川麸醋中沉淀增加。
四川麸醋在生产中采用了三次过滤处理,然而在货架期内仍可能出现返浑现象,主要表现为沉淀增加、食醋色泽变暗等,初步判断为包装后生成的沉淀所致,这严重影响到产品质量。食醋的返浑主要分为生物性返浑和非生物性返浑,生物性返浑主要是由于微生物在食醋中生长繁殖产生的生物蛋白导致。非生物性返浑的形成原因比较复杂,主要原因是原料发酵分解不彻底,进而导致食醋中存在大量的蛋白质、淀粉、果胶等大分子物质,这些物质自身/之间在氧气、光照、加热等条件下发生络合、形成复杂的大分子沉淀[57]。由于四川麸醋采用生料固态发酵,原料利用率低,在淋醋过程中未被微生物分解的蛋白质、淀粉易进入食醋,这使得四川麸醋更易出现返浑现象。对食醋中的沉淀物质进行分析,结果表明食醋中沉淀主要成分为蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、多聚类黑精等[89],其中蛋白质含量最高。常用于食醋中的澄清剂主要有壳聚糖、活性炭、膨润土、硅藻土等[1013],由于食醋沉淀中主要成分为蛋白质,酸性蛋白酶在食醋澄清中有着更广泛的应用[1415]。目前影响四川麸醋返浑的因素尚不清楚,本文以四川麸醋为研究对象,探究影响四川麸醋返浑的内因和外因,同时采用酸性蛋白酶对四川麸醋进行处理以达到澄清目的,这有助于指导工厂生产,从而减少食醋在货架期内的返浑情况。
新制成品0月醋液、已返浑食醋、大罐陈酿30 d的熟醋(未过滤) 均由四川某麸醋厂提供;亚硫酸钠、淀粉酶(10000 U/g)、盐酸胍、硫酸锌、亚铁氰化钾、氯化钠、氯化铁、氯化钙、酸性蛋白酶(50000 U/g)等 均为分析纯,购于成都浩搏优科技有限公司。
Stratos16R台式离心机 赛默飞世尔科技公司;DHG-9070电热鼓风干燥箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;SKD-100凯氏定氮仪 上海沛欧分析仪器有限公司;UV-1800PC紫外/可见分光光度计 上海美谱达仪器有限公司;SH21-1磁力搅拌器 上海梅颖浦仪器仪表制造有限公司;WG-12水浴氮吹仪 莱普特科学仪器(北京)有限公司。
取新制成品0月醋液300 mL于玻璃瓶中,进行有氧放置和无氧放置。无氧放置方式为:用氮吹仪排尽装有食醋玻璃瓶瓶中的空气,用封口膜密封瓶口后拧紧瓶盖放置于厌氧袋中;有氧放置方式为:拧松装有食醋玻璃瓶的瓶盖放置。放置直至返浑(以玻璃瓶瓶底完全覆盖一层沉淀为返浑依据,下同)记录返浑时间和沉淀量。8000 r/min离心10 min得上清液,测定上清液中蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、单宁。
取新制成品0月醋液300 mL于玻璃瓶中,进行避光放置和室内自然光放置[16]。避光放置方式为:将装有食醋的玻璃瓶用黑色盒子包装,然后在密闭柜子中放置;自然光放置方式为:将装有食醋的玻璃瓶于自然光下放置。放置直至返浑,记录返浑时间和沉淀量。8000 r/min离心10 min得上清液,测定上清液中蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、单宁。
取新制成品0月醋液300 mL于玻璃瓶中,然后放置于不同温度下,温度梯度为:15、25、35、45、55 ℃。放置直至返浑,记录返浑时间和沉淀量。8000 r/min离心10 min得上清液,测定上清液中蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、单宁。
取已返浑食醋150 mL于烧杯中并加入电解质NaCl溶液,添加至醋液中的NaCl溶液终浓度分别为0%、1%、2%、3%、5%、7%[17],采用磁力搅拌器在30 ℃、160 r/min下搅拌32 h,测沉淀量。8000 r/min、离心10 min得上清液,测定上清液的透光率、蛋白质、淀粉、单宁、果胶。
取已返浑食醋150 mL于烧杯中并加入氢键分裂剂盐酸胍,添加至醋液中的氢键分裂剂盐酸胍终浓度分别为0%、1%、2%、4%、6%、8%[17],采用磁力搅拌器在30 ℃、160 r/min下搅拌32 h,测沉淀量。8000 r/min、离心10 min得上清液,测定上清液的透光率、蛋白质、淀粉、单宁、果胶。
取新制成品0月醋液150 mL于烧杯中,添加至醋液中的FeCl3终浓度分别为0、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.60 mg/mL[18],采用磁力搅拌器在30 ℃、160 r/min下搅拌32 h。8000 r/min、离心10 min得上清液。测定沉淀量、透光率、蛋白质含量、淀粉含量、果胶含量、单宁含量。
