Article(id=1261336276192604626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030343, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743091200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778655602739, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778655602739, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778655602738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778655602738, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=85, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261336278667243990, articleId=1261336276192604626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Cold Plasma Treatment on Non-thermal Covalent Grafting and Functional Properties of Marine Oligosaccharides/Pea Protein Isolate Complexes, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the functional properties of pea protein isolate (PPI), such as solubility, emulsification, foaming capacity, and broaden its application in the food industry, in this study, PPI was selectively extracted using ammonium sulfate precipitation, and was covalently grafted with chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), carrageenan oligosaccharides (CAS), alginate oligosaccharides (AOS), and agaric oligosaccharides (AGS) at an oligosaccharide-to-protein ratio of 20% using cold plasma (CP) induction. The effects of this non-thermal covalent grafting with marine oligosaccharides on the solubility, thermal stability, foaming capacity, and emulsifying properties of PPI were investigated. The results showed that CP treatment induced effective and rapid covalent grafting between PPI and marine oligosaccharides. The highest grafting rate (17.89%) was observed in the PPI-COS combination. In terms of mixtures, the solubility of the covalent complexes was significantly improved (P<0.05) after CP induction relative to those without CP treatment, in the order of AGS/PPI-CP>COS/PPI-CP>CAS/PPI-CP>AOS/PPI-CP. Among them, AGS/PPI-CP showed the highest solubility (0.775 mg/mL), while COS/PPI-CP exhibited the greatest foaming capacity (146.67%), emulsifying activity (123.21%), and emulsion stability (37.73%). These enhancements significantly improved the interfacial adsorption of PPI, contributing to greater stability at both air-water and oil-water interfaces. In conclusion, non-thermal covalent grafting of marine oligosaccharides with CP was effective in enhancing the functional properties of PPI. These findings provide valuable guidance for the development of functional pea protein-based food products and related applications.

, correspAuthors=Guiyun CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ruikai MAO, Zixi WEI, Sinuo WANG, Shuhong LI, Ye CHEN, Guiyun CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261336295507374678, articleId=1261336276192604626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=低温等离子体处理对海洋寡糖/豌豆分离蛋白复合物非热共价接枝及其功能特性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高豌豆蛋白溶解性、乳化性和起泡性等功能特性,促进其在食品工业领域的深度开发与应用,本研究利用硫酸铵沉淀法定向提取豌豆分离蛋白(Pea protein isolate,PPI),在低温等离子体(Cold plasma,CP)诱导下(寡糖/蛋白比例20%)分别与壳寡糖(Chitosan oligosaccharides,COS)、卡拉胶寡糖(Carrageenan oligosaccharides,CAS)、褐藻寡糖(Alginate oligosaccharides,AOS)、琼胶寡糖(Agaric oligosaccharides,AGS)共价接枝,研究海洋寡糖非热共价接枝对PPI溶解性、热稳定性和起泡性、乳化性的影响。结果表明,CP能有效快速诱导PPI与海洋寡糖接枝,其中PPI与COS反应生成的产物接枝率最高(17.89%)。与未经CP诱导的混合物相比,CP诱导后的共价复合物的溶解度显著(P<0.05)提高(AGS/PPI-CP>COS/PPI-CP>CAS/PPI-CP>AOS/PPI-CP),其中,AGS/PPI-CP溶解度最高(0.775 mg/mL);COS/PPI-CP表现出最佳的起泡性(146.67%)、乳化性(123.21%)和乳化稳定性(37.73%),该方法可以显著改善PPI界面吸附能力以及气-水、油-水界面稳定性。综上,在CP诱导下,海洋寡糖非热共价接枝是一种改善PPI功能特性的有效方法,本研究对进一步开发豌豆蛋白功能性食品等领域有指导价值。

, correspAuthors=陈桂芸, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈桂芸(1992−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9rwfQ+kvNmLeLw1IfwxM7w==, magXml=1YknurCi5Kdq3Q0uF8BiJA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LNbLw6FgWdq5fZ5vRZ3nKg==, pdfFileSize=1989249, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=P9686PCRpEG7MSPUb3rgMQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=RItvqnqTeKDhvCerwsZQ5g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

毛锐恺(2000−),男,大学本科,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

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毛锐恺(2000−),男,大学本科,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