取新制成品0月醋液150 mL于烧杯中,添加至醋液中的CaCl2终浓度分别为0、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.60 mg/mL,然后采用磁力搅拌器在30 ℃、160 r/min下搅拌32 h。8000 r/min、离心10 min得上清液。测定沉淀量、透光率、蛋白质含量、淀粉含量、果胶含量、单宁含量。
取熟醋30 mL于烧杯中,向烧杯中添加酸性蛋白酶(酶活为50000 U/g),使烧杯中酸性蛋白酶浓度为0.8 g/L,混匀后在45 ℃下水浴2 h,取出静置1、2、6、12、24、48 h后,8000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液测定透光率,同时做三组平行。
取熟醋30 mL于烧杯中,向烧杯中添加酸性蛋白酶,使其浓度分别为0、0.40、0.80、1.20、1.60、2、4、6、8 g/L[19],混匀后在45 ℃下水浴2 h,取出后静置2 h。然后8000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液测定透光率。
取熟醋30 mL于烧杯中,向烧杯中添加2 g/L酸性蛋白酶,混匀后在45 ℃下分别水浴20、30、60、120、240、600、1200 min,取出后静置2 h。然后8000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液测定透光率。
取熟醋30 mL于烧杯中,向烧杯中添加2 g/L酸性蛋白酶,混匀后分别在10、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55、60 ℃下水浴。水浴时间为2 h。取出后静置2 h。然后8000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液测定透光率。
在单因素实验的基础上,对酸性蛋白酶进行添加量(A)、处理时间(B)、处理温度(C)的三因素三水平的响应面试验,以食醋透光率作为响应值,Box-Behnken试验因素水平设计见表1。利用Design-Expert软件中的Box-Behnken处理数据得到最佳的成澄清剂工艺条件并验证。
取澄清食醋离心后,以蒸馏水为对照,用分光光度计在波长320~1000 nm范围内对透光率(T)进行全扫描,得出最佳测定波长[20]。全扫描得到四川麸醋的最大吸收峰位于950 nm,因此透光率直接采用分光光度计在950 nm波长下测定。
参考郭明烨等[21]方法测定食醋中的沉淀量,具体方法:取混合均匀的醋液,向100 mL离心管中加入1%硅藻土(约1 g),称重记录总质量(M1)。加入约80 mL醋液后再次称重(M2)。8000 r/min离心15 min,弃上清,70 ℃真空干燥至恒重,冷却后称重(M3),沉淀量计算公式为:
$\rm \mathrm{沉淀量(\text{%})=\frac{M_3-M_1}{M_2-M_1}\times 100} $
食醋中蛋白质含量参考GB 5009.5-2025《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》中第一法凯氏定氮法进行测定;食醋中淀粉含量参考GB 5009.9-2023《食品中淀粉的测定》中第一法酶水解法进行测定;食醋中果胶含量参考NY/T 2016-2011《水果及其制品中果胶含量的测定—分光光度法》进行测定;食醋中单宁含量参考王玉美等[22]的方法进行测定,具体方法如下:向比色管中加入10 mL 1 mol/L碳酸钠溶液,加入1 mL待测液,补充蒸馏水1 mL,然后加入2 mL福林-酚试剂,定容至50 mL,混匀后与30 ℃水浴发色15 min,随即在262 nm处测定吸光度,制作标准曲线确定待测液中单宁含量。
每个实验重复三次,采用Microsoft Excel 2021进行数据处理;采用IBM SPSS Statistics 27进行单因素显著性分析;采用Origin 2022进行绘图。