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Gels, 2022, 8(2): 135., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261336368194662513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Zhenzhen, HUANG Guoqing, XU Tongcheng, et al. Comparative study on the Maillard reaction of chitosan oligosaccharide and glucose with soybean protein isolate[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 131: 601−607., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261336368349851765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHARATH KUMAR N, DAR A H, DASH K K, et al. Recent advances in cold plasma technology for modifications of proteins: A comprehensive review[J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2024, 16: 101177., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261336368488263803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GHEBREMEDHIN M, SEIFFERT S, VILGIS T A. Physics of agarose fluid gels: Rheological properties and microstructure[J]. Current Research in Food Science, 2021, 4: 436−448., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261336368647647362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LENDERS J P, CRICHTON R R. Thermal stabilization of amylolytic enzymes by covalent coupling to soluble polysaccharides[J]. 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Food Hydrocolloids, 2023, 134: 108057., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261336369180323980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=唐艺华, 马开元, 孙晓洋, 等. 超声强化豌豆蛋白-高酯果胶复合物乳液稳定性研究[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 52(10): 136−144., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261336370895794322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG Yihua, MA Kaiyuan, SUN Xiaoyang, et al. 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Journal of Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition), 2024, 52(10): 136−144., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261336297013129831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336297159930473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, companyId=1261336297013129831, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336297193484906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, companyId=1261336297013129831, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院,天津 300457)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261336334074000233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Grafting degree of CP-induced marine oligosaccharides/PPI covalent complexes, figureFileSmall=3c4ej0KAiqE+gDFfyCMITQ==, figureFileBig=P9686PCRpEG7MSPUb3rgMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336335760110446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CP诱导海洋寡糖/PPI共价复合物的接枝度

注:不同字母表示接枝度间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=3c4ej0KAiqE+gDFfyCMITQ==, figureFileBig=P9686PCRpEG7MSPUb3rgMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336337437832054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Browning degree of CP-induced marine oligosaccharide/PPI covalent complexes, figureFileSmall=YtmyCWY19Y08cMnmdJYbjg==, figureFileBig=aNuP6++q5OQKXq7bHhsWqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336337895011195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CP诱导海洋寡糖/PPI共价复合物的褐变程度

注:不同字母表示褐变程度间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=YtmyCWY19Y08cMnmdJYbjg==, figureFileBig=aNuP6++q5OQKXq7bHhsWqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336338490602364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Soluble protein content of marine oligosaccharide/PPI mixtures and CP-induced covalent complexes, figureFileSmall=PtRTo3P9IhHDXMukGDQIkg==, figureFileBig=w8jiQoUbM/yXAZYfiaO6sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336340067660678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=CN, label=图3, caption=海洋寡糖/PPI混合物和CP诱导共价复合物的可溶性蛋白含量

注:不同字母表示溶解度间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=PtRTo3P9IhHDXMukGDQIkg==, figureFileBig=w8jiQoUbM/yXAZYfiaO6sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336340885549961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=SDS-PAGE of marine oligosaccharides/PPI after different treatments, figureFileSmall=X6ZOp7iMSwRHI54aQvdxyA==, figureFileBig=U/dYsiviKPqdXwDL+F0zcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336341317563280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理后的海洋寡糖/PPI的SDS-PAGE图

注:(a)未经还原处理的海洋寡糖/PPI混合物;(b)未经还原处理的CP诱导的共价复合物;(c)经还原处理的海洋寡糖/PPI混合物;(d)经还原处理的CP诱导的共价复合物。

, figureFileSmall=X6ZOp7iMSwRHI54aQvdxyA==, figureFileBig=U/dYsiviKPqdXwDL+F0zcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336341879600020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Thermal stability analysis of COS, CAS, AOS, AGS (a), marine oligosaccharide/PPI mixtures (b), and CP-induced covalent complexes (c), figureFileSmall=luVLp0C8gzykwBIEmTbQRQ==, figureFileBig=Q+if5MkIT5eci+ve9pnzpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336342542300058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=CN, label=图5, caption=COS、CAS、AOS、AGS(a)以及海洋寡糖/PPI混合物(b)和CP诱导的共价复合物(c)的热稳定性图像, figureFileSmall=luVLp0C8gzykwBIEmTbQRQ==, figureFileBig=Q+if5MkIT5eci+ve9pnzpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336344152912800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Thermogravimetric analysis of marine oligosaccharide/PPI mixtures (a, b) and CP-induced covalent complexes (c, d), figureFileSmall=IadXhyRT1hZzyXQ+aB+apg==, figureFileBig=uNY7f8HzTHxG0H15eDxIsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336344660423592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=CN, label=图6, caption=海洋寡糖/PPI混合物(a、b)和CP诱导的共价复合物(c、d)的热重图像, figureFileSmall=IadXhyRT1hZzyXQ+aB+apg==, figureFileBig=uNY7f8HzTHxG0H15eDxIsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336345423786922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Foaming capacity and foaming stability of marine oligosaccharides/PPI mixtures (a) and CP-induced covalent complexes (b), figureFileSmall=dNlg5Gs+l2YFuhU9fafquw==, figureFileBig=h+KqmIVBbaGASR1XpDw6Aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336345964852141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=CN, label=图7, caption=海洋寡糖/PPI混合物(a)和CP诱导的共价复合物(b)的起泡性和起泡稳定性