表2可知,有氧存放和无氧存放对四川麸醋返浑有着显著影响,有氧存放时22 d发生返浑、而无氧存放则持续到34 d,这说明氧气对四川麸醋返浑,沉淀的产生有着加速作用;室内自然光存放和避光存放,其返浑时间为20 d和22 d,沉淀量相差不到0.01%,样品间无显著差异,这说明室内自然光下对四川麸醋返浑的沉淀量无显著影响;随着存放温度从15 ℃升高至55 ℃,四川麸醋中沉淀量从0.18%显著增加至0.35%(P<0.05),返浑时间缩短,这说明温度对四川麸醋沉淀量有着显著的影响。
进一步对食醋上清液中组分进行研究,结果如图2所示。有氧存放的四川麸醋返浑后,其上清液中蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、单宁等含量均显著低于无氧存放(P<0.05),这说明氧气能促进四川麸醋中各组的相互络合,从而加速沉淀的生成,导致四川麸醋出现返浑。自然光存放的四川麸醋上清液中蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、单宁等含量同样显著低于避光存放(P<0.05),这说明自然光也能够在一定程度上加速食醋中各个组分沉淀。温度是四川麸醋返浑的关键,随着存放温度从15 ℃升高至55 ℃,上清中蛋白质含量从5.46 g/100 mL降低至4.96 g/100 mL、淀粉含量从5.26 g/100 mL降低至4.91 g/100 mL,两者均显著降低(P<0.05),这说明高温能够加速蛋白质和淀粉沉淀的形成;而果胶含量呈先降低后稳定的变化趋势,说明在一定范围内,温度的升高能够加速醋液中果胶形成沉淀;当温度高于45 ℃后,单宁含量显著增加(P<0.05),这可能是由于在较高的温度下,单宁与其他物质的结合亲和力较低[23]
表3可知,随着NaCl添加量的增加,食醋的透光率和沉淀量均明显降低,说明食醋中大分子之间可能会通过静电作用相互络合形成沉淀[24]。而随着NaCl添加量的增加,其影响了大分子之间的静电作用[17],使沉淀中通过静电作用络合的物质解开,从而存在于醋液中,导致醋液透光率和沉淀量均降低。随着氢键裂解剂盐酸胍添加量的增加,食醋的透光率和沉淀量明显降低,这是因为盐酸胍能够破坏蛋白质、果胶、淀粉等形成的氢键,使得食醋中小分子物质增加[25]
图3可知,随着NaCl添加量从0%增加至7%,食醋上清液中蛋白质、淀粉、单宁、果胶含量显著增加(P<0.05),分别增加了0.10、0.10、0.03、0.03 g/100 mL。Na+、Cl可以吸附在大分子表面,使其带电,从而增加大分子之间的斥力,彼此排斥[17],使得通过静电引力络合的组分分开进入醋液中。随着氢键裂解剂盐酸胍添加量从0%增加至8%,醋液中蛋白质、淀粉、单宁、果胶含量显著增加(P<0.05),分别增加了0.14、0.09、0.03、0.03 g/100 mL,说明食醋中存在氢键使得分子之间络合形成沉淀。食醋中氢键是通过蛋白质、多酚、淀粉、果胶等中的氢原子与N、O或S原子等电负性原子的相互作用形成,而且氢键的存在会提升疏水作用,这在食醋中表现为返浑[2627]。上述研究表明,食醋中沉淀物质是通过非共价作用力(静电作用力、氢键)相互结合。
Fe3+和Ca2+是食醋沉淀中主要的金属离子[28],研究了Fe3+和Ca2+对四川麸醋返浑的影响,结果如表4图4所示。随着FeCl3和CaCl2添加量的增加,食醋透光率和沉淀量没有显著变化。同时研究了上清液中各组分的变化,结果表明上清液中蛋白质、淀粉、单宁、果胶的含量均无显著变化。这说明在一定范围内增加Fe3+和Ca2+添加量,对四川麸醋返浑无显著影响。
四川麸醋沉淀中主要物质为蛋白质,其含量占沉淀总质量的40%以上[28]。添加酸性蛋白酶能有效水解食醋中的蛋白质沉淀,使食醋变得澄清透明。对酸性蛋白酶处理后静置时间、酸性蛋白酶添加量、酸性蛋白酶处理时间以及处理温度进行单因素优化,结果如图5所示。结果表明,在四川麸醋经过酸性蛋白酶处理后的静置过程中,食醋透光率随着静置时间延长先升高后降低,静置2 h时,透光率最大,达78.40%±0.26%。可能是由于短时静置有利于醋液中的大分子物质沉降,而静置时间过长会导致酸性蛋白酶与醋液中、淀粉、单宁、果胶等大分子物质结合,从而加剧食醋浑浊。酸性蛋白酶的添加量对食醋透光率有显著性影响,随着酶添加量的增加,食醋透光率先升高后降低,最佳添加量为2 g/L,此刻透光率为82.57%±0.75%。这可能是因为蛋白酶吸附能力过饱和,底物完全水解,剩余酶悬浮于醋体中,从而加剧食醋浑浊[29]。随着酸性蛋白酶处理时间的延长,食醋的透光率先升高后降低,最佳处理时间为2 h,此刻透光率为82.30%±0.26%。导致这种现象的原因可能是酸性蛋白酶长时间处于食醋中酶活降低,进一步与食醋中淀粉、单宁、果胶等大分子物质结合,从而加剧食醋浑浊。随着酸性蛋白酶的处理温度增加,食醋的透光率呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,酸性蛋白酶的最佳处理温度为30 ℃,此刻透光率为84.83%±0.55%。高温不仅会破坏酸性蛋白酶的空间结构使其失去活性,而且在高温下,酸性蛋白酶的氨基会与食醋中还原糖的羟基发生美拉德反应,进一步导致食醋颜色变深[30]