注:不同字母表示存在显著差异(P<0.05,大写字母为起泡稳定性的显著性分析,小写字母为起泡性的显著性分析)。

, figureFileSmall=dNlg5Gs+l2YFuhU9fafquw==, figureFileBig=h+KqmIVBbaGASR1XpDw6Aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336346824684469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Emulsion capacity and emulsion stability of marine oligosaccharides/PPI mixtures (a) and CP-induced covalent complexes (b), figureFileSmall=Y4slMJH1x7/onJvyUxYRpA==, figureFileBig=DQgaOrv7QpmOC5PSz7wMOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336348624040889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336276192604626, language=CN, label=图8, caption=海洋寡糖/PPI混合物(a)和CP诱导的共价复合物(b)的乳化性和乳化稳定性

注:不同字母表示样品存在显著差异(P<0.05,大写字母为乳化稳定性的显著性分析,小写字母为乳化性的显著性分析)。

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低温等离子体处理对海洋寡糖/豌豆分离蛋白复合物非热共价接枝及其功能特性的影响
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毛锐恺 , 魏孜锡 , 王思诺 , 李书红 , 陈野 , 陈桂芸 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(9): 85-93
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食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026, 47(9): 85-93
低温等离子体处理对海洋寡糖/豌豆分离蛋白复合物非热共价接枝及其功能特性的影响
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毛锐恺 , 魏孜锡, 王思诺, 李书红, 陈野, 陈桂芸*
作者信息
  • 天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院,天津 300457
  • 毛锐恺(2000−),男,大学本科,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈桂芸(1992−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:
Effects of Cold Plasma Treatment on Non-thermal Covalent Grafting and Functional Properties of Marine Oligosaccharides/Pea Protein Isolate Complexes
Ruikai MAO , Zixi WEI, Sinuo WANG, Shuhong LI, Ye CHEN, Guiyun CHEN*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030343
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为提高豌豆蛋白溶解性、乳化性和起泡性等功能特性,促进其在食品工业领域的深度开发与应用,本研究利用硫酸铵沉淀法定向提取豌豆分离蛋白(Pea protein isolate,PPI),在低温等离子体(Cold plasma,CP)诱导下(寡糖/蛋白比例20%)分别与壳寡糖(Chitosan oligosaccharides,COS)、卡拉胶寡糖(Carrageenan oligosaccharides,CAS)、褐藻寡糖(Alginate oligosaccharides,AOS)、琼胶寡糖(Agaric oligosaccharides,AGS)共价接枝,研究海洋寡糖非热共价接枝对PPI溶解性、热稳定性和起泡性、乳化性的影响。结果表明,CP能有效快速诱导PPI与海洋寡糖接枝,其中PPI与COS反应生成的产物接枝率最高(17.89%)。与未经CP诱导的混合物相比,CP诱导后的共价复合物的溶解度显著(P<0.05)提高(AGS/PPI-CP>COS/PPI-CP>CAS/PPI-CP>AOS/PPI-CP),其中,AGS/PPI-CP溶解度最高(0.775 mg/mL);COS/PPI-CP表现出最佳的起泡性(146.67%)、乳化性(123.21%)和乳化稳定性(37.73%),该方法可以显著改善PPI界面吸附能力以及气-水、油-水界面稳定性。综上,在CP诱导下,海洋寡糖非热共价接枝是一种改善PPI功能特性的有效方法,本研究对进一步开发豌豆蛋白功能性食品等领域有指导价值。

非热共价接枝  /  低温等离子体  /  豌豆分离蛋白  /  海洋寡糖  /  功能特性

In order to improve the functional properties of pea protein isolate (PPI), such as solubility, emulsification, foaming capacity, and broaden its application in the food industry, in this study, PPI was selectively extracted using ammonium sulfate precipitation, and was covalently grafted with chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), carrageenan oligosaccharides (CAS), alginate oligosaccharides (AOS), and agaric oligosaccharides (AGS) at an oligosaccharide-to-protein ratio of 20% using cold plasma (CP) induction. The effects of this non-thermal covalent grafting with marine oligosaccharides on the solubility, thermal stability, foaming capacity, and emulsifying properties of PPI were investigated. The results showed that CP treatment induced effective and rapid covalent grafting between PPI and marine oligosaccharides. The highest grafting rate (17.89%) was observed in the PPI-COS combination. In terms of mixtures, the solubility of the covalent complexes was significantly improved (P<0.05) after CP induction relative to those without CP treatment, in the order of AGS/PPI-CP>COS/PPI-CP>CAS/PPI-CP>AOS/PPI-CP. Among them, AGS/PPI-CP showed the highest solubility (0.775 mg/mL), while COS/PPI-CP exhibited the greatest foaming capacity (146.67%), emulsifying activity (123.21%), and emulsion stability (37.73%). These enhancements significantly improved the interfacial adsorption of PPI, contributing to greater stability at both air-water and oil-water interfaces. In conclusion, non-thermal covalent grafting of marine oligosaccharides with CP was effective in enhancing the functional properties of PPI. These findings provide valuable guidance for the development of functional pea protein-based food products and related applications.

non-thermal covalent grafting  /  cold plasma  /  pea protein isolate  /  marine oligosaccharides  /  function properties
毛锐恺, 魏孜锡, 王思诺, 李书红, 陈野, 陈桂芸. 低温等离子体处理对海洋寡糖/豌豆分离蛋白复合物非热共价接枝及其功能特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 85 -93 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030343
Ruikai MAO, Zixi WEI, Sinuo WANG, Shuhong LI, Ye CHEN, Guiyun CHEN. Effects of Cold Plasma Treatment on Non-thermal Covalent Grafting and Functional Properties of Marine Oligosaccharides/Pea Protein Isolate Complexes[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 85 -93 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030343
豌豆分离蛋白(Pea protein isolate,PPI)是豌豆蛋白的重要组成部分。主要由球蛋白(65%~80%)和白蛋白(10%~20%)组成,含有 8 种人体必需氨基酸,接近WHO/FAO推荐模式值[12]。按照沉降系数不同,可分为Legumin(11 S,320~410 kDa)和Vicillin(7 S,150~180 kDa)两种[3]。近年来,因其低致敏性、营养丰富和高性价比,PPI被广泛应用于可食性膜、肉类替代及风味物质包埋等领域。例如,通过PPI-多糖复合可食用性薄膜可代替不可降解塑料包装,延长了食品的贮存期并提升环境的可持续性;同时,得益于氨基酸均衡、抗营养因子少、价格低廉等优势,PPI逐渐作为植物基肉制品的主要原料之一;在风味物质包埋方面,PPI作为新兴生物材料,用于构建如辣椒素、姜黄素、益生菌、维生素等物质的递送体系[45]。然而,PPI中高疏水球蛋白的致密结构,且在工业化制备过程中易受热变性,其溶解性较差,进而影响起泡性、乳化性等功能特性,限制了其在食品工业领域的深度开发与应用[6]。为解决PPI的局限性并提高其营养价值和工业应用潜力,目前已有大量研究通过超声、热处理、挤压、pH偏移、酶法等策略对PPI进行深度改性,但这些方法仍存在改性效果不佳、安全性不高、营养价值降低、成本较高等问题[7]。近年来,植物蛋白与还原糖之间的糖基化改性因其效果显著、操作简便、成本低廉及绿色安全的优势被广泛应用。任娟蕊等[8]的研究表明糖基化修饰改变亚麻籽蛋白分子结构,提高其溶解性和起泡性。赵丹等[9]发现在pH8.15条件下,60 ℃加热160 min,PPI-木糖共轭物的二、三级结构发生变化,显著提升乳化性能。上述结果说明,糖基化是一种可有效改善蛋白溶液特性的方法,其改性效果受到糖的种类、处理条件的显著影响。
海洋寡糖是一类来源于海洋且易于获得的天然低聚糖,因其较强的生物活性,如改善肠道菌群、抗氧化作用、抗肿瘤和调节血脂等,在食品工业领域获得关注[10]。其中,壳寡糖(Chitosan oligosaccharides,COS)、卡拉胶寡糖(Carrageenan oligosaccharides,CAS)、褐藻寡糖(Alginate oligosaccharides,AOS)、琼胶寡糖(Agaric oligosaccharides,AGS)是食品工业中常用的几类海洋寡糖[11],在之前的研究中,COS被证实了具有形成COS衍生物、复合物及偶联物的能力并能与带负电的蛋白质自组装形成静电复合物,进而显著增强蛋白质的稳定性和功能特性[12]。因此,海洋寡糖在糖基化改性中有着巨大的开发潜力。
目前,尽管糖基化改性可以显著改善蛋白的功能特性,但传统糖基化方法通常存在着耗时长、能耗高的问题,甚至导致蛋白质不可逆聚集[13]。低温等离子体(Cold plasma,CP),作为一种新兴的低成本、高能效的非热加工技术,已被广泛应用于食品工业领域。CP通过电子碰撞和重粒子碰撞,产生高能活性粒子如臭氧和自由基,能够低温、高效对蛋白质和多糖表面进行改性[14]。研究表明,CP通过激发能量和转移活化,能改善蛋白界面性质,具有促进糖基化和改善糖-蛋白复合物功能特性的作用[15]。Qu等[16]研究发现CP诱导玉米醇溶蛋白和甘露糖醇络合,促进空气/水界面的吸附和展开,有效改善了玉米醇溶蛋白亲水性和泡沫性质。Yu等[17]通过CP诱导花生分离蛋白和乳糖糖基化,有效提高了花生分离蛋白与乳糖的糖基化速率,增强了糖-蛋白偶联物溶解性和热稳定性。然而目前,有关使用CP技术诱导处理以海洋寡糖为糖基改性PPI的研究鲜有报道。