响应面设计以及结果见表5。对表5试验结果及分析进行多元回归分析,得到食醋透光率(Y)对添加量(A)、处理时间(B)、处理温度(C)的二次多项模型回归方程:
Y=85.98+0.27A+0.16B+0.10C−0.21AB−0.16AC−0.37BC−0.97A2−0.36B2−0.57C2
表6可知,二次回归方程模型极显著(P<0.0001),失拟项不显著(P=0.07>0.05),模型决定系数R2=0.97,调整决定系数RAdj2=0.94,说明该回归方程有较好的拟合度和相关性,所得模型可靠,其预测值可以较好地反映实际值[31]。其中F值的大小可以判断单因素对食醋透光率的影响程度,F值越大,影响越大[32]。由F值可以得出,各因素对食醋透光率的影响顺序为:处理温度<处理时间<添加量。模型中因素A、BC、A2、B2、C2均对食醋透光率具有极显著影响(P<0.01),B、AB对食醋透光率具有显著影响(P<0.05),而C、AC对食醋透光率无显著影响。
各因素交互作用的响应面图和等高线图可以说明单因素对响应值的影响的显著情况,曲面越弯曲、等高线越呈椭圆形,则对响应值影响越大,反之越小。图6中AB、BC交互作用的响应面图弯曲、等高线图呈椭圆,说明对响应值的影响具有显著性,而AC交互作用的等高线图趋于圆形,说明对响应值影响不显著。结果与表6中的结果吻合。
由Design Expert软件分析得到酸性蛋白酶的最佳优化条件为:酸性蛋白酶添加量为2.11 g/L、处理时间为2.19 h、处理温度为30.07 ℃,食醋透光率预测值为86.01%。实际测定时考虑到方便性,选择条件为:酸性蛋白酶添加量为2.10 g/L、处理时间为2.20 h、处理温度为30.00 ℃,静置2 h后,8000 r/min离心10 min测透光率,做三组平行实验取平均值,得到食醋透光率为85.75%±0.24%,结果与预测值较接近,证明该模型优化的条件具有可行性、有效性。
对影响四川麸醋返浑的因素进行研究,结果表明有氧存放、高温会导致蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、单宁等含量增加,从而加剧食醋返浑,提前导致食醋浑浊;非共价作用力(静电作用力、氢键)是食醋沉淀物形成的关键;食醋中的金属离子(Fe3+、Ca2+)对食醋返浑的影响不显著。采用单因素和响应面优化酸性蛋白酶对食醋澄清的条件,结果表明酸性蛋白酶添加量为2.10 g/L、处理时间为2.20 h、处理温度为30.00 ℃,静置2 h后,食醋的透光率最高,为85.75%±0.24%,能够有效提高食醋的澄清度。工厂在陈酿结束后可增加酸性蛋白酶处理及过滤环节,在包装过程中,选择深棕色包装容器进行包装以及适当的控制顶隙从而延长返浑时间。本研究为食醋返浑的机理研究和企业生产中改善四川麸醋返浑提供了指导。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030312
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
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    1.四川农业大学食品学院,四川雅安 625014
    2.泸州老窖股份有限公司,四川泸州 264601

通讯作者:

李建龙(1987−),男,博士,特聘副教授,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵,E-mail:
刘书亮(1968−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物与发酵、食品质量安全检测控制,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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