本研究以天然豌豆为原料,采用硫酸铵沉淀法定向提取PPI,利用CP处理诱导PPI与海洋寡糖(COS、CAS、AOS、AGS)发生非热共价接枝,制备共价复合物,研究CP处理对海洋寡糖/PPI共价复合物接枝度、褐变程度、溶解度、热稳定性、乳化性和起泡性等功能特性的影响,以期为扩大PPI在食品领域的综合开发应用提供参考。
豌豆 馨宇家园菜市场;壳寡糖(COS,383 Da,纯度≥95.0%)、卡拉胶寡糖(CAS,349 Da, 纯度≥97.0%)、褐藻寡糖(AOS,1430 Da,纯度≥90.0%)、琼胶寡糖(AGS,3981 Da,纯度≥90.0%) 青岛博智汇力生物科技有限公司;二喹啉甲酸(Bicinchoninic acid,BCA)蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(PC0020-50T) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;实验所用其余试剂均为分析纯。
CTP-2000K低温等离子体处理仪 浙江正泰股份有限公司;DYY-6C电泳仪 北京六一仪器厂;DSC-60A差示扫描量热仪 日本 SHIMADZU公司;SP-722型紫外可见分光光度计 上海光谱仪器有限公司;Q50热重分析仪 美国TA instruments Waters有限公司。
采用硫酸铵沉淀法[18]并作了一些修改。将新鲜的豌豆手工去皮,以1:5(g:mL)加入0.5 mol/L NaCl溶液中打浆,高速剪切3 min 后,调节pH至8.2(2 mol/L NaOH),600 r/min磁力搅拌60 min,8000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液;向上清液中加入无水(NH42SO4到65%饱和,600 r/min磁力搅拌30 min后,调节溶液pH至7.7(2 mol/L HCl),8000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液;继续加入无水(NH42SO4到95%饱和,600 r/min磁力搅拌30 min后,8000 r/min离心30 min,取沉淀物;将获得的沉淀透析48 h(透析袋分子量为3500 Da),依次冻干、磨粉、100目过筛,得到PPI。利用凯氏定氮法测定蛋白质纯度为92.86%。
将PPI 与COS、CAS、AOS、AGS溶解在去离子水中,使PPI质量浓度为10 mg/mL,设置寡糖/蛋白为20%(w/w),磁力搅拌30 min后,采用CP技术促进PPI与寡糖的共价接枝,处理电压为100 V、电流为1 A,处理时间为5 min,得到共价复合物组分别命名为COS/PPI-CP、CAS/PPI-CP、AOS/PPI-CP、AGS/PPI-CP,冷冻干燥24 h。将相同条件下制备未经CP处理的混合物作为对照组,分别命名为COS/PPI、CAS/PPI、AOS/PPI、AGS/PPI。
采用邻苯二甲醛(o-Phthalaldehyde,OPA)法[19]测定PPI的接枝程度。取100 μL待测样品(1 mg/mL)与2 mL OPA试剂(40 mg OPA、1 mL甲醇、100 μL β-巯基乙醇、2.50 mL SDS溶液(20% w/v)、25 mL硼砂溶液(0.10 mol/L)混合均匀,定容到50 mL混合,在 35 ℃下避光反应2 min后在340 nm处测定吸光度。使用去离子水代替样品的作为空白,以赖氨酸为标准物。接枝度(Degree of graft,DG)的计算公式如下:
$\rm 接枝度(\text{%})=\frac{{A}_{0}-{A}_{1}}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A0为糖基化前溶液中游离氨基的浓度,mol/L;A1为糖基化后溶液中游离氨基的浓度,mol/L。
参考Chen等[20]的方法并稍作修改,测定PPI的褐变程度。分别精确称取十二烷基硫酸钠(Sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS,200 mg)和硼砂(38.10 mg),充分混合溶解于2 mL的蒸馏水中。待测样品经4000 r/min离心5 min后,取上清液与上述制备的溶液以1:1(v/v)混合,测定上清液在420 nm处的吸光度,A420表示褐变指数。实验前利用制备的试剂溶液进行吸光度调零校正。
通过测定体系中可溶性蛋白含量间接表征,其与蛋白质溶解度呈正相关关系。参照Qu等[16]的方法,采用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定蛋白溶解度。
利用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳表征PPI的分子质量分布。将100 μL样品稀释液(蛋白浓度1 mg/mL)与100 μL上样缓冲液充分混匀,90 ℃下热处理5 min后冷却至室温,备用。取10 μL混合溶液至预制SDS-PAGE凝胶(12%分离胶,4%浓缩胶)中,恒压120 V电泳分离60 min。电泳结束后,用考马斯亮蓝R-250染色60 min,转入脱色液脱色10 h,待背景清晰后拍照记录。实验全程以标准蛋白Marker作为分子量参照。
采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析PPI的变性温度。分别准确称取2 mg冻干样品置于铝制坩埚中,压样密封,以密封空铝坩埚作为空白对照。温度扫描范围40~200 ℃,升温速率10 ℃/min,氮气保护。采用TA-60WS软件进行数据处理与分析。
准确称取样品5 mg,使用热重分析仪分析样品的热降解模式和热降解温度。设置升温速率10 ℃/min,初始温度为30 ℃,终止温度为600 ℃,氮气保护。
参考Drago等[21]方法测定改性PPI溶液的起泡性和起泡稳定性。室温下将10 mL改性PPI液体置于50 mL量筒中,经高速均质处理(10000 r/min,5 min)后静置1 min,读取量筒中样品总体积。静置30 min后再次读取样品总体积和剩余液体体积。起泡性及起泡稳定性计算公式如下:
$\rm 起泡性(\text{%})=\frac{{V}_{0}-10}{10}\times 100 $
$\rm 起泡稳定性(\text{%})=\frac{V_{1}^{}-V_{2}^{}}{V_{0}-10}\times 100 $
式中:V0为均质后静置1 min的溶液总体积(mL);V1为静置30 min的溶液总体积(mL);V2为静置30 min的溶液剩余液体体积(mL)。
参考Pirestani等[22]的方法。将玉米油与20 mL样品溶液(蛋白浓度10 mg/mL)以1:4(w/w)混合,经高速涡旋均质(20000 r/min,3 min)形成乳液,立即取50 μL下层乳液,加入5 mL 0.1% SDS均匀混合,在500 nm下测定吸光度。室温下静置30 min后,重复上述操作。均以0.1% SDS为空白。根据以下公式计算乳化性和乳化稳定性。
$\rm 乳化性(\text{%})=\frac{2\times 2.303\times {A}_{0}\times N}{c\times \varphi \times (1-\theta )\times 10000}\times 100 $
$ \rm{乳}化稳定性(\text{%})=\frac{A_{30}}{A_0}\times\text{100} $
式中:N为稀释倍数;c为样品蛋白质量浓度(g/mL);φ为油相所占体积分数(0.2);θ为光路(0.01 m);A0为0 min时测定的吸光值;A30为30 min时测定的吸光值。
所有实验至少进行三次重复,实验结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。方差分析和显著性差异检验由SPSS 22.0根据Duncan检验采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)确定,P<0.05表示结果差异显著。采用Origin 2024软件绘图。
接枝度通过量化共价键形成程度,直接反映糖基化反应进程与产物功能。未经CP处理,PPI与海洋寡糖混合物主要由非共价键结合,几乎没有接枝度(检测结果低于仪器检测限)。由图1可见, COS/PPI-CP、CAS/PPI-CP、AOS/PPI-CP、AGS/PPI-CP接枝度分别为17.89%±0.21%、12.74%±0.45%、8.39%±0.45%和14.75%±0.12%,各样品间差异显著(P<0.05),结果表明,CP处理有效促进了寡糖-PPI共价接枝。这可能是CP处理过程中产生了大量羟基自由基,从而促进了海洋寡糖与PPI之间的共价结合[23]。此外,接枝度和寡糖分子量有一定相关性。CAS(349 Da)≈COS(383 Da)< AOS(1430 Da)<AGS(3981 Da)。其中分子量较低的COS/PPI在CP处理下形成的复合物接枝程度最高,这可能与低分子量寡糖在CP诱导的过程中更易穿透蛋白质表面的水化层,从而实现高效的糖基化有关[24]。然而,高分子量寡糖会产生较大的空间位阻,阻碍其与蛋白质活性基团的进一步结合,减缓糖基化反应速率和进程,这一观察结果与吴周山等[25]的研究一致。因此,在多种海洋寡糖中,COS更易与PPI发生共价结合。
褐变反应主要由美拉德反应后期形成的类黑素引起。CP处理下海洋寡糖/PPI复合物的褐变程度如图2所示。未经CP处理,PPI与海洋寡糖混合物没有发生褐变反应。然而,经CP处理后,4种糖基化接枝产物的褐变程度大小依次为AGS/PPI-CP(0.170±0.0064)>CAS/PPI-CP(0.136±0.0021)>COS/PPI-CP(0.108±0.0048)>AOS/PPI-CP(0.084±0.0026),差异显著(P<0.05)。其中,AGS/PPI-CP表现出最高的褐变程度,可能是AGS的高分子量和复杂的多糖链结构提供了更多的还原性基团(如醛基或酮基),这些基团更容易与蛋白质的氨基基团发生反应,生成更多的中间产物和最终的类黑素,同时,在CP处理下更容易形成稳定的共价键,从而导致更高的褐变程度[26]。CAS/PPI-CP样品呈中等褐变程度,其原因可能是CAS聚合度低于AGS,因此每单位质量含有更多的还原末端,可提供更多羰基参与席夫碱形成[27];COS/PPI-CP样品呈较低褐变程度,可能是COS虽带有可反应的氨基,但因其分子链较短、聚合度低,还原末端少,可参与反应的羰基位点相对有限[28];AOS结构上缺乏足够的还原性基团并且带强负电,不利于反应的进行,因此褐变程度最低。
溶解度对于蛋白质的功能特性至关重要。图3对比分析了共价复合物与混合物的溶解度差异。天然PPI的溶解度较低(0.144±0.001 mg/mL),与海洋寡糖混合后,COS/PPI、CAS/PPI和AOS/PPI组的溶解度均有所降低(0.078~0.086 mg/mL),而AGS/PPI溶解度却有所增加,可能是在中性pH条件下,AGS/PPI 复合物表面仍维持同电荷排斥作用,有效抑制了蛋白间的静电吸引与聚集。
相比混合物,CP诱导的共价复合物的溶解度显著提高(P<0.05),依次为AGS/PPI-CP>COS/PPI-CP>CAS/PPI-CP>AOS/PPI-CP,这说明海洋寡糖与PPI形成共价复合物显著增强了蛋白质的亲水基团含量,并防止了PPI的疏水性聚集。这是由于CP处理通过生成活性氧化物,使蛋白质表面带电增加、空间构象更松散,暴露更多的亲水区域,增强了蛋白质与水分子的静电相互作用,进而提升了溶解度[29]。其中,AGS/PPI-CP溶解度最高,为0.775 mg/mL,COS/PPI-CP的溶解度次之(0.710 mg/mL)。
COS/PPI-CP和AGS/PPI-CP组可溶性蛋白含量高于PPI-CP组,表明COS与AGS在CP诱导共价接枝后,提高了PPI的水合能力[28]。这可能与COS的低分子量以及高接枝度使其在CP诱导后形成柔性的水合界面层以抑制蛋白聚集有关。AGS/PPI-CP组溶解度的提高则可能与其在CP诱导后在PPI表面形成连续柔性覆盖有关,该结构可提供更强的空间位阻屏障,有助于维持PPI的分散状态[26]。然而,CAS上的硫酸酯在中性条件下带强负电荷,容易与PPI表面的正电荷区域或体系中二价阳离子发生静电“桥连”,进而形成不易分散的复合物团聚体,从而导致整体可溶性蛋白含量下降[30]。AOS含有大量阴性官能团,这使其在CP诱导下与PPI正电位点形成离子复合体,触发凝聚或凝胶化,导致CAS/PPI-CP和AOS/PPI-CP组可溶性蛋白含量比PPI-CP组低。
利用SDS-PAGE分析海洋寡糖/PPI混合物和CP诱导共价复合物的分子量变化(图4)。实验选取标准蛋白质Macker的分子量范围为11~245 kDa。作为还原剂,β-巯基乙醇具有破坏蛋白质内部的二硫键的作用[16]。PPI的分子量分布在14~150 kDa之间,未还原条件下50和63 kDa分别对应于Vicilin(7 S)和Legumin 亚基(11 S),>100 kDa的条带属于交联的蛋白质聚合物或蛋白质聚集体。对比图4a图4c,PPI分子条带减少且分子量降低,证明了天然PPI通过二硫键形成稳定的聚集体结构[23]。未加还原剂条件下(图4a图4b),PPI-CP中11~20 kDa条带加深且上移,说明CP中活性氧将PPI中小的亚基凝聚成较大的聚集体。此外,CP处理下,PPI与海洋寡糖互作导致17 kDa处条带消失,45和63 kDa条带加深,表明PPI小分子量亚基(17 kDa)与海洋寡糖间存在相互作用。利用β-巯基乙醇破坏PPI内部的二硫键(图4c图4d),可以发现PPI在100 kDa附近不存在条带,而CP诱导形成的海洋寡糖/PPI共价复合物在48~63 kDa间条带增加,且在100 kDa处有明显条带,证明CP处理诱导了海洋寡糖与PPI间形成了较大分子量的糖基化产物。
海洋寡糖与PPI的相互作用直接影响PPI的热变性温度。由图5可知,天然PPI在90.63 ℃有明显热变性峰,寡糖/PPI混合物有小幅度的热变性温度变化,表明寡糖可能通过弱物理结合(如氢键、疏水作用)与PPI结合,对蛋白质的热稳定性影响较小。不同寡糖对蛋白质热变性温度的影响强度表现为COS>CAS>AOS>AGS。相反,寡糖/PPI共价复合物热变性温度显著提升,提升幅度为:COS/PPI-CP>AOS/PPI-CP>AGS/PPI-CP>CAS/PPI-CP。这表明共价接枝比物理结合更能提高PPI的热稳定性,共价接枝可能通过限制分子运动或增强结构的刚性来提高蛋白质变性的能量需求[31]。其中,COS体系提升幅度最大(∆Td_CP=+13.44 ℃),可能与其低分子量与高反应活性导致更充分的共价接枝有关,限制了蛋白质亚基在受热时的分子运动[28,31]。在AOS体系中,羧基等阴离子官能团经CP诱导共价接枝后增强了蛋白表面的水化作用和静电排斥,从而抑制热变性过程中蛋白分子间的聚集行为,使热变性温度有所提高。CP诱导后的AGS体系热变性温度为95.23 ℃,可能与其较大的分子量、接枝度使其在PPI表面形成显著的空间位阻屏障,从而抑制热诱导聚集有关。CAS/PPI-CP虽具有最高的热变性温度(99.48 ℃),但提升幅度最小,这可能由于CAS/PPI混合物本身热变性温度已较高(96.05 ℃),同时CAS结构中的硫酸酯等强阴离子基团通过较强的静电相互作用对蛋白构象产生约束,因此体系在CP诱导前已经处于相对稳定状态,使最终的热稳定性提升效果有限[30]
热重图像进一步分析了海洋寡糖/PPI共价复合物和混合物的热降解行为。图6显示了50~600 ℃范围内海洋寡糖/PPI共价复合物和混合物的热降解过程。天然PPI以及海洋寡糖/PPI混合物主要有三个降解过程:50~150 ℃主要为结合水的蒸发,150~400 ℃对应蛋白质及其结合组分的降解,400~600 ℃主要是先前一些未完全裂解的残余物(多重交联、芳香或杂环结构)开始缓慢热解。PPI在600 ℃时重量损失达到65.98%,海洋寡糖/PPI混合物重量损失有所增加,这说明少量海洋寡糖的加入降低了PPI的热稳定性。海洋寡糖/PPI共价复合后,重量损失有所减少,说明PPI热稳定性增加。CP诱导的海洋寡糖/PPI共价复合物在100~500 ℃范围内出现了新的降解峰,可归因于PPI-海洋寡糖相互作用的解离,验证了海洋寡糖/PPI共价接枝。总体而言,CP处理显著提高了PPI与寡糖复合物的热稳定性,验证了CP处理在增强复合物热稳定性方面的有效性。
PPI中结构致密的高疏水性球蛋白,限制了PPI在气-水界面的吸附能力[32],因此,天然PPI的起泡性和起泡稳定性分别为43.33%和80%。由图7可知,PPI与海洋寡糖混合后,起泡性和起泡稳定性有所提高。CP处理诱导的海洋寡糖/PPI共价结合在起泡性和起泡稳定性方面大多数表现出明显提升,尤其是COS/PPI-CP,起泡性达到了146.67%(P<0.05),这说明CP诱导海洋寡糖和PPI之间共价改善了PPI的界面特性。这可能归因于以下三点:a.CP处理引入极性基团,改变了PPI的分子结构,显著增强了其界面吸附能力以及PPI分子间的相互吸引;b.海洋寡糖的多羟基结构优化了与水的相互作用,促进了水相和气相之间的致密分子排列,有助于形成稳定的泡沫结构;c.COS因其较小的分子量和高反应性,与PPI形成了高效的共价结合,优化了原有的气-液界面的吸附程度[1,16]。其中,AGS分子量最大,但其起泡性和起泡稳定性也相对较好,可能是AGS的高分子量链段在水相中可大幅增加连续相黏度,并通过形成分子网状结构用以减缓泡沫膜的液体排水速率,以此减缓泡沫体系整体塌陷速率。AGS特有的结构还可以在蛋白质表面形成致密的水合层,进而防止蛋白质间的聚集,促进了泡沫的形成和稳定[27]
蛋白质的乳化性是指其分子在油水界面形成稳定乳液的能力。由图8可见,天然PPI表面活性较弱,乳化性和乳化稳定性分别为41.16%和11.82%。海洋寡糖与PPI混合后,增加了PPI包被油滴表面的空间位阻和静电排斥来抑制油滴聚集[33],其中,COS/PPI乳化性和乳化稳定性达到最高,分别为90.89%和30.48%。CP处理进一步提升了PPI乳化性和乳化稳定性。其中,COS/PPI-CP的乳化性达到最高为123.21%,表明COS/PPI-CP在CP处理诱导下界面活性提升最为显著。CP处理诱导的共价结合可能使寡糖与PPI形成了更加致密和坚韧的界面膜,从而优化了吸附能力和膜稳定性[15]。AOS/PPI-CP和AGS/PPI-CP组乳化性和乳化稳定性接近或低于PPI-CP,可能是AOS和AGS本身具有较大的分子量,高浓度、长链的寡糖-蛋白复合物在水相中显著提高了体系黏度,虽然高黏度有助于长时稳定,却会在乳化过程中增加能量消耗,减缓油相小液滴的形成速率,从而降低乳化性能和乳化稳定性。
本文利用CP处理成功促进了海洋寡糖与PPI之间的共价结合,形成的非热糖基化产物,提高了PPI的溶解性、热稳定性、起泡性与乳化性,其中,COS/PPI-CP因其低分子量和高反应活性,接枝度最高(17.89%),表现出最佳的接枝效果,起泡性提升至146.67%,乳化性和乳化稳定性分别提升至123.21%和37.73%,表明CP处理下的COS共价接枝反应提高了PPI的界面吸附能力,形成了更稳定的气液界面膜和油水界面膜。综上所述,CP技术在促进海洋寡糖与PPI共价结合方面展现出显著潜力,为PPI的深度开发与应用提供了理论依据。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030343
  • 接收时间:2025-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-28
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    天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院,天津 300457

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陈桂芸(1992−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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